Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

V

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Vaccaria

MS = A plant genus of the family CARYOPHYLLACEAE. The common name "Soapwort" is also used with SAPONARIA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031245

 

Vaccination

MS = Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; Manual 26.22.2.2+; for prev only: coord IM with dis /prev (IM); for ther, index under IMMUNOTHERAPY or specific vaccine /ther use

UI = D014611

 

Vaccines

MS = Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; prev use = VACCINES or specific vaccine (IM) + disease /prev (IM); ther use = VACCINES or specific vaccine /ther use (IM) + DISEASE /drug ther (IM)

UI = D014612

 

Vaccines, Acellular

MS = Vaccines that are produced by using only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism. They often require a "booster" every few years to maintain their effectiveness.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D022282

 

Vaccines, Attenuated

MS = Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

AN = live vaccine; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D014613

 

Vaccines, Combined

MS = Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

AN = coord NIM with specific vaccines (IM)

UI = D017778

 

Vaccines, Conjugate

MS = Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

AN = "induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone"; semisynthetic vaccines; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D018074

 

Vaccines, Contraceptive

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

UI = D022642

 

Vaccines, DNA

MS = Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

AN = vaccines composed of recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens

UI = D019444

 

Vaccines, Edible

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants (PLANTS, TRANSGENIC) are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D022462

 

Vaccines, Inactivated

MS = Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

AN = coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D015164

 

Vaccines, Marker

MS = Vaccines used in conjunction with diagnostic tests to differentiate vaccinated animals from carrier animals. Marker vaccines can be either a subunit or a gene-deleted vaccine.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D022581

 

Vaccines, Subunit

MS = Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D022223

 

Vaccines, Synthetic

MS = Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D014614

 

Vaccines, Virosome

MS = Vaccines using VIROSOMES as the antigen delivery system that stimulates the desired immune response.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific vaccine (IM)

UI = D022721

 

Vaccinia

MS = The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.

AN = caused by a poxvirus after smallpox vaccination

UI = D014615

 

Vaccinia virus

MS = The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

AN = infection = VACCINIA

UI = D014616

 

Vaccinium

MS = A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE known for species with edible fruits.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029796

 

Vaccinium macrocarpon

MS = A plant species of the family VACCINIUM known for the sour fruit which is sometimes used for urinary tract infections.

AN = distinguish from Highbush Cranberry = VIBURNUM; specify Plant Components; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029799

 

Vaccinium myrtillus

MS = A plant species of the family VACCINIUM.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029800

 

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

MS = A plant species of the genus VACCINIUM.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029801

 

Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases

MS = Proton-translocating ATPases that are involved in acidification of a variety of intracellular compartments.

UI = D025262

 

Vacuoles

MS = Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D014617

 

Vacuum

MS = A space in which the pressure is far below atmospheric pressure so that the remaining gases do not affect processes being carried on in the space.

AN = almost never IM; no qualif

UI = D014618

 

Vacuum Curettage

MS = Aspiration of the contents of the uterus with a vacuum curette.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014619

 

Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical

MS = Removal of the fetus from the uterus or vagina at or near the end of pregnancy with a metal traction cup that is attached to the fetus' head. Negative pressure is applied and traction is made on a chain passed through the suction tube. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = removal of fetus from uterus at delivery; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014620

 

Vagina

MS = The genital canal in the female, extending from the uterus to the vulva. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = "vaginal bleeding" is probably UTERINE HEMORRHAGE but check text; inflammation = VAGINITIS or specifics; surg: consider COLPOTOMY

UI = D014621

 

Vaginal Birth after Cesarean

MS = Delivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section.

AN = DF: VBAC

UI = D016064

 

Vaginal Creams, Foams and Jellies

MS = Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent. The concept includes vaginal creams, foams, and jellies in general or for which there is no other specific heading.

AN = IM for general only; D25-26 qualif; NIM when specific drug is IM, no qualif; DF: VAGINAL CREAMS

UI = D014622

 

Vaginal Discharge

MS = A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.

AN = note category; nonbloody; IM; coord with cause of discharge (IM)

UI = D019522

 

Vaginal Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = VAGINITIS

UI = D014623

 

Vaginal Fistula

MS = An abnormal passage communicating with the vagina.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA & VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA are available

UI = D014624

 

Vaginal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D014625

 

Vaginal Smears

MS = Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; note X ref CERVICAL SMEARS: do not coord with CERVIX UTERI; X ref PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR: when called Pap smears, capitalize Pap in titles & translations

UI = D014626

 

Vaginitis

MS = Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.

AN = TRICHOMONAS VAGINITIS is also available

UI = D014627

 

Vaginosis, Bacterial

MS = Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium/infections heading (IM) or specific bacterium (IM) if no precoord bact/infect term exists; DF: VAGINOSIS BACT

UI = D016585

 

Vagotomy

MS = The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014628

 

Vagotomy, Proximal Gastric

MS = Vagal denervation of that part of the stomach lined with acid secreting mucosa. Since the procedure leaves the vagal branches to the antrum and pylorus intact, it circumvents gastric drainage required with truncal vagotomy techniques.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; also called "highly selective vagotomy", "hyperselective", "superselective", "supraselective", "ultraselective"

UI = D014629

 

Vagotomy, Truncal

MS = Bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. It is used frequently in the surgical management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in physiologic studies of gastrointestinal secretion and motility.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015167

 

Vagus Nerve

MS = The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

AN = neopl = VAGUS NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /surg: probably VAGOTOMY

UI = D014630

 

Vagus Nerve Diseases

MS = Diseases of the tenth cranial nerve, including brain stem lesions involving its nuclei (solitary, ambiguus, and dorsal motor), nerve fascicles, and intracranial and extracranial course. Clinical manifestations may include dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, and alterations of parasympathetic tone in the thorax and abdomen.

AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D020421

 

Valerates

AN = 2-propylvalerate, 2-propylvaleric acid = VALPROATE

UI = D014631

 

Valerian

MS = A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE, order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for the sedative use and valepotriate content of the roots. It is sometimes called Garden Heliotrope but is unrelated to true Heliotrope (HELIOTROPIUM).

AN = do not confuse X ref HELIOTROPE, GARDEN with HELIOTROPIUM; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D014632

 

Valerianaceae

MS = The Valerian plant family of the order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida that is characterized by 3-5-lobed tubular flowers, often spurred at the base and clustered in tight heads.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028161

 

Valerianella

MS = A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE. It is sometimes called goosefoot cornsalad but should not be confused with true goosefoot (CHENOPODIUM).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032406

 

Validation Studies [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of research using processes by which the reliability and relevance of a procedure for a specific purpose are established.

UI = D023361

 

Valine

MS = A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

UI = D014633

 

Valine-tRNA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that activates valine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.9

UI = D014637

 

Valinomycin

MS = A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

UI = D014634

 

Valproic Acid

MS = A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels.

UI = D014635

 

Valsalva's Maneuver

MS = Forced expiratory effort against a closed airway. It is used to study cardiovascular effects of increased peripheral venous pressure and decreased cardiac filling and output.

AN = "forced expiratory effort against a closed airway"

UI = D014636

 

Value of Life

MS = The intrinsic moral worth ascribed to a living being. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

AN = X ref ECONOMIC VALUE OF LIFE: coord with /econ + specific economics tern

UI = D026712

 

Vanadates

MS = Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.

AN = enzyme inhib

UI = D014638

 

Vanadium

MS = Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.

AN = a trace element; V-51; V-50 = VANADIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); V-46-49, 52-54 = VANADIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D014639

 

Vanadium Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain vanadium as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: VANADIUM CPDS

UI = D017968

 

Vancomycin

MS = Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

AN = do not confuse with trade name Vancomin, a vitamin B12 deriv

UI = D014640

 

Vancomycin Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of VANCOMYCIN, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.

UI = D020713

 

Vanilla

MS = A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031669

 

Vanillic Acid

MS = A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).

UI = D014641

 

Vanilmandelic Acid

UI = D014642

 

Vanuatu

MS = A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Port-Vila. It was called New Hebrides until 1980. It was discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese, forgotten for 160 years, then visited by Bougainville in 1768 and Captain Cook in 1774. It was under joint British and French administration from 1906 until it became independent in 1980 under the name of Vanuatu. The name is native, meaning our land. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p833 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p570)

AN = an island group in Melanesia; X ref NEW HEBRIDES was its former name

UI = D009514

 

Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma

MS = Glycoproteins attached to the surface coat of the trypanosome. Many of these glycoproteins show amino acid sequence diversity expressed as antigenic variations. This continuous development of antigenically distinct variants in the course of infection ensures that some trypanosomes always survive the development of immune response to propagate the infection.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: VSG TRYPAN

UI = D014643

 

Variation (Genetics)

MS = The phenotypic and genotypic differences among individuals in a population.

AN = DF: VARIATION

UI = D014644

 

Varicellovirus

MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE. Its species include those causing CHICKENPOX and HERPES ZOSTER in humans (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN), as well as several animal viruses.

AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018140

 

Varicocele

MS = A varicose condition of the veins of the pampiniform plexus, forming a swelling that feels like a "bag of worms," appearing bluish through the skin of the scrotum, and accompanied by a constant pulling, dragging, or dull pain in the scrotum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = abnorm dilat of veins of the spermatic cord

UI = D014646

 

Varicose Ulcer

MS = Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased.

AN = assume to be of legs & do not coord with LEG ULCER

UI = D014647

 

Varicose Veins

AN = assume to be of legs so do not coord with LEG; other sites: coord VARICOSE VEINS (IM) + organ /blood supply (IM), not organ/dis, as orbit varix = VARICOSE VEINS (IM) + ORBIT /blood supply (IM) (not ORBITAL DISEASES)

UI = D014648

 

Variola virus

MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS causing infections in humans. No infections have been reported since 1977 and the virus is now believed to be virtually extinct.

AN = infection = SMALLPOX

UI = D012901

 

Vas Deferens

MS = The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.

AN = /surg: consider also VASECTOMY

UI = D014649

 

Vasa Nervorum

MS = Blood vessels supplying the nerves.

UI = D014650

 

Vasa Vasorum

MS = Nutrient blood vessels which supply the walls of large arteries or veins.

UI = D014651

 

Vascular Capacitance

MS = The relationship between the volume of blood contained within a segment of vasculature and the pressure distending the vascular walls over a wide range of pressures and volumes. The veins of the body are not only conduits for the return of blood to the right heart, but they also determine most of the vascular capacitance and contain most of the blood volume. Changes in vascular capacitance provide a quick and effective mechanism for the filling of the right heart, thereby influencing cardiac output. Vascular capacitance is somewhat analogous to VASCULAR RESISTANCE but whereas VASCULAR RESISTANCE relates to flow through a blood vessel, vascular capacitance relates to the volume contained in it. (From Encyclopedia of Human Biology, vol. 7, 1991, p757 & communication from the author Dr. Carl R. Rothe 15 September 1994)

AN = relat between blood volume & pressure on vasc walls; do not confuse with VASCULAR RESISTANCE, opposition to blood flow in a vasc bed: read MeSH definitions

UI = D018924

 

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

MS = Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen; DF: note short X refs

UI = D019010

 

Vascular Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified vasc dis but CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS & PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES are also available; inflamm vasc dis = VASCULITIS; vasc compression syndrome: see note on PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES

UI = D014652

 

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1

MS = A 180-kD VEGF receptor found primarily in endothelial cells that is essential for vasculogenesis and vascular maintenance. It is also known as Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1). A soluble, alternatively spliced isoform of the receptor may serve as a binding protein that regulates the availability of various ligands for VEGF receptor binding and signal transduction.

UI = D040281

 

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2

MS = A 200-230 kD tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. VEGFR-2 is important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to VEGF.

UI = D040301

 

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3

MS = A vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor whose expression is restricted primarily to adult lymphatic endothelium. VEGFR-3 preferentially binds the vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor D and may be involved in the control of lymphangiogenesis.

UI = D040321

 

Vascular Fistula

MS = An abnormal passage between two or more arteries, or between an artery and a vein.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer ARTERIO-ARTERIAL FISTULA or ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

UI = D016157

 

Vascular Headaches

MS = A group of disorders characterized by recurrent headaches associated with abnormal dilation and constriction of cerebral blood vessels. Representative disorders from this category include MIGRAINE; CLUSTER HEADACHE; and paroxysmal hemicrania.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D014653

 

Vascular Hemostatic Disorders

MS = Alterations in the mechanical integrity or structure of the blood vessels leading to bleeding disorders.

UI = D020141

 

Vascular Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms located in vascular tissue or specific veins. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, VASCULAR TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of vascular tissue, such as ANGIOFIBROMA or HEMANGIOMA.

AN = neopl located in veins & arteries: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, VASCULAR TISSUE, neopl composed of vascular tissue; /blood supply /chem /secret /second /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific vessel (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); DF: VASCULAR NEOPL

UI = D019043

 

Vascular Patency

MS = The condition of blood vessels not being blocked or obstructed.

UI = D014654

 

Vascular Resistance

MS = An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood.

AN = opposition to blood flow in a vasc bed; do not confuse with VASCULAR CAPACITANCE, blood volume within a vessel

UI = D014655

 

Vascular Surgical Procedures

MS = Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.

AN = GEN only: prefer specific blood vessel /surg; SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D014656

 

Vasculitis

MS = Inflammation of a blood vessel.

AN = inflamm of blood vessels only; GEN or unspecified; consider ARTERITIS or PHLEBITIS & their indentions; hemorrhagic vasculitis = PURPURA, SCHOENLEIN-HENOCH

UI = D014657

 

Vasculitis, Allergic Cutaneous

MS = Vasculitis due to allergic reaction, marked by such cutaneous lesions as papules, macules, vesicles, urticarial wheals, purpura, and small ulcers, and accompanied by itching and usually a slight fever and malaise.

UI = D014658

 

Vasculitis, Central Nervous System

MS = Inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. Etiologies include autoimmune disorders (see also LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; WEGENER'S GRANULOMATOSIS), infections, exposure to radiation or toxins, and other conditions. Autoimmune or idiopathic vasculitides limited to the central nervous system are referred to as primary CNS vasculitides. CNS vasculitides associated with a systemic process or known pathogens are referred to as secondary CNS vasculitides. Clinical manifestations are highly variable but include headaches; SEIZURES; behavioral alterations; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; transient ischemic attacks (ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT); and BRAIN INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)

AN = DF: note short X refs

UI = D020293

 

Vasculitis, Hypersensitivity

MS = Heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a vasculitic syndrome presumed to be associated with a hypersensitivity reaction following exposure to an antigen such as an infectious agent, a drug, or other foreign or endogenous substance (Wilson et al, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1459).

UI = D018366

 

Vasectomy

MS = Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014659

 

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

MS = A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).

UI = D014660

 

Vasoconstriction

MS = Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC is used.

AN = IM; coord IM with specific vessel or specific organ /blood supply; the physiol process; do not confuse with stenosis of specific blood vessels ( = specific blood vessel (IM) + CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM)); /drug eff: consider also VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS & specifics

UI = D014661

 

Vasoconstrictor Agents

MS = Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

AN = consider also VASOMOTOR SYSTEM /drug eff

UI = D014662

 

Vasodilation

MS = Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, DILATATION, PATHOLOGIC or ANEURYSM (or specific aneurysm) is used.

AN = IM; coord IM with specific vessel or specific organ /blood supply; the physiol process: do not confuse with pathol dilat of specific blood vessels ( = specific vessel (IM) + DILATATION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM)); /drug eff: consider also VASODILATOR AGENTS & specifics

UI = D014664

 

Vasodilator Agents

MS = Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

AN = consider also VASOMOTOR SYSTEM /drug eff

UI = D014665

 

Vasomotor System

MS = The neural systems which act on vascular smooth muscle to control blood vessel diameter. The major neural control is through the sympathetic nervous system.

AN = /drug eff: consider also VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS & VASODILATOR AGENTS

UI = D014666

 

Vasopressins

MS = Octapeptide antidiuretic hormones released by the neurohypophysis of all vertebrates (chemical composition varies with species). They control water metabolism and balance by regulating lung, gill, kidney, etc., and water loss, and also contract smooth muscle. They may also be neurotransmitters. Also included are synthetic vasopressin derivatives. Vasopressins are used pharmacologically as renal agents, vasoconstrictor agents, and hemostatics.

AN = neurotransmitter pituitary hormones; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /secret: consider also INAPPROPRIATE ADH SYNDROME

UI = D014667

 

Vasospasm, Intracranial

MS = Narrowing of the lumen of one or more intracranial arteries due to contraction of arterial smooth muscle or to morphologic changes of the blood vessel wall. Large blood vessels near the base of the brain are primarily affected and reduced blood flow may result in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN). Vasospasm may be associated with SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other disorders. (From Neurosurg Clin N Am, 1998 Jul;9(3):615-27)

UI = D020301

 

Vasotocin

MS = Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The non-mammalian hormone that controls water and salt metabolism. It is the phylogenetic precursor of both antidiuretic hormones and oxytocins and a possible neuroendocrine mediator in mammals. Vasotocin has oxytocic and vasopressor actions.

AN = a neurotransmitter vasopressin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D014668

 

Vasovasostomy

MS = Surgical anastomosis or fistulization of the spermatic ducts to restore fertility in a previously vasectomized male.

AN = to reverse sterilization; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014669

 

Vater's Ampulla

MS = The hepatopancreatic ampulla. A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.

AN = diseases: coord IM with COMMON BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); neopl: coord IM with COMMON BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); note X ref DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR: do not confuse with DUODENAL PAPILLA, MINOR see PANCREATIC DUCTS; "duodenal papilla" unspecified is probably DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR

UI = D014670

 

Vatican City

UI = D014671

 

Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles

MS = Large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles that have an eight-fold symmetry with a central pore and petal-like structure giving the appearance of an octagonal dome. (The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 2nd ed.)

UI = D020394

 

Vectorcardiography

MS = Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart on a plane of the body surface delineated as a vector function of time.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: VECTORCARDIOGR or VECTOR ECG

UI = D014672

 

Vecuronium Bromide

MS = Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.

UI = D014673

 

Vegetable Proteins

MS = Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from PLANT PROTEINS which refers to non-dietary proteins from plants.

AN = restrict to proteins from vegetables: for fruit proteins index under FRUITS + DIETARY PROTEINS + PLANT PROTEINS; for proteins in non-dietary plants index under PLANT PROTEINS; coord IM with specific vegetable (IM)

UI = D014674

 

Vegetables

AN = as plant & food; vegetables as plant tissue: Manual 31.10; vegetables as food: Manual 22.30, 31.9; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

UI = D014675

 

Vehicle Emissions

MS = Gases, fumes, vapors, and odors escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D001335

 

Vehicles

MS = A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)

AN = pharmacy & pharmacol, not transportation ( = MOTOR VEHICLES); NIM; when IM, D25-26 qualif

UI = D014677

 

Veillonella

MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic cocci parasitic in the mouth and in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals.

AN = in mouth, intestines & resp tract of man & other animals

UI = D014678

 

Veillonellaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria that are parasites of warm-blooded animals such as man, ruminants, rodents and pigs, particularly in the alimentary tract.

AN = in digestive tract of man & some animals; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D014679

 

Veins

MS = The vessels carrying blood toward the heart.

AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord to indicate specific vein, as 'pancreatic' vein = PANCREAS /blood supply (IM) + VEINS (NIM); venous blood: probably not indexed as being the usual sampling method but if significant coord BLOOD (NIM) + VEINS or specific vein (NIM); venous pressure = VENOUS PRESSURE or CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE; inflammation = PHLEBITIS

UI = D014680

 

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

MS = Failure of the soft palate to reach the posterior pharyngeal wall. It may be caused by cleft palate surgery, palatal or pharyngeal abnormalities or injury, or neuromuscular dysfunction of the velopharyngeal sphincter. It causes hypernasality of speech.

AN = failure of soft palate to reach posterior wall of pharynx

UI = D014681

 

Vena Cava Filters

MS = Mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg.

UI = D016306

 

Vena Cava, Inferior

MS = The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.

UI = D014682

 

Vena Cava, Superior

MS = The venous trunk which returns blood from the head, neck, upper extremities and chest.

UI = D014683

 

Venae Cavae

MS = The inferior and superior venae cavae.

AN = try to specify VENA CAVA, INFERIOR or VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR

UI = D014684

 

Venereal Tumors, Veterinary

MS = Tumors most commonly seen on or near the genitalia. They are venereal, most likely transmitted through transplantation of cells by contact. Metastases have been reported. Spontaneous regression may occur.

AN = do not coord with GENITALIA or specific genital term unless especially discussed; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D014685

 

Venereology

MS = A branch of medicine which deals with sexually transmitted disease.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: VENEREOL

UI = D014686

 

Venezuela

UI = D014687

 

Venombin A

MS = A thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of snakes of the viper/rattlesnake group. Species variants of the enzyme include ANCROD (Agkistrodon rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper)); BATROXOBIN from Bothrops atrox; and crotalase from Crotalus adamanteus (Eastern diamondback rattlesnake). EC 3.4.21.74.

UI = D020791

 

Venoms

MS = Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

AN = includes poisonous secretions from animal skin, spines, fangs & other specialized glands; GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; /enzymol permitted; coord with the animal producing the venom (IM or NIM) but many specific precoord venom terms are available (AMPHIBIAN VENOMS; ARTHROPOD VENOMS; SNAKE VENOMS & its indentions, etc.)

UI = D014688

 

Venous Cutdown

MS = Creation of a small incised opening in a vein to permit the passage of a needle or cannula for withdrawal of blood, administration of medication, or in diagnostic or therapeutic catheterization. (Dorland, 28th ed.; Stedman, 26th ed.)

AN = usually for insertion of a catheter; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016748

 

Venous Insufficiency

MS = Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle.

AN = GEN or unspecified but usually of the legs; coord IM with specific vein (IM) or organ /blood supply (IM) if pertinent

UI = D014689

 

Venous Pressure

MS = The blood pressure in a vein. It is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the ventricle.

AN = IM GEN only; NIM for pressure within a specific vessel; CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE & PORTAL PRESSURE are also available; venous hypertension: index under VENOUS PRESSURE (IM) & do not coord with HYPERTENSION

UI = D014690

 

Venous Thrombosis

MS = The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific vein (IM) if precoord is not available

UI = D020246

 

Ventilation

MS = Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = environment, not lungs ( = PULMONARY VENTILATION)

UI = D014691

 

Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio

MS = The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = a resp funct test

UI = D014692

 

Ventilator Weaning

MS = Techniques for effecting the transition of the respiratory-failure patient from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation, while meeting the criteria that tidal volume be above a given threshold (greater than 5 ml/kg), respiratory frequency be below a given count (less than 30 breaths/min), and oxygen partial pressure be above a given threshold (PaO2 greater than 50mm Hg). Weaning studies focus on finding methods to monitor and predict the outcome of mechanical ventilator weaning as well as finding ventilatory support techniques which will facilitate successful weaning. Present methods include intermittent mandatory ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and mandatory minute volume ventilation.

UI = D015300

 

Ventilators, Mechanical

MS = Mechanical devices used to produce or assist pulmonary ventilation.

UI = D012122

 

Ventilators, Negative-Pressure

MS = Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").

UI = D015919

 

Ventral Tegmental Area

MS = A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

AN = a region in the mesencephalon

UI = D017557

 

Ventral Thalamic Nuclei

MS = A large group of nuclei lying between the internal medullary lamina and the internal capsule. It includes the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and ventral posterior nuclei.

UI = D020651

 

Ventricular Dysfunction

MS = A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a decreased functionality.

AN = ventric refers to the heart, not the cerebral ventricles; GEN or unspecified: prefer VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT or VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, RIGHT

UI = D018754

 

Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

MS = A condition in which the left ventricle of the heart exhibits a decreased functionality. This decreased function could lead to congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction, among other cardiovascular diseases. Diagnostic measurements that indicate this condition include a diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.

AN = ventric refers to the heart, not the cerebral ventricles

UI = D018487

 

Ventricular Dysfunction, Right

MS = A condition in which the right ventricle of the heart exhibits a decreased functionality. This decreased function could lead to congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction, among other cardiovascular diseases. Diagnostic measurements that indicate this condition include a diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.

AN = ventric refers to the heart, not the cerebral ventricles

UI = D018497

 

Ventricular Fibrillation

AN = does not include ventric flutter ( = ARRHYTHMIA (IM) + HEART VENTRICLE (NIM))

UI = D014693

 

Ventricular Function

MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles.

UI = D016276

 

Ventricular Function, Left

MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left ventricle. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.

UI = D016277

 

Ventricular Function, Right

MS = The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right ventricle.

UI = D016278

 

Ventricular Myosins

MS = Myosin type II isoforms specifically found in the ventricular muscle of the heart.

AN = don't confuse Xrefs MYOSIN V1 and MYOSIN V3 with MYOSIN TYPE V

UI = D024723

 

Ventricular Outflow Obstruction

MS = Occlusion of the ventricular outflow or inflow tract on either side of the heart. It may result from a congenital defect or predisposing heart disease, or as a complication of surgery or tumors of the heart or its vessels.

UI = D014694

 

Ventricular Premature Complexes

MS = Premature contractions of the ventricle, the most common of all arrhythmias. In the absence of heart disease, they are not of great clinical significance, but in patients with coronary disease, they represent a constant danger of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and sudden death. The longer-term prognosis for asymptomatic, healthy subjects with frequent and complex ectopy is similar to that for the healthy United States population. (From Sokolow, et al., Clinical Cardiology, 5th ed, p491)

AN = a type of arrhythmia

UI = D018879

 

Ventricular Pressure

MS = The pressure within a cardiac ventricle. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., Doppler echocardiography). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the myocardium, cardiac valves, and pericardium, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.

AN = within heart, not cerebral ventricles

UI = D017725

 

Ventricular Remodeling

MS = The geometric and structural changes that the ventricle undergoes, usually following myocardial infarction. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.

UI = D020257

 

Ventricular Septal Rupture

MS = Rupture of the intraventricular septum of the heart, usually secondary to myocardial infarction.

UI = D018658

 

Ventriculography, First-Pass

MS = Radionuclide ventriculography where a bolus of radionuclide is injected and data are recorded from one pass through the heart ventricle. Left and right ventricular function can be analyzed independently during this technique. First-pass ventriculography is preferred over GATED BLOOD-POOL IMAGING for assessing right ventricular function.

AN = "ventriculo-" refers to the heart, not the cerebral ventricles; used for the right or left ventricle but is preferred for right: for the left ventricle GATED BLOOD-POOL IMAGING is preferred; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: VENTRICULOGR FIRST PASS

UI = D015646

 

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

MS = Surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = ventriculo- refers to cerebral ventricles; a type of csf shunt

UI = D017287

 

Ventriculostomy

MS = Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.

AN = refers to cerebral ventricles only, not heart nor stomach; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014696

 

Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

MS = A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells.

UI = D014697

 

Venturicidins

MS = Toxic substances isolated from various strains of Streptomyces. They are 20-membered macrolides that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ATPases. Venturicidins A and B are glycosides. Used mainly as tools in the study of mitochondrial function.

AN = uncoupling agents & antifungal antibiotics; from Streptomyces

UI = D014698

 

Venules

MS = The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins.

AN = restrict to blood vessels: not for "lymphatic venules" or "postcapillary venules": see note on LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply (IM)

UI = D014699

 

Venus

MS = The second planet in order from the sun. It has no known natural satellites. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system.

AN = 2d planet from sun with no moons; no qualif

UI = D018536

 

Verapamil

MS = A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

UI = D014700

 

Veratridine

MS = One of the components in the veratrine mixture of alkaloids. Found in the seed of Schoenocaulon officinale and in rhizome of Veratrum album L., Liliaceae.

UI = D014701

 

Veratrine

AN = do not confuse with VERATRIDINE

UI = D014702

 

Veratrum

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE with roots that contain VERATRUM ALKALOIDS used as emetics, parasiticides, antihypertensives. It is the main ingredient of Boicil.

AN = plant only; VERATRUM ALKALOIDS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D014703

 

Veratrum Alkaloids

MS = Alkaloids with powerful hypotensive effects isolated from American or European Hellebore (Veratrum viride Ait. Liliaceae and Veratrum album L. Liliaceae). They increase cholinergic and decrease adrenergic tone with appropriate side effects and at higher doses depress respiration and produce cardiac arrhythmias; only the ester alkaloids have been used as hypotensive agents in specific instances. They have been generally replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

AN = antihypertensives

UI = D014704

 

Verbal Behavior

MS = Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.

UI = D014705

 

Verbal Learning

MS = Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

UI = D014706

 

Verbascum

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032265

 

Verbena

MS = A plant genus of the family VERBENACEAE. Members contain verbenachalcone (dimeric dihydrochalcone), iridoids, and phenylethanoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032412

 

Verbenaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Lamiales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are opposite or whorled. The flowers are aggregated in spikes, clusters, or racemes.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029648

 

Verbesina

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain galegine (GUANIDINES).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031208

 

Vermont

UI = D014707

 

Vernamycin B

MS = An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces loidensis. It contains a mixture of compounds belonging to STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A and STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B.

UI = D025763

 

Vernix Caseosa

MS = An unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus.

AN = check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN

UI = D014708

 

Vernonia

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain germacrane and sesquiterpene LACTONES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035741

 

Vero Cells

MS = A cell line derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops; used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

AN = cell line from African green monkey (vervet) kidney; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A11 qualif when IM; capitalize Vero in titles

UI = D014709

 

Veronica

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain bis-sesquiterpene and iridoid glucosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032264

 

Version, Fetal

MS = The artificial alteration of the fetal position to facilitate birth.

UI = D014710

 

Vertebral Artery

MS = The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum.

UI = D014711

 

Vertebral Artery Dissection

MS = Dissection of the wall of the vertebral artery, leading to the formation of an aneurysm that may occlude the vessel. Thrombus formation may occur and give rise to emboli. Cervical fractures or related NECK INJURIES and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA are commonly associated conditions, although this process may occur spontaneously. Ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage in the vascular distribution of the affected vertebral artery may complicate this condition.

UI = D020217

 

Vertebrate Viruses

MS = Viruses infecting man and other vertebrates.

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D014712

 

Vertebrates

MS = Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific classes, orders, families & genera; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D014714

 

Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency

MS = Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.

AN = BRACHIAL-BASILAR INSUFFICIENCY SYNDROME see SUBCLAVIAN STEAL SYNDROME is available

UI = D014715

 

Vertical Dimension

MS = The length of the face determined by the distance of separation of jaws. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD or VDO) or contact vertical dimension is the lower face height with the teeth in centric occlusion. Rest vertical dimension (VDR) is the lower face height measured from a chin point to a point just below the nose, with the mandible in rest position. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p250)

AN = length of face in relation to separation of jaws; no qualif

UI = D014716

 

Verticillium

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus commonly isolated from soil. Some species are the cause of wilt diseases in many different plants.

UI = D020172

 

Vertigo

MS = An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear, vestibular nerve, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. Lesions in the temporal and parietal lobes may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)

AN = differentiate from DIZZINESS, "sensation of unsteadiness or lightheadedness", but use word of text

UI = D014717

 

Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

MS = The passage of urine from the bladder back into a ureter. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = reflux of urine from bladder back into a ureter

UI = D014718

 

Vesicovaginal Fistula

MS = An abnormal communication between the bladder and the vagina.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

UI = D014719

 

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

MS = A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia.

AN = caused by a calicivirus; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D014720

 

Vesicular exanthema of swine virus

MS = The type species of the genus VESIVIRUS infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Transmission is by contaminated food.

AN = infection in swine = VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; infection in other animals: coord IM with CALICVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017928

 

Vesicular stomatitis-Indiana virus

MS = The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.

AN = infection: coord IM with RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + probably STOMATITIS (IM) + precoord animal/dis term (IM), using qualif /vet if pertinent; DF: note short X ref

UI = D014721

 

Vesicular Transport Proteins

MS = A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

UI = D033921

 

Vesiculovirus

MS = A genus of the family RHABDOVIRIDAE that infects a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. The type species is VESICULAR STOMATITIS-INDIANA VIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018116

 

Vesivirus

MS = A genus of the family CALICIVIRIDAE comprised of species infecting a wide range of organisms. Most members of this genus can be readily propagated in cell culture (as opposed to other genera of Caliciviridae). The type species is VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D029342

 

Vestibular Aqueduct

MS = A small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous temporal bone. It surrounds the endolymphatic duct.

UI = D014723

 

Vestibular Diseases

MS = Diseases of the vestibule, the part of the inner ear that contains organs involved with balance.

AN = inner ear dis

UI = D015837

 

Vestibular Function Tests

UI = D014724

 

Vestibular Nerve

MS = The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.

AN = dis: coord IM with VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D014725

 

Vestibular Neuronitis

MS = Idiopathic inflammation of the vestibular nerve, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of vertigo, nausea, and imbalance. The cochlear nerve is typically spared and hearing loss and tinnitus do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)

UI = D020338

 

Vestibular Nuclei

MS = The four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. Included is the superior, medial, inferior, and LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D014726

 

Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral

MS = Vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D003689

 

Vestibule

MS = A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear.

AN = vestibule of the labyrinth; dis = VESTIBULAR DISEASES

UI = D014722

 

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

MS = The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.

AN = neopl: coord VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES (IM) with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM) but note that NEUROMA, ACOUSTIC is also available

UI = D000159

 

Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases

MS = Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas (NEUROMA, ACOUSTIC) are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

AN = coord IM with COCHLEAR NERVE (IM) for cochlear nerve dis or with VESTIBULAR NERVE (IM) for vestibular nerve dis: neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); DF: ACOUSTIC NERVE DIS

UI = D000160

 

Vestibuloplasty

MS = Those procedures designed to widen the zone of attached gingiva and deepen the vestibular depth which will facilitate the clearance of the area for natural food passage, and provide access for toothbrushing and interdental stimulation.

AN = refers to the oral cavity, not to the vestib appar; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014727

 

Veterans

MS = Former members of the armed services.

UI = D014728

 

Veterans Disability Claims

MS = Disorders claimed as a result of military service.

AN = specify country

UI = D014729

 

Veterinarians

MS = Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals.

AN = IM

UI = D018634

 

Veterinary Drugs

MS = Drugs used by veterinarians in the treatment of animal diseases. The veterinarian's pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of drugs treating human diseases, with dosage and administration adjusted to the size, weight, disease, and idiosyncrasies of the species. In the United States most drugs are subject to federal regulations with special reference to the safety of drugs and residues in edible animal products.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific drug /ther use with required animal dis precoords with /drug ther

UI = D019155

 

Veterinary Medicine

MS = The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /vet with diseases & techniques: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.81; indexing policy: Manual 23.33+; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, VETERINARY or VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); DF: VET MED

UI = D014730

 

Veterinary Service, Military

MS = A corps of the armed services concerned with animal medicine, the chief interest of which is the care of government-owned working dogs (as in the military police units), working horses (as in state funerals), and working military dolphins (as in undersea exploration and other activities). In the United States Army Veterinary Corps animal medicine overlaps and interconnects with biomedical research using laboratory research animals. A related activity is laboratory animal care. The Corps provides limited care for privately owned animals of military personnel through non-appropriated funds. Military service veterinarians in the United States Army must be graduates of accredited veterinary schools and must have a state license. (Telephone communication with Lt. Col. William Inskeep II, U.S. Army Veterinary Corps, October 4, 1994)

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country; DF: VET SERV MILITARY

UI = D014731

 

Vibration

AN = biol & non-biol application

UI = D014732

 

Vibrio

MS = A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; VIBRIO MARINUS and VIBRIO VISCOSA see MORITELLA are also available; infection = VIBRIO INFECTIONS

UI = D014733

 

Vibrio cholerae

MS = The etiologic agent of CHOLERA.

AN = infection = CHOLERA

UI = D014734

 

Vibrio cholerae O1

MS = Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 1. All are CHOLERA-causing strains (serotypes). There are two biovars (biotypes): cholerae and eltor (El Tor).

AN = infection: coord IM with CHOLERA (IM)

UI = D041241

 

Vibrio cholerae O139

MS = Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 139. This strain emerged in India in 1992 and caused a CHOLERA epidemic.

AN = infection: coord IM with CHOLERA (IM)

UI = D041242

 

Vibrio Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus VIBRIO.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; V. comma infection = CHOLERA

UI = D014735

 

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

MS = A species of bacteria found in the marine environment, sea foods, and the feces of patients with acute enteritis.

AN = infection: coord IM with VIBRIO INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D014736

 

Vibrio vulnificus

MS = A species of halophilic bacteria in the genus VIBRIO, which lives in warm SEAWATER. It can cause infections in those who eat raw contaminated seafood or have open wounds exposed to seawater.

AN = infection: coord IM with VIBRIO INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D041261

 

Vibrionaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in fresh or sea water, occasionally in fish or man.

UI = D014737

 

Vibrissae

MS = Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

UI = D014738

 

Viburnum

MS = A plant genus in the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE. The common name derives from its traditional use for menstrual cramps. It is a source of viburnine, valerianic acid, vibsanin, and ursolic acid. Note that true cranberry is VACCINIUM MACROCARPON.

AN = do not confuse with true cranberry = VACCINIUM MACROCARPON; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027925

 

Vicia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is widely used as ground cover and forage and known for the edible beans, VICIA FABA.

AN = do not confuse X ref VETCH with MILKVETCH see ASTRAGALUS PLANT; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031306

 

Vicia faba

MS = A plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The edible beans are well known but they cause FAVISM in some individuals with GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY. This plant contains vicine, convicine, Vicia lectins, unknown seed protein, AAP2 transport protein, and Vicia faba DNA-binding protein 1.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031307

 

Vicia sativa

MS = A plant species of the genus VICIA, family FABACEAE. The seed is used for food and contains THIOCYANATES such as prunasin, cyanoalanine, cyanogen, and vicine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D033022

 

Victoria

MS = A state in southeastern Australia, the southernmost state. Its capital is Melbourne. It was discovered in 1770 by Captain Cook and first settled by immigrants from Tasmania. In 1851 it was separated from New South Wales as a separate colony. Self-government was introduced in 1851; it became a state in 1901. It was named for Queen Victoria in 1851. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1295 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, p574)

AN = a state of Australia

UI = D014739

 

Vidarabine

MS = A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.

AN = an antiviral & antimetabolite

UI = D014740

 

Vidarabine Phosphate

MS = An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.

AN = a vidarabine ester antimetabolite; DF: note short X ref

UI = D001084

 

Video Games

MS = A form of interactive entertainment in which the player controls electronically generated images that appear on a video display screen. This includes video games played in the home on special machines or home computers, and those played in arcades. (McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 7th ed, v19, p223)

AN = /adv eff /psychol permitted

UI = D018910

 

Video Recording

MS = The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).

AN = IM; VIDEODISC RECORDING & VIDEOTAPE RECORDING are also available

UI = D014741

 

Video-Assisted Surgery

MS = Endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. When real-time video is combined interactively with prior CT scans or MRI images, this is called image-guided surgery (see SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED).

UI = D020535

 

Videodisc Recording

MS = The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor.

AN = IM; do not confuse with VIDEO RECORDING or VIDEOTAPE RECORDING

UI = D014742

 

Videotape Recording

MS = Recording of visual and sometimes sound signals on magnetic tape.

AN = IM; do not confuse with VIDEO RECORDING or VIDEODISC RECORDING

UI = D014743

 

Vietnam

UI = D014744

 

Vigabatrin

MS = An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020888

 

Viloxazine

MS = A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.

UI = D014745

 

Vimentin

MS = An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

AN = an intermediate filament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D014746

 

Vinblastine

MS = Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D014747

 

Vinca

MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Vinca rosea has been changed to CATHARANTHUS roseus.

AN = for VINCA ROSEA (PERIWINKLE, MADAGASCAR) see CATHARANTHUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031053

 

Vinca Alkaloids

MS = A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents.

AN = antineoplastics; /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D014748

 

Vincamine

MS = A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D014749

 

Vincristine

MS = Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca Rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D014750

 

Vinculin

MS = A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.

AN = a cytoskeletal protein in cell-cell & cell-matrix interactions; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016596

 

Vindesine

MS = Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against acute leukemia, lung cancer, carcinoma of the breast, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, head, and neck, and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols.

UI = D014751

 

Vinyl Chloride

MS = A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.

AN = D25-26 qualif; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE is available

UI = D014752

 

Vinyl Compounds

AN = DF: VINYL CPDS

UI = D014753

 

Viola

MS = A plant genus of the family VIOLACEAE. Some species in this genus are called bouncing bet which is a common name more often used with SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. Members contain macrocyclic peptides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032413

 

Violaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029649

 

Violence

MS = Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.

UI = D014754

 

Viologens

MS = A group of dipyridinium chloride derivatives that are used as oxidation-reduction indicators. The general formula is 1,1'-di-R-4,4'-bipyridinium chloride, where R = methyl, ethyl, benzyl or, betaine.

AN = oxidation-reduction indicators

UI = D014755

 

Viomycin

MS = A strongly basic peptide, antibiotic complex from several strains of Streptomyces. It is allergenic and toxic to kidneys and the labyrinth. Viomycin is used in tuberculosis as several different salts and in combination with other agents.

UI = D014756

 

Viper Venoms

MS = Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; includes adder venoms & viperotoxin; TN 241: common & scientific names of various viperids; note PIT VIPER VENOMS see CROTALID VENOMS

UI = D014757

 

Viperidae

MS = A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)

AN = mountain viper, true vipers & pit vipers

UI = D017819

 

Vipoma

MS = An endocrine tumor, usually arising in the pancreas, that produces vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which is the mediator of a syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and hypochlorhydria, leading to renal failure and death. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); this is a tumor of the pancreatic delta cells

UI = D003969

 

Viral Core Proteins

MS = Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D014758

 

Viral Envelope Proteins

MS = Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D014759

 

Viral Fusion Proteins

MS = Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.

AN = coord with specific virus; do not confuse with RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS

UI = D014760

 

Viral Hepatitis Vaccines

MS = Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

AN = coord IM with specific hepatitis virus or viral hepatitis (IM or NIM) if pertinent

UI = D014761

 

Viral Interference

MS = A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

UI = D014762

 

Viral Load

MS = The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression.

UI = D019562

 

Viral Matrix Proteins

MS = Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D014763

 

Viral Nonstructural Proteins

MS = Viral proteins that are coded by nonstructural genes and usually have an unknown function. Some of these proteins may play structural roles within the infected cell during replication or act in virus regulation.

AN = viral proteins coded by nonstructural genes of unknown function; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific virus (IM); /physiol permitted for function within virus

UI = D017361

 

Viral Physiology

MS = Biological processes and activities of viruses.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: VIRAL PHYSIOL

UI = D018406

 

Viral Proteins

MS = Proteins found in any species of virus.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function with the virus; IM; coord with specific protein (IM) + specific virus (IM)

UI = D014764

 

Viral Regulatory Proteins

MS = Proteins which regulate the rate of transcription of viral structural genes.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: VIRAL REG PROTEINS

UI = D015520

 

Viral Structural Proteins

MS = Viral proteins that do not regulate transcription. They are coded by viral structural genes and include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). Transcription of viral structural genes is regulated by viral regulatory proteins.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D015678

 

Viral Tail Proteins

MS = Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains.

AN = found in tails of viruses; coord IM with specific virus (IM)

UI = D017376

 

Viral Vaccines

MS = Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

AN = for specifics not indented here coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM)

UI = D014765

 

Viremia

MS = The presence of viruses in the blood.

AN = coord with specific virus disease or specific virus if specific virus dis is not in MeSH (do not use /blood to indicate -emia)

UI = D014766

 

Virgin Islands of the United States

MS = A group of islands in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, the three main islands being St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. The capital is Charlotte Amalie. The Virgin Islands were discovered by Columbus in 1493. Before 1917 the U.S. Virgin Islands were held by the Danish and called the Danish West Indies but the name was changed when the United States acquired them by purchase. Virgin refers to the fact that Columbus made his discovery on St. Ursula's day - virgins being her legendary companions - or to the resemblance of the chain of islands to a procession of nuns or virgins. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1305 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p577)

AN = a group of islands in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies; do not confuse with the British Virgin Islands to their north ( = VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH see WEST INDIES); DF: VIRGIN ISLANDS

UI = D014767

 

Virginia

UI = D014768

 

Virginiamycin

MS = A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, virginiamycin Factor M1(STREPTOGRAMIN A) and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.

UI = D014769

 

Viridans Streptococci

MS = A large heterogeneous group of mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci. They colonize the respiratory tract at birth and generally have a low degree of pathogenicity. This group of species includes STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS; STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS; STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SOBRINUS; and the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. The latter are often beta-hemolytic and commonly produce invasive pyogenic infections including brain and abdominal abscesses.

AN = infection: coord IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D034363

 

Virilism

MS = Development of masculine traits in the female.

AN = check the tag FEMALE

UI = D014770

 

Virion

MS = The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

AN = "the infective system of a virus"; read MeSH definition for component parts

UI = D014771

 

Viroids

MS = A group of pathogens comprising the smallest known agents of infectious disease. They are unencapsulated and are capable of replicating autonomously in susceptible cells. Positively identified viroids composed of single-stranded RNA have been isolated from higher plants, but the existence of DNA viroids pathogenic to animals is suspected.

AN = "smallest known agents of infect dis"; read MeSH definition

UI = D014772

 

Virology

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; prefer /virol with specific organ, higher animal & disease: Manual 19.8.82; DF: VIROL

UI = D014773

 

Virosomes

MS = Semi-synthetic complex derived from nucleic-acid free viral particles. They are essentially reconstituted viral coats, where the infectious nucleocapsid is replaced by a compound of choice. Virosomes retain their fusogenic activity and thus deliver the incorporated compound (antigens, drugs, genes) inside the target cell. They can be used for vaccines (VACCINES, VIROSOME), drug delivery, or gene transfer.

AN = when used as a vehicle in drug ther, index specific drug /admin (IM) + VIROSOMES (NIM without qualif)

UI = D022701

 

Virtues

MS = Character traits that are considered to be morally praiseworthy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

AN = for "virtue theory," coordinate with ETHICAL THEORY

UI = D028722

 

Virulence

MS = The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

AN = coord NIM with micro-organism or parasite /pathogen (IM)

UI = D014774

 

Virulence Factors

MS = Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

AN = coord with specific factors if pertinent

UI = D037521

 

Virulence Factors, Bordetella

MS = A set of ADHESINS and TOXINS produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonisation factor.

UI = D010566

 

Virus Activation

MS = The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

AN = coord with specific virus /physiol (IM or NIM)

UI = D014775

 

Virus Assembly

MS = The assembly of viral capsid proteins and nucleic acid to form a viral particle (VIRION). (From Vocabulary of Genetic Engineering, 1990)

AN = coord with specific virus /physiol (IM or NIM)

UI = D019065

 

Virus Cultivation

AN = NIM; relation to TISSUE CULTURE: Manual 26.23.3

UI = D014776

 

Virus Diseases

MS = A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTIVIRAL AGENTS

UI = D014777

 

Virus Inactivation

MS = Inactivation of viruses by non-immune related techniques. They include extremes of pH, HEAT treatment, ultraviolet radiation, IONIZING RADIATION; DESICCATION; ANTISEPTICS; DISINFECTANTS; organic solvents, and DETERGENTS.

UI = D038301

 

Virus Inhibitors

AN = in normal serum, body fluids & tissues; do not confuse with INTERFERONS or VIRAL INTERFERENCE (factors produced after virus enters cell) or ANTIVIRAL AGENTS (antiviral drugs & chem); blood viricidal activity probably goes here (IM) + BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY (IM); DF: VIRUS INHIB

UI = D014778

 

Virus Integration

MS = Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA (LYSOGENY) to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

UI = D016662

 

Virus Latency

MS = The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

AN = coord with specific virus /physiol (IM or NIM)

UI = D017735

 

Virus Replication

MS = The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

AN = coord with specific virus /physiol

UI = D014779

 

Virus Shedding

MS = The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

AN = expelling of virus particles from the body

UI = D017201

 

Viruses

MS = Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific taxonomic group or genus; /drug eff: consider also ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; note X ref ONCOLYTIC VIRUSES: ONCOGENIC VIRUSES is available; do not confuse "slow viruses" with "latent viruses": slow cause dis with very long preclin course & very slow progression, "latent" are non-infective but activable; presence of viruses in blood = VIREMIA: see note there; see many pre-coord VIR- terms like VIRAL PROTEINS; RNA, VIRAL, etc.; use Permuted MeSH for complete coverage; policy: Manual 22.18, 22.24+

UI = D014780

 

Viruses, Unclassified

MS = Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.

AN = viruses of as yet unclassified taxonomy: author will state "unclassified": do not confuse with viruses "unnamed" or unspecified by the author ( = probably VIRUSES); GEN: avoid; infections by unclassified viruses: coord IM with VIRUS DISEASES (IM)

UI = D014713

 

Viscaceae

MS = The Christmas Mistletoe plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are parasitic primarily on coniferous trees forming a drooping evergreen bush of leathery leaves on tree branches. The berries are sticky and toxic.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028163

 

Viscera

MS = Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.

AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer specific organ term

UI = D014781

 

Visceral Afferents

MS = The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.

UI = D017833

 

Visceroptosis

MS = The prolapse or downward displacement of the viscera.

AN = "prolapse or downward displacement of the viscera"

UI = D014782

 

Viscosity

AN = NIM

UI = D014783

 

Viscum

MS = A plant genus in the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Species of this genus contain cytotoxic LECTINS. The common name of MISTLETOE is used for many species of this and the LORANTHACEAE families.

AN = VISCUM LEUCARPUM see PHORADENDRON is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028181

 

Viscum album

MS = A plant species of the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae. This is the traditional mistletoe of literature and Christmas. Members contain viscotoxin (5 kDa basic polypeptides related to thionins), beta-galactoside- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin II (60 kDa), and polysaccharides. Mistletoe lectin I is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Commercial extracts include Plenosol, Eurixor, Helixor Isorel, Iscador, and NSC 635089 (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC).

AN = X ref MISTLETOE, EUROPEAN: several mistletoe terms are available, check text and MeSH; Christmas mistletoe goes here; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028182

 

Vision

MS = The sensation of sight.

AN = differentiate from VISUAL PERCEPTION: vis percept takes place in the brain, vision takes place in the eye; visual stimulation: probably PHOTIC STIMULATION but check text for possible non-light (non-photic) stimul

UI = D014785

 

Vision Disorders

MS = Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions. Visual disability refers to inability of the individual to perform specific visual tasks, such as reading, writing, orientation, or traveling unaided. (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132)

AN = disord of vision, not dis of the eye ( = EYE DISEASES); GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL

UI = D014786

 

Vision Disparity

MS = The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. This occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. Thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye.

UI = D015357

 

Vision Screening

MS = Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.

AN = on an epidemiol or population level: do not confuse with VISION TESTS on a personal level; coord with disease /diag or /epidemiol or /prev

UI = D015351

 

Vision Tests

AN = for an individual: differentiate from VISION SCREENING on a given population

UI = D014787

 

Vision, Binocular

MS = The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.

UI = D015348

 

Vision, Entoptic

MS = Visual sensation due to shadows or optical effects of structures within the eye or to excitation of the receptor system by stimuli other than light.

UI = D014788

 

Vision, Low

MS = Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).

AN = do not make a diagnosis: use term of author

UI = D015354

 

Vision, Monocular

MS = Vision with one eye or the affecting of one eye.

UI = D015349

 

Visitors to Patients

MS = Patients' guests and rules for visiting.

UI = D014789

 

Visna

MS = Demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep caused by the VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS. It is similiar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.

AN = caused by a lentivirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D016182

 

Visna-maedi virus

MS = A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus ovine-caprine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, OVINE-CAPRINE), that can cause chronic pneumonia (maedi), mastitis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis (visna) in sheep. Maedi is a progressive pneumonia of sheep which is similar to but not the same as jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE). Visna is a demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis of sheep which is similar to but not the same as SCRAPIE.

AN = infection = VISNA or MAEDI see PNEUMONIA, PROGRESSIVE INTERSTITIAL, OF SHEEP

UI = D014790

 

Visual Acuity

MS = Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus.

UI = D014792

 

Visual Cortex

MS = Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision.

AN = do not confuse STRIATE CORTEX with CORPUS STRIATUM (basal ganglia)

UI = D014793

 

Visual Fields

UI = D014794

 

Visual Pathways

MS = Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA, OPTIC NERVE, optic tract, and geniculocalcarine tract.

UI = D014795

 

Visual Perception

MS = The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

AN = differentiate from VISION: vis percept takes place in the brain, vision takes place in the eye

UI = D014796

 

Visually Impaired Persons

MS = Persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living.

UI = D019987

 

Vitaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, best known for the VITIS genus, the source of grapes.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027844

 

Vital Capacity

MS = The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.

AN = timed vital capacity is FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; DF: VITAL CAPAC

UI = D014797

 

Vital Statistics

MS = Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc.

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics: no qualif; specify geog

UI = D014798

 

Vitalism

MS = The metaphysical doctrine that the functions and processes of life are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces and that the laws of physics and chemistry alone cannot explain life functions and processes. Vitalism is opposed to mechanistic materialism. The belief was that matter was divided into two classes based on behavior with respect to heat: organic and inorganic. Inorganic material could be melted but could always be recovered by removing the heat source. Organic compounds changed form upon heating and could not be recovered by removing the heat source. The proposed explanation for the difference between organic and inorganic compounds was the Vitalism Theory, which stated that inorganic materials did not contain the "vital force" of life.

UI = D014799

 

Vitallium

MS = An alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances. It is used in dentures, certain surgical appliances, prostheses, implants, and instruments.

AN = used for dentures & other non-dent prosthesis; D25-26 qualif

UI = D014800

 

Vitamin A

MS = Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

AN = /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014801

 

Vitamin A Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)

AN = DF: VITAMIN A DEFIC

UI = D014802

 

Vitamin B 12

MS = A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues.

AN = note space after B; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014805

 

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)

AN = coord IM with specific B 12 vitamin /defic (IM); DF: VITAMIN B 12 DEFIC

UI = D014806

 

Vitamin B 6

MS = VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.

AN = /ther use: coord with disease /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D025101

 

Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 6 in the diet, characterized by dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and stomatitis. Marked deficiency causes irritability, weakness, depression, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures. In infants and children typical manifestations are diarrhea, anemia, and seizures. Deficiency can be caused by certain medications, such as isoniazid.

UI = D026681

 

Vitamin B Complex

MS = A group of water-soluble substances including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin B6 group (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, possibly para-aminobenzoic acid, inositol, vitamin B12, and possibly choline. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified B vitamins; prefer specific vitamin B; /defic = VITAMIN B DEFICIENCY or PELLAGRA; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014803

 

Vitamin B Deficiency

UI = D014804

 

Vitamin D

MS = Vitamin D. The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets.

AN = /defic = VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY or RICKETS; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014807

 

Vitamin D Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)

AN = DF: VITAMIN D DEFIC

UI = D014808

 

Vitamin D Response Element

MS = A DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of vitamin D regulated genes. Vitamin D receptor (RECEPTOR, CALCITRIOL) binds to and regulates the activity of genes containing this element.

UI = D030181

 

Vitamin D-Binding Protein

MS = An alpha-globulin found in the plasma of man and other vertebrates. It is apparently synthesized in the liver and carries vitamin D and its metabolites through the circulation and mediates the response of tissue. It is also known as group-specific component (Gc). Gc subtypes are used to determine specific phenotypes and gene frequencies. These data are employed in the classification of population groups, paternity investigations, and in forensic medicine.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D014809

 

Vitamin E

MS = A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of isoprenoid

AN = /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014810

 

Vitamin E Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN E in the diet, characterized by posterior column and spinocerebellar tract abnormalities, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia, and disturbances of gait, proprioception, and vibration. In premature infants vitamin E deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, edema, intraventricular hemorrhage, and increasing risk of retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. An apparent inborn error of vitamin E metabolism, named familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, has recently been identified. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1181)

AN = DF: VITAMIN E DEFIC

UI = D014811

 

Vitamin K

MS = A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (VITAMIN K 1) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.

AN = /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014812

 

Vitamin K 1

MS = A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activitiy.

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D010837

 

Vitamin K 2

MS = A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora.

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D024482

 

Vitamin K 3

MS = A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D024483

 

Vitamin K Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)

AN = DF: VITAMIN K DEFIC

UI = D014813

 

Vitamin U

MS = A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.

AN = an anti-ulcer agent; found in green vegetables; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014814

 

Vitamins

MS = A general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. They may be water-soluble or fat-soluble. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific vitamin; /defic = AVITAMINOSIS but avitaminosis A (etc.) = VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY (etc.); /ther use: coordinate disease term with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D014815

 

Vitelline Duct

MS = The narrow tube connecting the yolk sac with the midgut of the embryo; persistence of all or part of it in post-fetal life produces abnormalities, of which the commonest is MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM.

UI = D014816

 

Vitelline Membrane

MS = The plasma membrane of the egg.

UI = D014817

 

Vitellogenesis

MS = The production and storage of yolk in the oocyte which is usually initiated after the first meiotic division.

AN = yolk production & storage in oocyte

UI = D014818

 

Vitellogenin

MS = A serum and yolk protein which has been characterized as a calcium-binding glycolipophosphoprotein. It is induced by estrogen or juvenile hormone and is essential for yolk formation in various insect species.

AN = an egg protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D014819

 

Vitex

MS = A genus of trees in the VERBENACEAE (sometimes classified in the LAMIACEAE) family containing assorted flavonoids with possible analgesic and antineoplastic properties. The fruit of these trees is used in herbal preparations.

UI = D020950

 

Vitiligo

MS = A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.

AN = macular depigmentation

UI = D014820

 

Vitis

MS = A plant genus in the family VITACEAE, order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae. It is a woody vine cultivated worldwide. It is best known for grapes, the edible fruit and used to make WINE and raisins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027843

 

Vitrectomy

MS = Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D014821

 

Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative

MS = Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.

AN = shrinkage of vitreoretinal membrane after prolif of retinal pigment cells

UI = D018630

 

Vitreoscilla

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic or microaerophilic, colorless filaments. It is nonfruiting, motile by gliding, and found in freshwater sediments and cow dung. One species (V. stercoraria) is considered morphologically to be a streptobacillus. It is strictly aerobic and produces a homodimeric bacterial hemoglobin, especially under oxygen-limited growth conditions. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020589

 

Vitreous Body

MS = The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

AN = /surg: consider also VITRECTOMY; VITREOUS DETACHMENT is available; opacities, muscae volitantes & other dis are indexed VITREOUS BODY (IM) and EYE DISEASES (IM)

UI = D014822

 

Vitreous Detachment

MS = Detachment of the corpus vitreum (VITREOUS BODY) from its normal attachments, especially the retina, due to shrinkage from degenerative or inflammatory conditions, trauma, myopia, or senility.

UI = D020255

 

Vitreous Hemorrhage

MS = Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.

UI = D014823

 

Vitronectin

MS = A blood plasma glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion and interacts with proteins of the complement, coagulation, and fibrinolytic cascade. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = a glycoprotein

UI = D019096

 

Vittaforma

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa in the family Nosematidae that infects humans. Vittaforma corneae has been isolated from AIDS patients.

AN = infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021863

 

Vivisection

MS = The cutting of or surgical operation on a living animal, usually for physiological or pathological investigation. (from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dict, 10th ed)

UI = D014824

 

Voacanga

MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Members contain voacangine and other INDOLES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036902

 

Vocabulary

MS = The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)

AN = a person's stock of words; do not use for nomenclature ( = NOMENCLATURE) or for THESAURUS see VOCABULARY, CONTROLLED; no qualif

UI = D014825

 

Vocabulary, Controlled

MS = A specified list of terms with a fixed and unalterable meaning, and from which a selection is made when CATALOGING, ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING, or searching BOOKS; JOURNALS, and other documents. The control is intended to avoid the scattering of related subjects under different headings (SUBJECT HEADINGS). The list may be altered or extended only by the publisher or issuing agency. (From Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed, p163)

UI = D018875

 

Vocal Cord Paralysis

MS = Paralysis of one or both vocal cords, which produces hoarseness or aphonia. This condition may be caused by diseases of the medulla (e.g., LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME), VAGUS NERVE, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. Neuromuscular junction diseases and local myopathic processes may also affect vocal cord function. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1380)

AN = coord with RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE if pertinent

UI = D014826

 

Vocal Cords

MS = The folds of mucous membrane along either wall of the larynx from the angle between the laminae of the thyroid cartilage to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage.

AN = inflammation = LARYNGITIS

UI = D014827

 

Vocalization, Animal

MS = Vocal sounds used in animal communication.

UI = D014828

 

Vocational Education

MS = Education for specific trades or occupations.

UI = D014829

 

Vocational Guidance

MS = Systematic efforts to assist individuals in selecting an occupation or suitable employment on the basis of aptitude, education, etc.

AN = consider also APTITUDE or APTITUDE TESTS

UI = D014830

 

Voice

MS = The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the larynx and over the vocal cords, and then modified by the resonance organs, the nasopharynx, and the mouth.

AN = human only: for animal use VOCALIZATION, ANIMAL

UI = D014831

 

Voice Disorders

MS = Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds.

AN = available also is HOARSENESS

UI = D014832

 

Voice Quality

MS = Voice quality is that component of speech which gives the primary distinction to a given speaker's voice when pitch and loudness are excluded. It involves both phonatory and resonatory characteristics. Some of the descriptions of voice quality are harshness, breathiness and nasality.

UI = D014833

 

Voice Training

AN = no qualif

UI = D014834

 

Volatilization

AN = NIM

UI = D014835

 

Volcanic Eruption

MS = The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = specify geog

UI = D018707

 

Volition

MS = Voluntary activity without external compulsion.

UI = D014836

 

Voluntary Health Agencies

MS = Non-profit organizations concerned with various aspects of health, e.g., education, promotion, treatment, services, etc.

AN = IM; coord with specific pertinent med specialty (IM); TN 174: definition & use

UI = D014837

 

Voluntary Programs

MS = Programs in which participation is not required.

UI = D035141

 

Voluntary Workers

MS = Persons who donate their services.

UI = D014838

 

Volvocida

MS = An order of plantlike, flagellate protozoa commonly found in freshwater habitats. Characteristics include the presence of a cellulose wall and two-to-four equal, smooth, apical flagella.

AN = an order of freshwater protozoa

UI = D016823

 

Vomeronasal Organ

MS = A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans.

AN = in the nasal cavity within the septum

UI = D019147

 

Vomiting

MS = The forcible expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.

AN = /chem ind: consider also EMETICS; /drug ther: consider also ANTIEMETICS; Jamaican vomiting sickness: index PLANT POISONING + HYPOGLYCINS /pois

UI = D014839

 

Vomiting, Anticipatory

MS = Vomiting caused by expectation of discomfort or unpleasantness.

AN = do not use /chem ind in cancer chemother: prefer /etiol, /psychol, etc.

UI = D014840

 

von Willebrand Disease

MS = Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the von Willebrand factor (Factor VIII-related antigen) is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.

AN = do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D014842

 

von Willebrand Factor

MS = A high-molecular-weight plasma protein, produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. The von Willebrand factor has receptors for collagen, platelets, and ristocetin activity as well as the immunologically distinct antigenic determinants. It functions in adhesion of platelets to collagen and hemostatic plug formation. The prolonged bleeding time in von Willebrand's disease is due to the deficiency of this factor.

AN = DF: VWF

UI = D014841

 

Voyeurism

MS = A paraphilia characterized by repetitive looking at unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are either naked, in the act of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as the method for achieving sexual excitement.

UI = D014843

 

Vulnerable Populations

MS = Groups of persons whose range of options is severely limited, who are frequently subjected to COERCION in their DECISION MAKING, or who may be compromised in their ability to give INFORMED CONSENT.

AN = HUMAN only

UI = D035862

 

Vulva

AN = inflammation = VULVITIS

UI = D014844

 

Vulvar Diseases

MS = Diseases of the vulva.

AN = inflamm dis = VULVITIS

UI = D014845

 

Vulvar Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D014846

 

Vulvitis

MS = Inflammation of the vulva. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of vulva

UI = D014847

 

Vulvovaginitis

MS = Inflammation of the vulva and vagina or vulvovaginal glands. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of vulva & vagina

UI = D014848