Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

R

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R Factors

MS = A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

AN = bacterial

UI = D011815

 

rab GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that play a key role in cellular secretory and endocytic pathways. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D020691

 

rab1 GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in vesicle transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS and through early Golgi compartments. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAB1 PROTEIN

UI = D020761

 

rab2 GTP-Binding Protein

MS = A protein involved in transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAB2 PROTEIN

UI = D020693

 

rab3 GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in calcium-dependent EXOCYTOSIS. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAB3 PROTEIN

UI = D020692

 

rab3A GTP-Binding Protein

MS = The most abundant member of the RAB3 GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is involved in calcium-dependent EXOCYTOSIS and is localized to neurons and neuroendocrine cells. EC 3.6.1.-

AN = DF: RAB3A PROTEIN

UI = D020826

 

rab4 GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in recycling of proteins such as cell surface receptors from early endosomes to the cell surface. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAB4 PROTEIN

UI = D020695

 

rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in transport from the cell membrane to early endosomes. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAB5 PROTEIN

UI = D020696

 

Rabbits

MS = The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref BELGIAN HARE with HARES

UI = D011817

 

Rabdosia

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains macrocalin B. R. japonica is an ingredient of PC-SPES, a treatment for prostate cancer.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031361

 

Rabies

MS = An acute infectious disease of the central nervous system affecting almost all mammals, including humans. It is caused by a rhabdovirus and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, vampire bat, mongoose, skunk, wolf, raccoon, and fox. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = caused by a rhabdovirus; human & animal

UI = D011818

 

Rabies Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

UI = D011819

 

Rabies virus

MS = The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

AN = infection = RABIES

UI = D011820

 

rac GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D020744

 

rac1 GTP-Binding Protein

MS = A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAC1 PROTEIN

UI = D020830

 

Raccoons

MS = Carnivores of the genus Procyon of the family Procyonidae. Two subgenera and seven species are currently recognized. They range from southern Canada to Panama and are found in several of the Caribbean Islands. Because of its commercial value, one species, P. lotor, was introduced into France, the Netherlands, Germany, and the Soviet Union but it is now largely considered a nuisance in Europe. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1100-1)

AN = IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse with RACCOON DOGS see CARNIVORA

UI = D011821

 

Race Relations

MS = Cultural contacts between people of different races.

AN = coord IM with specific races (IM) & and locale if pertinent; DF: RACE RELAT

UI = D011822

 

Racemases and Epimerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze inversion of the configuration around an asymmetric carbon in a substrate having one (racemase) or more (epimerase) center(s) of asymmetry. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.1.

UI = D019998

 

Racial Stocks

MS = Major living subspecies of man differentiated by genetic and physical characteristics. There are four racial groups: Australoid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.

AN = GEN or unspecified; do not confuse with ethnicity ( = ETHNIC GROUPS); policy: Manual 30.6.4-30.6.7

UI = D011824

 

Raclopride

MS = A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.

UI = D020891

 

Racquet Sports

MS = Games in which players use a racquet to hit a ball or similar type object.

AN = /inj: coord IM with specific injury (IM); Manual 30.15.1; do not confuse X ref SQUASH (SPORT) with SQUASH PLANT see CUCURBITA

UI = D015865

 

Radar

MS = A system using beamed and reflected radio signals to and from an object in such a way that range, bearing, and other characteristics of the object may be determined.

AN = non-ionizing

UI = D011825

 

Radial Artery

MS = The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.

AN = diseases: coord IM with PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES (IM)

UI = D017534

 

Radial Nerve

MS = A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

AN = dis = RADIAL NEUROPATHY; neopl = RADIAL NEUROPATHY (IM) + PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D011826

 

Radial Neuropathy

MS = Disease involving the RADIAL NERVE. Clinical features include weakness of elbow extension, elbow flexion, supination of the forearm, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction. Sensation may be impaired over regions of the dorsal forearm. Common sites of compression or traumatic injury include the AXILLA and radial groove of the HUMERUS.

UI = D020425

 

Radiation

MS = Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun.

AN = GEN; /adv eff = RADIATION INJURIES but see note there; /diag use = RADIOGRAPHY or RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING; Manual 29.12, 29.13; radiation scattering = SCATTERING, RADIATION; TN 158: how to index x-rays, gamma rays & cathode rays; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following; see all RADIATION terms for concepts superior to RADIATION; DF: RAD

UI = D011827

 

Radiation Chimera

MS = An organism whose body contains cell populations of different genotypes as a result of the TRANSPLANTATION of donor cells after sufficient ionizing radiation to destroy the mature recipient's cells which would otherwise reject the donor cells.

UI = D011828

 

Radiation Dosage

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D011829

 

Radiation Effects

MS = The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on drugs and chemicals.

AN = GEN only: prefer /rad eff: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.60; do not coord with specific term /rad eff; no qualif; TN 158: ionizing vs non-ionizing; indexing policy: Manual 28.11-28.11.5; radiations causing neopl = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED or LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED, causing abnorm = ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION-INDUCED; DF: RAD EFF

UI = D011830

 

Radiation Genetics

MS = A subdiscipline of genetics that studies RADIATION EFFECTS on the components and processes of biological inheritance.

AN = SPEC or GEN; prefer specifics: Manual 28.22.5

UI = D011831

 

Radiation Hybrid Mapping

MS = A method for ordering genetic loci along CHROMOSOMES. The method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. Following cell fusion, fragments of DNA from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. Molecular probing of DNA obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell DNA.

UI = D021101

 

Radiation Injuries

MS = Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in chordates.

AN = only Cat C qualif; human & vet animals only; exper animals = RADIATION INJURIES, EXPERIMENTAL, but only if B2: see note on RADIATION INJURIES, EXPERIMENTAL; Manual 28.12; radiations causing neopl = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED or LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED, causing abnorm = ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION-INDUCED; OSTEORADIONECROSIS is available

UI = D011832

 

Radiation Injuries, Experimental

MS = Harmful effects of exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation produced experimentally in chordates.

AN = only Cat C qualif; for B2 animals only; "injuries" to insects, parasites, bacteria, viruses = RADIATION EFFECTS (general only) or specific organism /rad eff; Manual 28.12.1, 28.12.2; radiations causing neopl = NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED or LEUKEMIA, RADIATION-INDUCED, causing abnorm = ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION-INDUCED; DF: RAD INJ EXPER

UI = D011833

 

Radiation Leukemia Virus

MS = A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from radiation-induced lymphomas in C57BL mice. It is leukemogenic, thymotrophic, can be transmitted vertically, and replicates only in vivo.

AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)

UI = D016721

 

Radiation Monitoring

MS = The observation, either continuously or at intervals, of the levels of radiation in a given area, generally for the purpose of assuring that they have not exceeded prescribed amounts or, in case of radiation already present in the area, assuring that the levels have returned to those meeting acceptable safety standards.

UI = D011834

 

Radiation Oncology

MS = A subspecialty of medical oncology and radiology concerned with the radiotherapy of cancer.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse X ref THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY (a specialty) with RADIOTHERAPY (a ther technique); DF: RAD ONCOL

UI = D018787

 

Radiation Pneumonitis

MS = Injurious effects of radiotherapy on the lungs. There are three phases in the reaction of the lungs to radiation injury: an acute phase occurring 1 to 2 months after exposure, a subacute phase 2 to 9 months after exposure, and a chronic or fibrotic phase more than 9 months after exposure. In the acute phase there is vascular damage, congestion, edema, and mononuclear cell infiltration; in the subacute phase the alveolar walls are infiltrated with mononuclear inflammatory cells and fibroblasts; in the chronic phase, alveolar fibrosis and capillary sclerosis take place. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2343)

AN = an interstitial lung dis; assume to be caused by radiother so do not coord routinely with RADIOTHERAPY /adv eff; coord IM with other type or source of radiation with /adv eff (IM) if pertinent; DF: RAD PNEUMONITIS

UI = D017564

 

Radiation Protection

AN = includes "shielding"

UI = D011835

 

Radiation Tolerance

MS = The ability of some cells or tissues to withstand ionizing radiation without serious injury. Tolerance depends on the species, cell type, and physical and chemical variables, including RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENTS and RADIATION-SENSITIZING AGENTS.

AN = to ionizing radiations only; DF: RAD TOLERANCE

UI = D011836

 

Radiation, Ionizing

MS = Electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter. The wavelengths are equal to or smaller than those of short (far) ultraviolet radiation and include gamma and X-rays and high-energy elementary particles.

AN = as NIM: Manual 19.8.60, 28.11.1; when not to use: Manual 21.16; no qualif; /adv eff = RADIATION INJURIES but see note there

UI = D011839

 

Radiation, Nonionizing

MS = Electromagnetic radiation which does not produce ions in matter through which it passes. Its wavelengths are generally greater than those of far ultraviolet radiation and range through the longest radio waves.

AN = as NIM: Manual 19.8.60, 28.11.1; when not to use: Manual 21.16; no qualif except /adv eff; DF: RAD NONIONIZING

UI = D011840

 

Radiation-Protective Agents

MS = Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.

AN = D25-26 qualif; protective against ionizing rad; not for SUNSCREENING AGENTS & not for shields & shielding in diag x-ray ( = RADIATION PROTECTION); DF: RAD PROTECTIVE AGENTS

UI = D011837

 

Radiation-Sensitizing Agents

MS = Drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of radiation therapy in destroying unwanted cells.

AN = D25-26 qualif; do not use /ther use when coordinating with disease /radiother but /ther use permitted with specific radiation-sensitizing agents in radiother; DF: RAD SENSITIZING AGENTS

UI = D011838

 

Radicular Cyst

MS = Slow-growing fluid-filled epithelial sac at the apex of a tooth with a nonvital pulp or defective root canal filling.

AN = non-neoplastic periodontal cyst; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl

UI = D011842

 

Radiculopathy

MS = Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.

AN = disease of a single spinal nerve root; do not confuse with POLYRADICULOPATHY (dis of several spinal nerve roots) nor with POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY (dis of both spinal nerve roots & peripheral nerves)

UI = D011843

 

Radiesthesia

MS = Therapeutic cult concerned with intangible energies surrounding the living body and based on the detection of these intrinsic radiations by dowsing, or divining, or the use of more elaborate instruments (radionics).

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011844

 

Radio

MS = The transmission and reception of electric impulses or signals by means of electric waves without a connecting wire, or the use of these waves for the wireless transmission of electric impulses into which sound is converted. (From Webster's 3d)

UI = D011845

 

Radio Waves

MS = That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication.

AN = non-ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following

UI = D011846

 

Radioactive Fallout

MS = The material that descends to the earth or water well beyond the site of a surface or subsurface nuclear explosion. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011847

 

Radioactive Pollutants

MS = Radioactive substances which act as pollutants. They include chemicals whose radiation is released via radioactive waste, nuclear accidents, fallout from nuclear explosions, and the like.

AN = specify radiopollutant if pertinent (IM or NIM)

UI = D011848

 

Radioactive Tracers

MS = Radioactive substances added in minute amounts to the reacting elements or compounds in a chemical process and traced through the process by appropriate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Compounds containing tracers are often said to be tagged or labeled. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

AN = IM for general only; no qualif

UI = D011849

 

Radioactive Waste

MS = Liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, amd related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011850

 

Radioactivity

AN = IM GEN only for principle of emission of radiations; NIM as coord for degree of radioactivity of specific radioelements or radioisotopes (IM); do not use as routine coord for amt of radiation or degree of radioactiv of radioisotope tracers; X ref NUCLEAR DECAY: coord NIM with specific radioactive substance (IM) & do not add RADIOMETRY; no qualif

UI = D011851

 

Radioallergosorbent Test

MS = An in vitro allergen radioimmunoassay in which allergens are coupled to an immunosorbent. The coupled allergens bind the IgE in the sera of patients which in turn binds radioisotope-labeled anti-IMMUNOGLOBULIN E antibodies.

AN = NIM; IMMUNOSORBENTS is also available; DF: RAST

UI = D011852

 

Radiobiology

MS = Study of the scientific principles, mechanisms, and effects of the interaction of ionizing radiation with living matter. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: RADIOBIOL

UI = D011853

 

Radiochemistry

AN = as IM, use SPEC qualif; as NIM no qualif

UI = D011854

 

Radiodermatitis

MS = A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.

AN = from ionizing radiation

UI = D011855

 

Radiographic Image Enhancement

MS = Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed.

UI = D011856

 

Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted

MS = Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.

AN = DF: RADIOGR IMAGE INTERP

UI = D011857

 

Radiographic Magnification

MS = Use of optic and geometric techniques to enhance radiographic image quality and interpretation. It includes use of microfocal X-ray tubes and intensifying fluoroscopic screens.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011858

 

Radiography

MS = Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film).

AN = GEN only: prefer /radiogr with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.61; prefer also specific indentions in Cat E1; when GEN & IM, qualif permitted; Manual 26.4+; /educ = RADIOGRAPHY (IM) + RADIOLOGY /educ ; /man = RADIOGRAPHY (IM) + RADIOLOGY /man or TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC /man (NIM); /methods: consider also TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC; DF: RADIOGR

UI = D011859

 

Radiography, Abdominal

MS = Radiographic visualization of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, i.e., within the peritoneal cavity.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /radiogr; DF: RADIOGR ABDOMINAL

UI = D011860

 

Radiography, Bitewing

MS = Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR BITEWING

UI = D016300

 

Radiography, Dental

MS = Radiographic techniques used in dentistry.

AN = GEN; prefer /radiogr with dental organ terms; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR DENT

UI = D011861

 

Radiography, Dental, Digital

MS = A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)

AN = a type of intraoral radiogr; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR DENT DIGITAL

UI = D019252

 

Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection

MS = A method of producing a high-quality scan by digitizing and subtracting the images produced by high- and low-energy x-rays.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: D SCAN RADIOGR

UI = D015900

 

Radiography, Interventional

MS = Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR INTERVENTIONAL

UI = D015641

 

Radiography, Panoramic

MS = Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOGR PANORAMIC

UI = D011862

 

Radiography, Thoracic

MS = X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.

AN = GEN only: not a synonym for LUNG /radiogr; only for "thoracic" when the enclosed organs are not specified or are irrelevant & for THORAX /radiogr; do not use as coord with lung, heart, bronchial, etc. diseases when /radiogr with the specific organ or chest dis is given; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; MASS CHEST X-RAY also exists; DF: RADIOGR THORACIC

UI = D013902

 

Radioimmunoassay

MS = Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

AN = NIM; coord with substance /anal or body fluid qualif but not /immunol; do not confuse with IMMUNORADIOMETRIC ASSAY

UI = D011863

 

Radioimmunodetection

MS = Use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. Antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. Images are obtained by a scintillation camera.

AN = uses radiolabeled antibodies for diag imaging; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM or NIM with dis /radionuclide (IM), not /diag, not /radiogr & not /immunol, + specific radioisotope /diag use (IM or NIM)

UI = D016719

 

Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay

MS = Sensitive assay using radiolabeled antigens to detect specific antibodies in serum. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as protein A sepharose beads. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) is often used as a confirmatory test for diagnosing the presence of HIV antibodies.

AN = NIM; often used in detecting HIV antibodies; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

UI = D015531

 

Radioimmunosorbent Test

MS = Radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent.

AN = NIM; coord with substance /anal or body fluid qualif but not /immunol; IMMUNOSORBENTS is also available; DF: RIST

UI = D011864

 

Radioimmunotherapy

MS = Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).

AN = radiother by cytotoxic radioisotopes linked to antibodies: read MeSH definition; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /radiother (IM)

UI = D016499

 

Radioisotope Dilution Technique

MS = Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with specific radioisotope /diag use

UI = D011865

 

Radioisotope Renography

MS = Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys.

AN = a specific kidney function test: read MeSH definition; do not confuse with KIDNEY /radionuclide; coord dis with /radionuclide, not /diag & not /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIOISOTOPE RENOGR

UI = D011866

 

Radioisotope Teletherapy

MS = A type of high-energy radiotherapy using a beam of gamma-radiation produced by a radioisotope source encapsulated within a teletherapy unit.

AN = ionizing; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific radioisotope /ther use (IM)

UI = D011867

 

Radioisotopes

MS = Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = IM for general or unspecified or as coord for a specific radioisotope not in MeSH; when IM, qualif permitted; indexing policy: Manual 25.20-25.20.8; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but use with caution & not for tracer studies ( = /diag use); diag use = DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, RADIOISOTOPE but /diag use permitted with specific radioisotopes: Manual 25.15.1; relation to /rad eff: Manual 28.11.3; m for metastable = RADIOISOTOPES or specific pre-coord radioisotope; decay: coord RADIOISOTOPES or specific radioisotope (IM) with RADIOACTIVITY (NIM) & do not add RADIOMETRY; radioisotope implants = RADIOISOTOPES or specific /admin or BRACHYTHERAPY (see X refs there)

UI = D011868

 

Radioligand Assay

MS = Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with substance /anal or body fluid qualif but not /immunol

UI = D011869

 

Radiologic Health

MS = Health concerns associated with the effects of radiation on the environment and on public and personal health.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D011870

 

Radiology

MS = A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; /methods: probably better is TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC; DF: RADIOL

UI = D011871

 

Radiology Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of x-ray diagnostic and therapeutic services.

AN = restricted to x-ray & radiocobalt diag & ther serv: does not include other radioisotopes ( = NUCLEAR MEDICINE DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL); DF: RADIOL DEP

UI = D011872

 

Radiology Information Systems

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of radiology services and facilities.

AN = DF: RADIOL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

UI = D011873

 

Radiology, Interventional

MS = Subspeciality of radiology that combines organ system radiography, catheter techniques and sectional imaging.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; for diag use RADIOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL; DF: RADIOL INTERVENTIONAL

UI = D015642

 

Radiometry

MS = The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.

AN = IM general only for measurement of radiation & techniques & equipment related to it; NIM as coord with specific radiation (IM) for measurement of its radiations; do not use with radioisotope tracers for measurement of amt of radiat emitted by the tracer: this is inherent in the concept of tracing: Manual 29.14; for nuclear decay index under RADIOACTIVITY for general articles or specific radioactive substance (IM) + RADIOACTIVITY (NIM) but do not add RADIOMETRY; ionization chambers: index under RADIOMETRY /instrum

UI = D011874

 

Radionuclide Angiography

MS = The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which RADIOISOTOPE RENOGRAPHY is available.

AN = a specific diag technique: read MeSH definition; NIM; coord with disease /radionuclide, not /diag & not /radiogr; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOGR

UI = D011875

 

Radionuclide Generators

MS = Separation systems containing a relatively long-lived parent radionuclide which produces a short-lived daughter in its decay scheme. The daughter can be periodically extracted (milked) by means of an appropriate eluting agent.

AN = IM

UI = D011876

 

Radionuclide Imaging

MS = Process whereby a radionuclide is injected or measured (through tissue) from an external source, and a display is obtained from any one of several rectilinear scanner or gamma camera systems. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.

AN = IM general or unspecified only: prefer /radionuclide: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.62; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; myocardial imaging, myocardial perfusion imaging, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy = HEART /radionuclide only & not also here; DF: do NOT shorten: short form can be confused with RADIONUCLIDES

UI = D011877

 

Radionuclide Ventriculography

MS = Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function.

AN = "ventriculo-" refers to the heart, not the cerebral ventricles; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGR

UI = D015635

 

Radiopharmaceuticals

MS = Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)

AN = pharmaceuticals as source of radiation in radiother & radioisotope scanning; D25-26 qualif

UI = D019275

 

Radiosurgery

MS = A stereotactic neurosurgery in which the usual rigid needles or probes are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward an intracranial target so as to achieve local tissue destruction. No skin incision or skull opening is required. It is performed with the "gamma knife", a self-contained unit with 201 cobalt-60 sources or with an isocentric linear accelerator (linac). (Goodman, M.L., Southern Medical Journal, vol. 83, May 1990, pp. 551-4)

AN = IM; a specific type of stereotactic brain surg; do not confuse with COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY (see note there) using surg + radiother; coord IM with dis /surg (IM), not /radiother; gamma knife & linear accelerator: index under RADIOSURGERY /instrum & do not coord with GAMMA RAYS or PARTICLE ACCELERATORS unless particularly discussed

UI = D016634

 

Radiotherapy

MS = The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY.

AN = GEN only: prefer /radiother with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.63; /adv eff: consider also RADIATION INJURIES or its specifics; RADIOISOTOPE TELETHERAPY; PITUITARY IRRADIATION & BRACHYTHERAPY are also available; DF: RADIOTHER

UI = D011878

 

Radiotherapy Dosage

MS = The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.

AN = NIM

UI = D011879

 

Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted

MS = Computer-assisted mathematical calculations of beam angles, intensities of radiation, and duration of irradiation in radiotherapy.

AN = differentiate from RADIOTHERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED in that in planning the emphasis is on theoretical principles of radiother rather than on the patient

UI = D011880

 

Radiotherapy, Adjuvant

MS = Radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.

AN = almost never IM; coord with dis /radiother (IM) + specific radiother (IM) + specific surg or chemother to which this is adjuvant (IM); DF: RADIOTHER ADJUVANT

UI = D018714

 

Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted

MS = Computer systems or programs used in accurate computations for providing radiation dosage treatment to patients.

AN = RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED is also available: see note there

UI = D011881

 

Radiotherapy, Conformal

MS = Radiotherapy where there is improved dose homogeneity within the tumor and reduced dosage to uninvolved structures. The precise shaping of dose distribution is achieved via the use of computer-controlled multileaf collimators.

UI = D020266

 

Radiotherapy, High-Energy

MS = Radiotherapy using high-energy (megavolt or higher) ionizing radiation. Types of radiation include gamma rays, produced by a radioisotope within a teletherapy unit; x-rays, electrons, protons, alpha particles (helium ions) and heavy charged ions, produced by particle acceleration; and neutrons and pi-mesons (pions), produced as secondary particles following bombardment of a target with a primary particle.

AN = ionizing only

UI = D011882

 

Radium

MS = Radium. A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra, atomic number 88, and atomic weight 226. Radium is the product of the disintegration of uranium and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM; /ther use: for curietherapy consider also BRACHYTHERAPY

UI = D011883

 

Radius

UI = D011884

 

Radius Fractures

UI = D011885

 

Radon

MS = Radon. A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, atomic number 86, and atomic weight 222. It is a member of the noble gas family and released during the decay of radium and found in soil. There is a link between exposure to radon and lung cancer.

AN = naturally radioactive; a rare gas; IM; /ther use: for curietherapy consider also BRACHYTHERAPY; RADON DAUGHTERS is also available

UI = D011886

 

Radon Daughters

MS = Short-lived radioactive decay products of radon that include 216-Po, 214-Pb, 214-Bi, and 214-Po. They have an effective half-life of about 30 minutes and are solids that can deposit on the bronchial airways during inhalation and exhalation. This results in exposure of the respiratory airways to alpha radiation and can lead to diseases of the respiratory system, including lung cancer. (From Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 4th ed, p740)

AN = short-lived radioactive decay products of radon

UI = D017687

 

Raffinose

MS = A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.

UI = D011887

 

Rafoxanide

MS = Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.

UI = D011888

 

Rage

MS = Fury; violent, intense anger.

AN = human & animal

UI = D011889

 

Rahnella

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, small, rod-shaped bacteria occurring in fresh water.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020638

 

Railroads

MS = Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well.

UI = D011890

 

Rain

AN = no qualif

UI = D011891

 

ral GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A family of ubiquitously expressed MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in intracellular signal transduction. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RAL PROTEIN

UI = D020725

 

ral Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor

MS = A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that stimulates the dissociation of GDP from RAL-GTP BINDING PROTEINS. It also has GDP exchange activity towards other MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

UI = D020726

 

Raloxifene

MS = A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.

UI = D020849

 

Ralstonia eutropha

MS = A gram-negative, facultatively chemoautotrophic bacterium, formerly called Alcaligenes eutrophus, found in water and soil.

UI = D020118

 

Ramipril

MS = A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

UI = D017257

 

ran GTP-Binding Protein

MS = A monomeric GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins into the nucleus and RNA into the cytoplasm. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D020931

 

Rana catesbeiana

MS = A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.

AN = bullfrog; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011892

 

Rana esculenta

MS = An edible species of the family Ranidae, occurring in Europe and used extensively in biomedical research. Commonly referred to as "edible frog".

AN = edible frog; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011893

 

Rana pipiens

MS = A highly variable species of the family Ranidae in Canada, the United States and Central America. It is the most widely used Anuran in biomedical research.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011894

 

Rana ridibunda

MS = A species of the family Ranidae which occurs primarily in Europe and is used widely in biomedical research.

AN = laughing frog; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011895

 

Rana temporaria

MS = A species of the family Ranidae occurring in a wide variety of habitats from within the Arctic Circle to South Africa, Australia, etc.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011896

 

Ranavirus

MS = A genus of IRIDOVIRIDAE which infects amphibians. It is non-pathogenic for its natural host, Rana pipiens, but is lethal for tadpoles and Fowler toads. Frog virus 3 is the type species.

AN = infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017995

 

Random Allocation

MS = A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject (IM); no qualif

UI = D011897

 

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique

MS = Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.

UI = D019105

 

Randomized Controlled Trial [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a clinical trial that involves at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and a trial employing any of these techniques for patient assignment is designated simply a CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL [PUBLICATION TYPE].

AN = publication type only; to designate a type of clin trial in which two or more groups are chosen at random, one receiving the service, the other not; for randomized controlled trials as a subject or of value as research, index under main heading RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; do not confuse with Publication Type CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions; coord IM or NIM any other epidemiol or statist method of design present; Manual 26.26.3

UI = D016449

 

Randomized Controlled Trials

MS = Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS.

AN = human & vet animals only; IM only as a method in med research: do not confuse with Publication Type RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; note X refs: do not confuse with CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions

UI = D016032

 

Range of Motion, Articular

MS = Range through which a joint can be extended and flexed. This is frequently assessed following surgery of the joint.

UI = D016059

 

Ranidae

MS = The family of true frogs of the order Anura. The family occurs worldwide except in Antarctica.

AN = family of true frogs; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific genera; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011898

 

Ranitidine

MS = A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.

UI = D011899

 

RANTES

MS = A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. It is a potent and selective eosinophil chemotaxin that is stored in and released from platelets and activated T-cells.

AN = a chemokine; RANTES stands for Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted, often preceded by rh ( = recombinant human)

UI = D018946

 

Ranula

MS = A form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. It is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele.

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D011900

 

Ranunculaceae

MS = The buttercup plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are usually alternate and stalkless. The flowers usually have two to five free sepals and may be radially symmetrical or irregular.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029626

 

Ranunculus

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains contains protoanemonin, anemonin, and ranunculin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031947

 

Ranvier's Nodes

MS = Regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. Ranvier's nodes allow saltatory conduction, that is, jumping of impulses from node to node, which is faster and more energetically favorable than continuous conduction.

AN = regular gaps in myelin sheath; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D011901

 

rap GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are related to RAS PROTEINS. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D020668

 

rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A genetically related subfamily of RAP GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that share homology with RAS PROTEINS. They bind to Ras effectors but do not activate them, therefore they may antagonize the effects of RAS PROTEINS.

UI = D020827

 

Rape

MS = Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim.

UI = D011902

 

Raphanus

MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE known for its peppery red root.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031224

 

Raphe Nuclei

MS = Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata.

UI = D011903

 

Raptors

MS = Birds that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. They include the Falconiformes group, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of EAGLES, falcons, hawks, and others, as well as the Strigiformes group, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes OWLS.

UI = D020304

 

Rare Books

UI = D011904

 

Rare Diseases

MS = A large group of diseases which are characterized by a low prevalence in the population. They frequently are associated with problems in diagnosis and treatment.

AN = coord with specific disease; index only when discussed as rare disease

UI = D035583

 

ras GTPase-Activating Proteins

MS = PROTEINS that specifically activate the GTP-phosphohydrolase activity of RAS PROTEINS.

UI = D020703

 

ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors

MS = A family of GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS that are specific for RAS PROTEINS.

UI = D020663

 

ras Proteins

MS = Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = ras derived from "Rat Sarcoma"

UI = D018631

 

ras-GRF1

MS = A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is expressed primarily in neuronal tissue and may be specific for the Ha-ras homolog of the RAS PROTEINS.

AN = note: GRF1 is an acronym for several proteins that are not Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Factors; do not confuse with CDC25 PHOSPHATASE

UI = D020666

 

Rat-Bite Fever

MS = A syndrome characterized by recurring fever, rash, and arthralgias occurring days to weeks after a rat bite. The causative agents are either Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus.

AN = a disease entity caused by a gram-neg bact

UI = D011906

 

Rate Setting and Review

MS = A method of examining and setting levels of payments.

AN = DF: RATE SETTING

UI = D011907

 

Ratibida

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain sesquiterpene lactones.

AN = X ref CONEFLOWER, PRAIRIE: CONEFLOWER, PURPLE see ECHINACEA and CONEFLOWER, ORANGE see RUDBECKIA are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036581

 

Rationalization

MS = A defense mechanism operating unconsciously, in which the individual attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable, by plausible means, feelings, behavior, and motives that would otherwise be intolerable.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011908

 

Ratites

MS = A grouping of flightless birds consisting of four orders: the Apterygiformes, which includes Kiwi birds; the Casuariiformes, which includes EMUS; the Rheiformes, or RHEAS; and the Struthioniformes, or OSTRICHES.

UI = D020309

 

Rats

MS = The common name for the species Rattus norvegicus.

AN = = RATTUS NORVEGICUS only: for other species note RATTUS see MURIDAE; note inverted see ref "rat" species (RATS, BANDICOOT; RATS, COTTON; RATS, KANGAROO; etc.); check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; rats as a health hazard (e.g., Rattus rattus): index under MURIDAE

UI = D011909

 

Rats, Brattleboro

MS = A mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus used in research on renal function and hypertension and as a disease model for diabetes insipidus.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011910

 

Rats, Gunn

MS = Mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus which is used as a disease model of kernicterus.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011911

 

Rats, Inbred ACI

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011912

 

Rats, Inbred BB

MS = A strain of Rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT).

AN = a model for DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT; do not confuse with RATS, BRATTLEBORO; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011913

 

Rats, Inbred BN

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011914

 

Rats, Inbred BUF

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011915

 

Rats, Inbred Dahl

MS = Inbred rats derived from Sprague-Dawley rats and used for the study of salt-dependent hypertension. Salt-sensitive and salt-resistant strains have been selectively bred to show the opposite genetically determined blood pressure responses to excess sodium chloride ingestion.

AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS

UI = D020303

 

Rats, Inbred F344

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011916

 

Rats, Inbred LEC

MS = A cinnamon-colored strain of Long-Evans rats which carries a mutation causing fulminant hepatitis and jaundice, with an associated gross accumulation of copper in the liver. This strain is a model for Wilson's Disease (see HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION).

AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS

UI = D020332

 

Rats, Inbred Lew

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011917

 

Rats, Inbred OLETF

MS = An inbred strain of Long-Evans rats that develops hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and mild obesity, mostly in males, that resembles non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans. It was developed from outbred Long-Evans stock in 1983.

AN = a model for DIABETES MELLITUS, NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT not DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL; NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS

UI = D020334

 

Rats, Inbred SHR

MS = A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011918

 

Rats, Inbred Strains

MS = Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS: Manual 18.6.14, 22.36; X ref AUGUST RATS is seen often in Russian lit

UI = D011919

 

Rats, Inbred WF

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011920

 

Rats, Inbred WKY

MS = A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011921

 

Rats, Long-Evans

MS = An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag RATS

UI = D020318

 

Rats, Mutant Strains

MS = Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011922

 

Rats, Nude

MS = A mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus without a thymus and with depressed or absent T-cell function. This strain of rats may have a small amount of hair at times, but then lose it.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011923

 

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

MS = A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

AN = usually NIM: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D017207

 

Rats, Wistar

MS = A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

AN = usually NIM: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D017208

 

Rats, Zucker

MS = Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag RATS

UI = D011924

 

Rauscher Virus

MS = A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) associated with mouse tumors similar to those caused by the FRIEND MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)

UI = D011925

 

Rauwolfia

MS = A plant genus of the APOCYNACEAE or dogbane family. Alkaloids from plants in this genus have been used as tranquilizers and antihypertensive agents. RESERPINE is derived from R. serpentina.

AN = plant only; deriv alkaloids = RAUWOLFIA ALKALOIDS or specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D011926

 

Rauwolfia Alkaloids

MS = Alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina Benth and other species. The prototype is RESERPINE, which is a depleter of catecholamines and serotonin from the sympathetic postganglionic fibers and brain areas. They have been used in hypertension and psychoses despite their wide range of potentially adverse effects.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific indentions; /biosyn permitted

UI = D011927

 

Raynaud's Disease

MS = An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral attacks of Raynaud's phenomenon. It affects females more often than males. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = idiopathic vasc disord

UI = D011928

 

Razoxane

MS = An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties. Dexrazoxane, the (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane, provides cardioprotection against anthracyline toxicity. It appears to inhibit formation of a toxic iron-anthracyline complex.

UI = D011929

 

Reaction Time

MS = The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

AN = physiol processes only

UI = D011930

 

Reactive Attachment Disorder

MS = Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. The child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (From DSM-IV, 1994)

UI = D019962

 

Reactive Inhibition

MS = Tendency toward a lessened strength of response due to practice or activity. It is independent of the effect of reward and is a direct function of time interval since the last response and the number of preceding responses.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011931

 

Reactive Nitrogen Species

MS = Nitrogenous products of NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASES, ranging from NITRIC OXIDE to NITRATES. These reactive nitrogen intermediates also include the inorganic PEROXYNITROUS ACID and the organic S-NITROSOTHIOLS.

UI = D026361

 

Reactive Oxygen Species

MS = Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN, SUPEROXIDES, PEROXIDES, HYDROXYL RADICAL and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS, and LIPIDS.

UI = D017382

 

Reading

AN = no qualif; Braille: coord IM with BLINDNESS (IM) + SENSORY AIDS (IM)

UI = D011932

 

Reading Frames

MS = The three possible sequences of CODONS by which GENETIC TRANSLATION may occur from one nucleotide sequence. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated as 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the START CODON.

UI = D016364

 

Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

MS = Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

AN = laboratory or personal use

UI = D011933

 

Reagent Strips

MS = Narrow pieces of material impregnated or covered with a substance used to produce a chemical reaction. The strips are used in detecting, measuring, producing, etc., other substances. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = D25-26 qualif with discretion

UI = D011934

 

Reagins

AN = antibodies

UI = D011935

 

Reality Testing

MS = The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function.

AN = note category: not a diag test: "ego function that consists of the objective evaluation & judgment of the external world"; no qualif

UI = D011936

 

Reality Therapy

MS = Method of psychotherapeutic treatment based on assumption of patients' personal responsibility for their own behavior. The therapist actively guides patients to accurate self-perception for fulfillment of needs of self-worth and respect for others. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)

AN = a psychother technique; DF: REALITY THER

UI = D011937

 

Reassortant Viruses

MS = Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus.

AN = "viruses containing 2 or more pieces of nucleic acid from different parents": see MeSH definition; coord IM with specific parent viruses (IM)

UI = D016865

 

Rec A Protein

MS = Protein from E.coli rec gene. Catalyzes the ATP-driven exchange of DNA strands in genetic recombination. The product of the reaction consists of a duplex and a displaced single-stranded loop which has the shape of the letter D and is therefore called a D-loop structure. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP during the reaction; also has proteolytic activity.

AN = an E. coli protein; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; synthesized by Escherichia coli so do not coord with it unless particularly discussed

UI = D011938

 

Receptor Aggregation

MS = Chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell.

AN = DF: RECEPT AGGREGATION

UI = D011940

 

Receptor Cross-Talk

MS = The simultaneous or sequential binding of multiple cell surface receptors to different ligands resulting in coordinated stimulation or suppression of signal transduction.

UI = D020239

 

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

MS = A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

AN = DF: PTK RECEPT

UI = D020794

 

Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor

MS = The ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor is comprised of three components: the ciliary neutrophilic factor receptor alpha subunit, the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and the gp130 signal transducer. The specificity of the receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor is determined by the alpha subunit, while signal transduction is mediated through the GP130 subunit. Although the receptor regulates neuronal development, it is structurally similar to the cytokine receptor for INTERLEUKIN-6; (RECEPTORS, INTERLEUKIN-6).

AN = DF: CNTF RECEPT

UI = D020801

 

Receptor, EphA1

MS = The founding member of the Eph family receptors. It was first cloned from an erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and is highly conserved among many mammalian species. Overproduction of the EphA1 receptor is associated with tumors and tumor cells of epithelial origin. It is also expressed at high levels in LIVER, LUNG and KIDNEY, which is in contrast to many other members of the Eph receptor that are found primarily in tissues of the nervous system.

UI = D036082

 

Receptor, EphA2

MS = An Eph family receptor found abundantly in tissues of epithelial origin. It is expressed in a diverse array of tissues during embryonic development, suggesting that it may play a role in embryogenesis. In adult tissues high levels of the receptor are expressed in the LUNG; SKIN; SMALL INTESTINE and OVARY.

UI = D036104

 

Receptor, EphA3

MS = An eph family receptor that is found primarily in adult BRAIN and variety of tissues in the developing embryo tissues. During embryonic development high levels of EphA3 receptor expression is seen in the nervous system and coincides with neuronal cell migration, suggesting a role for this protein in axonal pathfinding.

AN = see SCR for species specific terms

UI = D036121

 

Receptor, EphA4

MS = An eph family receptor found in variety of tissues including BRAIN. During embryogenesis, EphA4 receptor exhibits a diverse spatial and temporal pattern of expression suggesting its role in multiple developmental processes.

UI = D036122

 

Receptor, EphA5

MS = An eph family receptor found primarily in differentiated neuronal tissues. Several isoforms of EphA5 receptor occur due to multiple alternative RNA splicing. The protein is prominently expressed in the NEURONS of the LIMBIC SYSTEM during development and throughout adult life, suggesting its role in the plasticity of limbic structure and function.

UI = D036123

 

Receptor, EphA6

MS = An eph family receptor that is found in a variety of neuronal regions of the BRAIN. In contrast to the other proteins in this class, it is expressed at higher levels in adult tissues than in embryonic tissues.

UI = D036124

 

Receptor, EphA7

MS = An eph family receptor found widely expressed in embryo tissues, including the NERVOUS SYSTEM. In the BRAIN high levels of EphA7 expression occurs in the anterior tectum, medulla, RHOMBENCEPHALON, and SUBCOMMISURAL ORGAN. Several isoforms of the protein occur due to multiple alternative spicing of the EphA7 mRNA.

UI = D036141

 

Receptor, EphA8

MS = An eph family receptor found exclusively in BRAIN. EphA8 receptors may play a role in the axonal guidance of a subset of tectal commissural NEURONS.

UI = D036143

 

Receptor, EphB1

MS = An eph family receptor found primarily in the nervous system. In the embryonic BRAIN EphB1 receptor expression occurs in the mantle layer and increases with the progression of embryogenesis. In adult brain it is found in the several regions including the CEREBELLUM, CEREBRAL CORTEX, and CAUDATE NUCLEUS, and PUTAMEN.

UI = D036225

 

Receptor, EphB2

MS = An eph family receptor found widely expressed in embryonic and adult tissues. High levels of EphB2 receptor are observed in growing AXONS and NERVE FIBERS. Several isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing.

UI = D036183

 

Receptor, EphB3

MS = An eph family receptor found in a number of tissues including BRAIN; LUNG; KIDNEY; PANCREAS; INTESTINE; and HEART. During embryogenesis EphB3 receptor is expressed at high levels in the brain.

UI = D036223

 

Receptor, EphB4

MS = An eph family receptor found a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. Unlike the majority of proteins in this class there is little or no expression of EphB4 receptor in the BRAIN. It has been found at high levels in developing mammary glands and in invasive mammary tumors.

UI = D036224

 

Receptor, EphB5

MS = An eph family receptor found at high levels in adult THYMUS and RETINA. In embryonic tissues it is found in many developing organs.

UI = D036201

 

Receptor, EphB6

MS = An eph family receptor found primarily in BRAIN and THYMUS. The EphB6 receptor is unusual in that its tyrosine kinase domain shares little homology with other members of this class. The unusual tyrosine kinase domain of this receptor appears to result in its lack of tyrosine kinase activity.

UI = D036261

 

Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

MS = A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA, amphiregulin, and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

AN = DF: RECEPT EGF

UI = D011958

 

Receptor, erbB-2

MS = A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is found to be overexpressed in a significant number of adenocarcinomas. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF receptor (RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR), the erbB-3 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-3) and the erbB-4 receptor. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs during heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family members.

UI = D018719

 

Receptor, erbB-3

MS = A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUREGULINS. It has extensive homology to and can heterodimerize with the EGF Receptor (RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR) and the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2). Overexpression of the erbB-3 receptor is associated with tumorigenesis.

UI = D020893

 

Receptor, IGF Type 1

MS = A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is closely related in structure to the INSULIN RECEPTOR. Although commonly referred to as the IGF-I receptor, it binds both IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity. It is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precusor protein. The beta subunit contains an intrisic tyrosine kinase domain.

AN = DF: RECEPT IGF 1

UI = D017526

 

Receptor, IGF Type 2

MS = A receptor that is specific for IGF-II and mannose-6-phosphate. The receptor is a 250 kD single chain polypeptide which is unrelated in structure to the type 1 IGF receptor (RECEPTOR, IGF TYPE 1) and does not have a tyrosine kinase domain.

AN = DF: RECEPT IGF 2

UI = D017527

 

Receptor, Insulin

MS = A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precusor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the LIVER; MUSCLE; and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

UI = D011972

 

Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

MS = A receptor for MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (GENES, FMS). It contains an intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity. When activated the receptor undergoes autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of down-stream signaling molecules and rapid down-regulation.

AN = DF: RECEPT MCSF

UI = D016186

 

Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor

MS = A low affinity receptor that binds NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; and neurotrophin 4.

AN = do not confuse with RECEPTORS, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR

UI = D020800

 

Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha

MS = A PDGF receptor that binds specifically to both PDGF-A chains and PDGF-B chains. It contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

AN = DF: PDGF ALPHA RECEPT

UI = D020796

 

Receptor, Platelet-Derived-Growth Factor beta

MS = A PDGF receptor that binds specifically to the PDGF-B chain. It contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

AN = DF: PDGF BETA RECEPT

UI = D020797

 

Receptor, trkA

MS = A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4, neurotrophin 5. It plays a crucial role in pain sensation and thermoregulation in humans. Gene mutations that cause loss of receptor function are associated with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, while gene rearrangements that activate the protein-tyrosine kinase function are associated with tumorigenesis.

AN = DF: RECEPT TRKA

UI = D020917

 

Receptor, trkB

MS = A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; neurotrophin 4 and neurotrophin 5. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and plays a role in mediating the effects of neurotrophins on growth and differentiation of neuronal cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT TRKB

UI = D020813

 

Receptor, trkC

MS = A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for NEUROTROPHIN 3. It is widely expressed in nervous tissue and may play a role in mediating the effects of NEUROTROPHIN 3 on the proliferation and differentiation of NEURONS.

AN = DF: RECEPT TRKC

UI = D020812

 

Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell

MS = Molecule composed of the non-covalent association of the T-cell antigen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL) with the CD3 complex (ANTIGENS, CD3). This association is required for the surface expression and function of both components. The molecule consists of up to seven chains: either the alpha/beta or gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor, and four or five chains in the CD3 complex.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D017260

 

Receptors, Adrenergic

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific adrenergic agent (IM); DF: RECEPT ADREN

UI = D011941

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha

MS = One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors. The alpha-beta distinction was originally based on cellular effects of receptor activation but now relies on the relative affinities for certain synthetic ligands. alpha-Adrenergic receptors are further subdivided into several subclasses based on studies of endogenous and cloned receptors.

AN = coord IM with specific alpha adrenergic agent (IM); DF: ADREN ALPHA RECEPT

UI = D011942

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1

MS = A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, ALPHA). alpha-1 Adrenergic receptors can be pharmacologically discriminated, e.g., by their high affinity for the agonist phenylephrine and the antagonist prazosin. They are widespread, with clinically important concentrations in the liver, the heart, vascular, intestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle, and the central and peripheral nervous systems.

UI = D018340

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2

MS = A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, ALPHA). alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors can be pharmacologically discriminated, e.g., by their high affinity for the agonist clonidine and the antagonist yohimbine. They are found on pancreatic beta cells, platelets, and vascular smooth muscle, as well as both pre- and postsynaptically in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

UI = D018341

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

MS = One of the two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The alpha-beta distinction was originally based on the cellular effects of receptor activation but now relies on the relative affinities for characteristic synthetic ligands. Beta adrenergic receptors are further subdivided based on information from endogenous and cloned receptors.

AN = coord IM with specific beta adrenergic agent (IM); DF: ADREN BETA RECEPT

UI = D011943

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1

MS = A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). beta-1 Adrenergic receptors are equally sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine and bind the agonist dobutamine and the antagonist metoprolol with high affinity. They are found in the heart, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

UI = D018342

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2

MS = A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). beta-2 Adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine and have a high affinity for the agonist terbutaline. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in skeletal muscle, liver, and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary smooth muscle.

UI = D018343

 

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3

MS = A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). beta-3 Adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.

AN = DF: RECEPT ADREN BETA 3

UI = D022702

 

Receptors, Albumin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind albumin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = coord IM with specific albumin (IM); DF; RECEPT ALBUMIN

UI = D017457

 

Receptors, Aldosterone

MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind aldosterone and mediate its cellular effects. The aldosterone-bound receptor acts in the nucleus to regulate the transcription of specific segments of DNA.

AN = DF: RECEPT ALDOSTERONE

UI = D017458

 

Receptors, Amino Acid

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.

AN = coord IM with specific amino acid (IM); DF: RECEPT AA

UI = D017459

 

Receptors, AMPA

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and directly gate ion channels in cell membranes. AMPA receptors were originally discriminated from other glutamate receptors by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid). They are probably the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several subtypes have been cloned, and for some types the traditional distinction from kainate receptors may not apply.

AN = DF: RECEPT AMPA

UI = D018091

 

Receptors, Androgen

MS = Proteins, generally found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind androgens and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the nucleus where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.

AN = coord IM with specific androgen (IM); DF: RECEPT ANDROGEN

UI = D011944

 

Receptors, Angiotensin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind angiotensins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = coord IM with specific angiotensin (IM); DF: RECEPT ANGIOTENSIN

UI = D011945

 

Receptors, Antigen

MS = Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

AN = GEN; prefer specific; DF: RECEPT ANTIGEN

UI = D011946

 

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

MS = Immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of B-lymphocytes that recognize and bind antigen.

AN = DF: RECEPT ANTIGEN B CELL

UI = D011947

 

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

MS = Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; do not confuse their gamma-delta chains with gamma & delta chains which are subunits of CD3 antigens (index under ANTIGENS, CD3); DF: RECEPT ANTIGEN T CELL

UI = D011948

 

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta

MS = T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

AN = DF: TCR AB

UI = D016693

 

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta

MS = T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. The receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. The T-cell receptor gamma/delta chains are separate and not related to the gamma and delta chains which are subunits of CD3 (see ANTIGENS, CD3).

AN = do not confuse with CD3 gamma & delta chains (index under ANTIGENS, CD3); DF: TCR G D

UI = D016692

 

Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon

MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular DNA segments. AH receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. No endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected.

AN = DF: RECEPT AH

UI = D018336

 

Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind atrial natriuretic factor with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D017461

 

Receptors, Biogenic Amine

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. Biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT BIOGENIC AMINE

UI = D017982

 

Receptors, Bombesin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind bombesin or closely related peptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Gastrin- releasing peptide (GRP); GRP 18-27 (neuromedin C), and neuromedin B are endogenous ligands of bombesin receptors in mammals.

AN = DF: RECEPT BOMBESIN

UI = D018004

 

Receptors, Bradykinin

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind bradykinin and related kinins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The identified receptor types (B-1 and B-2, or BK-1 and BK-2) recognize the endogenous kallidins, t-kinins, and certain bradykinin fragments as well as bradykinin itself.

AN = DF: RECEPT BRADYKININ

UI = D018002

 

Receptors, Calcitonin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Calcitonin receptors outside the nervous system mediate the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis. The role of calcitonin receptors in the brain is not well understood.

AN = DF: RECEPT CALCITONIN

UI = D018003

 

Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. CGRP receptors are present in both the central nervous system and the periphery and are not the same as calcitonin receptors.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018015

 

Receptors, Calcitriol

MS = Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA. Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.

AN = DF: RECEPT CALCITRIOL

UI = D018167

 

Receptors, Catecholamine

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT CATECHOLAMINE

UI = D017983

 

Receptors, CCR5

MS = Seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors for beta-chemokines. They also function as fusion cofactors for macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains.

AN = chemokine recept; DF: RECEPT CCR5

UI = D019713

 

Receptors, Cell Surface

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific endogenous substance (IM); for hormone receptors in general coord HORMONES (IM) + RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE (IM) or RECEPTORS, CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR (IM), for receptors of specific hormones, coord specific hormone or hormone group (IM) + precoord hormone receptor (e.g., RECEPTORS, ALDOSTERONE) (IM) or precoord hormone-group receptor (e.g., RECEPTORS, GLUCOCORTICOID) (IM); DF: RECEPT CELL SURFACE

UI = D011956

 

Receptors, Chemokine

MS = Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

AN = immunol recept; DF: RECEPT CHEMOKINE

UI = D019707

 

Receptors, Cholecystokinin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (CCK) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholecystokinin receptors are activated by gastrin as well as by CCK-4; CCK-8; and CCK-33. Activation of these receptors evokes secretion of amylase by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and pepsin by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the pylorus and gall bladder. The role of the widespread CCK receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood.

AN = DF: RECEPT CCK

UI = D011949

 

Receptors, Cholinergic

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

AN = /antag = NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS; coord IM with specific cholinergic agent (IM); DF: RECEPT CHOLINERGIC

UI = D011950

 

Receptors, Collagen

MS = Collagen receptors are cell surface receptors that modulate signal transduction between cells and the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. They are found in many cell types and are involved in the maintenance and regulation of cell shape and behavior, including PLATELET ACTIVATION and aggregation, through many different signaling pathways and differences in their affinities for collagen isoforms. Collagen receptors include discoidin domain receptors, INTEGRINS, and glycoprotein VI.

UI = D038981

 

Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor

MS = Cell surface receptors for colony stimulating factors, local mediators, and hormones that regulate the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hemopoietic cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT CSF

UI = D016184

 

Receptors, Complement

MS = Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

AN = GEN; prefer specific; DF: RECEPT COMPLEMENT

UI = D011951

 

Receptors, Complement 3b

MS = Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT 3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

AN = DF: RECEPT C 3B

UI = D017463

 

Receptors, Complement 3d

MS = Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT 3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

AN = DF: RECEPT C 3D

UI = D017464

 

Receptors, Concanavalin A

MS = Glycoprotein moieties on the surfaces of cell membranes that bind concanavalin A selectively; the number and location of the sites depends on the type and condition of the cell.

AN = coord IM with specific concanavalin (IM); DF: RECEPT CON A

UI = D011952

 

Receptors, Corticotropin

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.

AN = DF: RECEPT ACTH

UI = D018043

 

Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018019

 

Receptors, CXCR4

MS = Seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors for alpha-chemokines. They also function as fusion cofactors for T-cell-tropic HIV-1 strains.

AN = chemokine recept; DF: RECEPT CXCR4

UI = D019718

 

Receptors, Cyclic AMP

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind cyclic AMP with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized cyclic AMP receptors are those of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The transcription regulator CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

AN = coord IM with specific cyclic AMP cpd (IM); DF: note short X ref

UI = D011953

 

Receptors, Cytoadhesin

MS = A group of INTEGRINS that includes the platelet outer membrane glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa (PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX) and the vitronectin receptor (RECEPTORS, VITRONECTIN). They play a major role in cell adhesion and serve as receptors for fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, and vitronectin.

AN = a group of integrins; DF: RECEPT CYTOADHESIN

UI = D016024

 

Receptors, Cytokine

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind cytokines and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT CYTOKINE

UI = D018121

 

Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

MS = Proteins in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind signaling molecules and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. The major groups are the steroid hormone receptors (RECEPTORS, STEROID), which usually are found in the cytoplasm, and the thyroid hormone receptors (RECEPTORS, THYROID HORMONE), which usually are found in the nucleus. Receptors, unlike enzymes, generally do not catalyze chemical changes in their ligands.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; for hormone receptors, see note on RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; DF: RECEPT CYTOPLASMIC

UI = D018160

 

Receptors, Dopamine

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = coord IM with specific dopamine agent (IM); DF: RECEPT DOPAMINE

UI = D011954

 

Receptors, Dopamine D1

MS = A class of dopamine receptors identified by their binding profiles for synthetic ligands, their molecular biology, and, perhaps, by their mode of action.

AN = DF: RECEPT DOPAMINE D1

UI = D017447

 

Receptors, Dopamine D2

MS = A class of dopamine receptors identified by their binding profiles for synthetic ligands, their molecular biology, and, perhaps, their mode of action.

AN = DF: RECEPT DOPAMINE D2

UI = D017448

 

Receptors, Drug

MS = Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.

AN = do not confuse with CHEMORECEPTORS: TN 160; coord IM with specific drug or chemical (IM); DF: RECEPT DRUG

UI = D011955

 

Receptors, Eicosanoid

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind eicosanoids with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Among the eicosanoid receptors are receptors for the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT EICOSANOID

UI = D018055

 

Receptors, Endothelin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind endothelin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT ENDOTHELIN

UI = D017466

 

Receptors, Eph Family

MS = A large family of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases that are structurally-related. The name of this family of proteins derives from original protein Eph (now called the EPHA1 RECEPTOR), which was named after the cell line it was first discovered in: Erythropoietin-Producing human Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Members of this family have been implicated in regulation of cell-cell interactions involved in nervous system patterning and development.

UI = D036081

 

Receptors, Erythropoietin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind erythropoietin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT ERYTHROPOIETIN

UI = D017467

 

Receptors, Estradiol

MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estradiol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate DNA transcription.

AN = DF: RECEPT ESTRADIOL

UI = D011959

 

Receptors, Estrogen

MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

AN = coord IM with specific estrogen (IM); DF: RECEPT ESTROGEN

UI = D011960

 

Receptors, Fc

MS = Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

AN = DF: RECEPT FC

UI = D011961

 

Receptors, Fibrinogen

MS = Receptors that bind FIBRINOGEN through distinct adhesive sequences on the fibrinogen molecule. Although MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN is considered an important signaling molecule for fibrinogen interaction, a variety of INTEGRINS from all three major families, (beta1, beta2, and beta3) have been shown to bind fibrinogen.

UI = D039341

 

Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor

MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.

AN = coord IM with specific FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (IM); DF: note short X ref

UI = D017468

 

Receptors, Fibronectin

MS = Specific cell surface receptors which bind to FIBRONECTINS. Studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. These receptors include the traditional fibronectin receptor, also called INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1 and several other integrins.

AN = dp not confuse with FIBRONECTIN RECEPTOR see INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1, DF: RECEPT FIBRONECTIN

UI = D017469

 

Receptors, FSH

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT FSH

UI = D011962

 

Receptors, GABA

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GABA

UI = D018079

 

Receptors, GABA-A

MS = Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and control an integral membrane chloride channel. GABA-A receptors are the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. Several isoforms have been cloned, and they belong to a superfamily which includes nicotinic receptors, glycine receptors, and 5HT-3 receptors. Most GABA-A receptors have separate modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and to barbiturates.

AN = DF: RECEPT GABA A

UI = D011963

 

Receptors, GABA-B

MS = Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and influence cells via interactions with G-proteins. GABA-B receptors are pharmacologically characterized by their insensitivity to the blocker bicuculline and sensitivity to the agonist L-baclofen. They are found both presynaptically and postsynaptically, and act variously by inhibition of adenylate cyclase, activation of phospholipase A2, activation of potassium channels, and inactivation of voltage-activated calcium channels.

AN = DF: RECEPT GABA B

UI = D018080

 

Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind gastrointestinal hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Most gastrointestinal hormones also act as neurotransmitters so these receptors are also present in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific hormone (IM); DF: RECEPT GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE

UI = D011964

 

Receptors, Glucagon

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind glucagon with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activation of glucagon receptors causes a variety of effects; the best understood is the initiation of a complex enzymatic cascade in the liver which ultimately increases the availability of glucose to body organs.

AN = DF: RECEPT GLUCAGON

UI = D018027

 

Receptors, Glucocorticoid

MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.

AN = coord IM with specific glucocorticoid (IM); DF: RECEPT GLUCOCORTICOID

UI = D011965

 

Receptors, Glutamate

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GLUTAMATE

UI = D017470

 

Receptors, Glycine

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind glycine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the central nervous system have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

AN = DF: RECEPT GLYCINE

UI = D018009

 

Receptors, Gonadotropin

MS = Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces of gonadal and other sensitive cells that bind gonadotropins and thereby modify the functions of those cells; hCG, LH, and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE are the major specific gonadotropins.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GONADOTROPIN

UI = D011967

 

Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

MS = Receptors that bind and internalize GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR. Their MW is believed to be 150 kD. These receptors are found mainly on a subset of myelomonocytic cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT GCSF

UI = D016188

 

Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

MS = Receptors that bind and internalize the granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor. Their MW is believed to be 84 kD. The most mature myelomonocytic cells, specifically human neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, express the highest number of affinity receptors for this growth factor.

AN = DF: RECEPT GMCSF

UI = D016187

 

Receptors, Growth Factor

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT GROWTH FACTOR

UI = D017978

 

Receptors, Histamine

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Three types have been recognized and designated H1, H2, and H3. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific histamine cpd (IM); DF: RECEPT HISTAMINE

UI = D011968

 

Receptors, Histamine H1

MS = A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Most histamine H1 receptors operate through the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol second messenger system. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, hormone release, and cerebral glyconeogenesis. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

AN = receptors for only the classical "antihistaminics"; DF: RECEPT H1

UI = D011969

 

Receptors, Histamine H2

MS = A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H2 receptors act via G-proteins to stimulate adenylate cylase. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

AN = receptors for the non-classical antihistaminics (HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS); DF: RECEPT H2

UI = D011970

 

Receptors, Histamine H3

MS = A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H3 receptors were first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

AN = DF: RECEPT H3

UI = D018100

 

Receptors, HIV

MS = Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN gp120.

AN = includes HIV-1 & HIV-2 receptors; DF: RECEPT HIV or HIV RECEPT

UI = D015728

 

Receptors, IgE

MS = Specific molecular sites on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes which combine with IgEs. Two subclasses exist: low affinity receptors (Fc epsilon RII) and high affinity receptors (Fc epsilon RI).

AN = DF: RECEPT IGE

UI = D017455

 

Receptors, IgG

MS = Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).

AN = DF: RECEPT IGG

UI = D017452

 

Receptors, Immunologic

MS = Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT IMMUNOL

UI = D011971

 

Receptors, Interferon

MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells with which interferons react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. Interferons exert their pleiotropic effects through two different receptors. alpha- and beta-interferon crossreact with common receptors, while gamma-interferon initiates its biological effects through its own specific receptor system.

AN = coord IM with specific interferon (IM); DF: RECEPT INTERFERON

UI = D017471

 

Receptors, Interleukin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind interleukins and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

AN = GEN; prefer specific; DF: RECEPT INTERLEUKIN

UI = D018123

 

Receptors, Interleukin-1

MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on cells with which interleukin-1 reacts or to which it binds to modify the function of the cells. The IL-1 receptor on T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts is composed of a single polypeptide chain that binds both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. The molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is believed to be 80 kD.

AN = DF: RECEPT IL 1 or RECEPT IL1

UI = D017472

 

Receptors, Interleukin-2

MS = Receptors present on activated T- and B-cells as a complex consisting of a 55 kD peptide, which reacts with the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody, and a 75 kD non-Tac interleukin-2-binding peptide. The receptor is present in two forms, one with a very high affinity and the other with low affinity for IL-2. The high-affinity form appears to mediate exclusively the growth-promoting response to IL-2. The receptor is present in large numbers on resting HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 leukemia cells, but not on normal resting cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT IL 2 or RECEPT IL2

UI = D015375

 

Receptors, Interleukin-3

MS = Phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, MW 140 kD. They form a stable complex with INTERLEUKIN-3 with an apparent mass of 170 kD. They are found on a variety of cells and activate INTERLEUKIN-3.

AN = DF: RECEPT IL 3 or RECEPT IL3

UI = D016185

 

Receptors, Interleukin-4

MS = Receptors present on a wide variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types and various human tumors. Two forms of the receptor have been described, soluble and membrane-bound. Low affinity and high affinity receptors for IL-4 have been reported.

AN = DF: RECEPT IL 4

UI = D019948

 

Receptors, Interleukin-6

MS = Receptors present on T cells, mitogen-activated B cells, peripheral monocytes, and some macrophage- and B cell-derived tumor cell types. The receptor is a strongly glycosylated protein of 80 kD and a length of 468 amino acids. (Ibelgaufts, Dictionary of Cytokines, 1995)

AN = DF: RECEPT IL 6

UI = D019947

 

Receptors, Interleukin-7

MS = Receptors present on T cells and B cell precursors but not mature B cells. The receptor is a strongly glycosylated protein of 76 kD.

UI = D020395

 

Receptors, Interleukin-8A

MS = High-affinity receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils.

AN = DF: IL8RA

UI = D023062

 

Receptors, Interleukin-8B

MS = Low-affinity receptors for INTERLEUKIN-8 present on neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and T-cells. These receptors also bind GRO and NAP-2.

AN = DF: IL8RB

UI = D023063

 

Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide

MS = Cell surface receptors for invertebrate peptide hormones or neuropeptides.

AN = receptors for peptide hormones & neuropeptides; DF: RECEPT INVERTEBRATE PEPTIDE

UI = D018010

 

Receptors, Kainic Acid

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and directly gate ion channels. Kainic acid receptors were originally discriminated from other glutamate receptors by their affinity for the agonist kainic acid. Activation of kainic acid receptors is generally excitatory to cells. Subtypes have been cloned, and for some the traditional distinction from AMPA receptors may not apply.

AN = DF: RECEPT KAINIC ACID

UI = D018092

 

Receptors, Laminin

MS = Glycoprotein molecules on the surface of cells that react with or bind to laminin whose function allows the binding of epithelial cells to the basement membrane. The molecular weight of this high-affinity receptor is 67 kD.

AN = immunol receptors; DF: RECEPT LAMININ

UI = D017474

 

Receptors, LDL

MS = Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1) receptors do not bind to LDL; 2) there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3) there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

AN = DF: RECEPT LDL

UI = D011973

 

Receptors, Leukocyte-Adhesion

MS = Family of proteins associated with the capacity of LEUKOCYTES to adhere to each other and to certain substrata, e.g., the C3bi component of complement. Members of this family are the LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; (LFA-1), the MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; (Mac-1), and the INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2 or p150,95 leukocyte adhesion protein. They all share a common beta-subunit which is the CD18 antigen. All three of the above antigens are absent in inherited LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, impaired pus formation, and wound healing as well as abnormalities in a wide spectrum of adherence-dependent functions of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid cells.

AN = /defic: consider LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DF: RECEPT LEUKOCYTE ADHESION

UI = D016028

 

Receptors, Leukotriene

MS = Cell-surface receptors that bind leukotrienes with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. The leukotriene receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their affinities for the endogenous leukotrienes LTB4; LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4.

AN = RECEPTORS, LEUKOTRIENE B4 is also available; DF: RECEPT LEUKOTRIENE

UI = D018077

 

Receptors, Leukotriene B4

MS = A class of cell surface leukotriene receptors with a preference for leukotriene B4. Leukotriene B4 receptor activation influences chemotaxis, chemokinesis, adherence, enzyme release, oxidative bursts, and degranulation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There are at least two subtypes of these receptors. Some actions are mediated through the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems.

AN = DF: RECEPT LEUKOTRIENE B4

UI = D018102

 

Receptors, LH

MS = Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.

AN = DF: RECEPT LH

UI = D011974

 

Receptors, LHRH

MS = Receptors with a 6-kD protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONERH binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.

AN = DF: RECEPT LHRH

UI = D011966

 

Receptors, Lipoprotein

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

AN = GEN; RECEPTORS, LDL is available; DF: RECEPT LIPOPROTEIN

UI = D018110

 

Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing

MS = Cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. Several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. The adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes.

AN = DF: RECEPT LYMPHOCYTE HOMING

UI = D016201

 

Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.

AN = metabotropic refers to action via the second messenger system; DF: RECEPT METAB GLUTAMATE

UI = D018094

 

Receptors, Mineralocorticoid

MS = Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind mineralocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The receptor with its bound ligand acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of specific segments of DNA. Mineralocorticoids were named for their actions on extracellular electrolyte concentrations. The most important example is aldosterone.

AN = coord IM with specific mineralocorticoid (IM); DF: RECEPT MINERALOCORTICOID

UI = D018161

 

Receptors, Mitogen

MS = Glycoprotein molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes, that react with molecules of antilymphocyte sera, lectins, and other agents which induce blast transformation of lymphocytes.

AN = DF: RECEPT MITOGEN

UI = D011975

 

Receptors, Muscarinic

MS = One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

AN = coord IM with specific muscarinic substance (IM); DF: RECEPT MUSCARINIC

UI = D011976

 

Receptors, N-Acetylglucosamine

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind to N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE.

UI = D034781

 

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

MS = A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

AN = DF: RECEPT NMDA

UI = D016194

 

Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

AN = coord IM with specific nerve growth factor (IM) but note RECEPTOR, NERVE GROWTH FACTOR and other specifics are available

UI = D017475

 

Receptors, Neurokinin-1

MS = A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins with a preference for substance P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.

AN = tachykinin receptors; DF: RECEPT NEUROKININ 1

UI = D018040

 

Receptors, Neurokinin-2

MS = A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A; (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K; (NPK); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.

AN = tachykinin receptors; DF: RECEPT NEUROKININ 2

UI = D018041

 

Receptors, Neurokinin-3

MS = A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K) over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. They have been found in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues.

AN = tachykinin receptors; DF: RECEPT NEUROKININ 3

UI = D018042

 

Receptors, Neuropeptide

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT NEUROPEPTIDE

UI = D018013

 

Receptors, Neuropeptide Y

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT NEUROPEPTIDE Y

UI = D017476

 

Receptors, Neurotensin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind neurotensin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors are found in the central nervous system and in the periphery.

AN = DF: RECEPT NEUROTENSIN

UI = D018028

 

Receptors, Neurotransmitter

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT NEUROTRANSM

UI = D017981

 

Receptors, Nicotinic

MS = One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for nicotine over muscarine. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, molecular biology, and biophysical properties of the channels.

AN = coord IM with specific nicotinic agent (IM); DF: RECEPT NICOTINIC

UI = D011978

 

Receptors, Odorant

MS = Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.

AN = receptors on cilia of olfactory receptor neurons; DF: RECEPT ODORANT

UI = D018035

 

Receptors, Opioid

MS = Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

AN = coord IM with specific opioid (IM); DF: RECEPT OPIOID

UI = D011957

 

Receptors, Opioid, delta

MS = A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.

AN = opioid receptors; DF: RECEPT DELTA

UI = D017465

 

Receptors, Opioid, kappa

MS = A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

AN = opioid receptors found in the anterior pituitary & substantia nigra; DF: RECEPT KAPPA

UI = D017473

 

Receptors, Opioid, mu

MS = A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

AN = opioid receptors found in the hypothalamus; DF: RECEPT MU

UI = D017450

 

Receptors, Oxytocin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind oxytocin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Oxytocin receptors in the uterus and the mammary glands mediate the hormone's stimulation of contraction and milk ejection. The presence of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors in neurons of the brain probably reflects an additional role as a neurotransmitter.

AN = DF: RECEPT OXYTOCIN

UI = D018045

 

Receptors, Pancreatic Hormone

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind pancreatic hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. These include receptors for glucagon (secreted by alpha cells), insulin (secreted by beta cells), somatostatin (secreted by delta cells), and pancreatic peptide (secreted by PP cells). Some of these hormones and receptors also support neurotransmission.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; DF: RECEPT PANCREATIC HORMONE

UI = D018026

 

Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind parathyroid hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Parathyroid hormone receptors on bone, kidney, and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

AN = DF: RECEPT PARATHYROID HORMONE

UI = D018016

 

Receptors, Peptide

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific peptide (IM); DF: RECEPT PEPTIDE

UI = D018000

 

Receptors, Phencyclidine

MS = Specific sites or molecular structures on cell membranes or in cells with which phencyclidine reacts or to which it binds to elicit the specific response of the cell to phencyclidine. Studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple receptor sites for PCP. These are the PCP/sigma site, which binds both PCP and psychotomimetic opiates but not certain antipsychotics, and the PCP site, which selectively binds PCP analogs.

AN = DF: RECEPT PCP

UI = D017478

 

Receptors, Pituitary Hormone

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific pituit hormone (IM); DF: RECEPT PITUITARY HORMONE

UI = D011979

 

Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

AN = DF: RECEPT PHRH

UI = D018017

 

Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

MS = Specific receptors on cell membranes that react with PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR, its analogs, or antagonists. The alpha PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA) and the beta PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA) are the two principle types of PDGF receptors. Activation of the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors occurs by ligand-induced dimerization or heterodimeriztion of PDGF receptor types.

AN = DF: RECEPT PDGF

UI = D017479

 

Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin

MS = Specialized Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) for polymeric immunoglobulins, which mediate transcytosis of polymeric IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN M into external secretions. They are found on the surfaces of epithelial cells and hepatocytes. After binding to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, the receptor-ligand complex undergoes endocytosis, transport by vesicle, and secretion into the lumen by exocytosis. Before release, the part of the receptor (SECRETORY COMPONENT) that is bound to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A is proteolytically cleaved from its transmembrane tail. (From Rosen et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

AN = specialized Fc receptors; DF: RECEPT POLY IG

UI = D019056

 

Receptors, Presynaptic

MS = Neurotransmitter receptors located on or near presynaptic terminals or varicosities. Presynaptic receptors which bind transmitter molecules released by the terminal itself are termed AUTORECEPTORS.

AN = cell surface receptors: do not confuse with NEURORECEPTORS see RECEPTORS, SENSORY (Cat A8) or with RECEPTORS, NEUROTRANSMITTER; DF: RECEPT PRESYNAPTIC

UI = D017661

 

Receptors, Progesterone

MS = Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.

AN = coord IM with specific progesterone (IM); DF: RECEPT PROGESTERONE

UI = D011980

 

Receptors, Prolactin

MS = Labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. Mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. The receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. This receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor.

AN = DF: RECEPT PRL

UI = D011981

 

Receptors, Prostaglandin

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind prostaglandins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their relative affinities for the endogenous prostaglandins. They include those which prefer prostaglandin D2 (DP receptors), prostaglandin E2 (EP1, EP2, and EP3 receptors), prostaglandin F2-alpha (FP receptors), and prostacyclin (IP receptors).

AN = coord IM with specific natural or synthetic prostaglandin (IM); RECEPTORS, PROSTAGLANDIN E is available; DF: RECEPT PG

UI = D011982

 

Receptors, Prostaglandin E

MS = Cell surface receptors which bind prostaglandins with a high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin E receptors prefer prostaglandin E2 to other endogenous prostaglandins. They are subdivided into EP1, EP2, and EP3 types based on their effects and their pharmacology.

AN = DF: RECEPT PGE

UI = D018078

 

Receptors, Purinergic

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind purines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer adenosine, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific purine (IM); DF: RECEPT PURINE

UI = D011983

 

Receptors, Purinergic P1

MS = A class of cell surface receptors that prefers adenosine to other endogenous purines. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra). The methylxanthines, e.g., caffeine, bind to these receptors, but also have other unrelated effects.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018047

 

Receptors, Purinergic P2

MS = A class of cell surface receptors for purines that prefer ATP or ADP over adenosine. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system. Subtypes have been proposed, usually designated P2 x, y, z, and t. P2x receptors may mediate fast synaptic transmission by ATP. The ADP-preferring P2t receptors in platelets stimulate aggregation.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018048

 

Receptors, Retinoic Acid

MS = Proteins in the nucleus or cytoplasm that specifically bind retinoic acid or retinol and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Retinoic acid receptors, like steroid receptors, are ligand-activated transcription regulators. Several types have been recognized.

AN = DF: RECEPT RETINOIC ACID

UI = D018168

 

Receptors, Sensory

MS = Specialized neurons or parts of neurons which transduce sensory information and relay it centrally. Included are receptors for stimuli outside the body (exteroceptors) as well as receptors for stimuli from within the body itself (interoceptors and proprioceptors). Sensory receptors may include accessory structures which condition (e.g., filter) the input received by the receptor neurons themselves.

AN = DF: RECEPT SENSORY

UI = D011984

 

Receptors, Serotonin

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.

AN = coord IM with specific serotonin agent (IM); DF: RECEPT SEROTONIN

UI = D011985

 

Receptors, sigma

MS = A class of cell surface receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Sigma receptors were originally considered to be opioid receptors because they bind certain synthetic opioids. However they also interact with a variety of other psychoactive drugs, and their endogenous ligand is not known (although they can react to certain endogenous steroids). Sigma receptors are found in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and in some peripheral tissues.

AN = opioid receptors; DF: RECEPT SIGMA

UI = D017480

 

Receptors, Somatomedin

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind somatomedins and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Studies have disclosed two types of receptors for this family of peptide hormones. The type I receptor is homologous to the insulin receptor and has tyrosine kinase activity. The type II receptor is identical to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor which is important in trafficking of lysosomal enzymes.

AN = specifics are also available; DF: RECEPT SOMATOMEDIN

UI = D017451

 

Receptors, Somatostatin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.

AN = DF: RECEPT SRIH

UI = D017481

 

Receptors, Somatotropin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

AN = DF: RECEPT SOMATOTROPIN

UI = D011986

 

Receptors, Steroid

MS = Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific steroid (IM); DF: RECEPT STEROID

UI = D011987

 

Receptors, Tachykinin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind tachykinins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Three classes of tachykinin receptors have been characterized, the NK-1; NK-2; and NK-3; which prefer, respectively, substance P, neurokinin A (substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), and neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K).

AN = DF: RECEPT TACHYKININ

UI = D018039

 

Receptors, Thrombin

MS = Cell surface proteins that specifically bind thrombin and trigger changes in the behavior of blood cells. There are at least two types of thrombin receptors on platelets. The higher affinity receptors mediate the inhibition of stimulated adenylate cyclase, the secretion of acid hydrolases, and the activation of phospholipase A2. The lower affinity receptors are linked to phospholipase C and trigger platelet aggregation and exposure of fibrinogen binding sites. A human platelet thrombin receptor has been cloned and is a member of the family of peptide receptors. There are also thrombin receptors on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT THROMBIN

UI = D018179

 

Receptors, Thromboxane

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind thromboxanes with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. At least a subset of thromboxane receptors act via the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems.

AN = coord IM with specific thromboxane (IM); DF: RECEPT THROMBOXANE

UI = D017482

 

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

MS = Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

AN = coord IM with specific thyroid hormone (IM); DF: RECEPT THYROID HORMONE

UI = D011988

 

Receptors, Thyrotropin

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES' DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).

AN = DF: RECEPT TSH

UI = D011989

 

Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH); TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.

AN = DF: RECEPT TRH

UI = D018025

 

Receptors, Transferrin

MS = Membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. They specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released.

AN = DF: RECEPT TRANSFERRIN

UI = D011990

 

Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta

MS = Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

AN = DF: RECEPT TGF BETA

UI = D018125

 

Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor

MS = Cell surface receptors that bind tumor necrosis factor and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. The two recognized tumor necrosis factor receptors are designated alpha and beta receptors. Both receptors bind both alpha and beta tumor necrosis factors with high affinity, and both are members of the nerve growth factor receptor family.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018124

 

Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

MS = A family of closely related RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES that bind vascular endothelial growth factors. They share a cluster of seven extracellular Ig-like domains which are important for ligand binding. They are highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and are critical for the physiological and pathological growth, development and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels.

AN = DF: VEGF RECEPT

UI = D040262

 

Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

MS = Cell surface proteins that bind VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE; (VIP); with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

AN = DF: RECEPT VIP

UI = D018005

 

Receptors, Vasopressin

MS = Specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells that vasopressins react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. Two types of vasopressin receptor exist, the V1 receptor and the V2 receptor. The V1 receptor can be subdivided into V1a and V1b (formerly V3) receptors.

AN = coord IM with specific vasopressin (IM); DF: RECEPT VASOPRESSIN

UI = D017483

 

Receptors, Very Late Antigen

MS = Members of the integrin family appearing late after T-cell activation. They are a family of proteins initially identified at the surface of stimulated T-cells, but now identified on a variety of cell types. At least six VLA antigens have been identified as heterodimeric adhesion receptors consisting of a single common beta-subunit and different alpha-subunits.

AN = DF: RECEPT VLA

UI = D016029

 

Receptors, Virus

MS = Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

AN = receptor on or within the cell binding the virus; do not confuse X ref PHAGE RECEPTORS with PHAGE ATTACHMENT SITES see ATTACHMENT SITES (MICROBIOLOGY); DF: RECEPT VIRUS

UI = D011991

 

Receptors, Vitronectin

MS = Receptors such as INTEGRIN ALPHAVBETA3 that bind VITRONECTIN with high affinity and play a role in cell migration. They also bind FIBRINOGEN, VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR, osteopontin, and THROMBOSPONDINS.

AN = do not confuse with VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR see INTEGRIN ALPHAVBETA3, DF: RECEPT VITRONECTIN

UI = D019030

 

Recognition (Psychology)

MS = The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.

UI = D021641

 

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

MS = Proteins that are the result of genetic engineering. A regulatory part or promoter of one or more genes is combined with a structural gene. The fusion protein is formed after transcription and translation of the fused gene. This type of fusion protein is used in the study of gene regulation or structure-activity relationships. They might also be used clinically as targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS).

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not confuse with VIRAL FUSION PROTEINS

UI = D011993

 

Recombinant Proteins

MS = Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

AN = "proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology"; IM; GEN only; prefer specifics; for synthesis of these proteins, coord IM with /biosyn + specific protein /biosyn (IM)

UI = D011994

 

Recombination, Genetic

MS = Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER, GENE CONVERSION, GENETIC TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC CONJUGATION, GENETIC TRANSDUCTION, or mixed infection of viruses.

UI = D011995

 

Reconstructive Surgical Procedures

MS = Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.

AN = not for -plasty in internal surgery: Manual 26.18+; do not confuse with SURGERY, PLASTIC, the specialty

UI = D019651

 

Records

MS = The commitment in writing, as authentic evidence, of something having legal importance. The concept includes certificates of birth, death, etc., as well as hospital, medical, and other institutional records.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; vet records go here (IM) + VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM); case reports as a form of writing probably goes under MEDICAL RECORDS or specific records term (IM); FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL is also available

UI = D011996

 

Recovery of Function

MS = A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.

UI = D020127

 

Recovery Room

MS = Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia.

UI = D011997

 

Recreation

MS = Activity engaged in for pleasure.

AN = /econ /physiol /psychol permitted

UI = D011998

 

Recruitment (Neurology)

MS = The gradual increase to a maximum in a reflex when a stimulus of unaltered intensity is prolonged. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = DF: RECRUITMENT NEUROL

UI = D011999

 

Recruitment Detection (Audiology)

MS = Tests for measuring loudness recruitment.

AN = DF: RECRUITMENT DETECTION

UI = D012000

 

Rectal Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PROCTITIS

UI = D012002

 

Rectal Fistula

MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the rectum.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; do not confuse X ref ANAL FISTULA with FISSURE IN ANO; RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA is also available

UI = D012003

 

Rectal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); familial: consider also COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS, HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS

UI = D012004

 

Rectal Prolapse

MS = Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.

UI = D012005

 

Rectocele

MS = A hernial protrusion of part of the rectum into the vagina. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020047

 

Rectovaginal Fistula

MS = Abnormal communication between the rectum and the vagina.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

UI = D012006

 

Rectum

AN = /surg: do not confuse with the specialty COLORECTAL SURGERY; rectal bleeding: RECTUM (NIM) + HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (IM) for bleeding through the rectum; hemorrhaging rectum is RECTAL DISEASES (IM) + HEMORRHAGE, GASTROINTESTINAL (IM); inflammation = PROCTITIS

UI = D012007

 

Rectus Abdominis

MS = A long flat muscle that extends along the whole length of both sides of the abdomen. It flexes the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar portion; it also tenses the anterior abdominal wall and assists in compressing the abdominal contents. It is frequently the site of hematomas. In reconstructive surgery it is often used for the creation of myocutaneous flaps. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p491)

AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D017568

 

Recurrence

MS = The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

AN = never IM; /prev permitted: coord NIM with disease /prev (IM)

UI = D012008

 

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

MS = Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

AN = dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); paralysis = VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS

UI = D012009

 

Red Cross

MS = An international agency providing various humanitarian services.

AN = specify geog CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D012011

 

Red Nucleus

MS = A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.

UI = D012012

 

Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure

MS = Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.

AN = a form of anemia

UI = D012010

 

Reducing Agents

MS = Materials that add an electron to an element or compound, that is, decrease the positiveness of its valence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

AN = "reducing" refers to oxidation-reduction, not body weight or obesity; D25-26 qualif

UI = D019163

 

Reduviidae

MS = A family of winged insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, called assassin bugs, because most prey on other insects. However one subfamily, TRIATOMINAE, attacks humans and other vertebrates and transmits Chagas disease.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D020064

 

Reed-Sternberg Cells

MS = Large cells of unknown origin, usually multinucleate, whose presence is the common histologic characteristic of HODGKIN DISEASE.

AN = in Hodgkin's dis; A 11 qualif

UI = D016539

 

Reference Books

MS = Books designed by the arrangement and treatment of their subject matter to be consulted for definite terms of information rather than to be read consecutively. Reference books include DICTIONARIES; ENCYCLOPEDIAS; ATLASES; etc. (From the ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

AN = IM

UI = D012013

 

Reference Books, Medical

MS = Books in the field of medicine intended primarily for consultation.

AN = no qualif; DF: REFERENCE BOOKS MED

UI = D012014

 

Reference Standards

MS = A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

AN = NIM with specific subject (IM) with /stand if permitted by category; no qualif; differentiate from REFERENCE VALUES: REFERENCE STANDARDS = basis of value or standard for a measurement, REFERENCE VALUES = range or frequency distribution of a measurement

UI = D012015

 

Reference Values

MS = The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

AN = never IM; no qualif; differentiate from REFERENCE STANDARDS: REFERENCE VALUES = range or frequency distribution of a measurement, REFERENCE STANDARDS = basis of value or standard for a measurement

UI = D012016

 

Referral and Consultation

MS = The practice of sending a patient to another program or practitioner for services or advice which the referring source is not prepared to provide.

UI = D012017

 

Reflex

MS = An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

AN = areflexia, hyporeflexia, hyperreflexia, loss of reflex: index under REFLEX, ABNORMAL

UI = D012018

 

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

MS = A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)

AN = DF: CRPS TYPE I

UI = D012019

 

Reflex, Abdominal

MS = Contractions of the abdominal muscles upon stimulation of the skin (superficial abdominal reflex) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep abdominal reflex). The superficial reflex may be weak or absent, for example, after a stroke, a sign of upper (suprasegmental) motor neuron lesions. (Stedman, 25th ed & Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p1073)

AN = reflex contraction of abdom wall: read MeSH definition; not for reflex responses of organs within abdom cavity

UI = D012020

 

Reflex, Abnormal

MS = An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.

AN = do not use Cat C or E qualif

UI = D012021

 

Reflex, Acoustic

MS = Intra-aural contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius in response to sound.

UI = D012022

 

Reflex, Babinski

MS = An abnormal reflex consisting of dorsiflexion of the great toe and abduction of the other toes in response to cutaneous stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot.

UI = D001405

 

Reflex, Monosynaptic

UI = D012023

 

Reflex, Oculocardiac

MS = Change of heartbeat induced by pressure on the eyeball, manipulation of extraocular muscles, or pressure upon the tissue remaining in the orbital apex after enucleation.

UI = D012024

 

Reflex, Pupillary

MS = Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

AN = contraction of pupil on exposure to light

UI = D012025

 

Reflex, Stretch

MS = Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to stretching, which stimulates muscle proprioceptors.

UI = D012026

 

Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular

MS = A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.

UI = D012027

 

Reflexotherapy

MS = Treatment of some morbid condition by producing a reflex action, as in the household treatment of nosebleed by a piece of ice applied to the cervical spine. (Stedman, 27th ed)

AN = do not confuse with REFLEXOLOGY see MASSAGE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: REFLEXOTHER

UI = D012028

 

Refraction, Ocular

MS = Refraction of light effected by the media of the eye. It also includes the determination of the refractive state and refractive correction.

AN = note category

UI = D012029

 

Refractive Errors

MS = Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.

AN = deviations from standard refraction of eye; DF: REFRACTIVE ERR

UI = D012030

 

Refractometry

MS = Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).

AN = an anal chem technique; do not use for refractometry in REFRACTION, OCULAR

UI = D012031

 

Refractory Period, Neurologic

AN = DF: REFRACTORY PERIOD NEUROL

UI = D012032

 

Refractory Period, Psychological

MS = A delayed response interval occurring when two stimuli are presented in close succession.

AN = human & animal; DF: REFRACTORY PERIOD PSYCHOL

UI = D012033

 

Refrigeration

UI = D012034

 

Refsum Disease

MS = An autosomal recessive familial disorder that usually presents in childhood with POLYNEUROPATHY, sensorineural DEAFNESS; ICHTHYOSIS; ATAXIA; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and cardiomyopathy. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PROTEINS and serum PHYTANIC ACID are generally elevated. This condition is associated with the impaired metabolism of phytanic acid in PEROXISOMES. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1991, Ch37, p58-9; Rev Med Interne 1996;17(5):391-8)

AN = do not confuse with REFSUM DISEASE, INFANTILE see PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS

UI = D012035

 

Refugees

MS = Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)

AN = specify geog

UI = D012036

 

Refusal to Treat

MS = Refusal of the health professional to initiate or continue treatment of a patient or group of patients. The refusal can be based on any reason. The concept is differentiated from PATIENT REFUSAL OF TREATMENT see TREATMENT REFUSAL which originates with the patient and not the health professional.

AN = refusal of a health professional to treat a patient: do not confuse with PATIENT REFUSAL OF TREATMENT see TREATMENT REFUSAL

UI = D016079

 

Refuse Disposal

MS = The discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous.

UI = D012037

 

Regeneration

AN = IM; coord IM with organ /physiol (IM), not /growth; available also are BONE REGENERATION; LIVER REGENERATION & NERVE REGENERATION

UI = D012038

 

Regional Blood Flow

AN = always NIM; coord NIM with organ /blood supply (IM) or specific artery or vein /physiol (IM); Manual 19.8.11; specifics available are CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; CORONARY CIRCULATION; LIVER CIRCULATION; PULMONARY CIRCULATION; RENAL CIRCULATION; SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION; also available are COLLATERAL CIRCULATION; MICROCIRCULATION & PORTAL SYSTEM; Manual 21.4.2, 21.6; taking of pulse at wrist is not REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW: it is PULSE

UI = D012039

 

Regional Health Planning

MS = Planning for health resources at a regional or multi-state level.

AN = specify geog

UI = D012040

 

Regional Medical Programs

MS = Coordination of activities and programs among health care institutions within defined geographic areas for the purpose of improving delivery and quality of medical care to the patients. These programs are mandated under U.S. Public Law 89-239.

AN = specify geog; TN 163: restricted definition & use; DF: REGIONAL MED PROGRAMS

UI = D012041

 

Registries

MS = The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.

AN = IM; coord with specific population or disease registered (IM)

UI = D012042

 

Regression (Psychology)

MS = A return to earlier, especially to infantile, patterns of thought or behavior, or stage of functioning, e.g., feelings of helplessness and dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994).

AN = note category; no qualif; do not confuse with REMISSION (Cat C); DF: REGRESSION

UI = D012043

 

Regression Analysis

MS = Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In MULTIPLE REGRESSION the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D012044

 

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

MS = Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

AN = coord IM with DNA or RNA or specific (NIM); DF: REG SEQ

UI = D012045

 

Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid

MS = Sequences within RNA that regulate the processing, stability (RNA STABILITY) or translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNA.

UI = D038621

 

Regulon

MS = In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains and consist of several OPERONS.

AN = in bacteria, coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM)

UI = D018085

 

Rehabilitation

MS = Restoration to the maximum degree possible of a person or persons suffering from disease or injury.

AN = GEN only: prefer /rehabil with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.64; see note on AFTERCARE; DF: REHABIL

UI = D012046

 

Rehabilitation Centers

MS = Facilities which provide programs for rehabilitating the mentally or physically disabled individuals.

AN = IM

UI = D012047

 

Rehabilitation Nursing

MS = The diagnosis and treatment of human responses of individuals and groups to actual or potential health problems with the characteristics of altered functional ability and altered life-style. (American Nurses Association & Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. Standards of Rehabilitation Nursing Practice, 1986, p.2)

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: REHABIL NURS

UI = D019145

 

Rehabilitation of Hearing Impaired

MS = Procedures for assisting a person with a hearing disorder to maximum comprehension in communication.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with type of hearing disord /rehabil (IM); DF: REHABIL HEARING IMPAIRED

UI = D012048

 

Rehabilitation of Speech and Language Disorders

MS = Procedures for assisting a person with a speech or language disorder to communicate with maximum efficiency.

AN = not used for indexing; DF: REHABIL SPEECH LANGUAGE DIS CATALOG: do not use

UI = D012049

 

Rehabilitation, Vocational

MS = Training of the mentally or physically disabled in work skills so they may be returned to regular employment utilizing these skills.

UI = D012050

 

Rehmannia

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain catapol, rehmannin and ALKALOIDS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032267

 

Rehydration Solutions

MS = Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal water-electrolyte balance.

AN = IM; coord with specific substance in the solution (IM); D25-26 qualif

UI = D015532

 

Reimbursement Mechanisms

MS = Processes or methods of reimbursement for services rendered or equipment.

UI = D012051

 

Reimbursement, Disproportionate Share

MS = Payments that include adjustments to reflect the costs of uncompensated care and higher costs for inpatient care for certain populations receiving mandated services. MEDICARE and MEDICAID include provisions for this type of reimbursement.

AN = specify geog

UI = D020444

 

Reimbursement, Incentive

MS = A scheme which provides reimbursement for the health services rendered, generally by an institution, and which provides added financial rewards if certain conditions are met. Such a scheme is intended to promote and reward increased efficiency and cost containment, with better care, or at least without adverse effect on the quality of the care rendered.

UI = D012052

 

Reindeer

MS = A genus of deer, Rangifer, that inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Caribou is the North American name; reindeer, the European. They are often domesticated and used, especially in Lapland, for drawing sleds and as a source of food. Rangifer is the only genus of the deer family in which both sexes are antlered. Most caribou inhabit arctic tundra and surrounding arboreal coniferous forests and most have seasonal shifts in migration. They are hunted extensively for their meat, skin, antlers, and other parts. (From Webster, 3d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1397)

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D012053

 

Reinforcement (Psychology)

MS = The strengthening of a conditioned response.

AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: REINFORCEMENT

UI = D012054

 

Reinforcement Schedule

MS = A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.

AN = human & animal; no qualif

UI = D012055

 

Reinforcement, Social

MS = The strengthening of a response with a social reward such as a nod of approval, a parent's love or attention.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012056

 

Reinforcement, Verbal

MS = Use of word stimulus to strengthen a response during learning.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012057

 

Reishi

MS = A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the APHYLLOPHORALES order of basidomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms. Contains STEROLS, coumarin, MANNITOL; POLYSACCHARIDES; and triterpenoids.

UI = D020940

 

Reiter Disease

MS = A triad of nongonococcal urethritis followed by conjunctivitis and arthritis, of unknown etiology.

UI = D012058

 

Rejection (Psychology)

MS = Non-acceptance, negative attitudes, hostility or excessive criticism of the individual which may precipitate feelings of rejection.

AN = no qualif; DF: REJECTION

UI = D012059

 

Rejuvenation

UI = D012060

 

Relapsing Fever

MS = An acute infection characterized by recurrent episodes of pyrexia alternating with asymptomatic intervals of apparent recovery. This condition is caused by spirochetes of the genus BORRELIA. It is transmitted by the bites of either the body louse (PEDICULUS humanus corporis), for which humans are the reservoir, or by soft ticks of the genus ORNITHODOROS, for which rodents and other animals are the principal reservoirs.

AN = not for "recurrent fever" ( = FEVER (IM) + RECURRENCE (NIM) )

UI = D012061

 

Relative Biological Effectiveness

MS = The ratio of radiation dosages required to produce identical change based on a formula comparing other types of radiation with that of gamma or roentgen rays.

AN = NIM; no qualif; DF: RBE

UI = D012062

 

Relative Value Scales

MS = Coded listings of physician or other professional services using units that indicate the relative value of the various services they perform. They take into account time, skill, and overhead cost required for each service, but generally do not consider the relative cost-effectiveness. Appropriate conversion factors can be used to translate the abstract units of the relative value scales into dollar fees for each service based on work expended, practice costs, and training costs.

AN = "coded listing of physician or other professional services using units that indicate the relative value of the various services they perform"; no qualif; DF: RELAT VALUE SCALES

UI = D015895

 

Relaxation

MS = Activity which reduces feelings of tension.

AN = note category: not for muscle relaxation ( = MUSCLE RELAXATION); /physiol /psychol permitted

UI = D012063

 

Relaxation Techniques

MS = The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment.

AN = a behavior ther technique: do not confuse with RELAXATION (I3); not for physiological relaxation of muscles (= MUSCLE RELAXATION)

UI = D012064

 

Relaxin

MS = A water-soluble polypeptide (molecular weight approximately 8,000) extractable from the corpus luteum of pregnancy. It produces relaxation of the pubic symphysis and dilation of the uterine cervix in certain animal species. Its role in the human pregnant female is uncertain. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D012065

 

Relief Work

MS = Assistance, such as money, food, or shelter, given to the needy, aged, or victims of disaster. It is usually granted on a temporary basis. (From The American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)

AN = coord IM with agency supplying the relief (IM) if pertinent; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D012066

 

Religion

MS = A set of beliefs concerning the nature, cause, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency. It usually involves devotional and ritual observances and often a moral code for the conduct of human affairs. (Random House Collegiate Dictionary, rev. ed.)

UI = D012067

 

Religion and Medicine

MS = The interrelationship of medicine and religion.

AN = no qualif; coord IM with medical aspect (IM); X ref PRAYER HEALING see MENTAL HEALING is available; DF: RELIGION MED

UI = D012068

 

Religion and Psychology

MS = The interrelationship of psychology and religion.

AN = no qualif; coord IM with psychol aspect (IM); X ref PRAYER HEALING see MENTAL HEALING is available; DF: RELIGION PSYCHOL

UI = D012069

 

Religion and Science

AN = no qualif; usually general; IM

UI = D012070

 

Religion and Sex

AN = no qualif; coord IM with sexual aspect (IM)

UI = D012071

 

Religious Philosophies

MS = Sets of beliefs on the nature of the universe or Man, practiced as a religion.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D012072

 

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

MS = A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)

UI = D020187

 

REM Sleep Parasomnias

MS = Abnormal behavioral or physiologic events that are associated with REM sleep, including REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER.

AN = do not confuse with REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER

UI = D020923

 

Remedial Teaching

MS = Specialized instruction for students deviating from the expected norm.

UI = D012073

 

Reminder Systems

MS = Systems used to prompt or aid the memory. The systems can be computerized reminders, color coding, telephone calls, or devices such as letters and postcards.

UI = D017010

 

Remission Induction

MS = Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.

AN = NIM; coord NIM with disease /ther or specific ther qualif (IM); in translations use "induction of remission", not "remission induction"; Manual 24.4.1.9

UI = D012074

 

Remission, Spontaneous

MS = A spontaneous diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease.

AN = never IM; do not confuse with REGRESSION (PSYCHOLOGY)

UI = D012075

 

Remote Consultation

MS = Consultation via remote telecommunications, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of a patient at a site remote from the patient or primary physician.

AN = "consult via remote telecommun"; usually diag & ther but not restricted to med

UI = D019114

 

Remoxipride

MS = An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.

UI = D017330

 

Renal Agents

MS = Drugs used for their effects on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. The most commonly used are the diuretics. Also included are drugs used for their antidiuretic and uricosuric actions, for their effects on the kidneys' clearance of other drugs, and for diagnosis of renal function.

UI = D012076

 

Renal Artery

MS = A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.

AN = thrombosis: index under RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION (IM) + THROMBOSIS (IM)

UI = D012077

 

Renal Artery Obstruction

MS = Narrowing or occlusion of the renal arteries. It is due usually to atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, thrombosis, embolism, or external pressure. It may result in renovascular hypertension.

AN = obstruct of external or internal origin; renal artery thrombosis: coord IM with THROMBOSIS (IM); consider also HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR (hypertension caused by renal artery obstruct or compress)

UI = D012078

 

Renal Blood Flow, Effective

MS = The amount of blood flowing to the parts of the kidney that are involved with the production of constituents of urine. It is that portion of the total renal blood flow that perfuses functional renal tissue (e.g., the glomeruli). It should be differentiated from RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE which is based on the amount of plasma rather than on total renal blood. (Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not confuse with RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE or RENAL BLOOD FLOW see RENAL CIRCULATION; DF: note short X ref

UI = D017597

 

Renal Circulation

MS = The circulation of the blood through the vessels of the kidney.

AN = note specific indentions; consider also KIDNEY /blood supply; DF: RENAL CIRC

UI = D012079

 

Renal Dialysis

MS = Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

AN = /instrum permitted but consider also KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL

UI = D006435

 

Renal Osteodystrophy

MS = Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease.

UI = D012080

 

Renal Plasma Flow

MS = The amount of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit time, approximately 10% greater than effective renal plasma flow (RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE). It should be differentiated from the renal blood flow (RBF) which refers to the total volume of blood flowing through the renal vasculature, while the renal plasma flow refers to the rate of plasma flow (RPF).

AN = do not confuse with RENAL BLOOD FLOW see RENAL CIRCULATION or RENAL PLASMA FLOW, EFFECTIVE

UI = D017595

 

Renal Plasma Flow, Effective

MS = The amount of plasma flowing to the parts of the kidney that have a function in the production of constituents of urine. It is the amount of plasma perfusing the kidney tubules per unit time, generally measured by p-aminohippurate clearance. It should be differentiated from RENAL PLASMA FLOW which is approximately 10% greater than the effective renal plasma flow. (Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not confuse with RENAL PLASMA FLOW or RENAL BLOOD FLOW, EFFECTIVE; DF: note short X ref

UI = D017596

 

Renal Replacement Therapy

MS = Procedures which temporarily or permanently remedy insufficient cleansing of body fluids by the kidneys.

AN = to substitute for or augment kidney function; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: RENAL REPLACE THER

UI = D017582

 

Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors

MS = Genetically determined disorders of the reabsorptive functions of the kidney with regard to specific nephron segments responsible for specific transport functions, classifiable by proximal nephron function, loop of Henle function, and distal nephron function. The transport defects can be selective or nonselective. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p584; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1140)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific; coord IM with specific metabolite /metab (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: RENAL TUB TRANSP INBORN ERR

UI = D015499

 

Renal Veins

MS = Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.

UI = D012082

 

Renin

MS = An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19).

AN = do not confuse with RENNIN see CHYMOSIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D012083

 

Renin-Angiotensin System

MS = A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex.

AN = note category; note X ref but do not index under ALDOSTERONE unless particularly discussed; DF: RA SYSTEM

UI = D012084

 

Reoperation

MS = A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific type of surgery (IM); re-transplantation: coord with appropriate transplantation term; does not include staged surg ( = specific organ /surg, dis /surg or surg technique)

UI = D012086

 

Reoviridae

MS = A family of unenveloped RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The eight genera include ORTHOREOVIRUS; ORBIVIRUS; COLTIVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS; Aquareovirus, Cypovirus, Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus, and Oryzavirus.

AN = infection = REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D012087

 

Reoviridae Infections

MS = Infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific

UI = D012088

 

Reovirus 3

MS = A serotype of ORTHOREOVIRUS, MAMMALIAN causing serious pathology in laboratory rodents, characterized by diarrhea, oily coat, jaundice, and multiple organ involvement.

AN = infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D012089

 

Reperfusion

MS = Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

AN = note category: a technique; /adv eff permitted but consider also REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION is also available

UI = D015424

 

Reperfusion Injury

MS = Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from REPERFUSION to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

UI = D015427

 

Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid

MS = A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

UI = D020449

 

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

MS = Nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. There are several types of repeated sequences. Interspersed (or dispersed) DNA repeats (INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES) are copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome. Flanking (or terminal) repeats (TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES) are sequences that are repeated on both ends of a sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on retroviruses. Direct terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction. Tandem repeats (TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES) are repeated copies which lie adjacent to each other. These can also be direct or inverted. The ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes belong to the class of middle repetitive DNA.

AN = coord with DNA, RNA or specifics; DF: REPET SEQ NA

UI = D012091

 

Replantation

MS = Restoration of an organ or other structure to its original site.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; differentiate from transpl; coord with organ /surg: Manual 19.8.75

UI = D012092

 

Replica Techniques

MS = Methods of preparing tissue specimens for visualization using an electron microscope, usually a scanning electron microscope. The methods involve the creation of exact copies of the specimens by making a mold or cast (i.e., replica) of the specimen.

UI = D016628

 

Replication Origin

MS = A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA REPLICATION is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

UI = D018741

 

Replicon

MS = Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

UI = D012093

 

Repression

MS = The active mental process of keeping out and ejecting, banishing from consciousness, ideas or impulses that are unacceptable to it.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012094

 

Repression-Sensitization

MS = Defense mechanisms involving approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli. The sensitizing process involves intellectualization in approaching or controlling the stimulus whereas repression involves unconscious denial in avoiding the stimulus.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012095

 

Repressor Proteins

MS = Proteins which are normally bound to the operator locus of an operon, thereby preventing transcription of the structural genes. In enzyme induction, the substrate of the inducible enzyme binds to the repressor protein, causing its release from the operator and freeing the structural genes for transcription. In enzyme repression, the end product of the enzyme sequence binds to the free repressor protein, the resulting complex then binds to the operator and prevents transcription of the structural genes.

AN = transcription factors; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D012097

 

Reproducibility of Results

MS = The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or specific non-disease term (IM); no qualif

UI = D015203

 

Reproduction

MS = The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = IM for human, other mammals, birds & fish, NIM for vertebrates lower than fish, & for invertebrates & plants

UI = D012098

 

Reproduction, Asexual

MS = Reproduction without fusion of sex cells.

UI = D012100

 

Reproductive and Urinary Physiology

MS = Physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the reproductive process and the physiology of the urinary tract.

AN = not used for indexing; DF: REPRODUCTIVE URINARY PHYSIOL CATALOG: do not use

UI = D012101

 

Reproductive Control Agents

MS = Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.

AN = consider also REPRODUCTION /DE

UI = D012102

 

Reproductive Health Services

MS = Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialites such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

UI = D034121

 

Reproductive History

MS = An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

AN = GEN or unspecified; IM; prefer specific concepts in MeSH definition (IM); DF: REPRODUCTIVE HIST

UI = D017584

 

Reproductive Medicine

MS = A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: REPRODUCTIVE MED

UI = D018456

 

Reproductive Techniques

MS = Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals, including techniques used in selective BREEDING, cloning (CLONING, ORGANISM), and assisted reproduction (REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED).

AN = GEN only; prefer REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED and its specifics (human & animal) or BREEDING and its specifics (animal only)

UI = D012099

 

Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

MS = Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.

AN = usually for humans; may be used for animals if specified; otherwise use BREEDING or its specifics; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES is also available

UI = D027724

 

Reptiles

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D012104

 

Reptilian Proteins

MS = Proteins obtained from species of REPTILES.

AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific reptile (IM)

UI = D030162

 

Rescue Work

MS = Activities devoted to freeing persons or animals from danger to life or well-being in accidents, fires, bombings, floods, earthquakes, other disasters and life-threatening conditions. While usually performed by team efforts, rescue work is not restricted to organized services.

AN = not restricted to med emerg; not restricted to organized services

UI = D018635

 

Research

MS = Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; research as a field or the progress or status of research in a particular field; do not add routinely for specific studies involving "research": Manual 29.16; /methods: consider RESEARCH DESIGN

UI = D012106

 

Research Design

MS = A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.

AN = /methods: consider also RESEARCH or its specifics/methods or METHODS

UI = D012107

 

Research Embryo Creation

MS = The creation of embryos specifically for research purposes.

AN = mammalian only

UI = D035845

 

Research Personnel

MS = Those individuals engaged in research.

AN = IM

UI = D012108

 

Research Subjects

MS = Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.

AN = use when the ethical, legal, psychological, or social implications of the subjects' status are discussed

UI = D035842

 

Research Support

MS = Financial support of research activities.

AN = SPEC qualif

UI = D012109

 

Researcher-Subject Relations

MS = Interaction between research personnel and research subjects.

UI = D035844

 

Resedaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is a small family of herbs and shrubs. Some produce GLUCOSINOLATES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031951

 

Reserpine

MS = An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

AN = reserpine derivatives=RESERPINE /analogs

UI = D012110

 

Residence Characteristics

MS = Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D012111

 

Residential Facilities

MS = Long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required.

AN = IM

UI = D012112

 

Residential Mobility

MS = Frequent change of residence, either in the same city or town, or between cities, states or communities.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D012113

 

Residential Treatment

MS = A specialized residential treatment program for behavior disorders including substance abuse. It may include therapeutically planned group living and learning situations including teaching of adaptive skills to help patient functioning in the community. (From Kahn, A. P. and Fawcett, J. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, 1993, p320.)

AN = SPEC qualif

UI = D012114

 

Residual Volume

MS = The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.

AN = NIM; in texts as RV

UI = D012115

 

Resin Cements

MS = Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)

AN = dent cements; D25-26 qualif

UI = D019279

 

Resins, Plant

MS = Flammable, amorphous, vegetable products of secretion or disintegration, usually formed in special cavities of plants. They are generally insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, ether, or volatile oils. They are fusible and have a conchoidal fracture. They are the oxidation or polymerization products of the terpenes, and are mixtures of aromatic acids and esters. Most are soft and sticky, but harden after exposure to cold. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = RESINS, SYNTHETIC is also available

UI = D012116

 

Resins, Synthetic

MS = Polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: RESINS SYN

UI = D012117

 

Resorcinols

UI = D012118

 

Resource Allocation

MS = Societal or individual decisions about the equitable distribution of available resources.

AN = for health care resource allocation, use HEALTH CARE RATIONING; use both terms only when a discussion of health care resource allocation is accompanied by a more theoretical discussion of the concept of equity in the distribution of limited resources

UI = D040841

 

Resource Guides [Publication Type]

MS = Works listing and describing various sources of information, from multiple media or in different formats, on a given subject.

UI = D020507

 

Respiration

MS = The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

AN = lung only: does not refer to tissue respiration ( = probably OXYGEN CONSUMPTION); TN 145: relation to OXYGEN & its qualif

UI = D012119

 

Respiration Disorders

MS = Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D012120

 

Respiration, Artificial

MS = Any method of artifical breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2 ) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2 ).

AN = /instrum: consider also VENTILATORS, MECHANICAL

UI = D012121

 

Respiratory Burst

MS = A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections.

AN = "large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils & most types of tissue macrophages"

UI = D016897

 

Respiratory Care Units

MS = The hospital unit in which patients with respiratory conditions requiring special attention receive intensive medical care and surveillance.

UI = D012124

 

Respiratory Center

UI = D012125

 

Respiratory Dead Space

MS = That part of the respiratory tract or the air within the respiratory tract that does not exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood.

UI = D012126

 

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

MS = A condition of the newborn marked by dyspnea with cyanosis, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = infants only; for adults use RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; do not confuse with "respiratory distress" which may be RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY or a specific; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN

UI = D012127

 

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult

MS = A syndrome of life-threatening progressive pulmonary insufficiency in the absence of known pulmonary disease, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major trauma.

AN = RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME is for infants DF: note short X refs

UI = D012128

 

Respiratory Function Tests

MS = Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM

UI = D012129

 

Respiratory Hypersensitivity

MS = A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and HAY FEVER.

AN = "respiratory allergy"

UI = D012130

 

Respiratory Insufficiency

MS = Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = do not confuse with RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME in newborn inf

UI = D012131

 

Respiratory Mechanics

MS = The physical or mechanical action of the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, and chest wall during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

UI = D015656

 

Respiratory Mucosa

MS = The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract.

UI = D020545

 

Respiratory Muscles

MS = These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.

AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D012132

 

Respiratory Paralysis

MS = Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with MOTOR NEURON DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVE DISORDERS; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; injury to the PHRENIC NERVE; and other disorders.

UI = D012133

 

Respiratory Physiology

MS = Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RESPIRATORY PHYSIOL

UI = D012143

 

Respiratory Protective Devices

MS = Respirators to protect individuals from breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors.

UI = D012134

 

Respiratory Sounds

MS = Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the respiratory tract.

UI = D012135

 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections

MS = Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.

AN = caused by a pneumovirus

UI = D018357

 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES.

UI = D022261

 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine

MS = A species of PNEUMOVIRUS causing an important respiratory infection in cattle. Symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, and respiratory distress.

AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018112

 

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human

MS = The type species of PNEUMOVIRUS and an important cause of lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. It frequently presents with bronchitis and bronchopneumonia and is further characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and pallor.

AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018113

 

Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

MS = A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.

AN = a group of viruses of the genus Pneumovirus; infection = RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D012136

 

Respiratory System

MS = The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /abnorm: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES is available but consider also specific part of resp syst with /abnorm or specific abnorm

UI = D012137

 

Respiratory System Abnormalities

MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the respiratory system.

AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ABNORM

UI = D015619

 

Respiratory System Agents

MS = Drugs used for their effects on the respiratory system.

UI = D019141

 

Respiratory Therapy

MS = Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION

UI = D012138

 

Respiratory Therapy Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration of diagnostic pulmonary function tests and of procedures to restore optimum pulmonary ventilation.

AN = DF: RESP THER DEP

UI = D012139

 

Respiratory Tract Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; DF: RESPIRATORY TRACT DIS

UI = D012140

 

Respiratory Tract Fistula

MS = An abnormal passage communicating between any component of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and surrounding organs.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

UI = D016156

 

Respiratory Tract Infections

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECT

UI = D012141

 

Respiratory Tract Neoplasms

AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D012142

 

Respiratory Transport

MS = The processes of gas exchange and various metabolic functions taking place in the lung, generally at the alveolar level.

UI = D015657

 

Respirovirus

MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the virions have both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities and encode a non-structural C protein. SENDAI VIRUS is the type species.

AN = infection = RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D018108

 

Respirovirus Infections

MS = Infections with viruses of the genus RESPIROVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Host cell infection occurs by adsorption, via hemagglutinin, to the cell surface.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010253

 

Respite Care

MS = Patient care provided in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver.

AN = "in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver"

UI = D012144

 

Response Elements

MS = Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.

UI = D020218

 

Rest

MS = Freedom from activity.

AN = do not confuse with IMMOBILIZATION; /physiol /psychol permitted

UI = D012146

 

Restaurants

UI = D012147

 

Restless Legs Syndrome

MS = A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep. Complying with an irresistible urge to move the affected limbs brings temporary relief. Sleep may become disrupted, resulting in excessive daytime hypersomnolence. This condition may be associated with UREMIA; DIABETES; and rheumatoid arthritis. Restless Legs Syndrome differs from NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME in that in the lattercondition the individual does not report adverse sensory stimuli and it is primarly a sleep-associated movement disorder. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p387; Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1997 Apr 30;86(18):732-736)

UI = D012148

 

Restraint, Physical

MS = Use of a device for the purpose of preventing the individual from moving all or part of the body. The concept excludes splints and casts.

AN = NIM with no qualif for restraint of animals in exper stress states; for protective restraint of human & animal; do not confuse with IMMOBILIZATION (see note there): if in doubt use word of text; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D012149

 

Restriction Mapping

MS = Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

UI = D015183

 

Resuscitation

MS = The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; RESUSCITATION is correct translation for French "réanimation"

UI = D012151

 

Resuscitation Orders

MS = Instructions issued by a physician pertaining to the institution, continuation, or withdrawal of life support measures. The concept includes policies, laws, statutes, decisions, guidelines, and discussions that may affect the issuance of such orders.

AN = DF: DNR ORDERS

UI = D016414

 

Rete Testis

MS = The network of channels formed at the termination of the straight SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES in the mediastinum testis. Rete testis channels drain into the efferent ductules that pass into the caput EPIDIDYMIS.

UI = D012152

 

Retention (Psychology)

MS = The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior.

AN = DF: RETENTION

UI = D012153

 

Reticular Formation

MS = A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.

UI = D012154

 

Reticulin

MS = A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.

UI = D012155

 

Reticulocyte Count

MS = Determination of the number of reticulocytes in a measured volume of blood. Values for reticulocytes are expressed as a percentage of the erythrocyte count or in the form of a so-called "corrected" reticulocyte "index". An increase in circulating reticulocytes, often referred to as reticulocytosis, is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated erythrocyte production. Reticulocytosis, or an increased reticulocyte count, occurs during active blood regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain anemias, particularly congenital hemolytic anemia.

AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D017701

 

Reticulocytes

MS = Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are erythroid cells that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the endoplasmic reticulum), hence the name reticulocytes.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D012156

 

Reticuloendothelial System

AN = RES; reticuloendothelial cells of liver = KUPFFER CELLS

UI = D012157

 

Reticuloendotheliosis

MS = Hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue, in any organ or tissue. A related concept is reticulosis which is an increase in reticuloendothelial elements.

AN = neoplastic; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D012158

 

Reticuloendotheliosis virus

MS = A species in the group RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN of the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS that causes a chronic neoplastic and a more acute immunosuppressive disease in fowl.

AN = do not confuse X ref T VIRUS with T-PHAGES; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D001356

 

Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses, Avian

MS = A group of viruses in the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS comprising a few isolates from birds, with no known corresponding endogenous relatives.

AN = coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017986

 

Reticulum

MS = The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988)

AN = a ruminant's 2d stomach; note category: animal term; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)

UI = D012159

 

Retina

MS = The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

AN = /blood supply = RETINAL VESSELS or RETINAL ARTERY or RETINAL VEIN; inflammation = RETINITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; neopl: majority will be RETINOBLASTOMA (see note there), otherwise retinal neopl goes under RETINAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); retinal dystrophy: index under RETINAL DEGENERATION or MACULAR DEGENERATION relying on text & refs; pigment epithelium of retina: coord RETINA with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE

UI = D012160

 

Retinal Artery

MS = Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.

AN = retinal artery dis: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM), not VASCULAR DISEASES

UI = D012161

 

Retinal Artery Occlusion

MS = Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field.

UI = D015356

 

Retinal Degeneration

MS = A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

AN = retinal dystrophy or macular dystrophy: index under RETINAL DEGENERATION or MACULAR DEGENERATION relying on text & refs

UI = D012162

 

Retinal Detachment

MS = Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).

AN = /surg: consider also SCLERAL BUCKLING; X ref RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT: do not coord with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE unless particularly discussed

UI = D012163

 

Retinal Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = RETINITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; retinal dystrophy: index under RETINAL DEGENERATION or MACULAR DEGENERATION relying on text & refs

UI = D012164

 

Retinal Drusen

MS = Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.

AN = colloid or hyalin bodies under retinal pigment; do not confuse with OPTIC DISK DRUSEN, hyalin bodies in optic nerve

UI = D015593

 

Retinal Dysplasia

MS = Congenital, often bilateral, retinal abnormality characterized by the arrangement of outer nuclear retinal cells in a palisading or radiating pattern surrounding a central ocular space. This disorder is sometimes hereditary.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D015792

 

Retinal Ganglion Cells

MS = Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors and project to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the location of the circadian clock, setting the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

UI = D012165

 

Retinal Hemorrhage

MS = Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.

UI = D012166

 

Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute

MS = Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.

AN = a form of retinitis; DF: ARN SYNDROME

UI = D015882

 

Retinal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the RETINA.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM) but majority will be RETINOBLASTOMA (see note there)

UI = D019572

 

Retinal Neovascularization

MS = Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.

UI = D015861

 

Retinal Perforations

MS = Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.

UI = D012167

 

Retinal Pigments

MS = Chemicals functioning in the visual cycle in retinal rod cells. Through excitation by visible light, a series of complex molecular changes occur that serve to trigger in the optical nerve endings an impulse transmitted to the brain, resulting in the perception of vision.

AN = not for deposition of pigments in the retina (= RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA)

UI = D012168

 

Retinal Vasculitis

MS = Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease, LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; MUTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.

UI = D031300

 

Retinal Vein

MS = Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.

AN = retinal vein dis: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM), not VASCULAR DISEASES

UI = D012169

 

Retinal Vein Occlusion

MS = Occlusion of the retinal vein. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases.

UI = D012170

 

Retinal Vessels

MS = The vessels which supply and drain the retina.

AN = GEN & unspecified: prefer RETINAL ARTERY or RETINAL VEIN; dis of retinal vessels: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM), not VASCULAR DISEASES

UI = D012171

 

Retinaldehyde

MS = A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D012172

 

Retinitis

MS = Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).

UI = D012173

 

Retinitis Pigmentosa

MS = Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

UI = D012174

 

Retinoblastoma

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with RETINAL NEOPLASMS (IM); /genetics: consider also GENES, RETINOBLASTOMA

UI = D012175

 

Retinoblastoma Protein

MS = Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016160

 

Retinoids

MS = A class of structurally-related compounds that are comprised of four isoprenoid units joined head-to-tail. Biologically active members of this class are used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization.

UI = D012176

 

Retinol-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins which bind with retinol. The retinol-binding protein found in plasma has an alpha-1 mobility on electrophoresis and a molecular weight of 21,000-22,000. The protein has one binding site for retinol and is responsible for the transport of Vitamin A. The retinol- protein complex (molecular weight 80,000 to 90,000) circulates in plasma in the form of a protein-protein complex with prealbumin. The retinol-binding protein found in tissue has a molecular weight of 14,000 and carries retinol as a non-covalently-bound ligand.

AN = an alpha-globulin

UI = D012177

 

Retinopathy of Prematurity

MS = A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; caused by oxygen ther of premature inf but for this etiol, do not use /chem ind: use /etiol if this etiol is discussed at all (& then probably NIM): TN 167

UI = D012178

 

Retinoschisis

MS = A vitreoretinal dystrophy characterized by splitting of the neuroretinal layers. It occurs in two forms: degenerative retinoschisis and X chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis.

UI = D041441

 

Retirement

MS = The state of being retired from one's position or occupation.

UI = D012179

 

Retracted Publication [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of the designation of an article or book as retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorized representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorized agent, and is distinguished from RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION [PUBLICATION TYPE], which identifies the citation retracting the original published item.

AN = publication type only; designates an article or book cited by the author or author's representative as having been retracted after formal notice by the publication type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION; Manual 33.16+

UI = D016441

 

Retraction of Publication

AN = IM for publication retraction as a subject (e.g., an article on "Retraction of Fraudulent Data"); do not confuse with Publication Type RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION; do not confuse with Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which identifies an article or book cited in an NLM database as having been retracted; do not use for authors' or editors' errata; no qualif; Manual 33.16+

UI = D012180

 

Retraction of Publication [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric "retraction" or in the form of a letter. This publication type designates the author's statement of retraction: it should be differentiated from RETRACTED PUBLICATION [PUBLICATION TYPE] which labels the retracted publication.

AN = publication type only; for an author's statement withdrawing or disavowing a previously published article or book; do not confuse with Publication Type RETRACTED PUBLICATION which labels the article being retracted; Manual 33.16+; do not confuse with Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM; for publication retraction as a subject, index under main heading RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION

UI = D016440

 

Retreatment

MS = The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful.

AN = NIM; coord with specific type of ther (IM) + specific disease /ther (or other ther qualif) (IM)

UI = D019233

 

Retrobulbar Hemorrhage

MS = Hemorrhage within the orbital cavity, posterior to the eyeball.

AN = do not confuse with EYE HEMORRHAGE or its specifics, hemorrh of eye tissue

UI = D019315

 

Retrocochlear Diseases

MS = Diseases of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE. Retrocochlear refers to the eighth cranial nerve and cerebellopontine angle as opposed to the cochlea. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = "retrocochlear" refers to the vestibulocochlear nerve, not the cochlea; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RETROCOCHLEAR DIS

UI = D012181

 

Retroelements

MS = Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.

UI = D018626

 

Retrognathism

MS = Retrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a mandibular abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; consider also MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS II

UI = D012182

 

Retrograde Degeneration

MS = Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.

UI = D012183

 

Retrograde Obturation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D012184

 

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

MS = A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.

UI = D012185

 

Retroperitoneal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D012186

 

Retroperitoneal Space

MS = An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.

AN = NIM: usually locational so few qualif apply; diagnostic retropneumoperitoneum or pneumoretroperitoneum: index under RETROPERITONEAL SPACE /radiogr (IM) + PNEUMORADIOGRAPHY (NIM): do not confuse with RETROPNEUMOPERITONEUM (Cat C)

UI = D012187

 

Retropharyngeal Abscess

MS = A soft tissue infection of the throat with entry usually by the pharynx but sometimes as an extension of a lateral neck infection resulting from a neck injury. The major risk is upper airway obstruction caused by pharyngeal swelling. (Daniel R. Masys, from a written communication)

AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS

UI = D017703

 

Retropneumoperitoneum

MS = Pathological or accidental introduction of air into the retroperitoneal space.

AN = note category: disease only; for diagnostic retropneumoperitoneum: index under RETROPERITONEAL SPACE /radiogr (IM) + PNEUMORADIOGRAPHY (NIM)

UI = D012188

 

Retrospective Moral Judgment

MS = The application of current standards of morality to past actions, institutions, or persons.

UI = D035481

 

Retrospective Studies

MS = Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D012189

 

Retroviridae

MS = Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

AN = infection = RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; if discussed as tumor viruses, add TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); antiretroviral agents is likely to be ANTI-HIV AGENTS, otherwise index under ANTIVIRAL AGENTS

UI = D012190

 

Retroviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D012192

 

Retroviridae Proteins

MS = Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D012191

 

Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic

MS = Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.

AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D015682

 

Retroviruses, Simian

MS = Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the West African green monkey and the Asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.

AN = a group of the family Retroviridae; infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D015301

 

Rett Syndrome

MS = An inherited disorder that is associated with X-linked transmission and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. Clinically, birth and development in affected females is normal until the age of 6-25 months, when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills, ataxia, stereotypic hand movements, seizures, autistic behavior, intermittent hyperventilation, and hyperammonemia appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)

UI = D015518

 

Reunion

MS = One of the Indian Ocean Islands, east of Madagascar. Its capital is Saint-Denis. It was discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese and claimed by France in 1638. It was first colonized in 1662 as Isle de Bourbon but renamed Reunion in 1793. In 1946 it was made an overseas department of France. The name commemorates the reunion of the revolutionaries from Marseilles with the National Guard in Paris in 1792. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1011; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p454; French Embassy)

AN = one of the Indian Ocean Islands east of Madagascar; in translations use accent: Réunion

UI = D017508

 

Reversal Learning

MS = Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).

AN = human & animal

UI = D012193

 

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

MS = Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.

AN = DF: REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIB

UI = D018894

 

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

MS = A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

UI = D020133

 

Review Literature

MS = Published materials which provide an examination of recent or current literature. Review articles can cover a wide range of subject matter at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature that may include research findings. The review may reflect the state of the art. It also includes reviews as a literary form.

AN = IM; no qualif; for review books or review articles as a form of literature; when IM for review as a literary form, do not fill in REVIEW in Field 17; Manual section 12; TN L for amplification; do not confuse with REVIEW, a publication type; note X ref; DF: REV LIT or STATE OF THE ART

UI = D012196

 

Review Literature [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of published material which provides an examination of recent or current literature. Reviews can cover a wide range of subject matter of various levels of completeness or comprehensiveness based on analyses of publications on the subject. The presence of research findings or case reports does not preclude designation as a review.

AN = publication type only; for reviews as a literary form, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; GEN only: prefer specific review publication type; state-of-the-art review as a publication type goes here

UI = D016450

 

Review of Reported Cases [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of complete literature reporting, to the best of the author's ability, of all known cases of a disease. The study is usually generated by the investigator's encounter with patients with a given disease and includes the investigator's own cases. The range of time will encompass historical cases and recent cases. The review usually cites the literature in which the known cases were published and may or may not include clinical and laboratory data.

AN = publication type only; do not confuse with Publication Type REVIEW, MULTICASE; for rev of reported cases as a subject or as of value in epidemiol, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form

UI = D016445

 

Review [Publication Type]

MS = An article or book published after examination of published material on a subject. It may be comprehensive to various degrees and the time range of material scrutinized may be broad or narrow, but the reviews most often desired are reviews of the current literature. The textual material examined may be equally broad and can encompass, in medicine specifically, clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports. State-of-the-art reviews tend to address more current matters. A review of the literature must be differentiated from HISTORICAL ARTICLE [PUBLICATION TYPE] on the same subject, but a review of historical literature is also within the scope of this publication type. Specific headings for specific types of review are also available.

AN = publication type only; GEN only: prefer specific review publication type; for review articles as a bibliographic form, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; fill in Field 17 on data form for indexers

UI = D016454

 

Review, Academic [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a more or less comprehensive review of the literature on a specific subject, with usually an extensive critical analysis and synthesis of the literature.

AN = publication type only; for acad revs as a bibliographic form, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form

UI = D016442

 

Review, Multicase [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a review of literature giving demographic, laboratory, and clinical data on a group of persons or animals ranging from most of the known cases of a rare condition in large populations on whom the results of research will lead to the establishing of epidemiological analyses or predictions of the occurrence and natural history of diseases. It is differentiated from REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES in that the latter generally reports a single case as a supplement to a presentation, however brief and limited, of other cases known to have been reported.

AN = publication type only; a type of review literature with epidemiol applications: do not confuse with Publication Type REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES; for multicase revs as a subject or as of value in epidemiol, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form

UI = D016443

 

Review, Tutorial [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a type of review, citing literature, that gives a general and reasonably thorough coverage of a subject. It often substitutes as a refresher course for practitioners to update their awareness or as a quick course for a student unfamiliar with the subject.

AN = publication type only; for tutorial rev as a subject, index under main heading REVIEW LITERATURE; Manual section 12, & TN L; indexers fill in Field 17 on data form

UI = D016444

 

Reward

MS = An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.

AN = human & animal; no qualif

UI = D012201

 

Rewarming

MS = Application of heat to correct hypothermia, accidental or induced.

AN = IM; usually in accidental or induced hypothermia; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D017694

 

Reye Syndrome

MS = An acute, potentially fatal metabolic disease seen primarily in children and characterized clinically by vomiting, hypoglycemia, and confusion, which may progress to coma. Pathologic features include cerebral edema and fatty infiltration of the liver and other organs. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1120)

UI = D012202

 

RGS Proteins

MS = A large family of evolutionarily conserved proteins that function as negative regulators of HETEROTRIMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. RGS PROTEINS act by increasing the GTPase activity of the G alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, causing it to revert to its inactive (GDP-bound) form.

AN = do not confuse with GTP-BINDING PROTEIN REGULATORS; not the same as RGS tripeptide

UI = D020710

 

Rh Isoimmunization

MS = The process by which fetal Rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an Rh- mother during delivery, causing her to produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of Rh- fetuses in subsequent pregnancies.

AN = a blood group incompatibility; note categories; use only Cat C qualif

UI = D012203

 

Rh-Hr Blood-Group System

MS = Erythrocyte isoantigens of the Rh (Rhesus) blood group system, the most complex of all human blood groups, because the genes differ by determining a different number of the over thirty antigens thus far described and do so with remarkably different quality. The major antigen Rh or D is the most common cause of erythroblastosis fetalis.

AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230

UI = D012204

 

Rhabdiasoidea

MS = A superfamily of intestinal nematode parasites containing one genus, STRONGYLOIDES, and several species. It is transmitted through fecal material onto the skin and occurs in animals and humans.

AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with RHABDITIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D012205

 

Rhabditida

MS = An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Its organisms are characterized by an annulated or smooth cuticle and the absence of caudal glands.

AN = an order of nematodes; do not confuse with the superfamily RHABDITOIDEA; infection = RHABDITIDA INFECTIONS

UI = D017168

 

Rhabditida Infections

MS = Infections with nematodes of the order RHABDITIDA.

AN = nematode infect

UI = D017196

 

Rhabditoidea

MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order RHABDITIDA. Characteristics include an open tube stoma and an excretory system with lateral canals.

AN = a superfamily of nematodes; do not confuse with the order RHABDITIDA; infection: coord IM with RHABDITIDA INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017172

 

Rhabdoid Tumor

MS = A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D018335

 

Rhabdomyolysis

MS = Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.

AN = "necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria": do not index under MYOGLOBINURIA unless this is particularly discussed & then probably NIM

UI = D012206

 

Rhabdomyoma

MS = A benign tumor derived from striated muscle. It is extremely rare, generally occurring in the tongue, neck muscles, larynx, uvula, nasal cavity, axilla, vulva, and heart. These tumors are treated by simple excision. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1354)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D012207

 

Rhabdomyosarcoma

MS = A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D012208

 

Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar

MS = A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. "Alveolar" refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)

AN = "alveolar" has nothing to do with pulm alveoli: it refers to sac-like pathol of musc affected; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018232

 

Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal

MS = A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018233

 

Rhabdoviridae

MS = A family of bullet-shaped viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, infecting vertebrates, arthropods, protozoa, and plants. Genera include VESICULOVIRUS; LYSSAVIRUS; EPHEMEROVIRUS; NOVIRHABDOVIRUS; Cytorhabdovirus; and Nucleorhabdovirus.

AN = infection = RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D012209

 

Rhabdoviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by RHABDOVIRIDAE. Important infections include RABIES; EPHEMERAL FEVER; and vesicular stomatitis.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018353

 

Rhadinovirus

MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting New World primates and other species. HERPESVIRUS 2, SAIMIRIINE is the type species.

AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018144

 

Rhamnaceae

MS = The buckthorn plant family, of the order Rhamnales, includes some species with edible fruits and some that are medicinal.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027823

 

Rhamnose

MS = A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

UI = D012210

 

Rhamnus

MS = A plant genus of the family RHAMNACEAE. Several species have been reclassified to the FRANGULA genus. It is often called buckthorn but should not be confused with other plants called that.

AN = RHAMMUS FRANGULA and RHAMMUS PURSHIANA see FRANGULA are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D005606

 

Rheas

MS = Members of the Rheiformes, a South American order of large, long-necked, long-legged, flightless birds, sometimes called American ostriches, though in a separate order from true OSTRICHES.

UI = D020311

 

Rhenium

MS = Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = Re-187; Re-185 = RHENIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Re-177-184, 186, 188-192 = RHENIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D012211

 

Rheology

MS = The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.

AN = the flow of liquids & plastic solids; usually NIM coord with no qualif; for non-plethysmographic rheography: for plethysmographic rheology, index under PLETHYSMOGRAPHY or its specifics; flowmeters: index under RHEOLOGY /instrum or LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY /instrum; DF: RHEOL

UI = D012212

 

Rheumatic Diseases

MS = Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.

AN = do not confuse with the specialty RHEUMATOLOGY; /drug ther: consider also ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS

UI = D012216

 

Rheumatic Fever

MS = A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with group A hemolytic streptococci and characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, especially of the heart, blood vessels, and joints (polyarthritis), and by the presence of Aschoff bodies in the myocardium and skin. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = Strep infect; rheum fever with heart dis, unspecified or specific = RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (IM) + the specific heart dis (IM or NIM), but not HEART DISEASES

UI = D012213

 

Rheumatic Heart Disease

MS = The most important manifestation of and sequel to rheumatic fever, i.e., any cardiac involvement in rheumatic fever. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = most important manifest of rheum fever; coord IM with specific dis of the heart (myocardium or valves) (IM or NIM)

UI = D012214

 

Rheumatic Nodule

MS = A small round or oval, mostly subcutaneous nodule made up chiefly of a mass of Aschoff bodies and seen in cases of rheumatic fever. It is differentiated from the RHEUMATOID NODULE which appears in rheumatoid arthritis, most frequently over bony prominences. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = in rheum fever; do not confuse with RHEUMATOID NODULE in rheum arthritis

UI = D012215

 

Rheumatoid Factor

MS = Antibodies directed against antigenic determinants, i.e., Gm (gamma chain), in the Fc region of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, found in the serum of about 80% of patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis, but in only about 20% of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factors may be IMMUNOGLOBULIN M, IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, or IMMUNOGLOBULIN A antibodies, although other serological tests measure only IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. Rheumatoid factors also occur in other connective tissue diseases and infectious diseases. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = an autoantibody

UI = D012217

 

Rheumatoid Nodule

MS = Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.

AN = in rheum arthritis; do not confuse with RHEUMATIC NODULE in rheum fever

UI = D012218

 

Rheumatology

MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis.

AN = SPEC only; SPEC qualif; field covers collagen dis, rheum dis & arthritis; DF: RHEUMATOL

UI = D012219

 

Rhinitis

MS = Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose.

AN = inflamm of nasal mucosa; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D012220

 

Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial

MS = Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.

AN = note X ref: do not confuse with RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL see HAY FEVER

UI = D012221

 

Rhinitis, Atrophic

MS = A chronic form of rhinitis marked by wasting of the mucous membrane and the glands. It is usually associated with crusting and foul-smelling discharges.

UI = D012222

 

Rhinitis, Vasomotor

MS = A form of rhinitis brought about by changes in vascular tone and permeability. The etiology is obscure.

AN = do not confuse with other RHINITIS headings; do not make diagnoses: use word of text

UI = D012223

 

Rhinomanometry

MS = Technique for measuring air pressure and the rate of airflow in the nasal cavity during respiration.

UI = D025363

 

Rhinometry, Acoustic

MS = Diagnostic measurement of the nose and its cavity through acoustic reflections. Used to measure nasal anatomical landmarks, nasal septal deviation, and nasal airway changes in response to allergen provocation tests (NASAL PROVOCATION TESTS).

UI = D023842

 

Rhinophyma

MS = A manifestation of severe ACNE ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias.

AN = enlargement of nose in severe acne rosacea

UI = D012224

 

Rhinoplasty

MS = A plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D012225

 

Rhinoscleroma

MS = A granulomatous disease affecting the nose and nasopharynx, usually ascribed to KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS. It occurs in Egypt, eastern Europe, and Central and South America.

UI = D012226

 

Rhinosporidiosis

UI = D012227

 

Rhinosporidium

MS = A genus of uncertain classification (incertae sedis) that causes rhinosporidiosis.

AN = infection = RHINOSPORIDIOSIS

UI = D012228

 

Rhinovirus

MS = A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes over 100 human serotypes associated with the COMMON COLD.

AN = infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also COMMON COLD

UI = D012229

 

Rhizobiaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.

AN = in soil, water & plants

UI = D012230

 

Rhizobium

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that produce nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. Members of this genus are common soil inhabitants.

UI = D012231

 

Rhizobium leguminosarum

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.

UI = D016961

 

Rhizoctonia

MS = A mitosporic Ceratobasidiaceae fungal genus that is an important plant pathogen affecting potatoes and other plants. There are numerous teleomorphs.

UI = D012232

 

Rhizome

MS = Root-like underground horizontal stem of plants that produces shoots above and roots below. Distinguished from true roots which don't have buds and nodes. Similar to true roots in being underground and thickened by storage deposits.

AN = coord with specific Plant

UI = D027343

 

Rhizomucor

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES.

AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D020103

 

Rhizopus

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, a common saprophyte and facultative parasite of mature fruits and vegetables. It may cause cerebral mycoses in diabetes and cutaneous infection in severely burned patients.

AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D012233

 

Rhizotomy

MS = Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = surg interruption of spinal and cranial nerve roots; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D019051

 

Rho Factor

MS = A protein which effects termination of RNA synthesis during the genetic transcription process by dissociating the ternary transcription complex RNA-RNA POLYMERASE DNA at the termination of a gene.

AN = in genetic transcription; do not confuse with blood RH FACTORS

UI = D012234

 

rho GTP-Binding Proteins

MS = A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D020741

 

Rho(D) Immune Globulin

MS = Immunizing agent containing IMMUNOGLOBULIN G anti-Rho(D) used for preventing Rh immunization in Rh-negative individuals exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells.

UI = D018029

 

rhoA GTP-Binding Protein

MS = A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RHOA PROTEIN

UI = D020742

 

rhoB GTP-Binding Protein

MS = A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating a signal transduction pathway that controls assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: RHOB PROTEIN

UI = D020743

 

Rhodamine 123

MS = A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for P-glycoprotein and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30)

UI = D020112

 

Rhodamines

MS = A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.

AN = RHODAMINE 123 is available

UI = D012235

 

Rhodanine

AN = do not confuse with RHODAMINES or rhodanide

UI = D012236

 

Rhode Island

UI = D012237

 

Rhodiola

MS = A plant genus of the family CRASSULACEAE. Members contain rhodioloside. This roseroot is unrelated to the familiar rose (ROSA). Some species in this genus are called stonecrop which is also a common name for SEDUM.

AN = do not confuse X ref ROSEROOT with ROSE see ROSA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029771

 

Rhodium

MS = Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = Rh-103; Rh-97-102, 104-110 = RHODIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D012238

 

Rhodnius

MS = A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.

AN = vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111;

UI = D012239

 

Rhodobacter

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.

AN = in fresh & sea water

UI = D016992

 

Rhodobacter capsulatus

MS = Non-pathogenic ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed and found in fresh water as well as marine and hypersaline habitats.

AN = in fresh & marine water

UI = D016354

 

Rhodobacter sphaeroides

MS = Spherical phototrophic bacteria found in mud and stagnant water exposed to light.

AN = in mud & stagnant water

UI = D012242

 

Rhodococcus

MS = A bacterial genus of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.

AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D012240

 

Rhodococcus equi

MS = A species of RHODOCOCCUS found in soil, herbivore dung, and in the intestinal tract of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs. It causes bronchopneumonia in foals and can be responsible for infection in humans compromised by immunosuppressive drug therapy, lymphoma, or AIDS.

AN = in soil, dung, cows, sheep, pigs as well as horses (equ-); infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016929

 

Rhododendron

MS = A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029793

 

Rhodomicrobium vannielii

MS = A species of ovoid-shaped bacteria with polar growth and a characteristic vegetative growth cycle. Cells grow preferably photoheterotrophically under anaerobic conditions in the light, but will also grow under microaerobic or aerobic conditions in the dark. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020623

 

Rhodopseudomonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

AN = in mud & stagnant water

UI = D012241

 

Rhodopsin

MS = A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of RETINALDEHYDE, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein OPSIN and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain.

AN = do not confuse with ROD_OPSIN see OPSIN

UI = D012243

 

Rhodopsins, Microbial

MS = Rhodopsin molecules found in microorganisms such as ARCHAEA and PROTEOBACTERIA.

AN = Do not confuse X ref BACTERIAL RHODOPSINS with BACTERIORHODOPSINS

UI = D025604

 

Rhodospirillaceae

MS = Phototrophic bacteria isolated from stagnant water and mud.

AN = in water & mud

UI = D012244

 

Rhodospirillales

MS = An order of photosynthetic bacteria representing a physiological community of predominantly aquatic bacteria.

AN = in water

UI = D012245

 

Rhodospirillum

MS = A genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. Its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments.

AN = in mud & stagnant water

UI = D012246

 

Rhodospirillum rubrum

MS = Vibrio- to spiral-shaped phototrophic bacteria found in stagnant water and mud exposed to light.

AN = in mud & stagnant water

UI = D012247

 

Rhodotorula

MS = A red yeast-like mitosporic fungal genus generally regarded as nonpathogenic. It is cultured from numerous sources in human patients.

UI = D012248

 

Rhombencephalon

MS = That part of the brain stem constituting the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (myelencephalon) and PONS (metencephalon).

AN = includes the MEDULLA OBLONGATA (myelencephalon) & PONS (metencephalon)

UI = D012249

 

Rhubarb

MS = Rheum officinale (Baill.), R. palmatum (L.), and other species of Polygonaceae that contain chrysophanic acid, rhein, EMODIN, and other anthraquinones. The roots were formerly used as purgatives.

AN = as plant, food & materia medica; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

UI = D012250

 

Rhus

MS = A plant genus of the family Anacardiaceae, order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae. It is a source of gallotannin (TANNIC ACID) and of somewhat edible fruit. Do not confuse with TOXICODENDRON which used to be part of this genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029045

 

Rhythm Method

MS = A contraceptive method whereby abstinence is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012252

 

Rhytidoplasty

MS = Plastic surgery performed, usually by excision of skin, for the elimination of wrinkles from the skin.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; if of the face, do not coord with FACE or SKIN or related concept

UI = D015361

 

Rib Fractures

UI = D012253

 

Ribavirin

MS = A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

UI = D012254

 

Ribes

MS = A plant genus of the family GROSSULARIACEAE. GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID is obtained from the black currant oil of the seeds.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031965

 

Ribitol

MS = A sugar alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose.

UI = D012255

 

Riboflavin

MS = Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

AN = a B vitamin

UI = D012256

 

Riboflavin Deficiency

MS = A dietary deficiency of riboflavin causing a syndrome chiefly marked by cheilitis, angular stomatitis, glossitis associated with a purplish red or magenta-colored tongue that may show fissures, corneal vascularization, dyssebacia, and anemia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a vitamin B defic

UI = D012257

 

Riboflavin Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of riboflavin from two molecules of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, utilizing a four-carbon fragment from one molecule which is transferred to the second molecule. EC 2.5.1.9.

UI = D012258

 

Ribonuclease H, Calf Thymus

MS = A ribonuclease that specifically cleaves the RNA moiety of RNA:DNA hybrids. It has been isolated from a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms (particularly calf thymus) as well as retroviruses. EC 3.1.26.4.

AN = despite name, ribonuclease H from other sources goes here; DF: note short X ref

UI = D016914

 

Ribonuclease T1

MS = An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.

UI = D006163

 

Ribonuclease, Pancreatic

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pancreatic ribonucleic acids to 3'-phosphomono- and oligonucleotides ending in cytidylic or uridylic acids with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. EC 3.1.27.5.

UI = D012259

 

Ribonucleases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D012260

 

Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear

MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U1 snRNP along with other small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U2, U4-U6, and U5) assemble into SPLICEOSOMES that remove introns from pre-mRNA by splicing. The U1 snRNA forms base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the 5'-splice site and recognizes both the 5'- and 3'-splice sites and may have a fundamental role in aligning the two sites for the splicing reaction.

UI = D017412

 

Ribonucleoprotein, U2 Small Nuclear

MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U2 snRNP along with other small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U1, U4-U6, and U5) assemble into SPLICEOSOMES that remove introns from pre-mRNA by splicing. The U2 snRNA forms base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the branch point, which associates with a heat- and RNAase-sensitive factor in an early step of splicing.

UI = D017413

 

Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear

MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U4-U6 snRNP along with the U5 snRNP preassemble into a single 25S particle that binds to the U1 and U2 snRNPs and the substrate to form mature SPLICEOSOMES. There is also evidence for the existence of individual U4 or U6 snRNPs in addition to their organization as a U4-U6 snRNP.

UI = D017414

 

Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear

MS = A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U5 snRNP along with U4-U6 snRNP preassemble into a single 25S particle that binds to the U1 and U2 snRNPs and the substrate to form SPLICEOSOMES.

UI = D017415

 

Ribonucleoprotein, U7 Small Nuclear

MS = This ribonucleoprotein particle, composed of U7 snRNA, Sm core protein, and U7 snRNP-specific proteins, is involved in the 3'end processing of histone premessenger RNAs.

UI = D020885

 

Ribonucleoproteins

MS = Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).

UI = D012261

 

Ribonucleoproteins, Small Cytoplasmic

MS = Complexes of scRNA (RNA, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC) and protein found in the cytoplasm. An example is SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE.

UI = D020736

 

Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear

MS = Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus (see RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEOLAR).

UI = D017411

 

Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nucleolar

MS = Nucleolar RNA-protein complexes that function in pre-ribosomal RNA processing.

UI = D020718

 

Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase

MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1.

UI = D012262

 

Ribonucleosides

MS = Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = deoxy or desoxy = DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDES

UI = D012263

 

Ribonucleotide Reductases

UI = D012264

 

Ribonucleotides

MS = Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = deoxy or desoxy = DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES

UI = D012265

 

Ribose

MS = A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.

UI = D012266

 

Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate from ATP and ribose-5-phosphate. EC 2.7.6.1.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D012268

 

Ribosemonophosphates

MS = Ribose substituted in the 1-, 3-, or 5-position by a phosphoric acid moiety.

UI = D012267

 

Ribosomal Protein S6

MS = A ribosomal protein that may play a role in controlling cell growth and proliferation. It is a major substrate of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES and plays a role in regulating the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNAs that contain an RNA 5' TERMINAL OLIGOPYRIMIDINE SEQUENCE.

UI = D038601

 

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

MS = A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphoylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' TOP MRNAS. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

UI = D019893

 

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70kD

MS = A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KD the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kD proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kD variants being formed.

UI = D038762

 

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90kD

MS = A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinquished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN KINASES, 70KD by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

UI = D038744

 

Ribosomal Proteins

MS = Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D012269

 

Ribosomes

MS = A class of multicomponent structures found in all cells, in mitochondria, and chloroplasts. They have roles both in the genetic translation of transcripts and in the manufacture and secretion of the proteins. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D012270

 

Ribostamycin

MS = A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.

UI = D012271

 

Ribotyping

MS = RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

UI = D021521

 

Ribs

AN = /inj permitted: do not coord with THORACIC INJURIES but note RIB FRACTURES is available

UI = D012272

 

Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase

MS = A copper protein that catalyzes the formation of 2 moles of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate in the presence of carbon dioxide. It utilizes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to form 2-phosphoglycollate and 3-phosphoglycerate. EC 4.1.1.39.

UI = D012273

 

Ribulosephosphates

MS = Ribulose substituted by one or more phosphoric acid moieties.

UI = D012274

 

Ricin

MS = A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

AN = /antag: consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D012276

 

Ricinoleic Acids

UI = D012277

 

Ricinus

MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. The seed of Ricinus communis L. is the CASTOR BEAN which is the source of CASTOR OIL; RICIN; and other lectins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D012278

 

Rickets

MS = A condition caused by deficiency of VITAMIN D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanels, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = consider also VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY & note next entry

UI = D012279

 

Rickettsia

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.

AN = classified with bacteria; infection = RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS or their specifics: see notes on species terms for various infections; Rickettsia quintana infection = TRENCH FEVER; RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI see ORIENTIA TSUTSUGMUSHI is available

UI = D012281

 

Rickettsia akari

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that causes rickettsialpox. The vector is a mouse mite and the reservoirs are mites and mice.

AN = infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D041141

 

Rickettsia conorii

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of BOUTONNEUSE FEVER. It resembles RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII but is antigenically distinct and less virulent for animals and man. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1)

AN = infection = BOUTONNEUSE FEVER

UI = D020114

 

Rickettsia felis

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria transmitted by the flea Ctenocephalides felis, and known to infect CATS, opposums, and humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D041161

 

Rickettsia Infections

MS = Infections by the genus RICKETTSIA.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific infection as shown at the various RICKETTSIA species; infection by genus RICKETTSIA: do not confuse with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS ("infections with rickettsias of the Family RICKETTSIACEAE"); Rickettsia conorii infection = BOUTONNEUSE FEVER; Rickettsia quintana infection = TRENCH FEVER

UI = D012282

 

Rickettsia prowazekii

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus fever acquired through contact with lice (TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE) as well as Brill's disease.

AN = infection = TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE

UI = D012283

 

Rickettsia rickettsii

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. Its cells are slightly smaller and more uniform in size than those of RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII.

AN = infection = ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

UI = D012284

 

Rickettsia typhi

MS = The etiologic agent of murine typhus (see TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE).

AN = infection = TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE

UI = D012286

 

Rickettsiaceae

MS = A family of small, gram-negative organisms, often parasitic in humans and other animals, causing diseases that may be transmitted by invertebrate vectors.

AN = a family: do not confuse with RICKETTSIEAE, a tribe; infection = RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS

UI = D012287

 

Rickettsiaceae Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE.

AN = gram-neg bact "infections with rickettsias of the family RICKETTSIACEAE": do not confuse with RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS (infection by genus RICKETTSIA)

UI = D012288

 

Rickettsial Vaccines

MS = Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by various species of Rickettsia.

AN = coord IM with specific Rickettsia /immunol (IM)

UI = D012290

 

Rickettsiales

MS = An order of gram-negative bacteria including many that may cause disease in man or in other vertebrate or invertebrate hosts.

AN = an order classified with bacteria; infection = RICKETTSIALES INFECTIONS

UI = D012291

 

Rickettsiales Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the order RICKETTSIALES.

AN = infect with gram-neg bact of order RICKETTSIALES: do not confuse with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (family) or RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS (genus); GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: RICKETTSIALES INFECT

UI = D016872

 

Rickettsieae

MS = A tribe of gram-negative bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE whose organisms are found in arthropods and are pathogenic for man and certain other vertebrate hosts.

AN = a tribe: do not confuse with RICKETTSIACEAE, a family; infection: coord IM with RICKETTSIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016996

 

Rifabutin

MS = A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.

UI = D017828

 

Rifampin

MS = A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

UI = D012293

 

Rifamycins

MS = A group of antibiotics characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known antibiotics. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.

UI = D012294

 

Rift Valley Fever

MS = A febrile disease resembling dengue. It is caused by a mosquito-borne arbovirus.

AN = a hemorrhagic fever caused by a bunyavirus; in man or animal; in animal do not use /vet but check tag ANIMAL

UI = D012295

 

Rift Valley fever virus

MS = A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.

AN = infection = RIFT VALLEY FEVER

UI = D012296

 

Right to Die

MS = The right of the patient or the patient's representative to make decisions with regard to the patient's dying.

AN = differentiate from ALLOWING TO DIE see EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE

UI = D012297

 

Rigor Mortis

MS = Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days.

UI = D012298

 

Riluzole

MS = A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.

UI = D019782

 

Rimantadine

MS = An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.

UI = D012299

 

Rinderpest

MS = A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by MORBILLIVIRUS. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract.

UI = D012301

 

Rinderpest virus

MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. Sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order Artiodactyla can also be infected.

AN = infection = RINDERPEST

UI = D012302

 

Ring Chromosomes

MS = Aberrant chromosomes with no ends, i.e., circular.

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with chromosome rings ( = CHROMOSOME BANDING) or DNA, CIRCULAR

UI = D012303

 

Rioprostil

MS = A synthetic methylprostaglandin E1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. It is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. The drug also prevents cyclosporin A-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. It shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies.

UI = D016630

 

Riot Control Agents, Chemical

MS = Chemical substances which are employed during a riot in order to control or disperse the rioting parties.

UI = D012304

 

Riots

MS = A form of violent crowd behavior which expresses the emotional release of resentments and prejudices, usually relevant to grievances toward the social system.

UI = D012305

 

Risk

MS = The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

AN = IM GEN only; for risk as a statis concept; note other risk terms in MeSH

UI = D012306

 

Risk Adjustment

MS = The use of severity-of-illness measures, such as age, to estimate the risk (measurable or predictable chance of loss, injury or death) to which a patient is subject before receiving some health care intervention. This adjustment allows comparison of performance and quality across organizations, practitioners, and communities. (from JCAHO, Lexikon, 1994)

UI = D020379

 

Risk Assessment

MS = The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

AN = coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); DF: RISK ASSESS

UI = D018570

 

Risk Factors

MS = An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

AN = human & animal; an epidemiol concept for risk factors in dis, surg, etc.: do not confuse with RISK, a statist concept & aspect of probability; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D012307

 

Risk Management

MS = The process of minimizing risk to an organization by developing systems to identify and analyze potential hazards to prevent accidents, injuries, and other adverse occurrences, and by attempting to handle events and incidents which do occur in such a manner that their effect and cost are minimized. Effective risk management has its greatest benefits in application to insurance in order to avert or minimize financial liability. (From Slee & Slee: Health care terms, 2d ed)

UI = D012308

 

Risk Reduction Behavior

MS = Reduction of high-risk choices and adoption of low-risk quantity and frequency alternatives.

UI = D040242

 

Risk Sharing, Financial

MS = Any system which allows payors to share some of the financial risk associated with a particular patient population with providers. Providers agree to adhere to fixed fee schedules in exchange for an increase in their payor base and a chance to benefit from cost containment measures. Common risk-sharing methods are prospective payment schedules (PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM), capitation (CAPITATION FEES), diagnosis-related fees (DIAGNOSIS-RELATED GROUPS), and pre-negotiated fees.

UI = D020414

 

Risk-Taking

MS = Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012309

 

Risperidone

MS = A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia.

UI = D018967

 

Ristocetin

MS = An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.

UI = D012310

 

Ritanserin

MS = A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.

UI = D016713

 

Ritodrine

MS = Adrenergic beta-agonist used to control premature labor.

UI = D012312

 

Ritonavir

MS = An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV.

UI = D019438

 

RNA

MS = A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

AN = /immunol: consider also IMMUNE RNA MANIPULATION see IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE

UI = D012313

 

RNA 3' End Processing

MS = The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.

UI = D026721

 

RNA 3' Polyadenylation Signals

MS = Sequences found near the 3' end of MESSENGER RNA that direct the cleavage and addition of multiple ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES to the 3' end of mRNA.

UI = D039104

 

RNA 5' Terminal Oligopyrimidine Sequence

MS = A regulatory sequence found in the 5' terminal regions of a variety of RNA species. The sequence starts with a CYTIDINE, which is followed by a stretch of 5 to 15 PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES. Messenger RNA that contains the 5' Terminal OligoPyrimidine tract is often referred to as 5' TOP mRNA. The sequence acts as a translational regulator and has been found in mRNAs for PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS and RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.

UI = D038641

 

RNA Cap Analogs

MS = Analogs of RNA cap compounds which do not have a positive charge. These compounds inhibit the initiation of translation of both capped and uncapped messenger RNA.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D012314

 

RNA Cap-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins that specifically bind to 5' MRNA CAP STRUCTURE and form nuclear cap binding protein complexes. In addition to stabilizing the 5' end of mRNAs, they serve a diverse array of functions such as enhancing mRNA transport out of the NUCLEUS and regulating MRNA TRANSLATION in the CYTOPLASM.

UI = D039381

 

RNA Caps

MS = Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D012315

 

RNA Editing

MS = A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

AN = a type of post-transcriptional RNA processing

UI = D017393

 

RNA Helicases

MS = A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation. EC 2.7.7.-.

UI = D020365

 

RNA Interference

MS = A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX (RISC). DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

UI = D034622

 

RNA Ligase (ATP)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

AN = do not confuse X ref POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE with X refs POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE SYNTHETASES or POLYNUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES

UI = D011130

 

RNA Nucleotidyltransferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.

UI = D012316

 

RNA Phages

MS = Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol

UI = D012317

 

RNA Polymerase I

MS = A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

UI = D012318

 

RNA Polymerase II

MS = A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

UI = D012319

 

RNA Polymerase III

MS = A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.

UI = D012320

 

RNA Precursors

MS = RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

AN = coord with specific RNA

UI = D012322

 

RNA Probes

MS = RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.

AN = usually no qualif: /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D015347

 

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional

MS = Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

AN = coord IM with specific RNA /metab (IM); DF: RNA PROC POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL

UI = D012323

 

RNA Replicase

MS = An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)

UI = D012324

 

RNA Splice Sites

MS = Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of exons and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by the SPLICESOME. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.

UI = D022821

 

RNA Splicing

MS = The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

AN = note category: a physiol process taking place within the cell nucleus; do not confuse with DNA, RECOMBINANT; CLONING, MOLECULAR or GENETIC INTERVENTION

UI = D012326

 

RNA Stability

MS = The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation under changing conditions in the cell or during isolation, purification, storage or other physical or chemical manipulations.

UI = D020871

 

RNA Transport

MS = The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.

UI = D034443

 

RNA Virus Infections

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RNA VIRUS INFECT

UI = D012327

 

RNA Viruses

MS = Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; infection = RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D012328

 

RNA, Antisense

MS = RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

UI = D016372

 

RNA, Archaeal

MS = Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with specific archaeon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D019642

 

RNA, Bacterial

MS = Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with specific bacterium (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: RNA BACT

UI = D012329

 

RNA, Catalytic

MS = RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme-like catalytic activity. This intron sequence has been shown to fold up to form a complex surface that can function like an enzyme in reactions with other RNA molecules and thus synthesize new molecules even in the absence of protein.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016337

 

RNA, Chloroplast

MS = Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with PLANTS; ALGAE; or specific plant or alga (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D018747

 

RNA, Complementary

MS = Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018075

 

RNA, Double-Stranded

MS = RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: DSRNA

UI = D012330

 

RNA, Fungal

MS = Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with specific fungus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D012331

 

RNA, Guide

MS = Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.

AN = plays a major role in RNA EDITING; DF: note short X ref

UI = D017394

 

RNA, Helminth

MS = Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with specific helminth; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D018510

 

RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear

MS = Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HNRNA

UI = D012332

 

RNA, Messenger

MS = RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012333

 

RNA, Messenger, Stored

MS = Messenger RNA that is stored in a masked state for translation at a later time. Distinguish from RNA, UNTRANSLATED which refers to non-messenger RNA, i.e. RNA that does not code for protein.

AN = do not confuse with RNA, UNTRANSLATED; DF: STORED MRNA

UI = D023121

 

RNA, Neoplasm

MS = RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; coord with required neopl term(s) (IM); Manual 24.4.4.2; DF: RNA NEOPL

UI = D012334

 

RNA, Nuclear

MS = RNA molecules found in the nucleus either associated with chromosomes or in the nucleoplasm.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D015138

 

RNA, Plant

MS = Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with specific plant (IM or NIM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D018749

 

RNA, Protozoan

MS = Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

AN = IM; coord with specific protozoon (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016053

 

RNA, Ribosomal

MS = The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; RRNA OPERON is also available

UI = D012335

 

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

MS = Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 16S RRNA

UI = D012336

 

RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

MS = Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 18S RRNA

UI = D012337

 

RNA, Ribosomal, 23S

MS = Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 23S RRNA

UI = D012338

 

RNA, Ribosomal, 28S

MS = Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 28S RRNA

UI = D012339

 

RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S

MS = Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 58S RRNA

UI = D012340

 

RNA, Ribosomal, 5S

MS = Constituent of the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. It is also a constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: 5S RRNA

UI = D012341

 

RNA, Satellite

MS = Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)

AN = RNA molecules acting as molecular parasites of various RNA plant viruses; coord IM with specific plant virus /genet (IM or NIM) but note that CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS SATELLITE is available

UI = D019244

 

RNA, Small Cytoplasmic

MS = Small RNAs found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC).

UI = D020733

 

RNA, Small Interfering

MS = Small ANTISENSE RNAs (20 -25 nucleotides) that are generated from specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) which trigger targeted mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) degradation (RNA INTERFERENCE). They serve as guides for the cleavage of homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. The same ribonuclease, Dicer, that is required for processing of the dsRNAs to siRNA is also involved in processing MICRORNAS (miRNAs) from their precursor RNAs.

AN = Do not confuse with defective interfering RNA (diRNA), a viral RNA (RNA, VIRAL) of DEFECTIVE VIRUSES.

UI = D034741

 

RNA, Small Nuclear

MS = Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

AN = DF: SNRNA

UI = D012342

 

RNA, Small Nucleolar

MS = Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.

UI = D020537

 

RNA, Spliced Leader

MS = The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).

AN = do not confuse with LEADER SEQUENCES, MRNA see 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION

UI = D020038

 

RNA, Transfer

MS = The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; for suppressor transfer RNA coord with GENES, SUPPRESSOR or SUPPRESSION, GENETIC

UI = D012343

 

RNA, Transfer, Ala

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012344

 

RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific

MS = A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer available tRNA terms naming the specific amino acids; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: TRNA AA SPECIFIC

UI = D012345

 

RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl

MS = Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: TRNA AMINO ACYL

UI = D012346

 

RNA, Transfer, Arg

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012347

 

RNA, Transfer, Asn

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying asparagine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012348

 

RNA, Transfer, Asp

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying aspartic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012349

 

RNA, Transfer, Cys

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying cysteine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012350

 

RNA, Transfer, Gln

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012351

 

RNA, Transfer, Glu

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012352

 

RNA, Transfer, Gly

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012353

 

RNA, Transfer, His

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying histidine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012354

 

RNA, Transfer, Ile

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying isoleucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012355

 

RNA, Transfer, Leu

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012356

 

RNA, Transfer, Lys

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012357

 

RNA, Transfer, Met

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. During initiation of protein synthesis, tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (CODON, INITIATOR).

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012358

 

RNA, Transfer, Phe

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012360

 

RNA, Transfer, Pro

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying proline to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012361

 

RNA, Transfer, Ser

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012362

 

RNA, Transfer, Thr

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying threonine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012363

 

RNA, Transfer, Trp

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tryptophan to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012364

 

RNA, Transfer, Tyr

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012365

 

RNA, Transfer, Val

MS = A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying valine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D012366

 

RNA, Untranslated

MS = RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA; (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated they are not included here.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; do not confuse with RNA, MESSENGER, STORED

UI = D022661

 

RNA, Viral

MS = Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

AN = IM; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; coord with specific virus (IM)

UI = D012367

 

RNA-Binding Protein EWS

MS = A ubiquitous hnRNP protein found in the NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM. Translocations that result in the formation of fusion proteins containing parts of RNA-binding protein EWS may play a role in neoplastic processes such as Ewing Sarcoma (SARCOMA, EWING'S).

UI = D034802

 

RNA-Binding Protein FUS

MS = A multifunctional heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein that may play a role in homologous DNA pairing and recombination. The N-terminal portion of protein is a potent transcriptional activator, while the C terminus is required for RNA binding. The name FUS refers to the fact that genetic recombination events result in fusion oncogene proteins (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION) that contain the N-terminal region of this protein. These fusion proteins have been found in myxoid liposarcoma (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID) and acute myeloid leukemia.

UI = D034702

 

RNA-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D016601

 

RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

MS = An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.

UI = D012194

 

RNA-Induced Silencing Complex

MS = A multicomponent, ribonucleoprotein complex that cleaves specific mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER) which are targeted for degradation by homologous dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) during the process of RNA INTERFERENCE. It includes siRNA (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING) that is generated from the specific dsRNA.

UI = D034743

 

Ro 20-1724

MS = Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.

UI = D012368

 

Ro 4-1284

MS = Proposed catecholamine depletor.

UI = D012369

 

Robenidine

MS = An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.

UI = D012370

 

Robinia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains linarin (acaciin) and LECTINS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031301

 

Robotics

MS = The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.

UI = D012371

 

ROC Curve

MS = A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

AN = ROC: note 1st X ref; no qualif

UI = D012372

 

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

MS = An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.

AN = caused by Rickettsia rickettsii; for X ref, in titles & translations use diacrit: São Paulo

UI = D012373

 

Rod Outer Segments

MS = The portion of the retinal rod cell between the inner segment and the pigment epithelium layer of the retina.

UI = D012374

 

Rodent Control

MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous rodents through chemical, biological, or other means.

AN = coord IM with specific rodent (IM)

UI = D012375

 

Rodent Diseases

MS = Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific rodent dis (IM); coord IM with specific rodent (IM); don't forget also RODENTIA (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: RODENT DIS

UI = D012376

 

Rodentia

MS = A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics;

UI = D012377

 

Rodenticides

MS = Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents.

AN = specify rodent if pertinent but not with /drug eff

UI = D012378

 

Rods (Retina)

MS = One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.

AN = photoreceptors in vertebrate retina; DF: RODS

UI = D017948

 

Role

MS = The expected and characteristic pattern of behavior exhibited by an individual as a member of a particular social group.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D012380

 

Role Playing

MS = The adopting or performing the role of another significant individual in order to gain insight into the behavior of that person.

AN = no qualif

UI = D012381

 

Rolipram

MS = A phosphodiesterase inhibitor with antidepressant properties.

UI = D020889

 

Rolitetracycline

MS = A semisynthetic antibiotic prepared from TETRACYCLINE. It is usually administered as an injection.

UI = D012382

 

Rollinia

MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. Members contain aporphines, acetogenins and rollinone.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031045

 

Roman World

MS = A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the political domination and influence of ancient Rome, bringing to the conquered people the Roman civilization and culture from 753 B.C. to the beginning of the imperial rule under Augustus in 27 B.C. The early city built on seven hills grew to conquer Sicily, Sardinia, Carthage, Gaul, Spain, Britain, Greece, Asia Minor, etc., and extended ultimately from Mesopotamia to the Atlantic. Roman medicine was almost entirely in Greek hands, but Rome, with its superior water system, remains a model of sanitation and hygiene. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed pp196-99; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, pp107-120)

AN = note category; lands & peoples under influence of Roman civilization & culture; IM; do not confuse with ROME, the city, a Category Z term for the ancient & modern city

UI = D018644

 

Romania

AN = do not spell Roumania; despite current spelling, (RUM) continues to be the language symbol

UI = D012383

 

Romano-Ward Syndrome

MS = An autosomal dominant LONG QT SYNDROME, without deafness.

UI = D029597

 

Rome

AN = the city ancient or modern Rome: do not confuse with ROMAN WORLD (see MeSH definition); Manual 36.14

UI = D012384

 

Ronidazole

MS = Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.

UI = D012385

 

Rooming-in Care

MS = Care of the newborn infant in a crib near the mother's bed, instead of in a nursery, during the hospital stay.

AN = care of a neonate in a crib near the mother's bed in a hosp; check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN

UI = D012386

 

Root Canal Filling Materials

MS = Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)

AN = IM; coord with specific material if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif

UI = D012387

 

Root Canal Irrigants

MS = Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

AN = D25-D26 qualif

UI = D012388

 

Root Canal Obturation

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D012389

 

Root Canal Preparation

MS = Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)

AN = preparatory activities leading to treatment of pulp dis ( = ROOT CANAL THERAPY); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum: reamers & broaches go here

UI = D018915

 

Root Canal Therapy

MS = A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; the corresponding specialty is ENDODONTICS; reamers & broaches: index under ROOT CANAL PREPARATION /instrum; DF: ROOT CANAL THER

UI = D012390

 

Root Caries

MS = Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.

AN = caries of root, cementum or cervical portion of tooth

UI = D017213

 

Root Planing

MS = A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.

AN = in periodontal ther to smooth root surface or cementum; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with ROOT SCALING see DENTAL SCALING

UI = D016745

 

Root Resorption

MS = Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = loss of cementum or dentin from root of tooth; only Cat C qualif

UI = D012391

 

Rorippa

MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that includes several marshy plants. The common name of watercress is also used for NASTURTIUM & TROPAEOLUM.

AN = RORIPPA NASTURTIUM-AQUATICUM see NASTURTIUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031225

 

Rorschach Test

MS = A projective test used to evaluate a broad range of personality variables including pathology of thought and perception. The subject's responses to inkblot prints are scored along with subjective interpretation by the test administrator.

UI = D012392

 

Rosa

MS = A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE and order Rosales. This should not be confused with the genus RHODIOLA which is sometimes called roseroot.

AN = do not confuse with roseroot = Rhodiola; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027826

 

Rosaceae

MS = The rose plant family in the order ROSALES and class Magnoliopsida. They are generally woody plants. A number of the species of this family contain cyanogenic compounds.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027824

 

Rosales

MS = An order of the ANGIOSPERMS, subclass Rosidae. Its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D019685

 

Rosaniline Dyes

MS = Any dye or mixture of dyes made from rosaniline, a red triphenylmethane aniline derivative.

UI = D012394

 

Rose Bengal

MS = A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.

AN = D25-26n qualif

UI = D012395

 

Roseolovirus

MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, whose viruses have been isolated from lymphocytes. HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN is the type species.

AN = infection = ROSEOLOVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D019211

 

Roseolovirus Infections

MS = Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.

AN = caused by a genus of the family Herpesviridae

UI = D019349

 

Rosette Formation

MS = The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells.

AN = an immunol technique

UI = D012397

 

Rosmarinus

MS = A plant genus of the LAMIACEAE family. It is known as a spice and medicinal plant.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027542

 

Ross river virus

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS associated with epidemic EXANTHEMA and polyarthritis in Australia.

AN = infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D012398

 

Rotation

MS = Motion of a rigid body in which either one point is fixed, or all the points on a straight line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = /adv eff permitted; rotation of a body part on its axis is TORSION

UI = D012399

 

Rotator Cuff

MS = The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the HUMERUS in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the SHOULDER JOINT about its longitudinal axis.

UI = D017006

 

Rotavirus

MS = A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.

AN = infection = ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D012401

 

Rotavirus Infections

MS = Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.

AN = caused by a reovirus

UI = D012400

 

Rotavirus Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.

UI = D022243

 

Rotenone

MS = A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D012402

 

Rotifera

MS = A class of minute animals of the phylum Aschelminthes.

AN = an aschelminth

UI = D012403

 

Round Ligament

MS = A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus.

AN = an adnexal ligament

UI = D012404

 

Round Window

MS = Fenestra of the cochlea; an opening in the medial wall of the middle ear leading into the cochlea.

AN = do not confuse with OVAL WINDOW in vestib appar

UI = D012405

 

Roxarsone

MS = An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.

UI = D012406

 

Roxithromycin

MS = Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections.

UI = D015575

 

rRNA Operon

MS = Genetic loci which direct transcription of ribosomal RNA in bacterial operons. They are designated rrnB, rrnC, rrnD, etc. according to the structural position of the transcription unit in the DNA sequence.

UI = D012407

 

Rubber

MS = A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (LATEX) of HEAVEA brasiliensis and other trees and plants. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to at least twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including STYRENE, ACRYLONITRILE, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene.

UI = D012408

 

Rubber Dams

MS = Sheets of latex rubber punched and placed over the teeth during dental procedures to isolate the field of operation from the rest of the oral cavity (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). Rubber dams are useful in preventing the swallowing of instruments or restorations during dental work.

AN = to isolate operative field during dent proced; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016733

 

Rubella

MS = An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. (From Dorland, 27th edition)

AN = caused by a rubivirus, RUBELLA VIRUS: do not confuse with RUBULAVIRUS, a paramyxovirus; do not confuse with RUBEOLA see MEASLES; French for rubella = rubéole, Ital for rubella = rubeola, Span for rubella = rubéola or roséola epidemica; /congen: consider also RUBELLA SYNDROME, CONGENITAL

UI = D012409

 

Rubella Syndrome, Congenital

MS = Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = caused by a rubivirus; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; restrict to syndrome: see MeSH definition; otherwise RUBELLA /congen permitted

UI = D012410

 

Rubella Vaccine

MS = A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D012411

 

Rubella virus

MS = The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.

AN = do not confuse with RUBULAVIRUS, a RESPIROVIRUS; infection = RUBELLA

UI = D012412

 

Rubiaceae

MS = The Madder plant family of the order Rubiales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida includes important medicinal plants that provide QUININE; IPECAC; and COFFEE. They have opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules.

AN = do not confuse X ref CRUCIATA with crucifers (CRUCIFERAE); prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D019666

 

Rubidium

MS = An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.

AN = an alkali metal; Rb-85; Rb-79-84, 86-95 = RUBIDIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D012413

 

Rubidium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of rubidium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Rb atoms with atomic weights 79-84, and 86-95 are radioactive rubidium isotopes.

AN = Rb-79-84, 86-95; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D012414

 

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome

MS = A chromosomal disorder characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, beaked nose, short upper lip, pouting lower lip, agenesis of corpus callosum, large foramen magnum, keloid formation, pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies, chest wall anomalies, sleep apnea, and megacolon. The disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is associated with deletions of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3).

UI = D012415

 

Rubivirus

MS = A genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE containing only one recognized species, RUBELLA VIRUS. Transmission is primarily by aerosolization.

AN = a genus of the family Togaviridae; from Latin rub-, red, with reference to the type species RUBELLA VIRUS (Latin rubella, reddish, a disease showing a generalized reddish rash); infection = RUBIVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D018132

 

Rubivirus Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the RUBIVIRUS genus, of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.

AN = caused by a togavirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018355

 

Rubredoxins

MS = A class of iron-sulfur proteins that contains one iron coordinated to the sulfur atom of four cysteine residues. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

AN = a ferredoxin

UI = D012416

 

Rubulavirus

MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the species have hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities but lack a C protein. MUMPS VIRUS is the type species.

AN = do not confuse with RUBELLA VIRUS, a rubivirus; infection = RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D019213

 

Rubulavirus Infections

MS = Infections with viruses of the genus RUBULAVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with RUBELLA VIRUS infections ( = RUBELLA)

UI = D019351

 

Rudbeckia

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Some Rudbeckia species have been reclassified to ECHINACEA; RATIBIDA; or HELIANTHUS.

AN = X ref CONEFLOWER, ORANGE: CONEFLOWER, PURPLE see ECHINACEA and CONEFLOWER, PRAIRIE see RATIBIDA are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036582

 

Rudiviridae

MS = Family of rod-shaped DNA viruses infecting ARCHAEA. They lack viral envelopes or lipids.

AN = coord with specific Archaea /virol

UI = D023642

 

Rumen

MS = The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

AN = a ruminant's 1st stomach; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type /vet (IM); ulcer: coord IM with STOMACH ULCER /vet (IM)

UI = D012417

 

Rumex

MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE that contains patientosides and other naphthalene glycosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031804

 

Ruminants

MS = A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D012418

 

Runaway Behavior

MS = A behavioral response manifested by leaving home in order to escape from threatening situations. Children or adolescents leaving home without permission is usually implied.

UI = D012419

 

Running

MS = An activity in which the body is propelled by moving the legs rapidly. Running is performed at a moderate to rapid pace and should be differentiated from JOGGING, which is performed at a much slower pace.

AN = human & animal; /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; differentiate from JOGGING: running is relatively faster; TRACK AND FIELD is also available; animals running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION

UI = D012420

 

Rupture

MS = Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.

AN = traumatic only: differentiate from RUPTURE, SPONTANEOUS; never IM: coord NIM with probably organ /inj (IM) or precoord inj term (IM)

UI = D012421

 

Rupture, Spontaneous

MS = Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.

AN = includes spontan rupt unexplained or as a result of dis: differentiate from RUPTURE, traumatic only; never IM: coord NIM with organ/diseases term (IM)

UI = D012422

 

Rural Health

MS = The status of health in rural populations.

AN = specify geog

UI = D012423

 

Rural Health Services

MS = Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.

AN = IM; coord with specific health serv (IM); DF: RURAL HEALTH SERV

UI = D019035

 

Rural Population

MS = The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

AN = specify geog; RURAL HEALTH & RURAL HEALTH SERVICES are also available

UI = D012424

 

Ruscus

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. This should not be confused with Broom or Scotch Broom (CYTISUS) or Desert Broom (BACCHARIS) or Spanish Broom (SPARTIUM) or Brome (BROMUS).

AN = note X refs: several other Broom terms are also available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031443

 

Russell's Viper

MS = A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)

AN = a genus of vipers; its venom: coord IM with VIPER VENOMS (IM)

UI = D017840

 

Russia

AN = MOSCOW is also available; Manual 36.12; consider also RUSSIA (PRE-1917); in historical articles when part of the former Soviet Union it may be called Russian S.F.S.R. or RSFSR (see other names in hist note)

UI = D012426

 

Russia (Pre-1917)

AN = MOSCOW is also available; Manual 36.12

UI = D012425

 

Ruta

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain quinoline alkaloids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032105

 

Rutaceae

MS = A plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers. Fagara species have been reclassified, most to ZANTHOXYLUM, some to Melicope or GLEDITSIA. The common name of stinkwood used for Zieria is also used for OCOTEA.

AN = X ref FAGARA: FAGARA HORRIDA see GLEDITSIA is also available; see also X refs at ZANTHOXYLUM for other species of FAGARA; unspecified FAGARA goes here; prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027821

 

Rutamycin

MS = A macrolide antibiotic of the oligomycin group, obtained from Streptomyces rutgersensis. It is used in cytochemistry as a tool to inhibit various ATPases and to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport and also clinically as an antifungal agent.

UI = D012427

 

Ruthenium

MS = A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.

AN = Ru-102; Ru-96, 98-101, 104 = RUTHENIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ru-93-95, 97, 103, 105-108 = RUTHENIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D012428

 

Ruthenium Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain ruthenium as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: RUTHENIUM CPDS

UI = D017975

 

Ruthenium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of ruthenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ru atoms with atomic weights 93-95, 97, 103, and 105-108 are radioactive ruthenium isotopes.

AN = Ru-93-95, 97, 103, 105-108; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D012429

 

Ruthenium Red

MS = An inorganic dye used in microscopy for differential staining and as a diagnostic reagent. In research this compound is used to study changes in cytoplasmic concentrations of calcium. Ruthenium red inhibits calcium transport through membrane channels.

UI = D012430

 

Rutin

MS = A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.

UI = D012431

 

Rwanda

MS = A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. It was originally called Ruanda. Its capital is Kigali. Formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi (now RWANDA and BURUNDI), it became independent in 1962. The country has taken the name of the people, the Rwanda, but its meaning is unknown. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1038 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p469)

AN = a republic in eastern Africa; X ref RUANDA was its former name

UI = D012432

 

Ryania

MS = A plant genus of the family FLACOURTIACEAE that is the source of RYANODINE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031309

 

Ryanodine

MS = Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant.

UI = D012433

 

Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel

MS = Protein complexes that mediate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells by forming tetrametric complexes. These complexes each then act as a calcium channel. There are three isoforms of the RyR: RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3. RyR1 is specifically expressed in skeletal muscles and RyR2 in cardiac muscles. RyR3 is yet another isoform found in non-muscle cells such as neuronal cells. (From Yonsei Med J 1996;37(1):72-80)

UI = D019837