Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
P
RETURN TO INDEX P Blood-Group System
MS = A blood group related to the ABO, Lewis and I systems. At least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. Multiple alleles are involved in this blood group.
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
UI = D010127
p-Aminoazobenzene
MS = Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010128
p-Aminohippuric Acid
MS = The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.
UI = D010130
p-Aminosalicylic Acid
MS = An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.
AN = AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDS is also available
UI = D010131
p-Azobenzenearsonate
MS = A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool.
UI = D010132
p-Chloroamphetamine
MS = Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.
UI = D010133
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid
MS = An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.
AN = CHLOROMERCURIBENZOATES is also available
UI = D020245
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
MS = A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck, 11th ed)
AN = usually NIM in DAB-induced exper cancer: no qualif; when IM, D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
UI = D004124
p-Fluorophenylalanine
MS = 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.
UI = D010135
P-Glycoprotein
MS = A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).
AN = P-GLYCOPROTEINS is also available
UI = D020168
P-Glycoproteins
MS = A subfamily of transmembrane proteins from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that are closely related in sequence to P-GLYCOPROTEIN. When overexpressed, they function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps able to extrude lipophilic drugs, especially ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, from cells causing multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although P-Glycoproteins share functional similarities to MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS they are two distinct subclasses of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS, and have little sequence homology.
AN = P-GLYCOPROTEIN is also available; P stands for "permeability"
UI = D018435
p-Hydroxyamphetamine
MS = Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects.
UI = D010136
p-Hydroxynorephedrine
MS = Parahydroxy analog of phenylpropanolamine with properties as a sympathomimetic.
UI = D010137
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine
MS = A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.
UI = D003189
P-Selectin
MS = Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.
AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen
UI = D019007
p120 GTPase Activating Protein
MS = A 120 kD RAS-GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEIN that binds to tyrosine phosphoproteins through its SH2 domains. The 100 kD RNA-splicing variant (p100 GAP protein) is expressed in placenta.
AN = DF: P120 GAP
UI = D020729
p14ARF Protein
MS = A gene product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It antagonizes the function of mdm2 protein (which regulates p53 by targeting it for degradation). p14ARF is produced from the beta mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced alpha transcript, is PROTEIN P16. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.
UI = D025803
p42 MAP Kinase
MS = A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.
UI = D019950
Pacemaker, Artificial
MS = A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).
AN = may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external); coord dis with /ther, not /surg for treatment with pacemaker
UI = D010138
Pachyrhizus
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Some Pachyrhizus have been reclassified to PUERARIA. Do not confuse with yam (IPOMOEA; or DIOSCOREA) or African yam bean (SPHENOSTYLIS).
AN = PACHYRHIZUS THUNBERGIANUS see PUERARIA; YAM see DIOSCOREA; YAM BEAN, AFRICAN see SPHENOSTYLIS; PSEUDO-YAM see IPOMOEA BATATAS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029905
Pachysandra
MS = A plant genus of the family BUXACEAE that should not be confused with common spurge (EUPHORBIA).
AN = SPURGE see EUPHORBIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031236
Pacific Islands
MS = The islands of the Pacific Ocean divided into MICRONESIA; MELANESIA; and POLYNESIA (including NEW ZEALAND). The collective name Oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; and the Malay Archipelago (INDONESIA). (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)
AN = includes MELANESIA; MICRONESIA & POLYNESIA: see notes under each & indentions in trees
UI = D010139
Pacific Ocean
AN = no qualif
UI = D010140
Pacific States
MS = The geographic designation for states bordering on or located in the Pacific Ocean. The states so designated are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. (U.S. Geologic Survey telephone communication)
AN = includes Alaska, Calif, Hawaii, Ore, Wash; specify as needed but use PACIFIC STATES when the text uses the term; do not confuse with PACIFIC NORTHWEST see NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D019601
Pacifiers
MS = Devices that babies can suck on when they are not feeding. The extra sucking can be comforting to the babies and pacify them. Pacifiers usually are used as a substitute for the thumb in babies who suck on their thumb or fingers almost constantly.
UI = D041361
Pacinian Corpuscles
MS = Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin. Pacinian corpuscles contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. They have large receptive fields and are most sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, such as vibration.
AN = mechanoreceptors
UI = D010141
Paclitaxel
MS = Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
UI = D017239
Pactamycin
MS = Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.
UI = D010142
Paecilomyces
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is Byssochlamys.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)
UI = D010143
Paeonia
MS = A plant genus of the family Paeoniaceae, order Dilleniales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. These perennial herbs are up to 2 m (6') tall. Leaves are alternate and are divided into three lobes, each lobe being further divided into three smaller lobes. The large flowers are symmetrical, bisexual, have 5 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes 10), and many stamens.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029596
Paget's Disease, Extramammary
MS = A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D010145
Paget's Disease, Mammary
MS = An intraductal carcinoma of the breast extending to involve the nipple and areola, characterized clinically by eczema-like inflammatory skin changes and histologically by infiltration of the dermis by malignant cells (Paget's cells). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010144
Pain
MS = An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli and generally received by specialized nerve endings.
AN = IM, GEN only; prefer precoord locational pain terms, like ABDOMINAL PAIN, CHEST PAIN, etc.; /diag: consider also PAIN MEASUREMENT but PAIN /diag is probably PAIN /etiol; /ther: consider also PALLIATIVE CARE ( = pain relief without cure); /physiopathol: PAIN THRESHOLD is also available; chronic pain = PAIN (IM) + CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM): do not equate with PAIN, INTRACTABLE; congen absence of pain = PAIN INSENSITIVITY, CONGENITAL; excessive sensitivity to pain = HYPERALGESIA; policy: Manual 23.17+
UI = D010146
Pain Clinics
MS = Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)
AN = for diag & ther; coord IM with specific dis (IM) if pertinent
UI = D018710
Pain Insensitivity, Congenital
MS = A syndrome characterized by indifference to PAIN despite the ability to distinguish noxious from nonnoxious stimuli. Absent corneal reflexes and MENTAL RETARDATION may be associated. Familial forms with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been described. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
AN = congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis = HSAN IV see NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC; DF: PAIN INSENSITIVITY CONGEN
UI = D000699
Pain Measurement
MS = Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted
UI = D010147
Pain Threshold
MS = Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
UI = D017288
Pain, Intractable
MS = Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
AN = IM; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE but chronic pain = PAIN (IM) + CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM)
UI = D010148
Pain, Postoperative
MS = Pain during the period after surgery.
AN = DF: PAIN POSTOP or POSTOP PAIN
UI = D010149
Paint
UI = D010150
Paintings
UI = D010151
Pair Bond
MS = In animals, the social relationship established between a male and female for reproduction. It may include raising of young.
AN = animal only; no qualif
UI = D010152
Paired-Associate Learning
MS = Learning in which the subject must respond with one word or syllable when presented with another word or syllable.
UI = D010153
Pakistan
UI = D010154
Palaemonidae
MS = A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the palaemonid shrimp. Genera include Macrobrachium, Palaemon, and Palaemonetes. Palaemonidae osmoregulate by means of gills.
AN = note X ref PALAEMONID SHRIMP: several other shrimp terms are available; check text and MeSH; unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE
UI = D033541
Palaquium
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Latex from bark incisions is processed into GUTTA-PERCHA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032131
Palatal Expansion Technique
MS = An orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry),
UI = D010155
Palatal Muscles
MS = The muscles of the palate are the glossopalatine, palatoglossus, levator palati(ni), musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and tensor palati(ni).
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D010156
Palatal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010157
Palatal Obturators
MS = Appliances that close a cleft or fissure of the palate.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010158
Palate
MS = The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).
AN = X ref INCISIVE PAPILLA, a projection on the palate posterior to the central incisors: do not add INCISOR; PALATE, HARD and PALATE, SOFT are also available
UI = D010159
Palate, Hard
MS = The anteriorly located rigid section of the PALATE.
UI = D021362
Palate, Soft
MS = A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.
UI = D010160
Palau
MS = A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
UI = D019029
Paleodontology
MS = The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleodontology is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; DF: PALEODONTOL
UI = D010161
Paleography
MS = The study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing. It includes the deciphering of manuscripts and other forms to determine their date, provenance, etc. (Webster's 1st ed)
AN = study of manuscripts & inscriptions; IM; med paleography: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: PALEOGR
UI = D010162
Paleontology
MS = The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; do not routinely check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL: check only when the hist & ancient or medieval med aspects are particularly discussed; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleontology is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; DF: PALEONTOL
UI = D010163
Paleopathology
MS = The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.
AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleopathol is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; consider also MUMMIES /pathol & do not coord with PALEOPATHOLOGY; DF: PALEOPATHOL
UI = D010164
Palinuridae
MS = A family of marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, comprising the clawless lobsters.They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body.
UI = D033521
Palladium
MS = A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.
AN = Pd-106; Pd-102, 104, 105, 108, 110 = PALLADIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Pd-98-101, 103, 107, 109, 111-115 = PALLADIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D010165
Palliative Care
MS = Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = = relief without cure; coord IM with disease /ther or /surg or /drug ther or other specific qualif (IM); consider also PAIN /ther
UI = D010166
Pallor
MS = A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.
UI = D010167
Palmitates
MS = Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.
UI = D010168
Palmitic Acid
MS = A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.
AN = do not confuse with PALMITIC ACIDS
UI = D019308
Palmitic Acids
MS = A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.
AN = a group of fatty acids; do not confuse with PALMITIC ACID
UI = D010169
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A
MS = A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.
UI = D010171
Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase
MS = Enzyme catalyzing reversibly the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA or other long-chain acyl coenzyme A compounds to yield CoA and palmitate or other acyl esters. The enzyme is involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. EC 3.1.2.2.
UI = D010170
Palmitoylcarnitine
MS = A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010172
Palpation
MS = Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
AN = do not confuse with "palpitation" ( = HEART RATE; ARRHYTHMIA or specific arrhythmia)
UI = D010173
Palyam Virus
MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS infecting cattle and sheep. It is transmitted by culicine mosquitoes and gnats (CULICOIDES).
AN = infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D030081
Pamphlets
MS = Printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. They are often devoted to a single subject.
UI = D010174
Pan American Health Organization
MS = WHO regional office for the Americas acting as a coordinating agency for the improvement of health conditions in the hemisphere. The four main functions are: control or eradication of communicable diseases, strengthening of national and local health services, education and training, and research.
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D010175
Pan paniscus
MS = The pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family PONGIDAE. Its common name is Bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of PAN TROGLODYTES. Its range is confined to the forests of the central Zaire basin. Despite its name, it is often of equal size to P. troglodytes.
AN = an ape, not a monkey; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM)
UI = D019974
Pan troglodytes
MS = The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family PONGIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.
AN = an ape, not a monkey; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM)
UI = D002679
Panama
AN = do not confuse with PANAMA CANAL ZONE
UI = D010176
Panama Canal Zone
AN = do not confuse with PANAMA
UI = D010177
Panax
MS = An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. Sometimes confused with Siberian ginseng (ELEUTHEROCOCCUS).
AN = do not confuse X ref GINSENG with SIBERIAN GINSENG see Eleutherococcus; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D005894
Pancoast's Syndrome
MS = Destructive lesions of the thoracic inlet with involvement of the brachial and sympathetic plexus or carcinoma of the lung apex. It is characterized by pain in the shoulder region radiating toward the axilla and scapula, sensory and motor disorders and wasting of the muscles of the hand, the Bernard-Horner syndrome, and compression of the blood vessels with edema. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes and Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
AN = an apicocostovertebral syndrome
UI = D010178
Pancreas
MS = A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes.
AN = /enzymol: consider also PANCREATIN for "pancreatic enzymes" particularly in ther; /surg: consider also PANCREATECTOMY; /transpl = PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; note that ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION is also available; inflammation = PANCREATITIS; pancreatic A, B, C cells: index under ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; D cells = D CELLS
UI = D010179
Pancreas Transplantation
MS = The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; in ther of diabetes mellitus, ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION is probably the correct term: see note there
UI = D016035
Pancreas, Artificial
MS = Devices for simulating the activity of the pancreas. They can be either electromechanical, consisting of a glucose sensor, computer, and insulin pump or bioartificial, consisting of isolated islets of Langerhans in an artificial membrane.
AN = device simulating pancreas activity
UI = D019397
Pancreatectomy
MS = Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010180
Pancreatic Cyst
MS = A true cyst of the pancreas to be distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a mucous epithelial lining. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of pancreatic ducts secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
AN = non-neoplastic; pancreatic pseudocyst = PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D010181
Pancreatic Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PANCREATITIS
UI = D010182
Pancreatic Ducts
MS = Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
AN = note X ref DUODENAL PAPILLA, MINOR: do not confuse with DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR see VATER'S AMPULLA; "duodenal papilla" unspecified is probably DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR
UI = D010183
Pancreatic Elastase
MS = A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25,000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. EC 3.4.21.36.
AN = LEUKOCYTE ELASTASE is also available
UI = D010196
Pancreatic Extracts
MS = Extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. PANCREATIN is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency.
AN = extracts of pancreas or pancreatic fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the pancreas, as "peptides extracted from the mouse pancreas" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + PANCREAS /anal); PANCREATIN, a pancreatic extract, is also available
UI = D010184
Pancreatic Fistula
MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the pancreas.
AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
UI = D010185
Pancreatic Function Tests
MS = Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
UI = D010186
Pancreatic Hormones
MS = Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010187
Pancreatic Insufficiency
MS = Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates.
UI = D010188
Pancreatic Juice
MS = The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.
AN = /secret permitted but consider PANCREAS /secret if pertinent
UI = D010189
Pancreatic Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the pancreas.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); available are ALPHA-CELL TUMOR see GLUCAGONOMA, BETA-CELL TUMOR see INSULINOMA but delta-cell tumor = SOMATOSTATINOMA or VIPOMA
UI = D010190
Pancreatic Polypeptide
MS = A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice.
AN = a neurotransmitter pancreatic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010191
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
MS = Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas.
UI = D010192
Pancreaticoduodenectomy
MS = The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016577
Pancreaticojejunostomy
MS = Surgical anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, or the divided end of the transected pancreas, with the jejunum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010193
Pancreatin
MS = A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction.
UI = D010194
Pancreatitis
AN = try to specify ACUTE DISEASE (NIM) for acute pancreatitis or CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM) for chronic pancreatitis
UI = D010195
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
MS = Acute inflammation of the pancreas with areas of devitalized pancreatic and/or peripancreatic tissue. These necrotic areas may involve large areas of the pancreas or may be small. When a CT scan is performed with contrast media using a bolus technique, necrotic areas do not perfuse with media and are not enhanced. The lack of enhancement distinguishes necrotic tissue from the adjacent well-perfused viable pancreatic parenchyma. (From Liang et al., Pancreas: Biology, Pathobiology, & Disease, 2d ed, p597)
UI = D019283
Pancreatitis, Alcoholic
MS = An acute or chronic degenerative and inflammatory lesion of the pancreas in the alcoholic which is potentially progressive or possibly reversible.
AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
UI = D019512
Pancrelipase
MS = A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content.
UI = D020799
Pancuronium
MS = A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.
UI = D010197
Pancytopenia
MS = Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
AN = combined defic of erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
UI = D010198
Pandalidae
MS = A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the pandalid shrimp. They are protandic hermaphrodites and can breed in both male and female stages. Many species are commercially harvested in the Pacific Northwest.
AN = note X ref PANDALID SHRIMP: several other shrimp termsare available; check text and MeSH; unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE
UI = D033542
Pandanaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Pandanales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031673
Paneth Cells
MS = Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins.
UI = D019879
Panic
MS = A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function.
AN = note category: do not confuse with PANIC DISORDER (Cat F3)
UI = D010200
Panic Disorder
MS = A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
AN = note category: do not confuse with PANIC (Cat F1)
UI = D016584
Panicum
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the millets used in CEREALS and in feed for birds and livestock (ANIMAL FEED). It contains diosgenin (SAPONINS).
AN = other millet plants are available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D008897
Panniculitis
MS = General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules.
AN = inflamm of adipose tissue; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D015434
Panniculitis, Lupus Erythematosus
MS = A type of lupus erythematosus characterized by deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules, most often on the head, face, or upper arms. It is generally chronic and occurs most often in women between the ages of 20 and 45.
AN = DF: PANNICULITIS LE
UI = D015435
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative
MS = A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.
UI = D010201
Panniculitis, Peritoneal
MS = Condition of the peritoneum, most commonly of the mesentery, but also of the omentum, characterized by tissue thickening, alteration of fat cells, infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, and fibrosis.
AN = of mesentery or omentum
UI = D015436
Panophthalmitis
MS = Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.
AN = inflamm of all struct of eye: a clin entity; do not use as a coord for inflamm of specific parts of eye: these are available as -ITIS headings in C11
UI = D010202
Panstrongylus
MS = A genus of cone-nosed bugs of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Its species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D010203
Pantetheine
MS = An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.
AN = do not confuse with pantethine
UI = D010204
Pantoea
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods which are motile by peritrichous flagella. Most strains produce a yellow pigment. This organism is isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, soil, and water, as well as from animals and human wounds, blood, and urine. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020636
Pantothenic Acid
AN = a B vitamin; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther
UI = D010205
Panuveitis
MS = Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.
AN = inflamm of anterior & posterior uvea
UI = D015864
Papain
MS = A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.
UI = D010206
Papaver
MS = A genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family PAPAVERACEAE of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield OPIUM from the latex of the unripe seed pods.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D010207
Papaveraceae
MS = The poppy plant family of the order Papaverales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. These have bisexual, regular, cup-shaped flowers with one superior pistil and many stamens; 2 or 3 conspicuous, separate sepals and a number of separate petals. The fruit is a capsule. Leaves are usually deeply cut or divided into leaflets.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028101
Papaverine
MS = An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.
UI = D010208
Paper
UI = D010209
Papillary Muscles
MS = Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.
AN = Manual 21.52 as test tissue; for dis of papillary muscles coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D010210
Papilledema
MS = Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
UI = D010211
Papilloma
MS = A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); "laryngeal papilloma" = PAPILLOMA (IM) + LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM); "choroid plexus papilloma" = GLIOMA (IM) + CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010212
Papilloma, Choroid Plexus
MS = A usually benign neoplasm that arises from the cuboidal epithelium of the choroid plexus and takes the form of an enlarged CHOROID PLEXUS, which may be associated with oversecretion of CSF. The tumor usually presents in the first decade of life with signs of increased intracranial pressure including HEADACHES; ATAXIA; DIPLOPIA; and alterations of mental status. In children it is most common in the lateral ventricles and in adults it tends to arise in the fourth ventricle. Malignant transformation to choroid plexus carcinomas may rarely occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p667; DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072)
UI = D020288
Papilloma, Intraductal
MS = A small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = intraductal refers to mammary ducts only; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018300
Papilloma, Inverted
MS = A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018308
Papillomaviridae
MS = A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting MAMMALS. There is one genus: PAPILLOMAVIRUS.
UI = D027383
Papillomavirus
MS = The sole genus of PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE causing proliferation of the epithelium, leading to benign neoplasms. Some lesions, induced by specific types of papillomaviruses are at high risk for malignant progression. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D010213
Papillomavirus Infections
MS = Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
UI = D030361
Papillomavirus, Bovine
MS = A species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS producing large numbers of warts on calves. Connective tissue proliferation is an important component of the warts.
AN = infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D001910
Papillomavirus, Cottontail Rabbit
MS = The type species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS. It is reported to occur naturally in cottontail rabbits in North America.
AN = do not confuse X ref SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS with SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS; infection: coord IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D012777
Papillomavirus, Human
MS = A species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS causing warts in humans. These benign, squamous epithelial tumors can sometimes progress to malignancy.
AN = infection: coord IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); consider also WARTS
UI = D018145
Papillon-Lefevre Disease
MS = Rare, autosomal recessive disorder occurring between the first and fifth years of life. It is characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis followed by the premature shedding of both deciduous and permanent teeth.
AN = palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis
UI = D010214
Papio
MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of seven named species: P. ursinus (chacma baboon), P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon), P. papio (western or Guinea baboon), P. anubis (anubis or olive baboon), P. hamadryas (hamadryas or sacred baboon), P. sphinx (mandrill), and P. leucophaeus (drill). Some authors have recognized a separate genus for the drill and mandrill: Mandrillus. The Papio genus is geographically distributed throughout east and west Africa, Arabia, Egypt, and the Sudan.
AN = baboon (Old World monkey); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D010215
Papovaviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the PAPOVAVIRIDAE. This includes both papillomavirus infections and polyomavirus infections.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018348
Papua New Guinea
MS = A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
AN = read MeSH definition for hist & geog scope; Papuans are of NEGROID RACE unless otherwise specified
UI = D010219
Para-Aortic Bodies
MS = Small masses of chromaffin cells found near the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta. They serve as chemoreceptors responsive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration, and help to control respiration.
AN = do not confuse with AORTIC BODIES
UI = D010220
Parabens
MS = Proprietary name for the methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010226
Parabiosis
MS = The experimental joining of two individuals for the purpose of studying the effects of one on the other.
UI = D010227
Paracentesis
MS = A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
UI = D019152
Paracoccidioides
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus. P. brasiliensis (previously Blastomyces brasiliensis) is the etiologic agent of PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.
AN = infection = PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
UI = D010228
Paracoccidioidomycosis
MS = A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (BLASTOMYCES) may cause misdiagnosis.
AN = fungus dis of skin caused by Paracoccidioides; do not confuse X ref BLASTOMYCOSIS, SOUTH AMERICAN with BLASTOMYCOSIS, NORTH AMERICAN see BLASTOMYCOSIS
UI = D010229
Paracoccus
MS = Gram-negative non-motile bacteria found in soil or brines.
UI = D010230
Paracoccus denitrificans
MS = A species of bacteria isolated from soil.
UI = D010231
Paracrine Communication
MS = Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALLING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.
UI = D019899
Paraffin
MS = A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010232
Paraffin Embedding
MS = The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.
UI = D016612
Paraganglia, Chromaffin
MS = Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads.
UI = D010233
Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin
MS = Several clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells associated with blood vessels and nerves (especially the glossopharyngeal and vagus). The nonchromaffin paraganglia sense pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in respiratory, and perhaps circulatory, control. They include the carotid and aortic bodies, the glomus jugulare, and the glomus tympanicum.
AN = chemoreceptors
UI = D010234
Paraganglioma
MS = A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl heading (IM)
UI = D010235
Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal
MS = A relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body, glomus jugulare, and aortic bodies. It consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. They are uncommon before the age of 20, with a female predominance in some series. (Stedman, 25th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p570-1)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D010236
Paragonimiasis
MS = Infection with trematodes of the genus PARAGONIMUS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = trematode infect
UI = D010237
Paragonimus
MS = A genus of lung flukes of the family Troglotrematidae. This genus consists of several species one of which is P. westermani, a common lung fluke in man. Members of this and other species also occur in other mammals.
AN = infection = PARAGONIMIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D010238
Paraguay
UI = D010239
Parahippocampal Gyrus
MS = A convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020534
Parainfluenza Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with parainfluenza viruses in humans and animals.
AN = coord IM with specific parainfluenza virus /immunol (IM)
UI = D022241
Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human
MS = A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.
AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D010222
Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human
MS = A species of RUBULAVIRUS associated particularly with acute laryngotracheitis (CROUP) in children aged 6 months to 3 years.
AN = do not confuse with PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, HUMAN or PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 3, HUMAN; infection: coord IM with CROUP (IM) if text confirms or RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if not specified as CROUP or "acute laryngotracheobronchitis"
UI = D010223
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine
MS = A species of RESPIROVIRUS, subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE, most often seen in conjunction with a secondary infection of MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA resulting in pneumonic pasturellosis (PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC).
AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC
UI = D029101
Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human
MS = A species of RESPIROVIRUS frequently isolated from small children with pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D010224
Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human
MS = A species of RUBULAVIRUS causing endemic upper respiratory infections in children. It produces only a mild clinical disease and often goes undetected.
AN = infection: coord IM with RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D029482
Parakeets
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010240
Parakeratosis
MS = Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not confuse with POROKERATOSIS
UI = D010241
Paraldehyde
MS = A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)
UI = D010242
Paralyses, Familial Periodic
MS = A heterogenous group of inherited disorders characterized by recurring attacks of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis or myotonia. These conditions have in common a mutation of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the sodium channel in skeletal muscle. They are frequently associated with fluctuations in serum potassium levels. Periodic paralysis may also occur as a non-familial process secondary to THYROTOXICOSIS and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)
AN = a specific disease entity: see MeSH definition
UI = D010245
Paralysis
MS = A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)
AN = severe loss of motor function as compared with PARESIS, a slight loss; GENERAL PARALYSIS see NEUROSYPHILIS does not mean "generalized paralysis" ( = PARALYSIS); spastic paralysis = PARALYSIS (IM) + MUSCLE SPASTICITY (NIM); flaccid paralysis = PARALYSIS (IM) + MUSCLE FLACCIDITY (NIM)
UI = D010243
Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic
MS = An autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. During attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. Episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. Normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)
UI = D020513
Paralysis, Obstetric
MS = Paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = refers to neonate; coord IM with specific paralysis or birth inj (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D010246
Paramecium
MS = A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.
AN = research protozoon often large enough to be seen by naked eye
UI = D010247
Paramecium tetraurelia
MS = A species of ciliate protozoa. It is used in biomedical research.
AN = used as a research tool
UI = D016805
Paramethasone
MS = A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent
UI = D010248
Parametritis
MS = Inflammation of the parametrium, the connective tissue of the pelvic floor, extending from the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the BROAD LIGAMEMT.
AN = "pelvic" in X ref refers to pelvic floor
UI = D010249
Paramphistomatidae
MS = A family of flukes of the class Trematoda found in the intestinal tract and liver of animals and man. Some of the genera are Homalagaster, Gastrodiscus, Paramphistomum, Watsonius, Nilocotyle, Gigantocotyle, Gastrothylax, Macropotrema, Ceylonocotyle, Zygocotyle, Cotylophoron, and Calicophoron.
AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D010250
Paramyxoviridae
MS = A family of spherical viruses, of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include PARAMYXOVIRINAE and PNEUMOVIRINAE.
AN = a family of the order Mononegavirales; infection = PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D010252
Paramyxoviridae Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018184
Paramyxovirinae
MS = A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Genera include RUBULAVIRUS, RESPIROVIRUS, and MORBILLIVIRUS.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018098
Paramyxoviruses, Avian
MS = A group of viruses in the genus RUBULAVIRUS causing disease in domestic fowl. There are many species, the most well-known being avian paramyxovirus 1 (NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS).
AN = a group of viruses of the genus Rubulavirus; affects domestic fowl; infection: coord IM with RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018109
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
MS = Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.
UI = D010254
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms or tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Malignant neoplasms are rare, comprising 3% of all head and neck neoplasms. The majority arise in the maxillary sinus with malignancies of the ethmoid sinus constituting virtually all the remaining tumors.
AN = coord IM with specific sinus (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; note that MAXILLARY SINUS NEOPLASMS is also available
UI = D010255
Paranasal Sinuses
MS = Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflammation = SINUSITIS but do not add PARANASAL SINUSES for "paranasal" or "nasal" sinusitis
UI = D010256
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration
MS = Cerebellar degeneration associated with a remote neoplasm. Clinical manifestations include progressive limb and GAIT ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; and NYSTAGMUS. The histologic type of the associated neoplasm is usually carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically the cerebellar cortex and subcortical nuclei demonstrate diffuse degenerative changes. Anti-Purkinje cell antibodies (anti-Yo) are found in the serum of approximately 50% of affected individuals. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p686)
AN = coord with precoord organ/neopl term + histol type
UI = D020362
Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy
MS = A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)
AN = DF: PARANEOPL POLYNEUROPATHY
UI = D020364
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
MS = In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D010257
Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System
MS = Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)
AN = DF: PARANEOPL ENCEPH
UI = D020361
Paranoid Behavior
MS = Behavior exhibited by individuals who are overly suspicious, but without the constellation of symptoms characteristic of paranoid personality disorder or paranoid type of schizophrenia.
UI = D010258
Paranoid Disorders
MS = Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state.
UI = D010259
Paranoid Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. The latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust.
UI = D010260
Paraoxon
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D010261
Paraparesis
MS = Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.
UI = D020335
Paraparesis, Spastic
MS = Mild or moderate loss of motor function accompanied by SPASTICITY in the lower extremities. This condition is a manifestation of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that cause injury to the motor cortex or descending motor pathways.
AN = do not confuse with PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1
UI = D020336
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
MS = A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1). Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)
UI = D015493
Paraphilias
MS = Disorders that include recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects, suffering of oneself or partners, or children or other nonconsenting partners. (from DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D010262
Paraphimosis
MS = Retraction of phimotic foreskin, causing a painful swelling of the glans that, if severe, may cause dry gangrene unless corrected. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a penile dis
UI = D010263
Paraplegia
MS = Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
AN = also available is QUADRIPLEGIA; note X ref spastic paraplegia: SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA, HEREDITARY is also available
UI = D010264
Parapoxvirus
MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, which infect ungulates and may infect humans. ORF VIRUS is the type species.
AN = a genus of the family Poxviridae; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018157
Paraproteinemias
MS = A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.
UI = D010265
Paraproteins
MS = Abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Paraproteins containing only light chains lead to Bence Jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. Most of the paraproteins show themselves as an M-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. Diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered.
AN = abnormal immunoglobulins
UI = D010266
Parapsoriasis
MS = The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).
AN = a papulosquamous skin dis
UI = D010267
Parapsychology
MS = Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day "natural laws".
AN = DF: PARAPSYCHOL
UI = D010268
Paraquat
MS = A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.
UI = D010269
Parasite Egg Count
AN = coord with specific parasite (IM) or parasitic dis (IM)
UI = D010270
Parasitemia
MS = The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = coord with specific parasitic disease or specific parasite if specific parasite dis is not in MeSH (do not use /blood to indicate -emia)
UI = D018512
Parasites
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; for parasiticides, consider ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTHELMINTICS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS & their specifics; in lower animals: Manual 22.20; relation to parasitic diseases: Manual 22.12-.20; parasites in food or parasitic contamination of food is indexed under FOOD PARASITOLOGY (IM) + specific parasite (IM) + specific food item (IM or NIM)
UI = D010271
Parasitic Diseases
MS = Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; relation to parasites: Manual 22.12-.20; parasitic dis not in MeSH: Manual 22.17, 22.18; parasitic dis of heart = PARASITIC DISEASES or specific parasitic dis (IM) + MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES; DF: PARASITIC DIS
UI = D010272
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
MS = Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or specific parasitic dis /vet; indexing policy: Manual 22.12-.20; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; DF: PARASITIC DIS ANIMAL
UI = D010273
Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
MS = Tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites.
AN = IM when general; NIM with specific drug (IM) & specific parasite (IM); MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS is also available
UI = D021261
Parasitology
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /parasitol with organs, higher animals & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.50; DF: PARASITOL
UI = D010274
Parasomnias
MS = Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)
AN = do not confuse x-ref BENIGN NEONATAL SLEEP MYOCLONUS with MYOCLONUS, NOCTURNAL and MYOCLONUS, SLEEP see MYOCLONUS
UI = D020447
Parasympathectomy
MS = The removal or interruption of some part of the parasympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg or plexus /surg (IM or NIM)
UI = D017764
Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic
MS = Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.
AN = do not confuse with SYMPATHETIC FIBERS, POSTGANGLIONIC
UI = D017777
Parasympathetic Nervous System
MS = The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
AN = /drug eff: consider also PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS & PARASYMPATHOLYTICS
UI = D010275
Parasympatholytics
MS = Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff
UI = D010276
Parasympathomimetics
MS = Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff
UI = D010277
Parasystole
MS = A cardiac arrhythmia caused by the interaction of two foci independently initiating cardiac impulses at different rates. Generally one of the foci is the sinoatrial node (the normal pacemaker) and the ectopic focus is usually in the ventricle, but can occur in the sinus and AV nodes, atrium and ventricle, and AV junction. Each focus - and thus each rhythm - is protected from the influence of the other.
AN = a type of arrhythmia; IM; coord with HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE or other site in heart (NIM) if pertinent; sinus parasystole: coord IM with ARRHYTHMIA, SINUS (IM)
UI = D017574
Parathion
MS = A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D010278
Parathyroid Diseases
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010279
Parathyroid Glands
MS = Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
AN = /surg: consider also PARATHYROIDECTOMY
UI = D010280
Parathyroid Hormones
MS = Polypeptide hormones (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the parathyroid glands, which promote release of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid by activating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts, indirectly promote increased intestinal absorption of calcium, and promote renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased renal excretion of phosphates. It is a major regulator of bone metabolism. Secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when the level of calcium in the extracellular fluid is low. Its action is opposed by calcitonin. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
UI = D010281
Parathyroid Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010282
Parathyroidectomy
MS = Excision of one or both of the parathyroid glands.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D016105
Paratuberculosis
MS = An infectious disease caused by MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS. Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss.
AN = caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D010283
Paratyphoid Fever
MS = A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.
AN = specify Salmonella paratyphi species if possible (IM)
UI = D010284
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
MS = Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus.
AN = in the anterior hypothalamus
UI = D010286
Parechovirus
MS = A genus in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE containing one species: Human parechovirus.
AN = infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D030061
Parent-Child Relations
MS = The interactions between parent and child.
AN = human only; DF: PARENT CHILD RELAT
UI = D010287
Parental Consent
MS = Informed consent given by a parent on behalf of a minor or otherwise incompetent child.
UI = D033282
Parental Leave
MS = The authorized absence from work of either parent prior to and after the birth of their child. It includes also absence because of the illness of a child or at the time of the adoption of a child. It does not include leave for care of siblings, parents, or other family members: for this FAMILY LEAVE is available.
AN = prenatal & postnatal leave, leave for illness of a child or leave for adoption procedures; do not confuse with FAMILY LEAVE: see MeSH definition
UI = D016524
Parental Notification
MS = Reporting to parents or guardians about care to be provided to a minor (MINORS).
UI = D035622
Parenteral Nutrition
MS = The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
AN = for nourishment: differentiate from FLUID THERAPY (to replace fluids) or ENTERAL NUTRITION (see note there) or INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL (merely a method of admin drugs & chemicals); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther
UI = D010288
Parenteral Nutrition, Home
MS = The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered via a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HPN
UI = D016331
Parenteral Nutrition, Home Total
MS = The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously or by some other non-alimentary route.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; DF: HOME TPN or HTPN
UI = D016562
Parenteral Nutrition, Total
MS = The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; DF: TPN
UI = D010289
Parenting
MS = Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.
AN = differentiate from CHILD REARING which emphasizes the upbringing while PARENTING emphasizes the role of the parent: read MeSH definitions but if in doubt use term of author
UI = D016487
Parents
MS = Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.
AN = HUMAN only; /psychol: consider also PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; "unwed parent": coord IM with ILLEGITIMACY (IM)
UI = D010290
Paresis
MS = A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.
AN = remember that "paresis" is sometimes just "paralysis" in foreign lit; spastic paraparesis = PARAPARESIS, SPASTIC or PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC if caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1
UI = D010291
Paresthesia
MS = Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.
AN = burning, tingling, prickling sensations go here
UI = D010292
Pargyline
MS = A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.
UI = D010293
Parietal Bone
AN = fractures: coord PARIETAL BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010294
Parietal Cells, Gastric
MS = Cells of the gastric glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D010295
Parietal Lobe
MS = Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere.
AN = dis: coord IM with BRAIN DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010296
Parietaria
MS = A plant genus of the family URTICACEAE which is the most common cause of pollinosis in Mediterranean countries. It is the source of 'allergen Par o I' and of Pollinex used for DESENSITIZATION, IMMUNOLOGIC.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032403
Paris
UI = D010297
Parity
MS = The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
AN = human & animal; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4
UI = D010298
Parking Facilities
MS = Indoor or outdoor areas designated for the parking of vehicles.
UI = D010299
Parkinson Disease
MS = A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
AN = drug ther: consider also ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; /chem ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY/chem ind
UI = D010300
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
MS = Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS, MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)
AN = DF: PARKINSON DIS POSTENCEPH
UI = D010301
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
MS = Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)
AN = /chem ind permitted: coord IM with drug /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); coord IM with other cause (IM)
UI = D010302
Parkinsonian Disorders
MS = A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.
AN = Gen: prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref RAMSAY HUNT PARALYSIS SYNDROME with RAMSAY HUNT AURICULAR SYNDROME see HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS or RAMSAY HUNT CEREBELLAR SYNDROME see MYOCLONIC CEREBELLAR DYSSYNERGIA
UI = D020734
Paromomycin
MS = An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces.
UI = D010303
Paronychia
MS = An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)
AN = infect dis of skin surrounding nail; coord IM with specific infect (IM)
UI = D010304
Parotid Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PAROTITIS
UI = D010305
Parotid Gland
AN = inflammation = PAROTITIS
UI = D010306
Parotid Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010307
Parotid Region
MS = The region of the face on either side, around the PAROTID GLAND.
UI = D035421
Parotin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010308
Parotitis
MS = Inflammation of the parotid gland.
AN = inflamm of parotid gland; in translations use "parotitis", not "parotiditis" despite form of vernac
UI = D010309
Parovarian Cyst
MS = A cyst of the epoophoron or parovarium, a vestigial structure associated with the ovary, consisting of a more cranial group of mesonephric tubules and a corresponding portion of the mesonephric duct. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D010310
Paroxetine
MS = A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
UI = D017374
Parrots
MS = Birds widely distributed in tropical regions and having a distinctive stout curved cered hooked bill whose upper mandible is movably hinged to the skull. Parrots are often crested and highly variegated and are excellent mimics. They often readily learn to simulate laughter and crying and to enunciate words and phrases. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010311
Pars Planitis
MS = Form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. This disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. It causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata.
AN = a type of uveitis
UI = D015868
Parthenogenesis
UI = D010312
Partial Pressure
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D010313
Partial Thromboplastin Time
MS = Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy.
AN = NIM; DF: PTT
UI = D010314
Particle Accelerators
MS = Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy.
AN = CYCLOTRONS & SYNCHROTRONS are also available
UI = D010315
Particle Size
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D010316
Partnership Practice
MS = A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses.
AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM); do not confuse with GROUP PRACTICE but do not interpret: use word of text
UI = D010317
Partnership Practice, Dental
MS = A voluntary contract between two or more dentists who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses.
AN = coord IM with specific dent specialty (IM); do not confuse with GROUP PRACTICE, DENTAL but do not interpret: use word of text; DF: PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE DENT
UI = D010318
Parturient Paresis
MS = A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. The disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes.
AN = animal only, exper or vet; in cows & ewes: check tags ANIMAL + FEMALE + PREGNANCY & don't forget CATTLE DISEASES (IM) + CATTLE (NIM) or SHEEP DISEASES (IM) + SHEEP (NIM)
UI = D010319
Parturition
MS = The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.
UI = D036801
Parvalbumins
MS = Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.
AN = muscle proteins; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010320
Parvoviridae
MS = A family of very small DNA viruses containing a single linear molecule of single-stranded DNA and consisting of two subfamilies: PARVOVIRINAE and DENSOVIRINAE. They infect both vertebrates and invertebrates.
AN = infection = PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D010321
Parvoviridae Infections
MS = Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010322
Parvovirinae
MS = A subfamily of DNA vertebrate viruses, in the family PARVOVIRIDAE. There are three genera: PARVOVIRUS; ERYTHROVIRUS; and DEPENDOVIRUS.
AN = a subfamily of the family Parvoviridae; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D019219
Parvovirus
MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is MICE MINUTE VIRUS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017992
Parvovirus B19, Human
MS = The type species of ERYTHROVIRUS and the etiological agent of ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children.
AN = infection = probably ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM but if not so specified, coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016732
Parvovirus, Canine
MS = A species of the genus PARVOVIRUS and a host range variant of feline parvovirus (PARVOVIRUS, FELINE). It causes a highly infectious fulminating enteritis in dogs producing high mortality. It is distinct from minute virus of canines, another parvovirus which is sometimes also called canine parvovirus.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017993
Parvovirus, Feline
MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS chiefly affecting young cats in endemic areas, but all felines are susceptible.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D005255
Parvovirus, Porcine
MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS causing reproductive failure in pigs.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D028323
Paspalum
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is used for forage.
AN = X ref MILLET, KUDO: other millet terms are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031781
Passiflora
MS = A plant genus of the family Passifloraceae, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are vines with ornamental flowers and edible fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029598
Passifloraceae
MS = A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that are herbaceous or woody vines, shrubs, and trees, mostly of warm regions. Many have tendrils in leaf axils. Leaves are alternate. Flowers have 3-5 sepals, petals and stamens. Nearly all species have seeds that bear a fleshy appendage called an aril.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031683
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
MS = An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity.
UI = D010323
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by an indirect resistance to demands for adequate social and occupational performance; anger and opposition to authority and the expectations of others that is expressed covertly by obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, dawdling, forgetfulness, and intentional inefficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D010324
Pasteurella
MS = The oldest recognized genus of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. It consists of several species. Its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Species of this genus are found in both animals and humans.
AN = infection = PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS or its specifics
UI = D010325
Pasteurella Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PASTEURELLA.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D010326
Pasteurella multocida
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. It causes shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC); HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA; and intestinal disease in animals. In humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals.
AN = infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS (IM) or specific indentions (IM) if pertinent
UI = D016979
Pasteurellaceae
MS = A family of coccoid to rod-shaped nonsporeforming, gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that includes the genera ACTINOBACILLUS; HAEMOPHILUS; and PASTEURELLA.
UI = D015661
Pasteurellaceae Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the family PASTEURELLACEAE.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid, prefer specifics; DF: PASTEURELLACEAE INFECT
UI = D016871
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic
MS = Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to cattle recently transported. It is thought to be caused by infection with the bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (see RESPIROVIRUS) or one of several other respiratory viruses, followed by infection with either PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA.
AN = usually in cattle; caused by bovine parainfluenza virus 3 followed by Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia haemolytica infect: coord with PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA (IM) or MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA (IM) only if particularly discussed; check tag ANIMAL; if in cow, coord IM with CATTLE (NIM) but not CATTLE DISEASES; if in animal other than cow, coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or animal (IM) in absence of precoord
UI = D012766
Pastinaca
MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. The roots are used as food.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028529
Pastoral Care
MS = Counseling or comfort given by ministers, priests, rabbis, etc., to those in need of help with emotional problems or stressful situations.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D010327
Patch Tests
MS = Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction.
AN = a type of skin test
UI = D010328
Patch-Clamp Techniques
MS = An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
AN = a cytol technique for removing a tiny patch of plasma membrane; NIM
UI = D018408
Patella
MS = The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.
AN = /inj permitted: do not convert to KNEE INJURIES
UI = D010329
Patellar Dislocation
MS = Displacement of the PATELLA from the femoral groove.
AN = do not confuse with KNEE DISLOCATION, which is slippage of the femur off the tibia
UI = D031222
Patellar Ligament
MS = The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the PATELLA and to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA.
AN = an artic ligament between patella & tibia: do not confuse with MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT, KNEE, between tibia & femur
UI = D017847
Patents
MS = Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.
AN = IM
UI = D010330
Patents [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of documents granted by a government giving exclusive rights to an inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years.
UI = D020490
Paternal Age
MS = Age of the father.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010331
Paternal Behavior
MS = The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a father.
AN = human & animal
UI = D010332
Paternal Deprivation
MS = Prolonged separation of the offspring from the father.
AN = human & animal
UI = D010333
Paternal Exposure
MS = Exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring.
AN = restrict to exposure to environ or environ factors
UI = D018812
Paternalism
MS = Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.
AN = do not confuse with FATHERS or PATERNITY
UI = D026706
Paternity
MS = Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010334
Pathologic Processes
MS = The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs.
AN = not used for indexing; DF: PATHOL PROCESSES CATALOG: do not use
UI = D010335
Pathological Conditions, Anatomical
MS = An abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases.
AN = not to be used for indexing or cataloging
UI = D020763
Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
MS = Abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, not classified as disease or syndrome.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D013568
Pathology
MS = A specialty concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /pathol with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.52; definition of /pathol applicable to PATHOLOGY: Manual 21.22+, 23.15; "postmortem pathol": consider AUTOPSY or CADAVER or merely /pathol; DF: PATHOL
UI = D010336
Pathology Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department which administers and provides pathology services.
AN = DF: PATHOL DEP
UI = D010337
Pathology, Clinical
MS = A subspecialty of pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
AN = SPEC only: do not use as NIM coord: use /pathol with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.52; DF: PATHOL CLIN
UI = D010338
Pathology, Oral
MS = A dental specialty concerned with pathology of the oral cavity.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; not for MOUTH /pathol nor MOUTH DISEASES; DF: PATHOL ORAL
UI = D010339
Pathology, Surgical
MS = A field of anatomical pathology in which living tissue is surgically removed for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: PATHOL SURG
UI = D010340
Pathology, Veterinary
MS = The field of veterinary medicine concerned with the causes of and changes produced in the body by disease.
AN = SPEC only; SPEC qualif; not a substitute for /pathol of organs or dis in vet animals nor for ANIMAL DISEASES or specific animal dis; DF: PATHOL VET
UI = D010341
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
MS = The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
AN = DF: PATIENT ACCEPT
UI = D010342
Patient Access to Records
MS = The freedom of patients to review their own medical, genetic, or other health-related records.
UI = D033283
Patient Admission
MS = The process of accepting patients. The concept includes patients accepted for medical and nursing care in a hospital or other health care institution.
UI = D010343
Patient Advocacy
MS = Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process.
UI = D010344
Patient Care
MS = The services rendered by members of the health profession and non-professionals under their supervision for the benefit of the patient. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p269)
AN = by professional & non-professional; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; not a synonym for NURSING CARE: nursing care is only one type of patient care
UI = D005791
Patient Care Management
MS = Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010346
Patient Care Planning
MS = Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient.
AN = for individual patient: do not confuse with PATIENT-CENTERED CARE which is institutional & admin management
UI = D010347
Patient Care Team
MS = Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient.
AN = consider also NURSING, TEAM
UI = D010348
Patient Compliance
MS = Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
AN = for non-compliance, note PATIENT NONCOMPLIANCE see TREATMENT REFUSAL
UI = D010349
Patient Credit and Collection
MS = Accounting procedures for determining credit status and methods of obtaining payment.
AN = DF: PATIENT CREDIT
UI = D010350
Patient Discharge
MS = The administrative process of discharging the patient, live or dead, from hospitals or other health facilities.
UI = D010351
Patient Dropouts
UI = D010352
Patient Education
MS = The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
AN = IM; DF: PATIENT EDUC
UI = D010353
Patient Education Handout [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of a handout or self-contained informative material used to explain a procedure or a condition or the contents of a specific article in a biomedical journal and written in non-technical language for the patient or consumer.
UI = D029282
Patient Escort Service
MS = A special service provided by volunteers to accompany patients who need help in moving about the health facility.
AN = DF: PATIENT ESCORT SERV
UI = D010354
Patient Freedom of Choice Laws
MS = Laws requiring patients under managed care programs to receive services from the physician or other provider of their choice. Any willing provider laws take many different forms, but they typically prohibit managed-care organizations from having a closed panel of physicians, hospitals, or other providers.
UI = D020403
Patient Identification Systems
MS = Organized procedures for establishing patient identity, including use of bracelets, etc.
AN = DF: PATIENT ID SYSTEMS
UI = D010355
Patient Isolation
MS = The segregation of patients with communicable or other diseases for a specified time. Isolation may be strict, in which movement and social contacts are limited; modified, where an effort to control specified aspects of care is made in order to prevent cross infection; or reverse, where the patient is secluded in a controlled or germ-free environment in order to protect him or her from cross infection.
AN = do not confuse with PATIENT ISOLATORS; DF: PATIENT ISOL
UI = D010356
Patient Isolators
MS = Equipment used to prevent contamination of and by patients, especially those with bacterial infections. This includes plastic surgical isolators and isolators used to protect immunocompromised patients.
AN = DF: do NOT shorten: short form can be confused with PATIENT ISOL for PATIENT ISOLATION
UI = D010357
Patient Participation
MS = Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health.
AN = "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health"; do not confuse with PATIENT COMPLIANCE (see note there)
UI = D010358
Patient Readmission
MS = Subsequent admissions of a patient to a hospital or other health care institution for treatment.
UI = D010359
Patient Rights
MS = Fundamental claims of patients, as expressed in statutes, declarations, or generally accepted moral principles. (Bioethics Thesaurus) The term is used for discussions of patient rights as a group of many rights, as in a hospital's posting of a list of patient rights.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D028701
Patient Satisfaction
MS = The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
UI = D017060
Patient Selection
MS = Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.
UI = D018579
Patient Self-Determination Act
MS = The purpose of this 1990 federal act is to assure that individuals receiving health care services will be given an opportunity to participate in and direct health care decisions affecting themselves. Under this act, hospitals, health care agencies, and health maintenance organizations are responsible for developing patient information for distribution. The information must include patients' rights, advance directives, living wills, ethics committees' consultation and education functions, limited medical treatment (support/comfort care only), mental health treatment, resuscitation, restraints, surrogate decision making and transfer of care. (from JCAHO, Lexicon, 1994)
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D019726
Patient Simulation
MS = The use of persons coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases in a life-like manner in order to teach or evaluate medical personnel.
AN = actual persons (sometimes actors) "coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases" as a technique in med educ; no qualif
UI = D016544
Patient Transfer
MS = Interfacility or intrahospital transfer of patients. Intrahospital transfer is usually to obtain a specific kind of care and interfacility transfer is usually for economic reasons as well as type of care provided.
AN = "interfacility or intrahospital transfer": read MeSH definition & do not confuse with TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS ( = bed to bed or outside hosp or elsewhere)
UI = D010360
Patient-Centered Care
MS = Design of patient care wherein institutional resources and personnel are organized around patients rather than around specialized departments. (From Hospitals 1993 Feb 5;67(3):14)
AN = institutional & admin management: do not confuse with PATIENT CARE PLANNING involving individual patient
UI = D018802
Patients
MS = Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures.
AN = GEN only, irrespective of disease; patients as people or as a social, sociol, psychol, etc., group; do not confuse the patient with the disease: the "tuberculotic patient" = TUBERCULOSIS & not also PATIENTS; Manual 34.13
UI = D010361
Patients' Rooms
MS = Rooms occupied by one or more individuals during a stay in a health facility. The concept includes aspects of environment, design, care, or economics.
AN = note X ref WARDS, GENERAL but special care wards = HOSPITAL UNITS or specific
UI = D010362
Patrinia
MS = A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE. Members contain ursolic acid and oleanolic acid glycosides, sulfapatrinosides (triterpenoid glycosides), and patriscabrol (iridolactone).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032405
Pattern Recognition
MS = In information retrieval, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
AN = in information sci; not physiological: physiol pattern recognition is PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; no qualif
UI = D010363
Pattern Recognition, Visual
MS = Visually perceived characters, shapes, displays, or designs.
UI = D010364
Patulin
MS = 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.
AN = a carcinogenic mycotoxin
UI = D010365
Paullinia
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPINDACEAE. The seed of P. cupana is the source of guarana powder which contains 4% CAFFEINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032126
Pausinystalia
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members produce YOHIMBINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032068
PC12 Cells
MS = A cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with nerve growth factor, making the line a useful model system for neuronal differentiation.
AN = PC stands for PheochromoCytoma; do not confuse X ref with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA /pathol; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM; A 11 qualif when IM; check ANIMAL & RATS but do not add ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS
UI = D016716
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
MS = Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE; (MEFR); DF: PEFR
UI = D010366
Peanut Agglutinin
MS = Lectin purified from peanuts (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA). It binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques.
UI = D019887
Peanut Hypersensitivity
MS = Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.
AN = NUT HYPERSENSITIVITY is also available
UI = D021183
Peas
MS = A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
UI = D018532
Pectins
MS = High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
UI = D010368
Pectoralis Muscles
MS = The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the AXILLA.
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D010369
Pedaliaceae
MS = The sesamum family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida that are mainly herbs and shrubs growing in warm regions.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029601
Pediatric Assistants
MS = Persons academically trained to provide medical care, under the supervision of a physician, to infants and children.
AN = check also tag CHILD or specific
UI = D010370
Pediatric Dentistry
MS = The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PEDIATRIC DENT
UI = D010377
Pediatric Nursing
MS = The nursing care of children from birth to adolescence. It includes the clinical and psychological aspects of nursing care.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific
UI = D010371
Pediatrics
MS = A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; when permitted for "pediatric dis": Manual 28.10.1
UI = D010372
Pedicularis
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain phenylpropanoid glycosides and iridoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032262
Pediculus
MS = Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse.
AN = infestation: coord IM with PEDICULOSIS see LICE INFESTATIONS (IM); do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D010374
Pedigree
MS = The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
AN = human & animal
UI = D010375
Pediococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. No endospores are produced. Its organisms are found in fermenting plant products and are nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans.
UI = D010376
Pedophilia
MS = A sexual disorder occuring in a person 16 years or older and that is recurrent with intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (generally age 13 or younger). (from APA, DSM-IV, 1994).
UI = D010378
Peer Group
MS = Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010379
Peer Review
MS = An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients.
AN = professionals evaluating professionals
UI = D010380
Peer Review, Health Care
MS = The concurrent or retrospective review by practicing physicians or other health professionals of the quality and efficiency of patient care practices or services ordered or performed by other physicians or other health professionals (From The Facts On File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988).
UI = D018024
Peer Review, Research
MS = The evaluation by experts of the quality and pertinence of research or research proposals of other experts in the same field. Peer review is used by editors in deciding which submissions warrant publication, by granting agencies to determine which proposals should be funded, and by academic institutions in tenure decisions.
AN = professionals evaluating professionals in research, publishing, granting agencies; DF: PEER REV RESEARCH
UI = D017712
Pefloxacin
MS = A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
UI = D015366
Peganum
MS = A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Harmala and other ALKALOIDS, phenylpropanoids, and TRITERPENES have been found in plants of this genus.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032443
Pelargonium
MS = A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. The common name of geranium is also used for the GERANIUM genus.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031316
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
MS = An inherited defect interfering with normal nuclear lobulation of neutrophils and eosinophils. The nuclei appear rodlike, spherical, or dumbbell-shaped and their structure is coarse and lumpy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a neutrophil abnorm; in titles & translations, use diacrit: Hüet
UI = D010381
Peliosis Hepatis
MS = A condition in which microscopic pools of blood are present throughout the liver parenchyma, which may lead to congestion and necrosis.
UI = D010382
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
MS = A rare, slowly progressive disorder of myelin formation. Subtypes are referred to as classic, congenital, transitional, and adult forms of this disease. The classic form is X-chromosome linked, has its onset in infancy and is associated with a mutation of the proteolipid protein gene. Clinical manifestations include TREMOR, spasmus nutans, roving eye movements, ATAXIA, spasticity, and NYSTAGMUS. Death occurs by the third decade of life. The congenital form has similar characteristics but presents early in infancy and features rapid disease progression. Transitional and adult subtypes have a later onset and less severe symptomatology. Pathologic features include patchy areas of demyelination with preservation of perivascular islands (trigoid appearance). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p190)
UI = D020371
Pellagra
AN = consider also VITAMIN B DEFICIENCY
UI = D010383
Pelvic Bones
AN = /anat: CEPHALOPELVIC PROPORTION see PELVIMETRY is also available
UI = D010384
Pelvic Exenteration
MS = Removal of all of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis. It is usually performed to surgically remove cancer involving the bladder, uterine cervix, or rectum. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = surg removal of pelvic organs; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010385
Pelvic Floor
MS = Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperature (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly.
AN = NIM when merely locational
UI = D017773
Pelvic Infection
MS = Infection involving the tissues or organs in the PELVIS.
UI = D034161
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
MS = A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
AN = female only: note category; "male adnexitis": index under GENITAL DISEASES, MALE or PELVIC INFECTION
UI = D000292
Pelvic Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the pelvic region.
AN = internal pelvic organs & region, not bones; if referring to pelvic region as an external site (as in skin lesions) ignore; GEN: prefer specific precoord; coord IM with histol type of neopl if possible (IM)
UI = D010386
Pelvic Pain
MS = Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
AN = refers to region, not pelvic bones
UI = D017699
Pelvimetry
MS = Measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. It includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of LABOR, OBSTETRIC associated with disproportion.
AN = NIM
UI = D010387
Pelvis
MS = The basin-like area outlined by the hip bones and the vertebral column (SPINE).
AN = internal pelvic region, not PELVIC BONES; /surg: consider also PELVIC EXENTERATION; pelvic disease is prob PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
UI = D010388
Pemoline
MS = A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.
UI = D010389
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
MS = A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.
UI = D010390
Pemphigoid, Bullous
MS = A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.
UI = D010391
Pemphigus
MS = Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis.
AN = do not confuse with "pemphigoid"; /genet: consider also PEMPHIGUS, BENIGN FAMILIAL
UI = D010392
Pemphigus, Benign Familial
MS = Rare hereditary disease characterized by recurrent eruptions of vesicles and bullae mainly on the neck, axillae, and groin. It exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and is unrelated to pemphigus vulgaris though it closely resembles that disease.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D016506
Pempidine
MS = A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.
AN = a nicotinic antag & ganglionic blocker
UI = D010393
Penaeidae
MS = A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the penaeid shrimp. Species of the genus Penaeus are the most important commercial shrimp throughout the world.
AN = as animal & food; as food coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); unspecified shrimp as food probably goes here but note several other shrimp terms in MeSH
UI = D033561
Penbutolol
MS = A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.
UI = D010394
Penetrance
MS = The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)
AN = frequency a gene or gene combination is manifested in the phenotype
UI = D019683
Penfluridol
MS = One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.
UI = D010395
Penicillamine
MS = 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.
AN = degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics
UI = D010396
Penicillanic Acid
MS = A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = do not confuse with PENICILLIC ACID
UI = D010397
Penicillic Acid
MS = A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of Penicillium, by Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus melleus. Has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.
AN = do not confuse with PENICILLANIC ACID
UI = D010398
Penicillin Amidase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11.
UI = D010399
Penicillin G
MS = A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010400
Penicillin G, Benzathine
MS = Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.
UI = D010401
Penicillin G, Procaine
MS = Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with procaine.
UI = D010402
Penicillin Resistance
MS = Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.
UI = D010403
Penicillin V
MS = A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.
UI = D010404
Penicillinase
MS = A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.
UI = D010405
Penicillins
MS = A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
AN = check text for a specific if possible
UI = D010406
Penicillium
MS = A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include Eupenicillium and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.
UI = D010407
Penicillium chrysogenum
MS = A mitosporic fungal species used in the production of penicillin.
UI = D010408
Peniculina
MS = A suborder of protozoa characterized by peniculi, which are often situated deep in the buccal cavity, and by fusiform trichocysts.
AN = a suborder of ciliate protozoa
UI = D016804
Penile Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = BALANITIS; penile fract: index under PENIS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)
UI = D010409
Penile Erection
MS = The state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated.
UI = D010410
Penile Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of cylindric hydraulic devices for the treatment of organic impotence.
UI = D019935
Penile Induration
MS = A disease of unknown etiology in which there are plaques or strands of dense fibrous tissue causing induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The condition produces a painful deformity and is sometimes seen in cases of DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE.
AN = hardening of the corpora cavernosa
UI = D010411
Penile Neoplasms
MS = Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010412
Penile Prosthesis
MS = Rigid, semi-rigid, or inflatable cylindric hydraulic devices, with either combined or separate reservoir and pumping systems, implanted for the surgical treatment of organic impotence.
UI = D015917
Penis
MS = The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.
AN = inflammation = BALANITIS; penile fract: index under PENIS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)
UI = D010413
Pennisetum
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the millets used in CEREALS. It contains vitexin. The common name of buffelgrass is also used for CENCHRUS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031782
Pennsylvania
AN = PHILADELPHIA is also available
UI = D010414
Pensions
MS = Fixed sums paid regularly to individuals.
UI = D010415
Penstemon
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032263
Pentachlorophenol
MS = An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.
UI = D010416
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
MS = A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025)
UI = D010417
Pentagastrin
MS = A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.
UI = D010418
Pentamidine
MS = Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
UI = D010419
Pentanes
MS = Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
AN = CYCLOPENTANES is also available
UI = D010420
Pentanoic Acids
UI = D010421
Pentanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).
UI = D000439
Pentanones
MS = 5-carbon straight-chain or branched-chain ketones.
UI = D010422
Pentazocine
MS = The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)
UI = D010423
Pentetic Acid
MS = An iron chelating agent with properties similar to those of the edetates. (From Dorland, 28th ed) DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.
AN = GADOLINIUM DTPA is also available
UI = D004369
Pentobarbital
MS = A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)
UI = D010424
Pentolinium Tartrate
MS = A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.
UI = D010425
Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester
MS = A sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties.
UI = D010426
Pentosephosphate Pathway
MS = A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate.
UI = D010427
Pentosephosphates
AN = /metab: consider also PENTOSEPHOSPHATE PATHWAY
UI = D010428
Pentoses
MS = A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.
AN = monosaccharides; GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D010429
Pentostatin
MS = A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.
UI = D015649
Pentosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2.
UI = D010430
Pentoxifylline
MS = A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.
UI = D010431
Pentoxyl
MS = 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.
UI = D010432
Pentylenetetrazole
MS = A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.
UI = D010433
Peperomia
MS = A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE. Members contain prenylated quinones.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036941
Peplomycin
MS = An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.
UI = D017663
Pepsin A
MS = Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010434
Pepsinogen A
MS = This is one of 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans and is also known as pepsinogen. (The other is PEPSINOGEN C.) This includes isozymogens Pg1-Pg5 (pepsinogens 1-5, group I or products of PGA1-PGA5 genes). This is the main pepsinogen found in urine.
UI = D020116
Pepsinogen C
MS = This is one of the 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans. It is found in prostate and seminal fluid whereas PEPSINOGEN A is not.
UI = D020115
Pepsinogens
MS = Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.
AN = do not confuse with PEPSINOGEN see PEPSINOGEN A
UI = D010435
Pepstatins
MS = N-acylated oligopeptides isolated from culture filtrates of Actinomycetes, which act specifically to inhibit acid proteases such as pepsin and renin.
AN = protease inhib
UI = D010436
Peptic Ulcer
MS = Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier.
AN = GEN: prefer STOMACH ULCER or DUODENAL ULCER but note GASTRODUODENAL ULCER = PEPTIC ULCER; stress ulcer: coord with STRESS or STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL (IM or NIM); /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ULCER AGENTS
UI = D010437
Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage
MS = Bleeding from a peptic ulcer.
AN = IM + coord with STOMACH ULCER or DUODENAL ULCER (IM)
UI = D010438
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
MS = Penetration of a peptic ulcer through the stomach wall. May be free, i.e., at a point where the stomach wall faces a real or potential space,, or confined, i.e., at a point where the stomach wall is defended by contiguous or adjacent structures, such as the pancreas.
AN = IM + coord with STOMACH ULCER /compl or DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM)
UI = D010439
Peptichemio
MS = A mixture of six synthetic oligopeptides, each containing MELPHALAN. It is used as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic due to its alkylating and antimetabolic actions but, is toxic to bone marrow, gastrointestinal system and vasculature.
UI = D010440
Peptide Chain Elongation
MS = The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides.
AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)
UI = D010441
Peptide Chain Initiation
MS = The process whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. This process requires (1) the 30s subunit, (2) the mRNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, (3) Met-tRNAi, (4) initiation factors, and (5) GTP.
AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)
UI = D010442
Peptide Chain Termination
MS = The process whereby the last amino acid is added to a polypeptide. This termination is signaled by one of three termination triplets in the mRNA, immediately following the last amino acid codon.
AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)
UI = D010443
Peptide Elongation Factor 1
MS = Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.
UI = D020648
Peptide Elongation Factor 2
MS = Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
UI = D020652
Peptide Elongation Factor G
MS = Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
UI = D020653
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
MS = A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP. EC 3.6.1.-.
AN = DF: EFTU
UI = D010444
Peptide Elongation Factors
MS = Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.
AN = /drug eff /biosyn /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D010445
Peptide Fragments
MS = Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins.
UI = D010446
Peptide Hormones
MS = Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALLING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.
UI = D036361
Peptide Hydrolases
MS = A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4.
UI = D010447
Peptide Initiation Factors
MS = Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in GENETIC TRANSLATION.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010448
Peptide Library
MS = A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.
UI = D019151
Peptide Mapping
MS = Analysis of peptides generated from the digestion of a protein by a specific protease for the purpose of indentifing the protein or to look for polymorphisms.
AN = 2-dimensional separation & anal of peptides
UI = D010449
Peptide Nucleic Acids
MS = DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.
UI = D020135
Peptide PHI
MS = A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
AN = a neurotransmitter; X ref explains PHI; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010451
Peptide Synthases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of an acid and an amino acid by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.2.
UI = D010453
Peptide Synthesis
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010452
Peptide T
MS = N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D015717
Peptide Termination Factors
MS = Proteins that are exclusively involved in the termination reactions of protein synthesis on the ribosome.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010454
Peptide YY
MS = A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.
UI = D019894
Peptides
MS = Any member of a class of compounds of low molecular weight which yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis. Formed by loss of water from the NH2 and COOH groups of adjacent amino acids, they are known as di-, tri-, tetra- (etc.) peptides, depending on the number of amino acids in the molecule. Peptides form the constituent parts of proteins. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /anal: consider also PEPTIDE MAPPING; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE & PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE are also available; fewer than 13 amino acids = OLIGOPEPTIDES; FUNGAL PEPTIDES see FUNGAL PROTEINS is available; peptide structure: coord PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) with specific structure heading (NIM); "primary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, PRIMARY see AMINO ACID SEQUENCE, "secondary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY, "tertiary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY, "quaternary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY see PROTEIN CONFORMATION
UI = D010455
Peptides, Cyclic
UI = D010456
Peptidoglycan
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) & do not coord with POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL
UI = D010457
Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
MS = A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.
AN = /antag = ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
UI = D007703
Peptidylprolyl Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline residues within proteins. EC 5.2.1.8.
UI = D019696
Peptidyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of aminoacyl-tRNA to formyl-methionine-tRNA or peptidyl-tRNA during peptide chain elongation. It is a part of the 50 S (bacteria) and 60 S (eukaryotes) ribosomal subunits. EC 2.3.2.12.
UI = D010458
Peptococcaceae
MS = A family of bacteria found in the mouth and intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals as well as in the human female urogenital tract. Its organisms are also found in soil and on cereal grains.
AN = in man, animals, soil
UI = D010459
Peptococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, and large intestine in humans. Its organisms cause infections of soft tissues and bacteremias.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D010460
Peptoids
MS = Polymers of N-SUBSTITUTED GLYCINE containing chiral centers at the a-position of their side chains. These oligomers lack HYDROGEN BONDING donors, preventing formation of the usual intrachain hydrogen bonds but can form helices driven by the steric influence of chiral side chains.
UI = D034444
Peptones
MS = Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = proteins
UI = D010461
Peptostreptococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. Its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections.
AN = opportunistic; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D010462
Peracetic Acid
MS = A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.
UI = D010463
Perazine
MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.
UI = D010464
Perception
MS = The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.
UI = D010465
Perceptual Closure
MS = The tendency to perceive an incomplete pattern or object as complete or whole. This includes the Gestalt Law of Closure.
UI = D010466
Perceptual Defense
MS = Selective perceiving such that the individual protects himself from becoming aware of something unpleasant or threatening, e.g., obscene words are not heard correctly, or violent acts are not seen accurately.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010467
Perceptual Disorders
MS = Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.
UI = D010468
Perceptual Distortion
MS = Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.
UI = D010469
Perceptual Masking
MS = The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
UI = D010470
Perches
MS = A common name for fish of the family Percidae, belonging to the suborder Percoidei, order PERCIFORMES.
UI = D010471
Perchloric Acid
MS = An oxidizing agent that is used in analytical chemistry for separation of potassium from sodium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = used in anal chem to separate potassium from sodium
UI = D010472
Perciformes
MS = The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref DOLPHIN FISH with DOLPHINS which are mammals
UI = D010473
Percussion
MS = Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.
AN = diag from sound obtained by short sharp blows
UI = D010474
Perforant Pathway
MS = A pathway of fibers originating in the lateral part of the entorhinal area, perforating the subiculum of the hippocampus, and running into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the dentate gyrus. It is also called the perforating fasciculus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = in the entorhinal cortex; DF: PERFORANT PATH
UI = D019580
Perfume
MS = A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = IM; coord with specific substance if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif
UI = D010476
Perfusion
AN = note category; a technique: not for perfusion of blood through a vessel ( = a circulation concept); REPERFUSION is available for restoration of blood supply to tissue & MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION for heart
UI = D010477
Perfusion, Regional
MS = Neoplasm drug therapy involving an extracorporeal circuit with temporary exclusion of the tumor-bearing area from the general circulation during which high concentrations of the drug are perfused to the isolated part.
AN = restricted to a special technique in cancer ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with INFUSIONS, INTRA-ARTERIAL which is also used in cancer ther; not for "isolated perfusion" or "perfusion of isolated organs" in physiological studies (index under PERFUSION + organ); Manual 24.4.2.5+
UI = D010478
Pergolide
MS = A long-acting dopamine agonist which is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia. It has also been observed to have antihypertensive effects.
UI = D010479
Perhexiline
MS = 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.
AN = a vasodilator calcium channel blocker
UI = D010480
Perianal Glands
AN = animal only
UI = D010481
Periapical Abscess
MS = Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not confuse with PERIODONTAL ABSCESS: note X refs below; for coord read note on ABSCESS
UI = D010482
Periapical Diseases
MS = Diseases of the periapical tissue.
AN = inflamm dis = PERIAPICAL PERIODONTITIS
UI = D010483
Periapical Granuloma
MS = Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.
UI = D010484
Periapical Periodontitis
MS = Inflammation of the periapical tissue. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.
AN = GEN or unspecified
UI = D010485
Periapical Tissue
MS = Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
AN = diseases = PERIAPICAL DISEASES; inflammation = PERIAPICAL PERIODONTITIS
UI = D010486
Periaqueductal Gray
MS = Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain.
UI = D010487
Periarthritis
MS = Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = "inflamm of tissues around a joint"
UI = D010489
Pericardial Effusion
MS = Presence of fluid within the pericardium.
AN = fluid within the pericardium
UI = D010490
Pericardial Window Techniques
MS = Surgical construction of an opening or window in the pericardium. It is often called subxiphoid pericardial window technique.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010491
Pericardiectomy
MS = Surgical excision (total or partial) of a portion of the pericardium. Pericardiotomy refers to incision of the pericardium.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010492
Pericardiocentesis
MS = Surgical puncture of the pericardial cavity for the aspiration of fluid. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020519
Pericarditis
MS = Inflammation of the pericardium. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of pericardium
UI = D010493
Pericarditis, Constrictive
UI = D010494
Pericarditis, Tuberculous
MS = Infection of the pericardium with tubercle bacilli. This condition arises by contiguous extension of tuberculous lesions of the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes or by pleuropulmonary tuberculosis.
UI = D010495
Pericardium
MS = The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
AN = inflammation = PERICARDITIS or its specifics; simple mediastinal cyst adjacent to pericardium = MEDIASTINAL CYST (do not coord with PERICARDIUM)
UI = D010496
Pericoronitis
MS = Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.
AN = inflamm of gingiva surrounding crown of tooth
UI = D010497
Pericytes
MS = Slender, contractile, mesenchymal-like cells found in close association with capillary walls. They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D020286
Perilla
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is a source of perilla alcohol and the oil is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-18:3).
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031343
Perilla frutescens
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is an ingredient of Banxia Houpu (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031344
Perilymph
MS = The fluid separating the membranous labyrinth from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. It is entirely separate from the ENDOLYMPH which is contained in the membranous labyrinth. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1396, 642)
AN = a labyrinthine fluid
UI = D010498
Perimeningeal Infections
MS = Infectious processes, including abscesses, effusions, and empyemas which occur in the epidural or subdural spaces surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
AN = coord IM with specific infection term (IM)
UI = D020819
Perimetry
MS = Determination of the extent of the visual field for various types and intensities of stimuli.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010499
Perinatal Care
MS = The care of a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery.
AN = from 28th wk of pregn through 7 days after birth; care of fetus & neonate: differentiate from PRENATAL CARE & POSTNATAL CARE which are care of the mother; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN if relevant
UI = D018743
Perinatology
MS = The branch of medicine dealing with the fetus and infant during the perinatal period. The perinatal period begins with the twenty-eighth week of gestation and ends twenty-eight days after birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = = fetus + newborn inf: differentiate from NEONATOLOGY, the newborn inf only; SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PERINATOL
UI = D010500
Perindopril
MS = An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.
UI = D020913
Perinephritis
MS = Inflammation of the perinephrium. It is marked by fever, local pain, and tenderness on pressure. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of perinephrium & other tissue around the kidney
UI = D010501
Perineum
UI = D010502
Periodic Acid
MS = A strong oxidizing agent.
UI = D010504
Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction
MS = A histochemical technique for staining carbohydrates. It is based on PERIODIC ACID oxidation of a substance containing adjacent hydroxyl groups. The resulting aldehydes react with Schiff reagent to form a colored product.
UI = D010503
Periodical Index [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of a subject approach to the contents of a periodical issuing an annual, biennial, quinquennial, decennial, etc., index. The heading is used for the overall body of articles published by a periodical in the same sense that BIBLIOGRAPHY [PUBLICATION TYPE] is useful when published as a single article.
AN = publication type only; for annual, quinquennial, decennial, etc. indexes published by a periodical
UI = D016453
Periodicals
MS = A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
AN = IM; med periodicals, med journals, med newsletters: do not coord with MEDICINE; writing for periodicals goes here but see note on WRITING; note X ref NEWSLETTERS: for articles from newsletters, Publication Type NEWSPAPER ARTICLE is available
UI = D010506
Periodicals [Publication Type]
MS = Publications intended to be issued indefinitely at stated, more or less regular intervals.
UI = D020492
Periodicity
MS = The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
AN = IM + coord with specific dis for periodically occurring dis (IM); no qualif; do not confuse with PERIODIC DISEASE, a specific clin entity: see Dorland
UI = D010507
Periodontal Abscess
MS = Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis.
AN = do not confuse with PERIAPICAL ABSCESS: see X refs there; for coord read note on ABSCESS
UI = D010508
Periodontal Attachment Loss
MS = Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
AN = attachment refers to the periodontal ligament
UI = D017622
Periodontal Cyst
MS = An epithelium-lined sac containing fluid; usually found at the apex of a pulp-involved tooth. The lateral type occurs less frequently along the side of the root.
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)
UI = D010509
Periodontal Diseases
AN = X ref PARODONTOSIS is in foreign lit; "periodontosis" also seen in foreign lit, meaning "periodontal disease", should not be confused with PERIODONTOSIS see PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE; inflamm dis = PERIODONTITIS
UI = D010510
Periodontal Dressings
MS = Surgical dressings, after periodontal surgery, applied to the necks of teeth and the adjacent tissue to cover and protect the surgical wound. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p218)
AN = after periodontal surg; D25-26 qualif
UI = D010511
Periodontal Index
MS = A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
AN = no qualif; for gingival X refs do not coord with GINGIVA unless particularly discussed
UI = D010512
Periodontal Ligament
MS = Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone.
AN = intraligamental anesthesia or periodontal ligament injection (PDLI): coord IM with ANESTHESIA, DENTAL (IM)
UI = D010513
Periodontal Pocket
MS = An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
AN = do not confuse with GINGIVAL POCKET: read MeSH definition
UI = D010514
Periodontal Prosthesis
MS = Any restorative and replacement device that is used as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of periodontal disease. It is an adjunct to other forms of periodontal therapy and does not cure periodontal disease by itself. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 3d ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010515
Periodontal Splints
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010516
Periodontics
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D010517
Periodontitis
MS = Inflammatory reaction of the tissues surrounding a tooth (periodontium), usually resulting from the extension of gingival inflammation (gingivitis) into the periodontium. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE is also available with ref to teen-agers & young adults
UI = D010518
Periodontitis, Juvenile
MS = Localized periodontitis in teenagers and young adults. The onset is during the circumpubertal period but the diagnosis can be made beyond puberty. Lesions are confined predominantly to the first permanent molars or incisors and the distribution of lesions is usually symmetrical. The gingiva may appear normal. The lesions are highly active immediately following puberty but later destruction may slow or cease spontaneously. The disease is four times more prevalent in females than males and more prevalent in African Americans than in other races or ethnic groups. (From Schluger et al., Periodontal Diseases, 2d ed, p61)
AN = usually in teenagers & young adults: note ages in text & check proper tags; do not confuse X ref PERIODONTOSIS with "periodontosis" seen in foreign lit, meaning "periodontal disease" & indexed under PERIODONTAL DISEASES
UI = D010520
Periodontium
AN = inflammation = PERIODONTITIS
UI = D010519
Perioperative Care
MS = Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.
AN = do not confuse with PEROPERATIVE CARE see INTRAOPERATIVE CARE
UI = D019990
Perioperative Nursing
MS = Nursing care of the surgical patient before, during, and after surgery.
AN = a nurs SPEC; OPERATING ROOM NURSING is also available; DF: PERIOP NURS
UI = D013527
Periosteum
AN = inflammation = PERIOSTITIS; dental = PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
UI = D010521
Periostitis
MS = Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of the periosteum
UI = D010522
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
MS = Transplantation of stem cells collected from the peripheral blood. It is a less invasive alternative to direct marrow harvesting of hematopoietic stem cells. Enrichment of stem cells in peripheral blood can be achieved by inducing mobilization of stem cells from the BONE MARROW.
UI = D036102
Peripheral Nerves
MS = The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
AN = GEN only; do not use as coord for specific nerves indexed with organ /innerv
UI = D010525
Peripheral Nervous System
MS = The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
UI = D017933
Peripheral Nervous System Agents
MS = Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & PERIPHERAL NERVES /drug eff; DF: PNS AGENTS
UI = D018373
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
MS = Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific nerve (IM); "diabetic peripheral neuropathy": index only under DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DF: PNS DIS
UI = D010523
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)
AN = coord IM with specific peripheral nerve (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010524
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the blood vessels outside the heart. It is for diseases of the peripheral as opposed to the cardiac circulation.
AN = coord IM with specific peripheral artery or vein IM; inflamm dis = probably VASCULITIS; vascular compression syndromes: coord IM with CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM) + specific blood vessel if pertinent (IM)
UI = D016491
Periplaneta
MS = A genus in the family Blattidae containing several species, the most common being P. americana, the American cockroach.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D010526
Periplasm
MS = The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall.
UI = D019897
Periplasmic Binding Proteins
MS = Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.
UI = D033902
Periplasmic Proteins
MS = Proteins found in the PERIPLASM of organisms with cell walls.
UI = D033903
Periploca
MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. It is a source of periplocosides (pregnane steroid glycosides).
AN = PERIPLOCA INDICA see HEMIDESMUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031109
Perissodactyla
MS = An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = includes EQUIDAE (HORSES, asses, donkeys, mules, zebras), tapirs, rhinoceroses; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010527
Peristalsis
AN = restrict to digestive system, not other organs; esophageal peristalsis = ESOPHAGUS /physiol (IM) + PERISTALSIS (NIM)
UI = D010528
Peritoneal Cavity
MS = The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the STOMACH. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen.
AN = "peritoneal cells" = probably PERITONEAL CAVITY /cytol or ASCITIC FLUID /pathol if pertinent; note PERITONEAL FLUID see ASCITIC FLUID; /inj is probably PERITONEUM /inj
UI = D010529
Peritoneal Dialysis
MS = Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure.
UI = D010530
Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory
MS = Portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution.
UI = D010531
Peritoneal Diseases
MS = Conditions or disorders affecting the PERITONEUM.
AN = inflamm dis = PERITONITIS
UI = D010532
Peritoneal Lavage
MS = Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010533
Peritoneal Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010534
Peritoneovenous Shunt
MS = An operation for the continuous emptying of ascitic fluid into the venous system. Fluid removal is based on intraperitoneal and intrathoracic superior vena cava pressure differentials and is performed via a pressure-sensitive one-way valve connected to a tube traversing the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall to the neck where it enters the internal jugular vein and terminates in the superior vena cava. It is used in the treatment of intractable ascites.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010536
Peritoneum
MS = The endothelial lining of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL and the visceral peritoneum covers the bowel, the MESENTERY, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall.
AN = do not confuse with PERITONEAL CAVITY; "peritoneal cells" = probably PERITONEAL CAVITY /cytol or ASCITIC FLUID /pathol but not PERITONEUM /cytol; inflammation = PERITONITIS; PERITONEAL LAVAGE is available; note PERITONEAL FLUID see ASCITIC FLUID
UI = D010537
Peritonitis
UI = D010538
Peritonsillar Abscess
MS = An abscess in the peritonsillar tissue extending into the tonsil capsule, resulting from suppuration of the tonsil. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
UI = D000039
Permeability
MS = Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
AN = coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or /metab (IM) or tissue /metab (IM); for nonbiological material coord with substance /chem (IM); note VASCULAR PERMEABILITY see CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
UI = D010539
Permethrin
MS = A pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of LICE INFESTATIONS and SCABIES.
UI = D026023
Permissiveness
MS = The attitude that grants freedom of expression and activity to another individual, but not necessarily with sanction or approval.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010541
Peromyscus
MS = A genus of the subfamily Hesperomyinae consisting of 49 species. Two of these are widely used in medical research. They are P. leucopus, or the white-footed mouse, and P. maniculatus, or the deer mouse.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not check tag MICE
UI = D010542
Peroneal Nerve
MS = The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.
AN = dis = PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES (IM); neopl = PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES (IM) + PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010543
Peroneal Neuropathies
MS = Disease involving the common PERONEAL NERVE or its branches, the deep and superficial peroneal nerves. Lesions of the deep peroneal nerve are associated with PARALYSIS of dorsiflexion of the ankle and toes and loss of sensation from the web space between the first and second toe. Lesions of the superficial peroneal nerve result in weakness or paralysis of the peroneal muscles (which evert the foot) and loss of sensation over the dorsal and lateral surface of the leg. Traumatic injury to the common peroneal nerve near the head of the FIBULA is a relatively common cause of this condition. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p31)
UI = D020427
Peroxidase
MS = A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
AN = a hemeprotein synthesized by leukocytes: do not confuse with PEROXIDASES, a subclass of oxidoreductases
UI = D009195
Peroxidases
AN = a subclass of oxidoreductases: do not confuse with PEROXIDASE, a peroxiductase synthesized by leukocytes
UI = D010544
Peroxides
MS = A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
UI = D010545
Peroxisomal Disorders
MS = A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; infantile Refsum disease; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref REFSUM DISEASE, INFANTILE with REFSUM DISEASE, a hered peripheral neuropathy; do not confuse X ref ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, NEONATAL with ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY; do not use /in inf
UI = D018901
Peroxisome Proliferators
MS = A class of nongenotoxic carcinogens that induce the production of hepatic peroxisomes and induce hepatic neoplasms after long-term administration.
UI = D020025
Peroxisomes
MS = Microbodies which occur in animal and plant cells and in certain fungi and protozoa. They contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (From Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
UI = D020675
Peroxynitrous Acid
MS = A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).
UI = D030421
Perphenazine
MS = An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.
UI = D010546
Persea
MS = A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. The tree, Persea americana Mill., is known for the Avocado fruit, the food of commerce.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027421
Persia
MS = An ancient civilization, known as early as 2000 B.C. The Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great (550-529 B.C.) and for 200 years, from 550 to 331 B.C., the Persians ruled the ancient world from India to Egypt. The territory west of India was called Persis by the Greeks who later called the entire empire Persia. In 331 B.C. the Persian wars against the Greeks ended disastrously under the counterattacks by Alexander the Great. The name Persia in modern times for the modern country was changed to Iran in 1935. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p546 & Asimov, Words on the Map, 1962, p176)
AN = the ancient empire: note X ref
UI = D019071
Persian Gulf Syndrome
MS = Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)
AN = coord IM with specific dis or manifest (IM)
UI = D018923
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
MS = A syndrome of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn infant, without demonstrable cardiac disease. It is characterized by cyanosis and acidosis, severe pulmonary vasoconstriction, hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, with resultant right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus and at times a patent foramen ovale.
AN = pulm hypertension in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check the tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: PFC SYNDROME
UI = D010547
Persistent Vegetative State
MS = Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.
AN = see also AKINETIC MUTISM
UI = D018458
Personal Autonomy
MS = Self-directing freedom and especially moral independence. An ethical principle holds that the autonomy of persons ought to be respected. (Bioethics Thesaurus)
UI = D026684
Personal Construct Theory
MS = A psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. The basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. The theory was formulated in the fifties by George Kelly. Two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (From Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology, 1989)
AN = no qualif; includes personal construct, personal construct method, personal construct organization, etc.; for personal construct ther, coord IM with PSYCHOTHERAPY (IM)
UI = D018187
Personal Health Services
MS = Health care provided to individuals.
AN = IM; DF: PERSONAL HEALTH SERV
UI = D010548
Personal Narratives [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of accounts of personal experience in relation to a particular field or of participation in related activities or autobiographical accounts.
UI = D020493
Personal Satisfaction
MS = The individual's experience of a sense of fulfillment of a need or want and the quality or state of being satisfied.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010549
Personal Space
MS = Invisible boundaries surrounding the individual's body which are maintained in relation to others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010550
Personality
MS = Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.
UI = D010551
Personality Assessment
MS = The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.
AN = by a professional; differentiate from PERSONALITY INVENTORY (by the person himself); DF: PERSONALITY ASSESS
UI = D010552
Personality Development
MS = Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010553
Personality Disorders
MS = A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.
UI = D010554
Personality Inventory
MS = Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
AN = by the person himself: differentiate from PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (by professionals)
UI = D010555
Personality Tests
MS = Standardized objective tests designed to facilitate the evaluation of personality.
UI = D010556
Personhood
MS = The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.
AN = do not confuse with INDIVIDUALITY
UI = D028723
Personnel Administration, Hospital
MS = Management activities concerned with hospital employees.
AN = DF: PERSONNEL ADMIN HOSP
UI = D010557
Personnel Delegation
MS = To intrust to the care or management of another, to transfer or to assign tasks within an organizational or administrative unit or structure
UI = D032024
Personnel Downsizing
MS = Reducing staff to cut costs or to achieve greater efficiency.
UI = D020415
Personnel Loyalty
MS = Dedication or commitment shown by employees to organizations or institutions where they work.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010558
Personnel Management
MS = Planning, organizing, and administering all activities related to personnel.
UI = D010559
Personnel Selection
MS = The process of choosing employees for specific types of employment. The concept includes recruitment.
UI = D010560
Personnel Staffing and Scheduling
MS = The selection, appointing, and scheduling of personnel.
AN = med or non-med personnel; DF: PERSONNEL STAFFING
UI = D010561
Personnel Staffing and Scheduling Information Systems
MS = Computer-based systems for use in personnel management in a facility, e.g., distribution of caregivers with relation to patient needs.
AN = IM
UI = D010562
Personnel Turnover
MS = A change or shift in personnel due to reorganization, resignation, or discharge.
UI = D010563
Personnel, Hospital
MS = The individuals employed by the hospital.
AN = /organ = PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION, HOSPITAL but consider also other terms under ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL & ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL, etc.; "orderlies" & "ward attendants" unspecified go here except for PSYCHIATRIC AIDES (see note there)
UI = D010564
Persons
MS = Persons as individuals (e.g., ABORTION APPLICANTS) or as members of a group (e.g., HISPANIC AMERICANS). It is not used for members of the various professions (e.g., PHYSICIANS) or occupations (e.g., LIBRARIANS) for which OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS is available.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D009272
Persuasive Communication
MS = A mode of communication concerned with inducing or urging the adoption of certain beliefs, theories, or lines of action by others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010565
Pertussis Toxin
MS = One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains MONO ADP RIBOSE TRANSFERASE activity.
UI = D037342
Pertussis Vaccine
MS = A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE is also available
UI = D010567
Peru
UI = D010568
Perylene
MS = Dibenz(de, kl)anthracene. Polycyclic hydrocarbon soil and water pollutant; also used as fluorescent lipid probe in cytochemistry of membranes and other lipid structures; derivatives may be carcinogenic. Synonyms: peri-dinaphthalene.
AN = a benzanthracene soil & water pollutant
UI = D010569
Pessaries
MS = Devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. Pessaries are used in conditions such as UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYSTOCELE; or RECTOCELE.
UI = D010570
Pest Control
MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals.
AN = IM; coord with specific pest but note that INSECT CONTROL & MOSQUITO CONTROL are available
UI = D010571
Pest Control, Biological
MS = The use of biological mechanisms, usually involving living organisms such as bacteria, for the reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous pests. Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as potentially safe and effective alternatives to chemical pesticides. This has led to increased efforts to develop control strategies that rely on natural predators and parasites or that involve genetically engineered microbial pest control agents.
AN = IM; coord with specific insect or other pest (IM) but not the precoords INSECT CONTROL & MOSQUITO CONTROL
UI = D010572
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants
MS = A highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS VIRUS. The disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.
UI = D029021
Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus
MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing a severe, often fatal enteritis and pneumonia (PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS) in sheep and goats.
AN = for foreign titles, do not translate the disease "peste des petits ruminants"; infection = PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS
UI = D018107
Pesticide Residues
MS = Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
AN = IM; coord with specific pesticide or pesticide group (IM)
UI = D010573
Pesticide Synergists
MS = Chemicals that, while not possessing inherent pesticidal activity, nonetheless promote or enhance the effectiveness of other pesticides when combined.
UI = D010574
Pesticides
MS = Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
AN = very general: prefer specifics or specific types
UI = D010575
Pestivirus
MS = A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS.
AN = a genus of the family Flaviviridae; infection = PESTIVIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D010576
Pestivirus Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PESTIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
AN = caused by a flavivirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018182
Petasites
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain SESQUITERPENES. The common name of sweet coltsfoot is similar to the common name for TUSSILAGO.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036901
Petrolatum
MS = A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from PETROLEUM. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010577
Petroleum
MS = Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
UI = D010578
Petrosal Sinus Sampling
MS = Sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sinus arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. Sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases.
AN = to determ blood ACTH in Cushing & other adrenocortex dis; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D017591
Petroselinum
MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used for flavoring food.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028528
Petrous Bone
AN = fractures: coord PETROUS BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010579
Petunia
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain steroidal glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032306
Peumus
MS = A plant genus of the family MONIMIACEAE. Members contain boldine ALKALOIDS. Some PEUMUS species have been reclassified as CRYPTOCARYA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031611
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
MS = Multiple pigmented (melanin) macules of the skin and mouth mucosa and multiple polyposis of the small intestine.
AN = multiple cutaneous & oral pigmented macules with intestinal polyposis; do not use /blood supply /chem /congen /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D010580
Peyer's Patches
MS = Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.
AN = an area of lymphoid tissue on small intestine mucosa
UI = D010581
Pfiesteria piscicida
MS = A dinoflagellate with a life cycle that includes numerous flagellated, amoeboid, and encysted stages. Both the flagellated and amoeboid forms produce toxins which cause open wounds on fish. Pfiesteria piscicida feeds on tissue sloughed from these wounds, as well as on bacteria and algae. It is found in Atlantic estuaries of the United States.
AN = infection: coord IM with PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020045
Phacoemulsification
MS = A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. The small incision allows the surgeon to use very few or even no stitches to close the tiny wound. There is usually no need for hospitalization and patients may resume most activities within days. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
AN = a type of cataract extraction; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D018918
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction
MS = Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.
AN = immunodefic syndrome where phagocytes cannot kill bacteria
UI = D010585
Phagocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D010586
Phagocytosis
MS = The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells.
UI = D010587
Phagosomes
MS = Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D010588
Phalaris
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031783
Phalloidine
MS = Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from Amanita phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.
AN = a mycotoxin from Amanita phalloides
UI = D010590
Phanerochaete
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.
UI = D020075
Phantom Limb
MS = Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)
UI = D010591
Phantoms, Imaging
MS = Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)
AN = IM or NIM; coord with specific technique /instrum (IM)
UI = D019047
Pharmaceutic Aids
MS = Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; DYES (coloring agents); FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PHARM AIDS
UI = D010592
Pharmaceutical Preparations
MS = Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.
AN = GEN & unspecified only; /adv eff permitted but consider DRUG THERAPY /adv eff; drug names: use NOMENCLATURE; policy: Manual section 25; metab detoxication of drugs = METABOLIC DETOXICATION, DRUG;
UI = D004364
Pharmaceutical Services
MS = Total pharmaceutical services provided by a qualified pharmacist. In addition to the preparation and distribution of medical products, they may include consultative services provided to agencies and institutions which do not have a qualified pharmacist.
AN = IM; DF: PHARM SERV
UI = D010593
Pharmaceutical Solutions
MS = Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.
AN = IM for general only; NIM when drug in solution is IM; D25-26 qualif; DF: PHARM SOL
UI = D019999
Pharmacies
MS = Facilities for the preparation and dispensing of drugs.
AN = the place: do not confuse with PHARMACY, the field
UI = D010594
Pharmacists
MS = Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.
AN = IM
UI = D010595
Pharmacists' Aides
MS = Persons who perform certain functions under the supervision of the pharmacist.
UI = D010596
Pharmacoepidemiology
MS = The science concerned with the benefit and risk of drugs used in populations and the analysis of the outcomes of drug therapies. Pharmacoepidemiologic data come from both clinical trials and epidemiological studies with emphasis on methods for the detection and evaluation of drug-related adverse effects, assessment of risk vs benefit ratios in drug therapy, patterns of drug utilization, the cost-effectiveness of specific drugs, methodology of postmarketing surveillance, and the relation between pharmacoepidemiology and the formulation and interpretation of regulatory guidelines. (Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992;1(1); J Pharmacoepidemiol 1990;1(1))
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PHARMACOEPIDEMIOL
UI = D017891
Pharmacogenetics
MS = A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (BIOTRANSFORMATION) of drugs.
AN = SPEC or GEN; prefer specific drug & specific genetic aspect: Manual 28.22.5
UI = D010597
Pharmacognosy
MS = The science of drugs prepared from natural-sources including preparations from PLANTS; ANIMALS and other organisms as well as MINERALS and other substances included in MATERIA MEDICA. The therapeutic usage of plants is PHYTOTHERAPY.
AN = SPEC
UI = D010598
Pharmacokinetics
MS = Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance.
AN = GEN or unspecified; no qualif; prefer /pharmacokin with drugs: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.53, 19.10+; DF: PHARMACOKIN
UI = D010599
Pharmacology
MS = The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; the pharmacol of a drug or chem = Cat D term with /pharmacol: Manual 19.8.54; /methods: consider TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DF: PHARMACOL
UI = D010600
Pharmacology, Clinical
MS = The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord: the pharmacol of a drug or chem in humans = Cat D term with /pharmacol + HUMAN, not PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL; DF: PHARMACOL CLIN
UI = D010601
Pharmacopoeias
MS = Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from FORMULARIES in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions.
AN = IM; do not confuse with FORMULARIES which, usually mere lists, are less complete (see MeSH definitions); do not confuse with Publication Type PHARMACOPOEIAS; specify country
UI = D010602
Pharmacopoeias [Publication Type]
MS = Authoritative works containing lists of drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, main chemical properties, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity, etc. They have the status of a standard.
AN = publication type only; for pharmacopoeias as a subject, index under main heading PHARMACOPOEIAS
UI = D019539
Pharmacopoeias, Homeopathic
AN = IM
UI = D010603
Pharmacy
MS = The practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations.
AN = the field: do not confuse with PHARMACIES; SPEC: SPEC qualif; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, PHARMACY or PHARMACY (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); /methods: consider TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL
UI = D010604
Pharmacy Administration
MS = The business and managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense.
AN = "the business & managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense"; SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: PHARM ADMIN
UI = D010605
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee
MS = An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department.
AN = a link between hosp med staff & pharm dept; DF: PHARM THER COMM or PHARM COMMITTEE
UI = D010606
Pharmacy Service, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the receiving, storing, and distribution of pharmaceutical supplies.
AN = DF: PHARM SERV HOSP
UI = D010607
Pharyngeal Diseases
MS = General or unspecified diseases of the pharynx.
AN = inflamm dis = PHARYNGITIS
UI = D010608
Pharyngeal Muscles
MS = The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus.
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D010609
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010610
Pharyngectomy
MS = Surgical removal of a part of the pharynx. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010611
Pharyngitis
MS = Inflammation of the throat.
AN = inflamm of pharynx: note X ref
UI = D010612
Pharyngostomy
MS = External surgical fistulization of the pharynx for feeding.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010613
Pharynx
MS = A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).
AN = inflammation = PHARYNGITIS; /surg: consider also PHARYNGECTOMY & PHARYNGOSTOMY; HYPOPHARYNX, NASOPHARYNX & OROPHARYNX are also available
UI = D010614
Phaseolus
MS = A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027805
Phellodendron
MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain BERBERINE, indolopyridoquinazoline and other ALKALOIDS and limonoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032102
Phenacetin
MS = A non-prostaglandin synthase inhibitor. It was utilized extensively in a wide variety of analgesic mixtures, but its causal role in analgesic-abuse nephropathy led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431)
UI = D010615
Phenanthrenes
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons
UI = D010616
Phenanthridines
UI = D010617
Phenanthrolines
UI = D010618
Phenazines
UI = D010619
Phenazocine
MS = An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)
UI = D010620
Phenazopyridine
MS = A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.
AN = a local anesthetic
UI = D010621
Phencyclidine
MS = A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.
UI = D010622
Phencyclidine Abuse
MS = The misuse of phencyclidine with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D010623
Phenelzine
MS = One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.
UI = D010624
Phenethylamines
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D010627
Phenetidine
MS = Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.
UI = D010628
Phenformin
MS = A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
UI = D010629
Phenindione
MS = An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higer incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)
UI = D010630
Pheniramine
MS = One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.
UI = D010632
Phenmetrazine
MS = A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
UI = D010633
Phenobarbital
MS = A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.
UI = D010634
Phenol
MS = An antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p801)
UI = D019800
Phenolphthalein
MS = An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.
AN = PHENOLPHTHALEINS is also available
UI = D020113
Phenolphthaleins
MS = A family of 3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phthalides. They are used as indicators, cathartics, and dyes.
AN = PHENOLPHTHALEIN is also available
UI = D010635
Phenols
UI = D010636
Phenolsulfonphthalein
MS = Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010637
Phenoperidine
MS = A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol.
UI = D010638
Phenothiazines
UI = D010640
Phenotype
MS = The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
UI = D010641
Phenoxyacetates
UI = D010642
Phenoxybenzamine
MS = An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.
UI = D010643
Phenprocoumon
MS = Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.
UI = D010644
Phentermine
MS = A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.
UI = D010645
Phentolamine
MS = A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.
UI = D010646
Phenyl Ethers
UI = D010647
Phenylacetates
UI = D010648
Phenylalanine
MS = An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN, DOPAMINE, noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.
UI = D010649
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of L-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia. It may also act on L-tyrosine. Since the enzyme deprives neoplastic tissue of phenylalanine, it has been used experimentally in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzyme is obtained from many plants. EC 4.3.1.5.
AN = an antineoplastic
UI = D010650
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of L-TYROSINE, dihydrobiopterin, and water from L-PHENYLALANINE, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause PHENYLKETONURIAS and PHENYLKETONURIA, MATERNAL. EC 1.14.16.1.
AN = /defic: consider also PHENYLKETONURIAS and PHENYLKETONURIA, MATERNAL
UI = D010651
Phenylalanine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates phenylalanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.20.
UI = D010652
Phenylbutazone
MS = A drug that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It is especially effective in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. It also is useful in rheumatoid arthritis and Reiter's syndrome (investigational indication). Although phenylbutazone is effective in gouty arthritis, risk/benefit considerations indicate that this drug should not be employed for this disease. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p1822)
AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent
UI = D010653
Phenylbutyrates
UI = D010654
Phenylenediamines
UI = D010655
Phenylephrine
MS = An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.
UI = D010656
Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase
MS = A methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and N-methylphenylethanolamine. It can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.1.28.
UI = D010625
Phenylethyl Alcohol
MS = An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.
UI = D010626
Phenylethylmalonamide
MS = A metabolite of primidone.
UI = D010657
Phenylglyoxal
MS = A reagent that is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. It is used to selectively inhibit various enzymes and acts as an energy transfer inhibitor in photophosphorylation.
UI = D010658
Phenylhydrazines
MS = Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010659
Phenylisopropyladenosine
MS = N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.
AN = an antilipemic
UI = D010660
Phenylketonuria, Maternal
MS = A maternal condition which occurs in untreated or partially treated phenylketonuric females when they become pregnant. This may result in damage to the fetus, including microcephaly, mental retardation, congenital heart disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and craniofacial abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1997 Mar 3;69(1):89-95)
AN = check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE; consider also PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE /defic; DF: PKU MATERNAL
UI = D017042
Phenylketonurias
MS = A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; note X refs: consider also PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE /defic and DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE /defic; DF: PKU
UI = D010661
Phenylmercuric Acetate
MS = A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.
UI = D010662
Phenylmercury Compounds
MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to a phenyl group. Often used as fungicides and seed treatment agents.
AN = agric fungicides; DF: PHENYLMERCURY CPDS
UI = D010663
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride
MS = An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.
UI = D010664
Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester
MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.
AN = DF: EPN300
UI = D004849
Phenylpropanolamine
MS = A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.
UI = D010665
Phenylpropionates
UI = D010666
Phenylpyruvic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of phenylpyruvic acid which has the general formula C6H5CH2COCOOH, and is a metabolite of phenylalanine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010667
Phenylthiazolylthiourea
MS = A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.
UI = D010668
Phenylthiohydantoin
MS = Thiohydantoin benzene derivative.
UI = D010669
Phenylthiourea
UI = D010670
Phenylurea Compounds
AN = DF: PHENYLUREA CPDS
UI = D010671
Phenytoin
MS = An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
UI = D010672
Pheochromocytoma
MS = A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is hypertension, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be headache, sweating, palpitation, apprehension, tremor, pallor or flushing of the face, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest and abdomen, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with usually ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D010673
Pheophytins
MS = Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid.
AN = chlorophylls without magnesium
UI = D010674
Pheromones
MS = Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.
AN = human, animal, plant & microbes; SEX PHEROMONES see SEX ATTRACTANTS is also available
UI = D010675
Phialophora
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus. Phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS). Ophiobolus is the teleomorph of Phialophora.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES or specific mycosis (IM)
UI = D010676
Philadelphia
AN = DF: PHILA
UI = D015143
Philadelphia Chromosome
MS = An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of genetic material from chromosome 22, usually to the long arms of chromosome 9. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC).
UI = D010677
Philately
MS = Study of stamps or postal markings. It usually refers to the design and commemorative aspects of the stamp.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; stamp collecting as a hobby: coord IM with HOBBIES (IM); indexing policy: TN 245
UI = D010678
Philippines
AN = be careful: one -l-, two -pp
UI = D010679
Philodendron
MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. As a houseplant it sometimes poisons children and animals.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031062
Philology
MS = The study of literature in its widest sense, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, language history, linguistic history, systems of writing, and anything else that is relevant to literature or language viewed as literature. Philology as a discipline has both philosophical and scientific overtones.
AN = study of literature or language as used in literature; do not confuse with LITERATURE, literary works; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PHILOL
UI = D010680
Philology, Classical
MS = The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.
AN = IM; DF: PHILOL CLASSICAL
UI = D010681
Philology, Oriental
MS = The study of literature written in languages of Asia and the Far East, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.
AN = IM; DF: PHILOL ORIENTAL
UI = D010682
Philology, Romance
MS = The study of literature written in the Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian, and others descended from Latin), including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.
AN = IM; DF: PHILOL ROMANCE
UI = D010683
Philosophy
MS = A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)
UI = D010684
Philosophy, Dental
AN = DF: PHILOSOPHY DENT
UI = D010685
Philosophy, Medical
AN = DF: PHILOSOPHY MED
UI = D010686
Philosophy, Nursing
UI = D010687
Phimosis
MS = The inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis due to tightness of the prepuce.
UI = D010688
Phlebitis
MS = Inflammation of a vein.
AN = inflamm of a vein; assume to be of the legs so do not coord with LEG; THROMBOPHLEBITIS is also available
UI = D010689
Phlebography
MS = Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHLEBOGR
UI = D010690
Phlebotomus
MS = A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER GROUP VIRUSES).
AN = blood-sucking fly, the vector of PAPPATACI FEVER see PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER & other dis; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D010691
Phlebotomus Fever
MS = Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.
AN = caused by a bunyavirus
UI = D010217
Phlebotomy
MS = The techniques used to draw blood from a vein for diagnostic purposes or for treatment of certain blood disorders such as erythrocytosis, hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda.
AN = for hist articles & hist contexts use BLOODLETTING
UI = D018962
Phlebovirus
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER. The type species is RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS.
AN = do not confuse X ref SANDFLY FEVER SICILIAN VIRUS with SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS; infection: coord IM with PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER (IM) or if not so specified coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016856
Phleomycins
MS = Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.
UI = D010692
Phleum
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains the Phl p 4 allergen.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031784
Phlomis
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains phlorigidosides, iridoid glucosides and megastigmane glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031345
Phloretin
UI = D010693
Phlorhizin
UI = D010695
Phloroglucinol
MS = 1,3,5-Benzenetriol. A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.
AN = an antispasmodic & lab reagent
UI = D010696
Phobic Disorders
MS = Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
UI = D010698
Phodopus
MS = A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.
AN = NIM; when IM, qualif permitted; don't forget also check tags HAMSTERS and ANIMAL
UI = D017111
Phonation
MS = The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air.
AN = sounds produced by vocal cords
UI = D010699
Phonetics
MS = The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = no qualif
UI = D010700
Phonocardiography
MS = Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
AN = NIM; consider also HEART AUSCULTATION; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHONOCARDIOGR
UI = D010701
Phonophoresis
MS = Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs.
AN = "use of ultrasound to increase percutaneous adsorption of drugs"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015612
Phoradendron
MS = A plant genus in the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae. Members contain phoratoxin and oleanane TRITERPENES.
AN = X ref MISTLETOE, AMERICAN: several mistletoe terms are available, check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028184
Phorate
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D010702
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate
MS = A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promotor, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF:PDBU
UI = D015240
Phorbol Esters
MS = Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C.
AN = a group of tumor-promoting cpds; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; index here only for a specific phorbol ester not in MeSH; D25-26 qualif
UI = D010703
Phorbols
MS = The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).
AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif
UI = D010704
Phosgene
MS = A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010705
Phosmet
MS = An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D010706
Phosphamidon
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D010707
Phosphate Acetyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.
UI = D010709
Phosphate Transport Proteins
MS = Membrane proteins that are involved in the active transport of phosphate.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHATE-BINDING PROTEINS
UI = D028061
Phosphate-Binding Proteins
MS = Proteins that bind to and are involved in the metabolism of phosphate ions.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT PROTEINS
UI = D028044
Phosphates
MS = Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
AN = note X ref: inorganic phosphates only; PHOSPHATES, ORGANIC see PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS; /physiol permitted; /blood & /defic: consider also HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA & HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, FAMILIAL; POLYPHOSPHATES is also available
UI = D010710
Phosphatidate Phosphatase
MS = A phosphomonoesterase involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidates with the formation of diacylglycerols and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.4.
UI = D010711
Phosphatidic Acids
MS = Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.
UI = D010712
Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase
MS = An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.
UI = D007862
Phosphatidylcholines
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010713
Phosphatidylethanolamines
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010714
Phosphatidylglycerols
MS = A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010715
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate
MS = A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
AN = DF: note short X refs
UI = D019269
Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates
MS = Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group.
UI = D018129
Phosphatidylinositols
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010716
Phosphatidylserines
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010718
Phosphenes
MS = Visual sensations arising from mechanical or electrical stimulation of the eyeball.
AN = visual sensations of the eyeball; do not confuse with PHOSPHINES
UI = D010719
Phosphines
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHENES
UI = D010720
Phosphinic Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, H2PO(OH). They include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHONIC ACIDS
UI = D010721
Phosphites
MS = Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
UI = D017905
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate
MS = 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.
AN = DF: PAPS
UI = D010724
Phosphoamino Acids
MS = Amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = amino acids containing phosphorus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D019606
Phosphocreatine
MS = An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)
UI = D010725
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.
AN = DF: PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIB
UI = D010726
Phosphoenolpyruvate
UI = D010728
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and oxaloacetate to ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in some bacteria, yeast, and Trypanosoma, and is important for the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in some plants. EC 4.1.1.49.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); DF: PEP CARBOXYKINASE ATP
UI = D019764
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of GTP and oxaloacetate to GDP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. This reaction is part of gluconeogenesis in the liver. The enzyme occurs in both the mitochondria and cytosol of mammalian liver. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 4.1.1.32.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (ATP); DF: PEP CARBOXYKINASE GTP
UI = D010729
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase
MS = An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (ATP) or PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP)
UI = D010730
Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System
MS = The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of adenylate cyclase. EC 2.7.1.-.
AN = DF: PEPPTS
UI = D010731
Phosphofructokinase-1
MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. D-tagatose- 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also are acceptors. UTP, CTP, and ITP also are donors. In human phosphofructokinase-1, three types of subunits have been identified. They are muscle type M (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE); liver type L (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, LIVER TYPE); and type C (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, C TYPE) found in platelets, brain, and other tissues.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010732
Phosphofructokinase-1, Liver Type
MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In human liver, the 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase exists as the homotetramer of L subunits.
UI = D025501
Phosphofructokinase-1, Muscle Type
MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In humans, PHOSPHOFRUCTOSKINASE-1 in muscle exists as the homotetramer of M subunits. Defects in this muscle enzyme cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VII, also known as Tarui's disease.
UI = D025203
Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C
MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In the humans, 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase isozyme C is found in platelets, brain, heart, kidney, colon and testis. This isozyme C can exist as the homotetramer of C subunits (P subunits), or heterotetramer of C type and L type subunits.
UI = D025502
Phosphofructokinase-2
MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1. Phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate.
UI = D025481
Phosphofructokinases
MS = Allosteric enzymes that regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. These enzymes catalyze phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1 reaction), or to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-2 reaction).
UI = D025221
Phosphoglucomutase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.
UI = D010733
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43.
UI = D010734
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3.
UI = D010735
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to 3-phospho-D-glycerate. EC 5.4.2.1.
UI = D010736
Phospholipase C
MS = An enzyme found in the alpha-toxin of Clostridium welchii and other strains of clostridia and bacilli. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated nitrogenous base such as choline. EC 3.1.4.3.
UI = D010738
Phospholipase D
MS = An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. EC 3.1.4.4.
UI = D010739
Phospholipases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.
UI = D010740
Phospholipases A
MS = Phosphatide acylhydrolases. Catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position (EC 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 2-position (EC 3.1.1.4).
UI = D010741
Phospholipid Ethers
MS = Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues.
UI = D010742
Phospholipids
MS = Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
UI = D010743
Phosphonic Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphonic acid with the general formula ROP(OH)2. This includes phosphonates and phosphonic acid esters. The tautomeric form of this compound (P(OH)3) = PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHINIC ACIDS
UI = D010745
Phosphonoacetic Acid
MS = A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.
UI = D010746
Phosphopeptides
UI = D010748
Phosphoprotein Phosphatase
MS = A group of enzymes removing the serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.3.16.
UI = D010749
Phosphoproteins
AN = /physiol permitted
UI = D010750
Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.2.1.11.
UI = D010751
Phosphoramide Mustards
MS = A group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. They are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents.
AN = nitrogen mustard cpds; alkylating antineoplastics
UI = D010752
Phosphoranes
MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain pentavalent phosphorus and the general formula R5P.
UI = D010753
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate
MS = The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
AN = DF: PRPP
UI = D010754
Phosphoric Acid Esters
MS = Organic esters of phosphoric acid.
UI = D010755
Phosphoric Acids
MS = Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Inorganic salts are known as PHOSPHATES and organic esters are PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHORUS ACIDS or PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS
UI = D010756
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.
AN = /antag = PHOSPHORIC DIESTER HYDROLASE INHIBITORS (see PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS)
UI = D010727
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases
MS = A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D010744
Phosphorous Acids
MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphorous acid (P(OH)3). Inorganic salts are known as PHOSPHITES. The tautomeric form of this compound (HPO(OH)2) = PHOSPHONIC ACIDS.
AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHORUS ACIDS
UI = D010757
Phosphorus
MS = An element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element in the diet, a major component of the mineral phase of bone, and is abundant in all tissues, being involved in some form in almost all metabolic processes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = P-31; /physiol permitted; /metab: disord = PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM DISORDERS
UI = D010758
Phosphorus Acids
MS = Inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = GEN only; prefer specifics; do not confuse with PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS or with PHOSPHORIC ACIDS
UI = D017976
Phosphorus Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PHOSPHORUS CPDS
UI = D017553
Phosphorus Isotopes
MS = Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.
AN = P-31; NIM
UI = D010759
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
MS = Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.
AN = HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA is also available; DF: PHOSPHORUS METAB DIS
UI = D010760
Phosphorus Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.
AN = P-28 through 34 except P-31; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D010761
Phosphorus, Dietary
MS = Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther
UI = D016226
Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.6.
AN = DF: P O LYASES
UI = D019761
Phosphorylase a
MS = The active form of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that is derived from the phosphorylation of PHOSPHORYLASE B. Phosphorylase a is deactivated via hydrolysis of phosphoserine by PHOSPHORYLASE PHOSPHATASE to form PHOSPHORYLASE B.
UI = D010762
Phosphorylase b
MS = The inactive form of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that is converted to the active form PHOSPHORYLASE A via phosphorylation by PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE and ATP.
UI = D010763
Phosphorylase Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and phosphorylase b to ADP and phosphorylase a. EC 2.7.1.38.
UI = D010764
Phosphorylase Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a by releasing inorganic phosphate and phosphorylase b, the inactive form. EC 3.1.3.17.
UI = D010765
Phosphorylases
MS = A class of glucosyltransferases that catalyzes the degradation of storage polysacharides, such as glucose polymers, by phosphorolysis in animals (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE) and in plants (STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006005
Phosphorylation
MS = The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic phosphorylation: coord NIM with PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific phosphotransferase (particularly KINASES or PROTEIN KINASES) (IM); OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION & PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION are also available
UI = D010766
Phosphorylcholine
MS = Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.
UI = D010767
Phosphoserine
MS = The phosphoric acid ester of serine.
UI = D010768
Phosphothreonine
MS = The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.
UI = D010769
Phosphotransferases
MS = A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific phosphotransferases
UI = D010770
Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)
MS = A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES ALCOHOL
UI = D017853
Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor)
MS = A class of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups and has a carboxyl group as an acceptor. EC 2.7.2.
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES CARBOXYL
UI = D017851
Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor)
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a nitrogenous group acceptor. EC 2.7.3.
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES NITROGENOUS
UI = D017852
Phosphotransferases (Paired Acceptors)
MS = A group of enzymes that transfers two phosphate groups from a donor such as ATP to two different acceptors. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.9.
AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES PAIRED
UI = D017866
Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor)
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a phosphate group acceptor. EC 2.7.4.
AN = DF: PHOSPHOSTRANSFERASES PHOSPHATE
UI = D017856
Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases)
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze an intramolecular transfer of a phosphate group. It has been shown in some cases that the enzyme has a functional phosphate group, which can act as the donor. These were previously listed under PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.7.-). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.4.2.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D017875
Phosphotungstic Acid
MS = Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D010772
Phosphotyrosine
MS = An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.
AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D019000
Phosvitin
MS = An egg yolk phosphoglycoprotein which contains about 90% of the yolk protein phosphorus. It is synthesized in the liver of the hen and transferred to the developing oocyte, where it is bound to lipoproteins within the yolk granules.
AN = an egg yolk protein
UI = D010774
Photic Stimulation
UI = D010775
Photoaffinity Labels
MS = Biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. Binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. These labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins.
UI = D019920
Photobacterium
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in the marine environment and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. Some species are bioluminescent and are found as symbionts in specialized luminous organs of fish.
UI = D010776
Photobiology
MS = The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.
AN = SPEC or GEN only; photobiol eff on or eff of light on = LIGHT (IM) + specific target (IM); photobiol eff of ultraviolet light = ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (IM) + specific target (IM); DF: PHOTOBIOL
UI = D018462
Photobleaching
MS = Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina (ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE.
UI = D038761
Photochemistry
AN = IM when SPEC: SPEC qualif; no qualif when NIM coord
UI = D010777
Photochemotherapy
MS = Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light.
AN = "therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light"; IM; coord with disease /drug ther (IM)
UI = D010778
Photofluorography
MS = The photography of images produced on a fluorescent screen by X-rays.
AN = NIM; DF: PHOTOFLUOROGR
UI = D010779
Photogrammetry
MS = Making measurements by the use of stereoscopic photographs.
AN = measurement by stereoscopic photographs
UI = D010780
Photography
MS = Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
UI = D010781
Photography, Dental
MS = Photographic techniques used in orthodontics, aesthetic dentistry, and patient education.
UI = D023861
Photolysis
MS = Chemical decomposition by the action of light and the lysis or solution of cells under the influence of light. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010782
Photometry
AN = NIM
UI = D010783
Photomicrography
MS = Photography of objects viewed under a microscope using ordinary photographic methods.
AN = avoid: read Manual 26.12.3; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse with "microphotography" (MICROFILMING or PHOTOMICROGRAPHY: be careful); DF: PHOTOMICROGR
UI = D010784
Photons
MS = Discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. They are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
AN = elementary particles; IM
UI = D017785
Photoperiod
MS = The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.
AN = "photo-" refers to natural or artificial light; no qualif
UI = D017440
Photopheresis
MS = A process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (METHOXSALEN) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as PUVA THERAPY. Photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
AN = a form of PUVA ther
UI = D017893
Photophobia
MS = Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.
UI = D020795
Photophosphorylation
MS = The formation of ATP occurring in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It is analogous to oxidative phosphorylation. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = in plants: ATP formation in chloroplasts during photosynthesis
UI = D010785
Photoplethysmography
MS = Plethysmographic determination in which the intensity of light reflected from the skin surface and the red cells below is measured to determine the blood volume of the respective area. There are two types, transmission and reflectance.
AN = to determine local blood volume; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHOTOPLETHYSMOGR
UI = D017156
Photoreceptors
MS = Cells specialized to detect and transduce light.
AN = GEN or unspecified but note PHOTORECEPTORS, VERTEBRATE; PHOTORECEPTORS, INVERTEBRATE; PHOTORECEPTORS, MICROBIAL & PHOTORECEPTORS, PLANT see PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER, PLANT are also available; DF: PHOTORECEPT
UI = D010786
Photoreceptors, Invertebrate
MS = Cells in invertebrates which are specialized to detect and transduce light and darkness and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
AN = coord IM with specific invertebrate (IM); DF: PHOTORECEPT INVERTEBRATE
UI = D017956
Photoreceptors, Microbial
MS = Light absorbing proteins and protein prosthetic groups found in certain microrganisms. Some microbial photoreceptors initiate specific chemical reactions which signal a change in the environment, while others generate energy by pumping specific ions across a cellular membrane.
AN = coord with specific organism
UI = D020283
Photoreceptors, Vertebrate
MS = Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. Rods and cones are the photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina.
AN = note X ref RODS AND CONES: these are vertebrate only but RODS (RETINA) & CONES (RETINA) are also available
UI = D020419
Photorhabdus
MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria existing symbiotically with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae (see RHABDITOIDEA). These nematodes infect a variety of soil-dwelling insects. Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect.
UI = D020637
Photosensitivity Disorders
MS = Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.
AN = a skin disease entity: does not mean sensitivity to light of eye, plants, bacteria, etc. ( = LIGHT)
UI = D010787
Photosensitizing Agents
MS = Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif
UI = D017319
Photosynthesis
MS = The formation of carbohydrates, with release of molecular oxygen, from carbon dioxide and water in the chlorophyll tissue of plants and blue-green algae under the influence of light. In bacteria, photosynthesis uses hydrogen sulfide, molecular hydrogen, and other reduced compounds in place of water, so that molecular oxygen is not released. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
AN = in plants, blue-green algae & bacteria; DF: PHOTOSYN
UI = D010788
Photosynthetic Reaction Center, Bacterial
MS = A system consisting of proteins and cofactors which acts as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.
AN = note category; DF: PRCB
UI = D016198
Photosynthetic Reaction Center, Plant
MS = A system consisting of proteins and cofactors which facilitates light energy and electron transfer in plants.
AN = DF: PRCP
UI = D016197
Phototherapy
MS = Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths.
AN = coord disease with /ther, not /radiother; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY, COLOR THERAPY & ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY are also available
UI = D010789
Phototransduction
MS = The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina.
AN = "transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses"
UI = D019174
Phototrophic Bacteria
MS = Gram-negative bacteria whose members can perform photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions.
AN = DF: PHOTOTROPHIC BACT
UI = D010790
Phototropism
MS = The directional growth of organisms in response to light. In plants, aerial shoots usually grow towards light. The phototropic response is thought to be controlled by auxin (= AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = directional growth of a plant in response to light
UI = D018524
Phrases [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of common terms, phrases, idioms, and typical conversations, e.g., between health professional and patients. These are often intended for use by non-native speakers of a language.
UI = D020494
Phrenic Nerve
MS = The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.
AN = dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010791
Phrenology
MS = The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character, especially according to the hypothesis of F. J. Gall (1758-1828). (Webster 3d ed)
AN = DF: PHRENOL
UI = D010792
Phthalazines
UI = D010793
Phthalein Dyes
MS = Colored condensation products of phenols with phthalic anhydride. Some are used in dye dilution methods to determine kidney or liver function, while others are used as pH indicators in chemistry.
UI = D010794
Phthalic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010795
Phthalic Anhydrides
MS = Phthalic acid anhydrides. Can be substituted on any carbon atom. Used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.
UI = D010796
Phthalimides
MS = The imide of phthalic acids.
UI = D010797
Phthirus
MS = Lice of the genus Phthirus, family Pediculidae. Phthirus pubis, the crab louse, is usually acquired by sexual contact or contact with infected objects. It is found most frequently in the pubic hair, but also on eyebrows, eyelashes, or on the axillary hairs.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D020061
Phycocyanin
MS = The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.
AN = plant pigment proteins
UI = D010798
Phycodnaviridae
MS = A family of DNA plant viruses that infect eukaryotic algae.
AN = a family of plant viruses infecting algae; from PHYCOs (Greek for alga) DNA viruses
UI = D017862
Phycoerythrin
MS = The metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. It functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.
AN = a plant pigment protein
UI = D010799
Phycomyces
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi in the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, forming mycelia having a metallic sheen. It has been used for research on phototropism.
UI = D010800
Phyllachorales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA characterized by stromatic perithecial forms in most species. Notable genera are Magnaporthe and Glomerella, the latter having the anamorph (mitosporic form) COLLETOTRICHUM.
UI = D020081
Phyllanthus
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. Bahupatra (MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC) is prepared from this.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029803
Phyllanthus emblica
MS = A plant species of the family EUPHORBIACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029842
Phyllodes Tumor
MS = A variant of mammary fibroadenoma, usually of large size, with an unusually cellular, sarcoma-like stroma.
AN = coord IM with probably BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D003557
Phylogeny
MS = The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
UI = D010802
Physalaemin
MS = An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.
AN = a neurotransmitter from venom from skin of So. Amer. frog Physalaemus; a tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010803
Physalis
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain physalin and withangulatin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032321
Physarida
MS = An order of protozoa characterized by a peridium and capillitium that are calcareous and a spore mass that is usually dark-colored.
UI = D016838
Physarum
MS = A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Characteristics include the presence of violet to brown spores.
AN = a protozoan
UI = D010804
Physarum polycephalum
MS = A protozoan, previously also considered a fungus. Characteristics include sporangia that are stalked and multilobed. It is widely used in biomedical research.
AN = a protozoan much used in biomed research
UI = D016839
Physical Chromosome Mapping
MS = Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)
UI = D020161
Physical Conditioning, Animal
MS = Physical conditioning of domestic, laboratory, and zoo animals. Includes exercising of animals.
AN = domestic, veterinary & exper animals; do not use /vet; don't forget check tag ANIMAL; exercising of animals goes here; animal running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION
UI = D010805
Physical Education and Training
MS = Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.
AN = "instructional" & "often in schools": differentiate from EXERCISE (see MeSH definition there), from GYMNASTICS (see note there) & from EXERCISE THERAPY (prescribed exercise & physical activity); DF: PHYS ED or PHYSICAL EDUC or PHYSICAL EDUCATION
UI = D010806
Physical Endurance
MS = The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.
AN = differs from PHYSICAL FITNESS in that here the emphasis is on "endurance"
UI = D010807
Physical Examination
MS = Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.
AN = NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION is also available; DF: PHYSICAL EXAM
UI = D010808
Physical Fitness
MS = A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy.
UI = D010809
Physical Medicine
MS = A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PHYSICAL MED
UI = D010810
Physical Stimulation
AN = NIM
UI = D010812
Physical Therapy (Specialty)
MS = The auxiliary health profession which makes use of PHYSICAL THERAPY TECHNIQUES to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction of anatomic or physiologic origin.
AN = SPEC only; for therapy use MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIPULATIONS or PHYSICAL THERAPY TECHNIQUES or their specifics
UI = D026761
Physical Therapy Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and medical rehabilitation services to restore or improve the functional capacity of the patient.
AN = DF: PHYS THER DEP
UI = D010814
Physical Therapy Techniques
MS = Therapies, including those used in the discipline of PHYSICAL THERAPY (SPECIALTY); employing physical phenomena such as temperature, light, water, and sound.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SPEC = PHYSICAL THERAPY (SPECIALTY)
UI = D026741
Physician Assistants
MS = Persons academically trained, licensed, or credentialed to provide medical care under the supervision of a physician. The concept does not include nurses, but does include orthopedic assistants, surgeon's assistants, and assistants to other specialists.
AN = coord IM with specialty (IM); PARAMEDICS see ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL is available; DF: note short X ref
UI = D010823
Physician Executives
MS = Physicians who serve in a medical and administrative capacity as head of an organized medical staff and who also may serve as liaison for the medical staff with the administration and governing board.
AN = note X ref MEDICAL DIRECTORS; DF: MED DIRECTORS
UI = D008486
Physician Impairment
MS = The physician's inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety to the patient due to the physician's disability. Common causes include alcohol and drug abuse, mental illness, physical disability, and senility.
AN = "inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill & safety to patient"; the causes may include alcohol & drug abuse, ment disord, phys disability, senility; coord IM with specific impairment (IM) + specialty if pertinent (IM)
UI = D010815
Physician Incentive Plans
MS = Compensatory plans designed to motivate physicians in relation to patient referral, physician recruitment, and efficient use of the health facility.
UI = D010816
Physician Payment Review Commission
MS = A commission created by the Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985, enacted in 1986, and given the mandate to advise Congress on Medicare-physician payment. The commission members are appointed by the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment.
AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: PPRC CATALOG: use NAF entry: United States. Physician Payment Review Commission
UI = D015284
Physician Self-Referral
MS = Referral by physicians to testing or treatment facilities in which they have financial interest. The practice is regulated by the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act of 1989.
UI = D018584
Physician's Practice Patterns
MS = Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.
AN = diag & treatment as influenced by cost of service requested & provided: do not confuse with PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE where emphasis is on individual physicians & their practices; prescribing patterns goes here
UI = D010818
Physician's Role
MS = The expected function of a member of the medical profession.
AN = coord IM with area in which role is played (IM), as "physician's role in reducing teenage pregnancy"= PHYSICIAN'S ROLE (IM) + PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE (IM)
UI = D010819
Physician-Nurse Relations
MS = The reciprocal interaction of physicians and nurses.
AN = no qualif; IM; coord with med & nurs spec (IM) if pertinent; DF: PHYSICIAN NURSE RELAT
UI = D019555
Physician-Patient Relations
MS = The interactions between physician and patient.
AN = no qualif; DF: PHYSICIAN PATIENT RELAT
UI = D010817
Physicians
MS = Individuals licensed to practice medicine.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; Manual 35.2.3; in biographies: Manual 32.16.7; when not to use: Manual 34.11.1; "role of physician in ..." = PHYSICIAN'S ROLE: see note there
UI = D010820
Physicians' Offices
MS = The room or rooms in which the physician and staff provide patient care. The offices include all rooms in the physician's office suite.
AN = restrict to physical office: includes reception rooms, examining rooms, treatment rooms, office, labs, etc.; not for articles with title reading, e.g., "office assessment of nutrition disord" or "office use of microscopes in otology"
UI = D010824
Physicians, Family
MS = Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.
AN = /educ permitted: coord with specific type of educ
UI = D010821
Physicians, Women
MS = Women licensed to practice medicine.
AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; Manual 34.1l.2
UI = D010822
Physics
AN = IM SPEC only: SPEC qualif; may be used as NIM coord, without qualif; Manual 29.11
UI = D010825
Physiognomy
AN = no qualif
UI = D010826
Physiological Processes
MS = The functions of living organisms and their parts, and the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1290)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from PHYSIOLOGY, the specialty or discipline; DF: PHYSIOL PROCESSES
UI = D010829
Physiology
MS = The science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES or /physiol with organs, organisms & psychol processes: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.55; DF: PHYSIOL
UI = D010827
Physiology, Comparative
AN = SPEC qualif when IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 18.13.4; DF: PHYSIOL COMPARATIVE
UI = D010828
Physostigma
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of PHYSOSTIGMINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029906
Physostigmine
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.
UI = D010830
Phytanic Acid
MS = A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.
UI = D010831
Phytic Acid
MS = Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D010833
Phytochrome
MS = A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.
AN = a blue-green pigment of plants; a plant protein
UI = D010834
Phytohemagglutinins
MS = Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture.
AN = X refs show the source
UI = D010835
Phytol
UI = D010836
Phytolacca
MS = A plant genus of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE, order Caryophyllales.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029603
Phytolacca americana
MS = A plant species of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE. The root has been used in traditional medicine and contains POKEWEED MITOGENS, triterpene glycosides, and antiviral protein.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029604
Phytolacca dodecandra
MS = A plant species of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE. The root has been used in traditional medicine and contains SAPONINS used to poison SNAILS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029605
Phytolaccaceae
MS = The pokeweed plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are alternate, simple and smooth-edged and the flowers are in spikes or panicles and are usually bisexual.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029602
Phytomastigophorea
MS = A class of protozoa consisting of plantlike flagellates. Its organisms are free-living and have one or two flagella.
AN = a class of protozoa
UI = D016821
Phytophthora
MS = A genus of destructive parasitic algae in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, affecting numerous fruit, vegetable, and other crops. Differentiation of zoospores usually takes place in the sporangium and no vesicle is formed.
AN = an alga belonging to the group OOMYCETES
UI = D010838
Phytoplankton
MS = Free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. The term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. Most, but not all, are unicellular ALGAE. Important groups include DIATOMS, DINOFLAGELLATES, CYANOBACTERIA, CHLOROPHYTA, coccolithophorids, cryptomonads, and silicoflagellates.
AN = coord with specific organism; phototrophic bacterioplankton: index PHYTOPLANKTON + PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA or specific
UI = D010839
Phytosterols
UI = D010840
Phytotherapy
MS = Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
AN = coord IM disease /drug ther (IM) + specific plant (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ ther use (IM or NIM) + specific chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D008517
Pia Mater
UI = D010841
Pica
MS = The persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least one month. (DSM-IV)
UI = D010842
Picea
MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen, pyramidal trees with whorled branches and thin, scaly bark. Each of the linear, spirally arranged leaves is jointed near the stem on a separate woody base.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028222
Pichia
MS = Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES isolated from exuded tree sap.
UI = D010843
Pichinde virus
MS = A species of ARENAVIRUS, one of the New World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD), causing a fatal infection in the cricetine rodent Oryzomys albigularis. Asymptomatic laboratory infection in humans has been reported.
AN = infection: coord IM with ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018052
Picibanil
MS = A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.
AN = DF: OK 432 or OK-432
UI = D010844
Pick Disease of the Brain
MS = A rare form of DEMENTIA that is sometimes familial. Clinical features include APHASIA; APRAXIA; CONFUSION; ANOMIA; memory loss; and personality deterioration. This pattern is consistent with the pathologic findings of circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the FRONTAL LOBE and TEMPORAL LOBE. Neuronal loss is maximal in the HIPPOCAMPUS, entorhinal cortex, and AMYGDALA. Some ballooned cortical neurons contain argentophylic (Pick) bodies. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Apr;8(2):339-54; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1057-9)
UI = D020774
Pickwickian Syndrome
MS = Extreme obesity with polycythemia, somnolence, hypoventilation, arterial unsaturation and hypercapnia, and pulmonary hypertension.
AN = obesity with somnolence, blood & resp disord
UI = D010845
Picloram
MS = A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.
UI = D010846
Picobirnavirus
MS = Unclassified, bisegmented, double-stranded RNA virus isolated from the feces of humans and other animals. Some reports associate it with gastroenteritis in humans.
AN = an unclassified RNA virus; from pico (tiny) + bi(segmented) + RNA virus; infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018708
Picolines
MS = A group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D010847
Picolinic Acids
UI = D010848
Picornaviridae
MS = A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are six genera: APHTHOVIRUS; CARDIOVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; HEPATOVIRUS; PARECHOVIRUS; and RHINOVIRUS.
AN = infection = PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D010849
Picornaviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the PICORNAVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D010850
Picrasma
MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain javanicins, picrasinoside and other quassinoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032270
Picrates
UI = D010851
Picrorhiza
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain scrosides (CINNAMATES) and phenylethanoid glycoside. P. kurrooa is the source of picroliv (a purified iridoid glycoside fraction from the roots having hepatoprotective, anti- inflammatory and antioxidant properties).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032261
Picrotoxin
MS = A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
UI = D010852
Picryl Chloride
MS = A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).
UI = D010853
Pictorial Works [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting exclusively or mainly of pictures but not technical drawings.
UI = D020495
Piebaldism
MS = Autosomal dominant, congenital disorder characterized by localized hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. The most familiar feature is a white forelock presenting in 80 to 90 percent of the patients. The underlying defect is possibly related to the differentiation and migration of melanoblasts, as well as to defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). Piebaldism may be closely related to Waardenburg's syndrome.
AN = hypopigmentation of skin & hair; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D016116
Piedra
MS = Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon beigelii.
AN = fungus dis of hair shaft: see MeSH definition
UI = D010854
Pierre Robin Syndrome
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by brachygnathia and cleft palate, often associated with glossoptosis, backward and upward displacement of the larynx, and angulation of the manubrium sterni. Cleft palate makes sucking and swallowing difficult, permitting easy access of fluids into the larynx. It may appear in several syndromes or as an isolated hypoplasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = multiple oral abnorm; named for French dentist Pierre Robin: Robin is his surname; note: no hyphen; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D010855
Pigeons
AN = includes doves; IM except in psychol articles: qualif permitted; NIM in psychol: no qualif
UI = D010856
Pigment Epithelium of Eye
MS = Epithelium in the retina, ciliary body, and iris containing pigment granules.
AN = includes pigment epithelium of retina, ciliary body & iris; detachment = RETINAL DETACHMENT
UI = D010857
Pigmentation
MS = Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
AN = differentiate from COLOR in that PIGMENTATION is related to biological PIGMENTS: COLOR need not involve these
UI = D010858
Pigmentation Disorders
AN = do not restrict to skin despite category; do not confuse X ref INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ACHROMIANS with INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
UI = D010859
Pigments
MS = Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms.
AN = largely biol: differentiate from DYES, usually non-biol
UI = D010860
Pili, Sex
MS = Filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. These pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. Normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p675) This preferred use of "pili" refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL), also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion.
AN = note X refs: do not confuse with COMMON PILI see FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D018933
Pilocarpine
MS = A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D010862
Pilocarpus
MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE that is the natural source of PILOCARPINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032103
Piloerection
MS = Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs.
UI = D010863
Pilomatrixoma
MS = A tumor composed of cells resembling those of the hair matrix, which undergo 'mummification' and may calcify. It is a relatively uncommon tumor, which may occur at any age from infancy. The majority of patients are under 20, and females are affected more than males. The lesion is usually a solitary deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor 3-30 mm in diameter, situated in the head, neck, or upper extremity. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2401)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + HAIR DISEASES (IM)
UI = D018296
Pilonidal Sinus
MS = A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.
AN = non-neoplastic; a hair-containing cyst or sinus usually in the coccygeal region: no organ coord needed; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D010864
Pilot Projects
MS = Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D010865
Pimelic Acids
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.
UI = D010867
Pimenta
MS = A plant genus in the family MYRTACEAE, order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known for allspice from the dried berry of Pimenta diocia.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027841
Pimozide
MS = A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
UI = D010868
Pimpinella
MS = A plant genus in the family APIACEAE (Umbelliferae) that is used in SPICES and is a source of anethole.
AN = distinguish from Star Anise (ILLICIUM); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028042
Pinaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta, known for the various conifers.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028201
Pinacidil
MS = A potassium-channel opener that produces direct peripheral vasodilatation of the arterioles. It reduces blood pressure and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
UI = D020110
Pindolol
MS = A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)
UI = D010869
Pineal Gland
MS = A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other biogenic amines, and neuropeptides.
AN = neopl: do not consider PINEALOMA a synonym: coord PINEAL GLAND (IM) with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of type (IM)
UI = D010870
Pinealoma
MS = Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)
AN = coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS + PINEAL GLAND (IM)
UI = D010871
Pinellia
MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE that contains pinellian (an acidic polysaccharide). The plant is an ingredient of some traditional Asian medicinal mixtures including sho-saiko-to, saiko-keishi-to, and banxia houpu decoction.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030021
Pinnipedia
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer SEALS & WALRUS; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010872
Pinocytosis
MS = The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.
UI = D010873
Pinta
MS = An infectious disease of the skin caused by Treponema carateum that occurs only in the western hemisphere. Age of onset is between 10 and 20 years of age. This condition is characterized by marked changes in the skin color and is believed to be transmitted by direct person-to-person contact.
AN = a nonvenereal treponemal skin infect
UI = D010874
Pinus
MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028223
Pipecolic Acids
UI = D010875
Pipecuronium
MS = A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used during halothane ANESTHESIA and during obstetric and gynecologic surgery.
UI = D017300
Pipemidic Acid
MS = Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.
UI = D010876
Piper
MS = A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE that includes species used for spicy and stimulating qualities.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031701
Piper betle
MS = A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE that is indigenous in the Indian Malay region and cultivated in Madagascar, and the West Indies. It contains chavibetol, chavicol and cadinene. The leaf is chewed as a stimulant, antiseptic and sialogogue. The common name of betel is also used for ARECA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031721
Piper nigrum
MS = A plant species in the PIPERACEAE plant family. It is a common spice on foods and is used medicinally to increase gastrointestinal assimilation of other supplements and drugs. PIPERINE is a key component. Black pepper is picked unripe and heaped for a few days to ferment. White Pepper is the ripe fruit dehulled by maceration in water.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029222
Piperaceae
MS = A family of flowering plants in the order Piperales best known for the black pepper widely used in SPICES, and for KAVA and Betel used for neuroactive properties.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D026321
Piperacillin
MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for Pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.
UI = D010878
Piperazines
UI = D010879
Piperidines
MS = A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine.
UI = D010880
Piperidones
UI = D010881
Piperonyl Butoxide
MS = An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and ROTENONE.
UI = D010882
Piperoxan
MS = A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.
UI = D010883
Pipidae
MS = A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic "toads". Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam "toad" (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.
AN = tongueless frogs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D010884
Pipobroman
MS = An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.
UI = D010885
Piracetam
MS = A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.
UI = D010889
Pirenzepine
MS = An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.
UI = D010890
Piribedil
MS = A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.
UI = D010891
Pirinitramide
MS = A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.
UI = D010892
Piromidic Acid
MS = Antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. It is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections.
UI = D010893
Piromyces
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTICALES, containing uniflagellate zoospores.
UI = D020089
Piroplasmia
MS = A subclass of heteroxenous parasitic protozoa usually transmitted by ticks. Its organisms are rod-shaped or amoeboid with conoid, oocysts, spores, and pseudocysts absent. Locomotion is by body flexion, gliding, or, in sexual stages, by large axopodium-like organelles.
AN = a subclass of tick-borne protozoa: do not confuse with order PIROPLASMIDA
UI = D016791
Piroplasmida
MS = An order of protozoa comprising heteroxenous tick-borne blood parasites. Representative genera include BABESIA, Dactylosoma, and THEILERIA.
AN = an order of tick-borne protozoa: do not confuse with subclass PIROPLASMIA
UI = D016792
Piroxicam
MS = A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.
UI = D010894
Pistacia
MS = A plant genus in the ANACARDIACEAE family known for the Pistachio nuts and for gum Mastic.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027927
Pit and Fissure Sealants
MS = Agents used to occlude dental enamel pits and fissures in the prevention of dental caries.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PIT SEALANTS
UI = D010895
Pitcairn Island
MS = An island in Polynesia, in the south Pacific Ocean. It was discovered in 1767 by Philip Carteret, uninhabited until 1790 when settled by mutineers from the English ship, Bounty. The settlement was discovered in 1808; the population was removed temporarily to Tahiti in 1831 and to Norfolk Island (between New Caledonia and New Zealand) in 1856. Some later returned to Pitcairn and their descendents constitute the present population of this British colony. The island is named for the midshipman who first sighted it from the ship. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p958 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p422)
AN = an island in Polynesia, settled by the mutineers from the Bounty
UI = D010896
Pitch Discrimination
MS = The ability to differentiate tones.
AN = do not confuse with PITCH PERCEPTION
UI = D010897
Pitch Perception
MS = A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
AN = do not confuse with PITCH DISCRIMINATION
UI = D010898
Pituitary Apoplexy
MS = Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely COMA. The most common cause is hemorrhage (INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES) related to a pituitary ADENOMA (see also PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). Ischemia; MENINGITIS; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.
UI = D010899
Pituitary Diseases
MS = Disorders of the anterior or posterior pituitary gland which usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of pituitary hormones. Pituitary mass lesions may also produce compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific part of pituitary (IM); PITUITARY APOPLEXY is available
UI = D010900
Pituitary Function Tests
AN = test of pituit funct or hormonal secretion: do not confuse with PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION TESTS, test of pituit funct in relation to adrenal funct or corticoid production
UI = D010901
Pituitary Gland
MS = A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR or PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR; pars distalis is indexed under PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR; /rad eff: consider also PITUITARY IRRADIATION, a radiother procedure; /surg: probably HYPOPHYSECTOMY; consider also PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM & HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM
UI = D010902
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
MS = The glandular or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
AN = diseases: coord IM with PITUITARY DISEASES or specific pituitary dis (IM)
UI = D010903
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
MS = The neural or post-neural lobe of the pituitary gland. The infundibulum is considered part of the posterior pituitary by most authors.
AN = diseases: coord IM with PITUITARY DISEASES or specific pituitary dis (IM)
UI = D010904
Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones
MS = Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PHRIH
UI = D010905
Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones
MS = Hormones released by one structure (e.g., the hypothalamus or the thyroid gland) that effect the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
AN = IM + coord with specific hormone (IM) but note many specific precoords available; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PHRH
UI = D010906
Pituitary Hormones
MS = Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific hormone; /defic: consider also HYPOPITUITARISM & its specifics
UI = D010907
Pituitary Hormones, Anterior
MS = Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D010908
Pituitary Hormones, Posterior
MS = Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. They are formed in the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in nerve cell endings in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D010909
Pituitary Irradiation
AN = ionizing; a radiother procedure: do not confuse with eff of rad on pituitary ( = PITUITARY GLAND /rad eff); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010910
Pituitary Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
AN = coord IM with site in pituitary (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010911
Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests
AN = pituit funct in relation to adrenal funct or corticoid production: differentiate from PITUITARY FUNCTION TESTS, test of pituit funct or hormonal secretion
UI = D010912
Pituitary-Adrenal System
MS = The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.
AN = hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM
UI = D010913
Pityriasis
MS = A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a papulosquamous skin dis
UI = D010915
Pityriasis Lichenoides
MS = A subgroup of PARAPSORIASIS itself divided into acute and chronic forms. The acute form is characterized by the abrupt onset of a generalized, reddish-brown, maculopapular eruption. Lesions may be vesicular, hemorrhagic, crusted, or necrotic. Histologically the disease is characterized by epidermal necrolysis. The chronic form shows milder skin changes with necrosis. An important variant of the chronic form is LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS.
AN = a form of parapsoriasis & of pityriasis
UI = D017514
Pityriasis Rosea
MS = A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.
UI = D017515
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
MS = A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.
UI = D010916
Pivampicillin
MS = Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.
UI = D010917
Pizotyline
MS = Serotonin antagonist used against migraine and vascular headaches.
UI = D010918
Placebo Effect
MS = An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.
AN = "placebo" is not restricted to drugs; IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease (IM); no qualif; DF: PLACEBO EFF
UI = D015990
Placebos
MS = Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.
AN = usually NIM; do not index routinely for articles on CLINICAL TRIALS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; etc., unless particularly discussed; Manual 18.12.13
UI = D010919
Placenta
MS = A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
AN = mammals only; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; /blood supply: consider PLACENTAL CIRCULATION; placental serum or placental blood = PLACENTA + BLOOD
UI = D010920
Placenta Accreta
MS = Abnormal adherence of part or all of the placenta to the uterine wall, with partial or complete absence of the decidua basalis, especially of the spongiosum layer. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = adherence of placenta to uterine wall; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D010921
Placenta Diseases
AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; "fetal malnutrition" : index under PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
UI = D010922
Placenta Praevia
MS = A placenta which develops in the lower uterine segment, in the zone of dilatation, so that it covers or adjoins the internal os. Painless hemorrhage in the last trimester, particularly during the eighth month, is the most common symptom. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a placenta developing in dilatation zone of uterus; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D010923
Placenta, Retained
MS = A placenta which is either adherent or incarcerated by irregular uterine contractions, and which in consequence fails to be expelled after birth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a placenta failing to be expelled after birth; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D018457
Placental Circulation
MS = The circulation of blood, of both the mother and the fetus, through the placenta.
AN = DF: PLACENTAL CIRC
UI = D021041
Placental Extracts
MS = Extracts prepared from placental tissue; they may contain specific but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities.
AN = extracts of placenta or placental fractions; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the placenta, as "peptides extracted from the mouse placenta" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + PLACENTA /chem)
UI = D010924
Placental Function Tests
MS = Methods used for the assessment of placental function.
AN = NIM
UI = D010925
Placental Hormones
MS = Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).
UI = D010926
Placental Insufficiency
MS = Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
AN = inadequate oxygen & nutrients to fetus via placenta; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D010927
Placental Lactogen
MS = A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kD that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.
UI = D010928
Placentation
MS = Development of a site of fetomaternal union for physiologic exchange, a placenta or placenta-like organ.
AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D010929
Plagiarism
MS = Passing off as one's own the work of another without credit.
AN = IM; do not confuse with DUPLICATE PUBLICATION: read MeSH definition; no qualif
UI = D015714
Plague
MS = An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.
AN = Pasteurella pestis or Yersinia pestis infection only; swine plague = HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA /vet (IM) + SWINE DISEASES (IM) but do not confuse with African swine plague ( = AFRICAN SWINE FEVER)
UI = D010930
Plague Vaccine
MS = A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.
UI = D010931
Planarians
MS = Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.
AN = non-parasitic flatworms used in regeneration experiments
UI = D010932
Planets
MS = Heavenly bodies with their own motion among the stars, revolving, in the case of the solar system, around the sun, along the plane of the ecliptic. They are grouped into inner planets and outer planets, based on distance from the sun and common characteristics.
AN = no qualif; does not include comets or meteors: METEOROIDS is available; natural satellites: index under SOLAR SYSTEM
UI = D016083
Plankton
MS = Community of tiny aquatic organisms, both PLANTS and ANIMALS, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.
AN = coord with specific organism; PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON are also available; non-phototrophic bacterioplankton: index PLANKTON + BACTERIA or specific; phototrophic bacterioplankton: index PHYTOPLANKTON + PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA or specific
UI = D010933
Planning Techniques
MS = Procedures, strategies, and theories of planning.
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D010934
Plant Bark
MS = The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.
UI = D024301
Plant Components
MS = The anatomical components of a plant, including SEEDS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific anat part
UI = D018514
Plant Components, Aerial
MS = The above-ground plant without the roots.
AN = coord with specific plant
UI = D035261
Plant Diseases
MS = Diseases of plants.
AN = coord with specific causative organism if pertinent but not with infection term
UI = D010935
Plant Epidermis
MS = A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = outer integument of plants; IM; coord with specific plant if pertinent (IM)
UI = D019441
Plant Extracts
MS = Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
AN = IM GEN only; NIM when specific plant term is IM; /ther use: coord with disease /drug ther, not /ther; extracts of medicinal plants in Chinese med = PLANT EXTRACTS, CHINESE see DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL: TN J
UI = D010936
Plant Families and Groups
MS = Groupings that include specific plants within larger families or divisions.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D019669
Plant Growth Regulators
MS = Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by micro-organism; DF: PLANT GROWTH REG
UI = D010937
Plant Leaves
MS = Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = part of a plant shoot; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
UI = D018515
Plant Lectins
MS = Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.
UI = D037121
Plant Oils
MS = Oils derived from plants or plant products.
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific plant source of oil (IM or NIM) but not PLANTS; "yusho poisoning": see note on RICE
UI = D010938
Plant Physiology
MS = Physiological functions characteristic of plants.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PLANT PHYSIOL
UI = D018521
Plant Poisoning
MS = Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.
AN = human & animal; coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific dis /etiol (IM); do not coord with food plants in Cat J: index under specific Cat J2 food plant /pois (IM), as FRUIT /pois or GARLIC /pois but not also here; Jamaican vomiting sickness: index PLANT POISONING + HYPOGLYCINS /pois
UI = D010939
Plant Preparations
MS = Material prepared from plants for medicinal purposes.
AN = coord with specific plant and PLANT COMPONENTS term; for use in therapy coord IM or NIM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + specific chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028321
Plant Proteins
MS = Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
AN = dietary plant proteins: coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific protein (IM) + DIETARY PROTEINS (IM) but note that VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available (see note there); nutritive value of plant proteins: coord IM with specific protein (IM) + NUTRITIVE VALUE (NIM) but not also DIETARY PROTEINS
UI = D010940
Plant Root Cap
MS = A cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of a growing root. It is the putative site of gravity sensing in plant roots.
AN = composed of meristem cells; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
UI = D018518
Plant Roots
MS = The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = underground structure of a plant; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
UI = D018517
Plant Shoots
MS = New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves and tips of branches.
AN = for new root growth use MERISTEM; coord with specific plant
UI = D018520
Plant Stems
MS = Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = coord with specific plant; PLANT BARK is also available
UI = D018547
Plant Transpiration
MS = The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = loss of water vapor in plants
UI = D018526
Plant Tubers
MS = An enlarged underground root or stem of some plants. It is usually rich in carbohydrates. Some, such as POTATOES, are important human FOOD. They may reproduce vegetatively from buds.
AN = coord with specific plant
UI = D035281
Plant Tumor-Inducing Plasmids
MS = Plasmids coding for proteins which induce PLANT TUMORS. The most notable example of a plant tumor inducing plasmid is the Ti plasmid found associated with AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS.
UI = D036741
Plant Tumors
MS = A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)
UI = D010941
Plant Viruses
MS = Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D010942
Plantago
MS = A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae, order Plantaginales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.
AN = Xref PLANTAIN: for the banana-like fruit or green plantain flour use MUSA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D010943
Plants
MS = Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations.
AN = GEN only: prefer specific groups or specific plants; plants or "plant tissue": Manual 31.10; /anat: consider also PLANT COMPONENTS; /embryol: consider also SEEDS; policy 22.30, 36.25; plants used in therapy = PHYTOTHERAPY: Manual 26.29
UI = D010944
Plants, Edible
MS = An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.
AN = as plants & food; prefer FRUIT (J) or VEGETABLES (J) if ascertainable; specify geog if pertinent; use qualif available to PLANTS with discretion
UI = D010945
Plants, Genetically Modified
MS = PLANTS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their progeny.
AN = coord with specific plant /genet
UI = D030821
Plants, Medicinal
MS = Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, or other pharmacologic activity when administered to higher animals.
AN = IM GEN only; spec geog if pertinent;
UI = D010946
Plants, Toxic
MS = Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
AN = IM GEN only
UI = D010947
Plaque Assay
MS = Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in cultured cells. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the viral particles are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some viruses, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain viral antigens which can be measured by immunofluorescence.
AN = for viruses; coord IM or NIM with specific virus /growth (IM); do not confuse with HEMOLYTIC PLAQUE TECHNIQUE in immunol
UI = D010948
Plasma
AN = restrict to plasma for transfusions or plasma when compared with serum or blood cells or whole blood; substances in plasma = /blood, not PLASMA; policy: Manual 21.47, 25.14.5; for X ref FRESH FROZEN PLASMA do not coord with FREEZING nor BLOOD PRESERVATION
UI = D010949
Plasma Cells
MS = Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)
AN = not for BLOOD CELLS: they are antibody-producing cells; A 11 qualif
UI = D010950
Plasma Exchange
MS = Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010951
Plasma Kallikrein
MS = A peptidohydrolytic enzyme that is formed from PREKALLIKREIN by FACTOR XIIA. It activates FACTOR XII; FACTOR VII; and PLASMINOGEN. It is selective for both ARGININE and to a lesser extent LYSINE bonds. EC 3.4.21.34.
UI = D020842
Plasma Substitutes
MS = Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.
AN = do not confuse with BLOOD SUBSTITUTES which carry O2 to & CO2 from tissue; D25-26 qualif
UI = D010952
Plasma Volume
MS = Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques.
AN = coord IM with disease /physiopathol, not /blood
UI = D010953
Plasmacytoma
MS = Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in bone marrow or various extramedullary sites.
AN = solitary = PLASMACYTOMA; multiple = MULTIPLE MYELOMA; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D010954
Plasmalogens
MS = Any GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids.
AN = do not confuse X ref here with specific phosphatidyl compounds in MeSH
UI = D010955
Plasmapheresis
MS = Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D010956
Plasmids
MS = Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species.
AN = bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal & plant; R PLASMIDS see R FACTORS is available
UI = D010957
Plasmin
MS = A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by PLASMINOGEN activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins.
UI = D005341
Plasminogen
MS = Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent.
AN = an enzyme precursor & fibrinolytic agent; /antag: do not confuse with PLASMINOGEN INACTIVATORS which modulate PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS, not PLASMINOGEN
UI = D010958
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1
MS = A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.
AN = a serpin; DF: note short X ref
UI = D017395
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2
MS = Member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.
AN = a serpin; DF: note short X ref
UI = D017396
Plasminogen Activators
MS = A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /antag: consider also PLASMINOGEN INACTIVATORS
UI = D010960
Plasminogen Inactivators
MS = Important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. Four inhibitors, all belonging to the serpin family of proteins, have been implicated in plasminogen activation inhibition. They are PAI-1, PAI-2, protease-nexin, and PROTEIN C INHIBITOR; (PAI-3). All inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.
AN = serpins; DF: PLASMINOGEN INACT
UI = D015849
Plasmodesmata
MS = Membrane-like channels of cytoplasm connecting adjacent plant cells. Plasmodesmata connect through pores in the CELL WALL and associate with the CYTOSKELETON machinery. They are essential for intercellular transport and communication.
UI = D031425
Plasmodium
MS = A genus of coccidian protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection = MALARIA; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D010961
Plasmodium berghei
MS = A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.
AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D010962
Plasmodium chabaudi
MS = A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016788
Plasmodium cynomolgi
MS = A protozoan parasite that occurs naturally in the macaque. It is similar to PLASMODIUM VIVAX and produces a type of malaria similar to vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species has been found to give rise to both natural and experimental human infections.
AN = in macaques; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016789
Plasmodium falciparum
MS = A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.
AN = infection = MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D010963
Plasmodium gallinaceum
MS = A protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria (MALARIA, AVIAN), primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito.
AN = in chickens; infection = MALARIA, AVIAN (see note there); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D010964
Plasmodium knowlesi
MS = A protozoan parasite from Southeast Asia that causes monkey malaria. It is naturally acquired by man in Malaysia and can also be transmitted experimentally to humans.
AN = in monkeys; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D016790
Plasmodium malariae
MS = A protozoan parasite that occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate areas. It is the causal agent of quartan malaria. As the parasite grows it exhibits little ameboid activity.
AN = infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D010965
Plasmodium ovale
MS = A species of protozoan parasite causing MALARIA. It is the rarest of the four species of PLASMODIUM infecting humans, but is common in West African countries and neighboring areas.
AN = infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D041122
Plasmodium vivax
MS = A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.
AN = infection = MALARIA, VIVAX; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D010966
Plasmodium yoelii
MS = A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.
AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord wtih ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D010967
Plastic Embedding
MS = The infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome.
AN = coord IM with embedding material (IM or NIM with no qualif)
UI = D016613
Plasticizers
MS = Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010968
Plastics
MS = Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D010969
Plastids
MS = Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies.
AN = organelles in plants or algae; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with PLANTS; ALGAE; or specific plant or alga usually NIM
UI = D018087
Plastocyanin
MS = A copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.
AN = a plant protein
UI = D010970
Plastoquinone
MS = Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.
UI = D010971
Platelet Activating Factor
MS = A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction.
AN = a platelet aggreg factor; DF: note short X ref
UI = D010972
Platelet Activation
MS = A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
UI = D015539
Platelet Adhesiveness
MS = The process whereby platelets adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., collagen, basement membranes, microfibrils, or other "foreign" surfaces.
UI = D010973
Platelet Aggregation
MS = The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus.
UI = D010974
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
MS = Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
AN = DF: PLATELET INHIB
UI = D010975
Platelet Count
MS = A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.
AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
UI = D010976
Platelet Factor 3
MS = A lipoprotein with pronounced electronegative surface charge found in association with platelet membrane and platelet granules. In the sequence of blood coagulation reactions, it is required for activation of factor VIII and for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
AN = a coagulant
UI = D010977
Platelet Factor 4
MS = A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan.
UI = D010978
Platelet Function Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D010979
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex
MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex essential for normal platelet adhesion and clot formation at sites of vascular injury. It is composed of three polypeptides, GPIb alpha, GPIb beta, and GPIX. Glycoprotein Ib functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor and for thrombin. Congenital deficiency of the GPIb-IX complex results in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelet glycoprotein GPV associates with GPIb-IX and is also absent in Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
AN = important in platelet aggreg; note X refs as CD42 antigens; DF: GPIB IX
UI = D019038
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex
MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. It is an integrin complex containing INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB and INTEGRIN BETA3 which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. As such, it is a receptor for FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; FIBRONECTIN; VITRONECTIN; and THROMBOSPONDINS. A deficiency of GPIIb-IIIa results in GLANZMANN THROMBASTHENIA.
UI = D019039
Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb
MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb is an integrin alpha subunit that heterodimerizes with INTEGRIN BETA3 to form PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX. It is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain which is then postranslationally cleaved and processed into two disulfide-linked subunits of approximately 18 and 110 kD in size.
UI = D040201
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
MS = Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D010980
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency
MS = Disorder characterized by a decrease or lack of platelet dense bodies in which the releasable pool of adenine nucleotides and 5HT are normally stored.
UI = D010981
Platelet Transfusion
MS = The transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)
UI = D017713
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
MS = Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alpha-granules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PDGF
UI = D010982
Plateletpheresis
MS = The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; removal of platelets & return of plateletless blood to donor: do not confuse with PLATELET TRANSFUSION
UI = D010983
Platinum
MS = Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".
AN = Pt-195; Pt-194, 196, 198 = PLATINUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Pt-173-193, 197, 199, 200 = PLATINUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D010984
Platinum Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PLATINUM CPDS
UI = D017671
Platybasia
MS = A developmental deformity of the occipital bone and upper end of the cervical spine, in which the latter appears to have pushed the floor of the occipital bone upward. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = occipital bone abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D010985
Platycodon
MS = A plant genus of the family CAMPANULACEAE that contains platycodin and other triterpenoid SAPONINS. It is a constituent of kikyo-to (MEDICINE, KAMPO).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031238
Platyhelminths
MS = A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda.
AN = infection = CESTODE INFECTIONS or TREMATODE INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D010986
Platypus
MS = A small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order Monotremata found in Australia and Tasmania.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D010987
Play and Playthings
MS = Spontaneous or voluntary recreational activities pursued for enjoyment and accessories or equipment used in the activities; includes games, toys, etc.
AN = /psychol permitted but do not confuse with PLAY THERAPY; includes games; DF: PLAY
UI = D010988
Play Therapy
MS = A treatment technique utilizing play as a medium for expression and communication between patient and therapist.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: PLAY THER
UI = D010989
Pleasure-Pain Principle
MS = The psychoanalytic concept that man instinctively seeks to avoid pain and discomfort and strives for gratification and pleasure.
AN = no qualif
UI = D010990
Plectranthus
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains eudesmane sesquiterpenes and antimicrobial abietane diterpenoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031346
Plectrovirus
MS = A genus of bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect Acholeplasma and Spiroplasma.
AN = a bacteriophage genus of the family Inoviridae
UI = D017913
Pleistophora
MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa in the family Pleistophoridae that infects humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D021864
Plesiomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016981
Plethysmography
MS = Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; "venous occlusion plethysmography" & "strain gauge plethysmography" go here; DF: PLETHYSMOGR
UI = D010991
Plethysmography, Impedance
MS = Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse X ref RHEOGRAPHY with "rheography" as a synonym for the study of flow dynamics of body & other fluids ( = RHEOLOGY); DF: PLETHYSMOGR IMPEDANCE
UI = D010992
Plethysmography, Whole Body
MS = Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = used in resp funct tests; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PLETHYSMOGR WHOLE BODY
UI = D010993
Pleura
MS = The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs (LUNG) and lining the THORACIC CAVITY.
AN = /surg: consider also PNEUMONOLYSIS; inflammation = PLEURISY; PLEURAL CAVITY is also available
UI = D010994
Pleural Cavity
MS = Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.
AN = PLEURA is also available
UI = D035422
Pleural Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PLEURISY
UI = D010995
Pleural Effusion
MS = Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.
AN = note category; presence of fluid in the pleural space; PLEURAL EFFUSION, MALIGNANT is also available
UI = D010996
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
MS = Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.
AN = note category; presence of fluid in the pleural space as a compl of cancer
UI = D016066
Pleural Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms of the thin serous membrane that envelopes the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. Pleural neoplasms are exceedingly rare and are usually not diagnosed until they are advanced because in the early stages they produce no symptoms.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D010997
Pleurisy
AN = same as "pleuritis" in foreign lit
UI = D010998
Pleurodeles
MS = A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as "spiny" tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.
AN = aquatic newt; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D010999
Pleurodesis
MS = The production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura. The procedure is used in the treatment of bronchopleural fistulas, malignant pleural effusions, and pneumothorax and often involves instillation of chemicals or other agents into the pleural space causing, in effect, a pleuritis that seals the air leak. (From Fishman, Pulmonary Diseases, 2d ed, p2233 & Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = instillation of a drug or other agent into pleural space to seal pleural fistula, effusion, etc.; IM; coord with dis /ther & specific drug /admin (IM) if pertinent
UI = D018700
Pleurodynia, Epidemic
MS = An acute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics. It is usually caused by coxsackieviruses B and sometimes by coxsackieviruses A; echoviruses; or other enteroviruses.
UI = D011000
Pleuropneumonia
MS = Pleurisy complicated with pneumonia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not make a diagnosis: use the term as used by the author
UI = D011001
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious
MS = A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.
AN = Mycoplasma infect; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or with animal (IM) in absence of precoord
UI = D011002
Pleurotus
MS = A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order Aphyllophorales, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)
UI = D020076
Pliability
MS = The quality or state of being able to be bent or creased repeatedly. (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = NIM; biol & non-biol application
UI = D018583
Plicamycin
MS = A tricyclic pentaglycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces strains that inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by adhering to DNA. It is used as a fluorescent dye and as an antineoplastic agent, especially in bone and testicular tumors. Plicamycin is also used to reduce hypercalcemia, especially that due to malignancies.
UI = D008926
Ploidies
MS = The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.
UI = D011003
Plum Pox Virus
MS = A species of the genus POTYVIRUS that affects many species of Prunus. It is transmitted by aphids and by infected rootstocks.
AN = a species of Potyvirus, a mosaic virus
UI = D017801
Plumbaginaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Plumbaginales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida of shrubs and herbs. Some members contain anthocyanins and naphthaquinones.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029606
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
MS = Syndrome of dysphagia with iron deficiency anemia and mucosal lesions of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.
AN = dysphagia with iron defic anemia
UI = D011004
Pluripotent Stem Cells
MS = Cells that can give rise to most types of cells but not all types of cells necessary for fetal development. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
AN = TOTIPOTENT STEM CELLS and MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS are also available
UI = D039904
Pluto
MS = The ninth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its only natural satellite is Charon.
AN = 9th (farthest) planet from sun with 1 moon; no qualif
UI = D018542
Plutonium
MS = Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D011005
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
MS = A condition characterized by the presence of thin-walled, gas-containing cysts in the wall of the intestines. The lesions may be subserosal or submucosal. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = gas-containing cysts in the intestinal wall
UI = D011006
Pneumocephalus
MS = Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.
UI = D011007
Pneumococcal Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
AN = DF: PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECT
UI = D011008
Pneumococcal Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
UI = D022242
Pneumoconiosis
MS = Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence.
AN = GEN or specific for which there is no term in MeSH; do not use /chem ind for a dust causing this dis: use /etiol; TN 151: compl of pneumoconiosis; index specific pneumoconioses for which there is no MeSH term here + substance yielding dust, as pneumoconiosis in gold mining: PNEUMOCONIOSIS (IM) + GOLD (IM) + MINING (IM); do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
UI = D011009
Pneumocystis carinii
MS = A species of ascomycetous fungi, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales, causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia and other infections in man, as well as infections in other animals. It occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. (From Dorland 28th ed)
AN = a fungus; infection = probably PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII but if not of lungs, index under PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII INFECTIONS (IM) + precoord organ/dis term (IM); coord with pre-coordinated fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent
UI = D011010
Pneumocystis carinii Infections
MS = Infection with Pneumocystis carinii, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII) and other infections in humans. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.
AN = fungus dis; IM; coord with precoord organ/dis term (IM) but consider more commonly PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII
UI = D016720
Pneumoencephalography
MS = Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PNEUMOENCEPHALOGR
UI = D011011
Pneumomediastinum, Diagnostic
MS = Deliberate introduction of air or gas into the mediastinum as an aid to examination and diagnosis.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011012
Pneumonectomy
MS = The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.
UI = D011013
Pneumonia
MS = Inflammation of the lungs.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D011014
Pneumonia, Aspiration
MS = A type of pneumonia resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper respiratory tract.
AN = lung inflamm from aspiration of food, liquid or gastric contents; /congen: consider also RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
UI = D011015
Pneumonia, Atypical Interstitial, of Cattle
MS = A cattle disease of uncertain cause, probably an allergic reaction.
AN = don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL
UI = D011016
Pneumonia, Bacterial
MS = Pneumonia caused by various species of bacteria. Bacterial pneumonia commonly results from bronchogenic spread of infection following microaspiration of secretions. The largest category of this disease arises from community-acquired pneumonias.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific bact infect (IM); DF: PNEUMONIA BACT
UI = D018410
Pneumonia, Lipid
MS = Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.
AN = lung inflamm from aspiration or inhalation of oily or fatty substances
UI = D011017
Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
MS = Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE.
AN = caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
UI = D011019
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
MS = A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE. This condition is characterized by inflammation of one or more lobes of the lungs and symptoms include chills, fever, rapid breathing, and cough.
AN = caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
UI = D011018
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii
MS = A pulmonary disease occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii.
AN = a common opportunistic fungus infect in AIDS
UI = D011020
Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep
MS = Chronic respiratory disease caused by the VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS. It was formerly believed to be identical with jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE) but is now recognized as a separate entity.
AN = caused by a lentivirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011021
Pneumonia, Rickettsial
MS = Pneumonia caused by infection with bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE.
AN = coord IM with specific rickettsial infection (IM)
UI = D011022
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
MS = Pneumonia caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. This condition is a frequent complication of viral influenza.
AN = caused by Staphylococcus aureus; DF: PNEUMONIA STAPH or STAPH PNEUMONIA
UI = D011023
Pneumonia, Viral
MS = Pneumonia caused by a virus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = coord IM with specific viral dis (IM)
UI = D011024
Pneumonolysis
MS = Division of the tissues attaching the lung to the wall of the chest cavity, to permit collapse of the lung. It was formerly used to treat tuberculosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = loosing the lung from the chest wall; a form of collapse ther in pulm tuberc; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011025
Pneumopericardium
UI = D011026
Pneumoperitoneum
MS = The presence of gas or air in the peritoneal cavity. It may occur spontaneously or be deliberately introduced as an aid to radiologic examination (PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a disease; do not confuse with PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL, a radiogr technique; RETROPNEUMOPERITONEUM is also available: see note there
UI = D011027
Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial
MS = Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011028
Pneumoradiography
MS = Radiography using air, oxygen, or some other gas as a contrast medium.
AN = "radiogr by air, oxygen or some other gas as the contrast medium": nothing to do with LUNG /radiogr; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PNEUMORADIOGR
UI = D011029
Pneumothorax
MS = An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process, or be introduced deliberately ( = PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = accumul of air or gas in pleural cavity: a disease; do not confuse with PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL, a surg procedure
UI = D011030
Pneumothorax, Artificial
MS = Injection of air or a more slowly absorbed gas such as nitrogen, into the pleural space to collapse the lung. It was formerly used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = a form of collapse ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; in treating dis, coord Cat C term with /surg
UI = D011031
Pneumovirinae
MS = A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE containing two genera: PNEUMOVIRUS; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.
AN = infecton: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018099
Pneumovirus
MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE) where the human and bovine virions have neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase activity. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN is the type species.
AN = infection = PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D018111
Pneumovirus Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS, an important cause of respiratory disease in humans.
AN = caused by a RESPIROVIRUS; GEN or unspecified
UI = D018186
Poa
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains the Poa p Ia allergen and allergen C KBGP.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031785
Poaceae
MS = A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (CEREALS) come from members of this family. HAY FEVER can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D006109
Podiatry
MS = A specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders and injuries and anatomic defects of the foot.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; for /educ, coord with med educ terms permitted
UI = D011032
Podophyllin
MS = Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.
AN = an antineoplastic & keratolytic agent; /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D011033
Podophyllotoxin
MS = A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D011034
Podophyllum
MS = A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.
AN = plant only with PODOPHYLLIN the probable Cat D term; prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D011035
Podophyllum peltatum
MS = A plant of the genus PODOPHYLLUM, family BERBERIDACEAE (sometimes classified as Podophyllaceae) which is the source of PODOPHYLLIN and of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that inhibits DNA TOPOISOMERASES TYPE II. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.
AN = do not confuse X refs MANDRAKE, AMERICAN with MANDRAKE, EUROPEAN see MANDRAGORA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028144
Podoviridae
MS = A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol; note X refs; BACTERIOPHAGE T7 is also available
UI = D017902
Poecilia
MS = A genus of livebearing cyprinodont fish comprising the guppy and molly. Some species are virtually all female and depend on sperm from other species to stimulate egg development. Poecilia is used in carcinogenicity studies as well as neurologic and physiologic research.
AN = note X refs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D011036
POEMS Syndrome
MS = A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)
AN = for Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Skin changes; DF: POEMS
UI = D016878
Poetry
AN = coord IM with LITERATURE, MEDIEVAL (IM) or LITERATURE, MODERN (IM)
UI = D011037
Poikiloderma Congenitale
MS = An autosomal recessive syndrome occurring principally in females, characterized by the presence of reticulated, atrophic, hyperpigmented, telangiectatic cutaneous plaques, often accompanied by juvenile cataracts, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbances in the growth of hair, nails, and teeth, and hypogonadism.
AN = skin & other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D011038
Point Mutation
MS = A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
AN = see MUTATION for correct use of /drug eff & /rad eff
UI = D017354
Point-of-Care Systems
MS = Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry systems.
UI = D019095
Poison Control Centers
MS = Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D011039
Poisoning
MS = A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent.
AN = a dis concept: the field = TOXICOLOGY; IM; GEN only; prefer /pois with Cat D & J terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.57, 19.9+, 25.11.4; /drug ther: consider also ANTIDOTES; sometimes called "toxicoses" & often called "intoxication" in foreign lit; DF: POIS
UI = D011041
Poisons
MS = Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM
UI = D011042
Poisson Distribution
MS = A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D016012
Pokeweed Mitogens
MS = Proteins isolated from the roots of the pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, that agglutinate some erythrocytes, stimulate mitosis and antibody synthesis in lymphocytes, and induce activation of plasma cells.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by pokeweed
UI = D011043
Pol1 Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins
MS = Factors that form a preinitiation complex at promoters that are specifically transcribed by RNA POLYMERASE I.
UI = D035463
Poland
AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples
UI = D011044
Poland Syndrome
MS = A syndrome which is characterized by symbrachydactyly and aplasia of the sternal head of pectoralis major.
AN = abnorm of pectoralis musc with syndactyly, named for A. Poland, 19th cent physician; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D011045
Polarity of Translation
MS = Decrease in the synthesis of proteins specified by genes distal to the operator and to the site of a nonsense, frameshift, deletion or insertion mutation in an operon. A mutation which produces polarity is called a polar mutation or a polarity mutation.
UI = D011047
Polarography
MS = An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
AN = DF: POLAROGR
UI = D011048
Police
MS = Agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order among the citizenry.
AN = few qualif apply; psychology of the policeman or policewoman: no qualif with POLICE
UI = D016495
Policy Making
MS = The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011050
Poliomyelitis
MS = An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)
UI = D011051
Poliomyelitis, Bulbar
MS = A form of paralytic poliomyelitis affecting neurons of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the brain stem. Clinical features include impaired respiration, HYPERTENSION, alterations of vasomotor control, and dysphagia. Weakness and atrophy of the limbs and trunk due to spinal cord involvement is usually associated. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p765)
AN = DF: POLIO BULBAR
UI = D011052
Poliovirus
MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.
AN = infection = POLIOMYELITIS
UI = D017955
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
MS = A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.
UI = D011054
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
MS = A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = SABIN VACCINE is attenuated (live)
UI = D011055
Poliovirus Vaccines
MS = Vaccines used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS. They include inactivated (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED) and oral vaccines (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, ORAL).
UI = D023321
Polioviruses
MS = Species of ENTEROVIRUS causing acute infection in humans and leading to nervous system damage in a minority of cases. Humans are the only natural host, but infection can also occur in non-human primates and experimentally in rodents.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics for human poliovirus; infection = POLIOMYELITIS
UI = D011053
Political Systems
MS = The units based on political theory and chosen by countries under which their governmental power is organized and administered to their citizens.
AN = specify geog
UI = D011056
Politics
MS = Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D011057
Pollen
MS = The male fertilizing element of flowering PLANTS analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as a dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other FLOWERS to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic.
AN = coord with specific PLANTS term; pollen as an allergen: coord IM with ALLERGENS (IM); hypersensitivity: consider RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY and its specifics particularly HAY FEVER
UI = D011058
Polonium
MS = Polonium. A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D011059
Poloxalene
MS = A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.
UI = D011060
Poloxamer
MS = A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilising agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
UI = D020442
Poly A
MS = A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
AN = do not confuse with POLY A-U
UI = D011061
Poly A-U
MS = A double-stranded polyribonucleotide comprising polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids.
AN = Do not confuse with POLY A
UI = D011063
Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
MS = A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES.
UI = D011064
Poly C
MS = A group of cytosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each cytosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011066
Poly dA-dT
MS = Polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. Present in DNA preparations isolated from crab species. Synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of DNA.
AN = used in DNA studies
UI = D011067
Poly G
MS = A group of guanine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each guanine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011068
Poly I
MS = A group of inosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each inosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
AN = do not confuse with POLY I-C
UI = D011069
Poly I-C
MS = Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.
AN = an interferon inducer; do not confuse with POLY I
UI = D011070
Poly T
MS = A group of thymine nucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each thymine nucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
UI = D011071
Poly U
MS = A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
UI = D011072
Poly(A)-Binding Protein I
MS = A poly(A) binding protein that has a variety of functions such as mRNA stabilization and protection of RNA from nuclease activity. Although poly(A) binding protein I is considered a major cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein it is also found in the NUCLEUS and may be involved in transport of mRNP particles.
UI = D039122
Poly(A)-Binding Protein II
MS = A poly(A) binding protein that is involved in promoting the extension of the poly A tails of MRNA. The protein requires a minimum of ten ADENOSINE nucleotides in order for binding to mRNA. Once bound it works in conjunction with CLEAVAGE AND POLYADENYLATION SPECIFICITY FACTOR to stimulate the rate of poly A synthesis by POLY A POLYMERASE. Once poly-A tails reach around 250 nucleotides in length poly(A) binding protein II no longer stimulates POLYADENYLATION. Mutations within a GCG repeat region in the gene for poly(A) binding protein II have been shown to cause the disease MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, OCULOPHARYNGEAL.
UI = D039103
Poly(A)-Binding Proteins
MS = Proteins that bind to the 3' polyadenylated region of MRNA. When complexed with RNA the proteins serve an array of functions such as stabilizing the 3' end of RNA, promoting poly(A) synthesis and stimulating mRNA translation.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; note species-specific terms in SCR
UI = D039102
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.
UI = D011065
Polyadenylation
MS = The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.
UI = D026723
Polyalthia
MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. Members contain 8-oxopolyalthiaine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031044
Polyamines
UI = D011073
Polyanetholesulfonate
MS = A compound originally developed as an anticoagulant, but possessing anticomplement action and lowering the bactericidal action of blood. It is used in vitro to inhibit blood coagulation and as a diagnostic reagent to encourage the growth of pathogens in the blood. It is also used to stabilize colloidal solutions such as milk and gelatin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D011074
Polyarteritis Nodosa
MS = A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system.
AN = a form of necrotizing vasculitis
UI = D010488
Polybrominated Biphenyls
MS = Biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants.
AN = DF: PBBS
UI = D011075
Polycarboxylate Cement
MS = Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.
AN = a dent cement; D25-26 qualif
UI = D011076
Polychaeta
MS = A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.
AN = marine worms; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D011077
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
MS = Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
AN = "yusho poisoning": see note on RICE
UI = D011078
Polychloroterphenyl Compounds
MS = Compounds consisting of three benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions and substituted with chlorine atoms.
AN = DF: POLYCHLOROTERPHENYL CPDS
UI = D011080
Polychondritis, Relapsing
MS = An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.
UI = D011081
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
MS = Hydrocarbons consisting of two or more fused ring structures.
UI = D011083
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
MS = A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
UI = D011084
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
MS = Diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed cysts within the kidney.
AN = KIDNEY, CYSTIC and MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY are also available
UI = D007690
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
MS = A genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys and progressive deterioration of renal function. Type 1 is usually caused by a mutant gene at the PKD1 locus on the short arm of chromosome 16, though mutations elsewhere in the genome can also cause the disease. The age of onset of symptoms varies widely.
AN = DF: ADPKD
UI = D016891
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive
MS = A rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys and associated hepatic lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at birth and there is high perinatal mortality.
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; DF: ARPKD
UI = D017044
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
MS = A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
AN = non-neoplastic
UI = D011085
Polycythemia
MS = An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = increase in total red cell mass
UI = D011086
Polycythemia Vera
MS = A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
AN = a myeloproliferative disord
UI = D011087
Polydactyly
MS = A congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the presence of supernumerary digits.
AN = do not confuse with SYNDACTYLY; coord IM with FINGERS /abnorm (IM) or TOES /abnorm (IM); SHORT RIB-POLYDACTYLY SYNDROME is also available
UI = D017689
Polydeoxyribonucleotides
MS = A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
AN = 13 or more nucleotides
UI = D011089
Polydioxanone
MS = An absorbable suture material used also as ligating clips, as pins for internal fixation of broken bones, and as ligament reinforcement for surgically managed ligament injuries. Its promising characteristics are elasticity, complete biodegradability, and lack of side effects such as infections.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D016687
Polydnaviridae
MS = A family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic hymenopteran insects belonging to the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The two genera are Ichnovirus and Bracovirus.
AN = a family of insect viruses infecting hymenopterans; from POLY (several or many) DNA viruses; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)
UI = D018071
Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune
MS = Autoimmune disease affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and mucocutaneous candidiasis, while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidism, and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific antibodies against a variety of endocrine glands have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.
AN = a multiple endocrine disord so do not coord with specific endocrine dis or precoord endocr dis term unless particularly discussed; do not index under CANDIDIASIS unless particularly discussed: see MeSH definition; DF: APECED
UI = D016884
Polyenes
AN = polyene antibiotics: index under ANTIBIOTICS (IM) + POLYENES (NIM), using the same qualif for both
UI = D011090
Polyesters
MS = Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011091
Polyethylene
MS = A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses.
AN = POLYETHYLENES is available
UI = D020959
Polyethylene Glycols
MS = Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011092
Polyethylene Terephthalates
MS = Polyester polymers formed from terephthalic acid or its esters and ethylene glycol. They can be formed into tapes, films or pulled into fibers that are pressed into meshes or woven into fabrics.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011093
Polyethyleneimine
MS = Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011094
Polyethylenes
MS = Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.
AN = POLYETHYLENE is available; D25-26 qualif
UI = D011095
Polygala
MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGALACEAE that contains onjisaponins, xanthones, pyrones, and benzophenones. The name is similar to other snakeroots such as ASARUM; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA; AGERATINA; and others.
AN = other snakeroots are available such as ASARUM; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA; AGERATINA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031801
Polygalaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Polygalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029608
Polygalacturonase
MS = A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15.
AN = in microorganisms & higher plants
UI = D011096
Polygeline
MS = A 3.5 per cent colloidal solution containing urea-cross-linked polymerized peptides. It has a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 and is prepared from gelatin and electrolytes. The polymeric solution is used as a plasma expander.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011097
Polyglactin 910
MS = A polyester used for absorbable sutures & surgical mesh, especially in ophthalmic surgery. 2-Hydroxy-propanoic acid polymer with polymerized hydroxyacetic acid, which forms 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-dione polymer with 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione copolymer of molecular weight about 80,000 daltons.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011098
Polyglutamic Acid
MS = A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.
UI = D011099
Polyglycolic Acid
MS = A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011100
Polygonaceae
MS = The only family of the buckwheat order (Polygonales) of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees.
AN = BUCKWHEAT & RHUBARB are also available; prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019664
Polygonatum
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain benzoquinones, steroidal saponin, and ribosome-inactivating proteins.
AN = note X refs: SOLOMON SEAL, FALSE see SMILACINA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031384
Polygonum
MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE that is an ingredient of Shou-Wu-Pian, a Chinese herbal preparation (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL). The common name of black bindweed also refers to TAMUS or Fallopia (use POLYGONACEAE).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028502
Polyhydramnios
MS = Excess of amniotic fluid greater than 2,000 ml. It is a common obstetrical complication whose major causes include maternal diabetes, chromosomal disorders, isoimmunological disease, congenital abnormalities, and multiple gestations.
AN = excess of amniotic fluid
UI = D006831
Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate
MS = A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011102
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides
MS = These compounds function as activated monosaccharide carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and oligosaccharide phospholipids. Obtained from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar and a polyisoprenyl phosphate.
UI = D011103
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Oligosaccharides
MS = These compounds function as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. Include the pyrophosphates.
UI = D011104
Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Sugars
MS = Compounds functioning as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. They include the polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates.
UI = D011105
Polyisoprenyl Phosphates
MS = Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.
UI = D011106
Polylysine
MS = A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine.
UI = D011107
Polymenophorea
MS = A class of ciliate protozoa characterized by a well-developed, conspicuous adoral zone of numerous buccal or peristomial organelles, often extending out onto the body surface.
AN = a class of ciliate protozoa
UI = D016809
Polymerase Chain Reaction
MS = In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
UI = D016133
Polymers
MS = Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, plastics).
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011108
Polymethacrylic Acids
MS = Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011109
Polymethyl Methacrylate
MS = Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
UI = D019904
Polymorphism (Genetics)
MS = The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequence visible at a chromosomal level.
AN = DF: POLYMORPHISM
UI = D011110
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
MS = Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
UI = D012150
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
MS = A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
AN = do not confuse with POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE-STRANDED CONFORMATIONAL
UI = D020641
Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
MS = Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.
AN = POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE is also available
UI = D018807
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
MS = A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with TEMPORAL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.
UI = D011111
Polymyositis
MS = Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY, NERVOUS SYSTEM); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)
UI = D017285
Polymyxin
MS = Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.
AN = a peptide antibiotic group
UI = D011113
Polymyxin B
MS = A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.
UI = D011112
Polynesia
MS = The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII; NEW ZEALAND; Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND; SAMOA, TONGA; Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)
AN = a group of islands in the central Pacific; Polynesians are of Caucasoid race unless otherwise specified; Maori are Polynesians native to New Zealand
UI = D011114
Polyneuropathies
MS = Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.
UI = D011115
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.
AN = DF: DNA KINASE
UI = D011116
Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid from ATP. May be due to the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) or polynucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.19). EC 2.7.7.19.
UI = D011062
Polynucleotide Ligases
MS = Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.
AN = do not confuse X ref POLYNUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES with X refs POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE or POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES
UI = D011118
Polynucleotides
AN = 13 or more nucleotides
UI = D011119
Polyomaviridae
MS = A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses, infecting mainly MAMMALS, and containing a single genus: POLYOMAVIRUS.
AN = infection = POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D027382
Polyomavirus
MS = A genus of potentially oncogenic viruses of the family POLYOMAVIRIDAE. These viruses are normally present in their natural hosts as latent infections. The virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin.
AN = infection: coord IM with POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D011120
Polyomavirus Infections
MS = Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).
UI = D027601
Polypharmacy
MS = The use of multiple drugs administered to the same patient, most commonly seen in elderly patients. It includes also the administration of excessive medication. Since in the United States most drugs are dispensed as single-agent formulations, polypharmacy, though using many drugs administered to the same patient, must be differentiated from DRUG COMBINATIONS, single preparations containing two or more drugs as a fixed dose, and from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION, two or more drugs administered separately for a combined effect. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = note category: a type of DRUG THERAPY, not a pharmacy specialty; multiple drugs given to the same patient; do not confuse with DRUG COMBINATIONS ( = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form) or with POLYCHEMOTHERAPY see DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION ( = 2 or more drugs given separately for a combined eff); DF: POLYPHARM
UI = D019338
Polyphloretin Phosphate
MS = A polymeric mixture of polyesters of phosphoric acid and phloretin. It blocks some cellular responses to prostaglandins.
UI = D011121
Polyphosphates
MS = Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
UI = D011122
Polyploidy
MS = The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011123
Polypodiaceae
MS = The fern plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029621
Polypodium
MS = A plant genus of the family POLYPODIACEAE. Members contain polypodoside.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032494
Polyporaceae
MS = A family of basidiomycetous fungi, order APHYLLOPHORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
UI = D011124
Polypropylenes
MS = Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. They are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. The fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011126
Polyproteins
MS = Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.
UI = D020815
Polyps
MS = A general descriptive term used with reference to any mass of tissue that bulges or projects outward or upward from the normal surface level, thereby being macroscopically visible as a hemispheroidal, spheroidal, or irregular moundlike structure growing from a relatively broad base or a slender stalk. Classically applied to a growth on the mucous membrane of the nose, the term is now applied to such protrusions from any mucous membrane. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = neoplastic: coord with organ/neopl pre-coord; laryngeal polyps = LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + POLYPS (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; COLONIC POLYPS; INTESTINAL POLYPS & NASAL POLYPS are also available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI but remember this is of the colon
UI = D011127
Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein
MS = A RNA-binding protein that binds to polypyriminidine rich regions in the INTRONS of messenger RNAs. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein may be involved in regulating the ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs since its presence on an intronic RNA region that is upstream of an EXON inhibits the splicing of the exon into the final mRNA product.
UI = D038941
Polyradiculoneuropathy
MS = Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME) and POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.
AN = do not confuse with POLYRADICULOPATHY (dis of multiple nerve roots) nor with RADICULOPATHY (dis of a single nerve root)
UI = D011129
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
MS = A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)
AN = do not confuse X ref CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY with POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, ACUTE INFLAMMATORY see GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
UI = D020277
Polyradiculopathy
MS = Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.
AN = do not confuse with POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY (dis of both spinal nerve roots & peripheral nerves) nor with RADICULOPATHY (dis of a single spinal nerve root)
UI = D011128
Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase
MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction RNA(n+1) and orthophosphate to yield RNA(n) and a nucleoside diphosphate, or the reverse reaction. ADP, IDP, GDP, UDP, and CDP can act as donors in the latter case. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.7.7.8.
UI = D011117
Polyribonucleotides
MS = A group of 13 or more ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
AN = 13 or more nucleotides
UI = D011131
Polyribosomes
MS = A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D011132
Polysaccharide-Lyases
MS = A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. EC 4.2.2.
UI = D011133
Polysaccharides
AN = 13 or more units; GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D011134
Polysaccharides, Bacterial
MS = Polysaccharides found in bacteria and especially bacterial capsules. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = IM + coord with specific bacterium (IM) + specific polysaccharide (IM); /immunol permitted; note specific bact polysaccharides LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES & PEPTIDOGLYCAN; DF: POLYSACCHARIDES BACT
UI = D011135
Polysomnography
MS = Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of relevant normal and abnormal physiological activity during sleep. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = recording physiol activity during sleep; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: POLYSOMNOGR
UI = D017286
Polysorbates
MS = Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011136
Polystichum
MS = A plant genus of the family DRYOPTERIDACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032493
Polystyrenes
MS = Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.
AN = SYTRENES and STYRENE are available
UI = D011137
Polytetrafluoroethylene
MS = Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.
AN = a fluorocarbon polymer; D25-26 qualif
UI = D011138
Polythiazide
MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826)
UI = D011139
Polyubiquitin
MS = An oligomer formed from the repetitive linking of the C-terminal glycine of one UBIQUITIN molecule via an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue on a second ubiquitin molecule. It is structurally distinct from UBIQUITIN C, which is a single protein containing a tandemly arrayed ubiquitin peptide sequence.
UI = D025821
Polyurethanes
MS = A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as ELASTOMERS, as coatings, as fibers and as foams.
AN = URETHANE is available
UI = D011140
Polyuria
MS = Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes.
UI = D011141
Polyvinyl Alcohol
MS = A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011142
Polyvinyl Chloride
MS = A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011143
Polyvinylpyridine N-Oxide
MS = Inhibits the cytotoxic action of quartz and is reported to have delayed the development of experimental silicosis in rats.
UI = D011144
Polyvinyls
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011145
Poncirus
MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain ponfolin, a coumarin (COUMARINS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032104
Pongidae
MS = A family of Primates consisting of three genera: Pongo (PONGO PYGMAEUS), Pan (PAN TROGLODYTES and PAN PANISCUS), and Gorilla (GORILLA GORILLA). They inhabit forests in southeast Asia, equatorial Africa, Sumatra, and Borneo. The members of this family are the closest living relatives of man.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer ORANGUTAN see PONGO PYGMAEUS; CHIMPANZEE see PAN TROGLODYTES; BONOBO see PAN PANISCUS; or GORILLA GORILLA; IM; qualif permitted; Manual 22.28; Celebes black ape is not an ape: it is CELEBES APE see MACACA; diseases = APE DISEASES (IM) + coord with specific dis /vet (IM)
UI = D011147
Pongo pygmaeus
MS = A single genus and species of orangutan belonging to the PONGIDAE family and found only in lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo. Among the primates, the orangutan is second in size only to the gorilla.
AN = orangutan; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific disease /vet (IM); DF: PONGO
UI = D011148
Pons
MS = The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis.
UI = D011149
Pontederiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Most species are perennials, native primarily to tropical America. They have creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and leaves in clusters at the base of the plant or borne on branched stems. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds, or a one-seeded winged structure.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031805
Popliteal Artery
MS = The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
UI = D011150
Popliteal Cyst
MS = A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint.
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D011151
Popliteal Vein
MS = The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.
UI = D011152
Popular Works [Publication Type]
MS = Works written for non-professional or lay audiences.
UI = D020496
Population
MS = The total number of individuals inhabiting a particular region or area.
AN = IM human, NIM animal; /genet allowed; differentiate from DEMOGRAPHY (the statist study of population characteristics)
UI = D011153
Population Characteristics
MS = Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D011154
Population Control
MS = Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.
AN = IM human, NIM animal; specify geog; a broad plane: differentiate from FAMILY PLANNING, a personal level
UI = D011155
Population Density
MS = Number of individuals in a population relative to space.
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog
UI = D011156
Population Dynamics
MS = The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog
UI = D011157
Population Growth
MS = Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region.
AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog
UI = D011158
Population Surveillance
MS = Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
AN = IM human, NIM animal; specify geog
UI = D011159
Populus
MS = A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Balm of Gilead is a common name used for P. candicans, or P. gileadensis, or P. jackii, and sometimes also used for ABIES BALSAMEA or for COMMIPHORA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032107
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by outbreaks of late term abortions, high numbers of stillbirths and mummified or weak newborn piglets, and respiratory disease in young unweaned and weaned pigs. It is caused by PORCINE RESPIRATORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYNDROME VIRUS. (Radostits et al., Veterinary Medicine, 8th ed, p1048)
AN = caused by an arterivirus; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019318
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus
MS = A species of ARTERIVIRUS causing reproductive and respiratory disease in pigs. The European strain is called Lelystad virus. Airborne transmission is common.
AN = infection = PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
UI = D019316
Porfiromycin
MS = Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.
UI = D011160
Porifera
MS = The phylum of sponges, the most primitive of multicellular animals. Their body is perforated with many pores to admit water, through which food is strained. All sponges are sessile and exhibit little detectable movement. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of alkaloids, sterols and other natural products useful in medicine and biological research. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p71)
AN = the sponges; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D011161
Porins
MS = Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes.
UI = D018272
Porokeratosis
MS = A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.
AN = do not confuse with PARAKERATOSIS
UI = D017499
Porosity
MS = Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.
AN = almost never IM
UI = D016062
Porphobilinogen
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011162
Porphobilinogen Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. EC 4.2.1.24.
AN = DF: ALA DEHYDRASE
UI = D000623
Porphyria
MS = A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. Aquired pophyrias, which are due to inhibition of enzymes in the metabolic pathway by a drug, toxin or abnormal metabolite, are more common than those which are inherited.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D011164
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
MS = A form of hepatic porphyria (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells.
AN = a form of hepatic porphyria
UI = D017119
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
MS = A form of hepatic porphyria (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC) characterized by periodic attacks of gastrointestinal disturbances, abdominal colic, paralyses, and psychiatric disorders. The onset of this condition is usually in the third or fourth decade of life.
AN = a form of hepatic porphyria
UI = D017118
Porphyria, Erythrohepatic
MS = A form of porphyria characterized by a wide range of photocutaneous changes, liver disease, and an excess of protoporphyrin.
AN = do not confuse with PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC; do not confuse X ref PROTOPORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC with PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC
UI = D017121
Porphyria, Erythropoietic
MS = Autosomal recessive porphyria characterized by splenomegaly, photosensitivity, hemolytic anemia, and the appearance of red urine in early infancy. This condition results from increased synthesis of uroporphyrinogen I relative to uroporphyrinogen III in bone marrow normoblasts.
AN = do not confuse with PROTOPORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC see PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D017092
Porphyria, Hepatic
MS = Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT and PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA are types of hepatic porphyria.
AN = do not confuse with PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC
UI = D017094
Porphyrinogens
MS = Colorless reduced precursors of porphyrins in which the pyrrole rings are linked by methylene (-CH2-) bridges.
AN = pigments; porphyrin precursors
UI = D011165
Porphyrins
MS = A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.
AN = pigments; iron porphyrins = HEME or HEMIN, magnesium porphyrins = CHLOROPHYLL
UI = D011166
Porphyromonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was created.
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017861
Porphyromonas gingivalis
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.
AN = isolated from human mouth; infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016966
Porpoises
MS = Mammals of the family Phocoenidae comprising four genera and six species found in the North Pacific Ocean and both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean and in various other seas. They differ from DOLPHINS in that porpoises have a blunt snout and a rather stocky body while dolphins have a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body. They usually travel in small groups. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp1003-4)
AN = mammals; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D019576
Port-Wine Stain
MS = A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)
AN = distinguish from HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY
UI = D019339
Portacaval Shunt, Surgical
MS = Surgical portasystemic shunt between the portal vein and inferior vena cava.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTACAVAL SHUNT
UI = D011167
Portal Pressure
MS = The venous pressure measured in the portal vein.
UI = D017082
Portal System
MS = A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
AN = /radiogr: consider also PORTOGRAPHY
UI = D011168
Portal Vein
MS = A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
AN = /radiogr permitted but PORTOGRAPHY is more likely
UI = D011169
Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical
MS = Surgical venous shunt between the portal and systemic circulation to effect decompression of the portal circulation. It is performed primarily in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension. Types of shunt include portacaval, splenorenal, mesocaval, splenocaval, left gastric-caval (coronary-caval), portarenal, umbilicorenal, and umbilicocaval.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; see MeSH definition for types; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTASYSTEMIC SHUNT
UI = D011170
Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic
MS = A type of surgical portasystemic shunt to reduce portal hypertension with associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. It is performed percutaneously through the jugular vein and involves the creation of an intrahepatic shunt between the hepatic vein and portal vein. The channel is maintained by a metallic stent. The procedure can be performed in patients who have failed sclerotherapy and is an additional option to the surgical techniques of portocaval, mesocaval, and splenorenal shunts. It takes one to three hours to perform. (JAMA 1995;273(23):1824-30)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: TIPS or TIPSS
UI = D019168
Portoenterostomy, Hepatic
MS = Operation for biliary atresia by anastomosis of the bile ducts into the jejunum or duodenum.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTOENTEROSTOMY
UI = D011171
Portography
MS = Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTOGR
UI = D011172
Portraits
MS = Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)
AN = as IM, Manual 32.14; as NIM, Manual 32.14.1; TN 154: use and quality; portrait may be a painting, a drawing, a photograph, a bust, etc.; may be of an individual or of a group; do not confuse with Publication Type PORTRAITS
UI = D011173
Portraits [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. They are pictures whose purpose is the portrayal of an individual or group of individuals, not pictures which merely include people as part of an event or scene. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)
AN = publication type only; for single individuals & for group portraits; for portraits as a subject, index under main heading PORTRAITS
UI = D019477
Portugal
UI = D011174
Portulaca
MS = A plant genus of the family PORTULACACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031822
Portulacaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. There are no true petals; each flower has two to six sepals. They produce betacyanin and betaxanthin pigments and lack anthocyanins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029622
Positive-Pressure Respiration
MS = A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.
AN = note category: a type of artif resp; do not confuse with POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION, INTRINSIC, a type of resp insuff (Cat C); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011175
Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic
MS = Non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. It can appear with or without the administration of external positive end-expiratory pressure (POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION). It presents an important load on the inspiratory muscles which are operating at a mechanical disadvantage due to hyperinflation. Auto-PEEP may cause profound hypotension that should be treated by intravascular volume expansion, increasing the time for expiration, and/or changing from assist mode to intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1127)
AN = note category: a type of resp insuff; do not confuse with POSITIVE END-EXPIRATORY PRESSURE or PEEP see POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION, a form of artif resp (Cat E); DF: note short X ref
UI = D018467
Post and Core Technique
MS = Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: POST TECHNIQUE
UI = D011176
Post-Concussion Syndrome
MS = The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.
UI = D038223
Postal Service
MS = The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.
AN = specify geog; DF: POSTAL SERV
UI = D011177
Postanesthesia Nursing
MS = The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D016528
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
MS = Abdominal sequelae of biliary tract surgery as a result of various biliary tract disorders. Often the same symptoms that are present before the operation recur or postoperative symptoms such as colicky pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting occur. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes jaundice. (Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 3d ed)
UI = D017562
Posterior Cerebral Artery
MS = Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.
UI = D020769
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
MS = A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
AN = a ligament of the knee
UI = D016119
Posterior Horn Cells
MS = Neurons in the posterior (dorsal) horn of the spinal cord whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the central nervous system. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the white matter ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
UI = D020671
Posterior Thalamic Nuclei
MS = A transitional diencephalic zone of the thalamus consisting of complex and varied cells lying caudal to the ventral posterolateral nucleus, medial to the rostal part of the pulvinar, and dorsal to the medial geniculate body. It contains the limitans, posterior, suprageniculate, and submedial nuclei.
UI = D020656
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
MS = A condition characterized by a broad range of progressive disorders ranging from TENOSYNOVITIS to tendon rupture with or without hindfoot collapse to a fixed, rigid, FLATFOOT deformity. Pathologic changes can involve associated tendons, ligaments, joint structures of the ANKLE, hindfoot, and midfoot. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults.
UI = D037081
Posters [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to events, activities, causes, goods, or services. They are for posting, usually in a public place and are chiefly pictorial. They are intended to make an immediate impression from a distance. Posters do not include poster presentations at conferences and meetings. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Headings, 1995)
AN = publication type only; not for poster presentations at meetings; Publication Types ADVERTISEMENTS & BROADSIDES are also available
UI = D019519
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
MS = Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.
UI = D011178
Posthumous Conception
MS = Conception after the death of the male or female biological parent through techniques such as the use of gametes that have been stored during his or her lifetime or that were collected immediately after his or her death.
AN = human or animal
UI = D037022
Postimplantation Phase
MS = The time period between implantation and placentation.
AN = human & animal; check the tags HUMAN or ANIMAL + FEMALE + PREGNANCY
UI = D011179
Postmenopause
MS = The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life. Since in the United States the age of the menopause ranges between 48 and 55 years, generally conceived as middle age, the postmenopause often refers to women considerably older.
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
UI = D017698
Postmodernism
MS = A late 20th-century philosophical approach or style of cultural analysis that seeks to reveal the cultural or social construction of concepts conventionally assumed to be natural or universal. (from E.R. DuBose, The Illusion of Trust: Toward a Medical Theological Ethics in the Postmodern Age, Kluwer, 1995)
UI = D033302
Postmortem Changes
MS = Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.
AN = do not use for routine postmortem pathol ( = /pathol)
UI = D011180
Postnatal Care
MS = The care provided a woman following the birth of a child.
UI = D011181
Postoperative Care
MS = The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
AN = DF: POSTOP CARE
UI = D011182
Postoperative Complications
MS = Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
AN = few qualif apply; IM; coord with specific postop compl (IM); not restricted to immediate postop period; differentiate from Cat E4 terms with /adv eff: Manual 23.18+; DF: POSTOP COMPL
UI = D011183
Postoperative Hemorrhage
MS = Hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. It may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound.
AN = IM; do not confuse with BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL which is perioperative; coord with specific type of hemorrhage (IM) or specific type of surg (IM); see note on HEMORRHAGE for additional instructions on coords; DF: POSTOP HEMORRHAGE
UI = D019106
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
MS = Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.
UI = D020250
Postoperative Period
MS = The period following a surgical operation.
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; DF: POSTOP PERIOD
UI = D011184
Postpartum Hemorrhage
MS = The presence of abnormal uterine bleeding immediately after LABOR, OBSTETRIC or childbirth.
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D006473
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome
MS = A febrile illness associated with pericardial and sometimes pleuropulmonary reaction that often follows extensive pericardiotomy.
UI = D011185
Postphlebitic Syndrome
MS = Post-thrombotic complications, including destruction of the valves of the deep veins and communication veins of the leg, and obliteration of the thrombosed veins rather than recanalization, resulting in chronic venous insufficiency, marked by edema, stasis dermatitis, and ulceration of the leg.
AN = post-thrombotic venous insuff of the legs
UI = D011186
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1995 May 25;753:68-80)
AN = DF: POSTPOLIO SYNDROME or PPMA
UI = D016262
Postprandial Period
MS = Occurring after dinner, or after a meal. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = after a meal
UI = D019518
Posture
MS = The position of the limbs or the carriage of the body as a whole. (Stedman, 25th ed.)
AN = the position of the body as a whole; PRONE POSITION & SUPINE POSITION are also available; HEAD-DOWN TILT is available for studies on this position in space flight, surg & physiol
UI = D011187
Potamogetonaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Najadales, subclass Alismatidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031821
Potassium
MS = An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.
AN = an alkali metal; K-39; /physiol permitted; /metab: consider also POTASSIUM CHANNELS & SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP; /blood: note see relateds; POTASSIUM, DIETARY is also available
UI = D011188
Potassium Acetate
MS = An electrolyte replenisher, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used as a diuretic and expectorant. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019347
Potassium Channel Blockers
MS = A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
AN = DF: K CHANNEL BLOCK
UI = D026902
Potassium Channels
MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.
AN = DF: K CHANNELS
UI = D015221
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated
MS = Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.
UI = D024681
Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
MS = Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.
UI = D024661
Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain
MS = Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.
UI = D024683
Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
MS = Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the action potential (ACTION POTENTIALS).
UI = D024642
Potassium Chloride
MS = Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives.
UI = D011189
Potassium Citrate
MS = A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.
UI = D019357
Potassium Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: POTASSIUM CPDS
UI = D017680
Potassium Cyanide
MS = A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.
UI = D011190
Potassium Deficiency
MS = A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)
AN = DF: POTASSIUM DEFIC
UI = D011191
Potassium Dichromate
MS = Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.
AN = an astringent, caustic, antiseptic & dye
UI = D011192
Potassium Iodide
MS = An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = useful source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis
UI = D011193
Potassium Isotopes
MS = Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.
AN = K-41; NIM
UI = D011194
Potassium Magnesium Aspartate
MS = An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.
UI = D011195
Potassium Permanganate
MS = Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)
UI = D011196
Potassium Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.
AN = K-37,38,40,42-45; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D011197
Potassium, Dietary
MS = Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.
AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther
UI = D017419
Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters
MS = Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium ions across the cellular membrane. The action of these antiporters influences intracellular pH and potassium ion homeostasis.
UI = D027961
Potatoes
MS = Solanum tuberosum, one of the annual, herbaceous, poisonous Solanaceae or its non-poisonous tubers which are highly nutritious as food crops of the temperate regions. The plant yields starch and other nutrients, a number of enzymes, alkaloids, and lectins; the berries are very toxic.
AN = Solanum tuberosum only: does not include sweet potatoes ( = SWEET POTATOES see SOLANACEAE or IPOMOEA see SOLANACEAE); selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
UI = D011198
Potentilla
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain procyanidins and TANNINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031987
Potentiometry
MS = Solution titration in which the end point is read from the electrode-potential variations with the concentrations of potential determining ions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = a type of titrimetry; NIM
UI = D011199
Potexvirus
MS = A genus of plant viruses that cause mosaic and ringspot symptoms. Transmission occurs mechanically.
AN = a genus of plant viruses; from POTato X virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D017863
Potyviridae
MS = A family of RNA plant viruses with flexuous, filamentous particles and consisting of three genera: POTYVIRUS, Rymovirus, and Bymovirus. A fourth genus, Ipomovirus, is possible. All members of the family form cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusion bodies during infection.
AN = a family of plant viruses; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D019176
Potyvirus
MS = A large genus of plant viruses of the family POTYVIRIDAE which infect mainly plants of the Solanaceae. Transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The type species is potato virus Y.
AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from POTato virus Y (Y is one of a series, e.g., A, M, S, V, etc.); coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D017800
Pouchitis
MS = Acute inflammation of intestinal mucosa seen in an ileal reservoir that may extend transmurally, occurring as a late complication of restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE), possibly due to obstruction and stercoral ulceration. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = inflamm of an ileal reservoir after restorative proctocolectomy so do not index under PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE unless particularly discussed
UI = D019449
Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome
MS = An acute, transmissible, infectious disease associated with high MORTALITY and MORBIDITY in young turkeys (poults). It is characterized by DIARRHEA, ANOREXIA, growth depression, and immune dysfunction. The cause is unknown but astroviruses (ASTROVIRUS) and coronaviruses (CORNONAVIRUS, TURKEY) have been isolated from diseased poults and are thought to cause the enteritis and increased susceptiblity to bacterial infections.
AN = don't forget TURKEYS (NIM); ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE OF TURKEYS is also available
UI = D031261
Poultry
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; differentiate from BIRDS: "birds" in zoos, parks, forest, streets, pet shops = BIRDS, "birds" in barnyard, hatchery, butcher shop = POULTRY; definition: Manual 22.29; as food: Manual 31.7; canned poultry meat: see note on POULTRY PRODUCTS
UI = D011200
Poultry Diseases
MS = Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
AN = coord IM with specific poultry (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under POULTRY /abnorm or POULTRY /inj; don't forget also POULTRY (NIM) if no specific fowl is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; differentiate from BIRD DISEASES on basis of definition of BIRDS & POULTRY under POULTRY
UI = D011201
Poultry Products
MS = Food products manufactured from poultry.
AN = "food products manufactured from poultry" but for canned poultry meat coord POULTRY or specific poultry (IM) + FOOD PRESERVATION; coord IM with poultry source (NIM)
UI = D011202
Pouteria
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Members contain triterpenes. Some species in this genus are called mamey which is also a common name for MAMMEA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032132
Poverty
MS = A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D011203
Poverty Areas
MS = City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.
AN = no qualif; specify geog
UI = D011204
Povidone
MS = A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011205
Povidone-Iodine
MS = An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011206
Powder Diffraction
MS = Method of using a polycrystalline powder and Rietveld refinement (LEAST SQUARES ANALYSIS) of X-RAY DIFFRACTION or NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. It circumvents the difficulties of producing single large crystals.
UI = D033362
Powders
MS = Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in powder form, not the powder
UI = D011208
Power (Psychology)
MS = The exertion of a strong influence or control over others in a variety of settings--administrative, social, academic, etc.
AN = "exertion of a strong influence or control over others"; no qualif; DF: POWER
UI = D011209
Power Plants
MS = Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants.
AN = SPEC qualif; on an industrial & technol level: differentiate from POWER SOURCES; coord IM with source of power (IM) if pertinent
UI = D011210
Power Sources
MS = Devices that supply energy.
AN = do not confuse with POWER PLANTS, on an industrial level
UI = D011211
Poxviridae
MS = A family of double-stranded DNA viruses infecting mammals (including humans), birds and insects. There are two subfamilies: CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of vertebrates, and ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of insects.
AN = a family of DNA viruses; infection = POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D011212
Poxviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the POXVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D011213
Practice (Psychology)
MS = Performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning.
AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: PRACTICE PSYCHOL
UI = D011214
Practice Guideline [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of a set of directions or principles to assist the health care practitioner with patient care decisions about appropriate diagnostic, therapeutic, or other clinical procedures for specific clinical circumstances. Practice guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. They can provide a foundation for assessing and evaluating the quality and effectiveness of health care in terms of measuring improved health, reduction of variation in services or procedures performed, and reduction of variation in outcomes of health care delivered.
AN = publication type only; restrict to health care: for guidelines in other fields consider publication type GUIDELINE
UI = D017065
Practice Guidelines
MS = Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
AN = IM for articles & books on the form, value, use & creation of guidelines as a procedural policy to aid health practitioners in patient care decisions: do not confuse with Publication Type PRACTICE GUIDELINE; Manual 17.34.5
UI = D017410
Practice Management
MS = Business management of medical and dental practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties.
UI = D020399
Practice Management, Dental
MS = The organization and operation of the business aspects of a dental practice.
AN = DF: PRACTICE MANAGEMENT DENT
UI = D011215
Practice Management, Medical
MS = The organization and operation of the business aspects of a physician's practice.
AN = DF: PRACTICE MANAGEMENT MED
UI = D011216
Practice Valuation and Purchase
MS = Determination of economic value of an established health care provider practice including value of patient lists, equipment, and other assets, and process of buying or selling rights to said practice.
UI = D020443
Practolol
MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
UI = D011217
Prader-Willi Syndrome
MS = A chromosomal disorder associated with a deletion of the proximal portion of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) in the majority of affected individuals. The abnormalities occur exclusively on the paternally derived chromosome 15. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION, muscular hypotonia, OBESITY, hyperphagia, short stature, hypogonadism, strabismus, and hypersomnolence. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)
UI = D011218
Prajmaline
MS = A derivative of the rauwolfia alkaloid AJMALINE. It is an anti-arrhythmia agent, but may cause liver damage.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D011219
Pralidoxime Compounds
MS = Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
AN = DF: PRALIDOXIME CPDS
UI = D011220
Praseodymium
MS = Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.
AN = a rare earth metal; Pr-141; Pr-134-140, 142-148 = PRASEODYMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D011221
Prasterone
MS = A naturally occurring androgen isolated from urine.
UI = D003687
Pravastatin
MS = An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).
UI = D017035
Prazepam
MS = A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
UI = D011222
Praziquantel
MS = An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
UI = D011223
Prazosin
MS = A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention.
UI = D011224
Pre-Eclampsia
MS = Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
AN = hypertension, proteinuria & edema after 20th week of pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D011225
Pre-Excitation Syndromes
MS = Conditions characterized by activation of the whole or some part of the ventricle by the atrial impulse earlier than would be expected if the impulse reached the ventricle by way of the normal specific conduction system only.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; long QT = LONG QT SYNDROME; normal PR-long QRS = PRE-EXCITATION, MAHAIM TYPE; short PR-normal QRS = LOWN-GANONG-LEVINE SYNDROME; short PR, long QRS = WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME
UI = D011226
Pre-Excitation, Mahaim-Type
MS = A form of pre-excitation characterized by a normal PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave.
AN = normal PR interval & long QRS interval with delta wave; SHORT PR NORMAL QRS COMPLEX SYNDROME see LOWN-GANONG-LEVINE SYNDROME is available
UI = D011227
Prealbumin
MS = A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D011228
Preanesthetic Medication
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011229
Precancerous Conditions
MS = Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM; do not use /compl for develop into cancer: use /pathol; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM); Manual 24.4.1.13
UI = D011230
Preceptorship
MS = Practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the supervision of an established professional in the particular field.
UI = D011231
Precipitating Factors
MS = Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015985
Precipitation
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D011232
Precipitin Tests
MS = Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible precipitation occurs when a soluble antigen reacts with its antibody.
AN = in serodiag
UI = D011233
Precipitins
MS = Antibodies which elicit precipitation when combined with antigen.
AN = antibodies
UI = D011234
Preconception Care
MS = An organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. This concept is different from PRENATAL CARE, which occurs during pregnancy.
AN = may refer to prospective mother or father
UI = D016742
Predatory Behavior
MS = Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.
AN = animal only
UI = D011235
Prediabetic State
AN = do not use /compl for develop into diabetes; coord IM with specific diabetes precoord IM when pertinent
UI = D011236
Predictive Value of Tests
MS = In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D011237
Prednimustine
MS = Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.
UI = D011238
Prednisolone
MS = A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent; /admin: consider also PREDNISOLONE, TOPICAL
UI = D011239
Prednisolone, Topical
MS = Prednisolone that is applied topically as an anti-inflammatory agent.
UI = D011240
Prednisone
MS = A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
AN = do not confuse trade name Decortin (Merck) with DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE tradename Decortin (Schieffelin)
UI = D011241
Preferred Provider Organizations
MS = Arrangements negotiated between a third-party payer (often a self-insured company or union trust fund) and a group of health-care providers (hospitals and physicians) who furnish services at lower than usual fees, and, in return, receive prompt payment and an expectation of an increased volume of patients.
AN = specify geog if possible; DF: PPO
UI = D011243
Prefrontal Cortex
MS = The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
AN = "rostral part of the frontal lobe"
UI = D017397
Pregnadienediols
MS = Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains.
UI = D011244
Pregnadienes
MS = Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures.
UI = D011245
Pregnadienetriols
MS = Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains.
UI = D011246
Pregnancy
MS = The condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body, after union of an ovum and spermatozoon. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM for articles on normal pregn, NIM as check tag; policy: Manual 18.4+, 28.17+; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; pregn despite use of contraceptives is PREGNANCY + contraceptive term with no qualif; check tag FEMALE also; molar pregn = HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; surrogate pregnancy = SURROGATE MOTHERS; heterotopic pregnancy: see note under PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN
UI = D011247
Pregnancy Complications
MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
AN = pregn in a dis or a dis in pregn; coord IM with dis (IM); /surg: consider also OBSTETRIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; do not use for heterotopic pregn: see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL
UI = D011248
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular
MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
AN = coord IM with specific cardiovasc dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; hemorrh during pregn goes here, not PREGN COMPL HEMATOL; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL CARDIOVASC
UI = D011249
Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic
MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease. The hematologic disorder may be of the cells or coagulation elements of the blood but does not refer to deficiencies or excesses of various substances in the blood, such as hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. It may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.
AN = for disord of formed elements or coag processes of blood in pregn, not for excess or defic of substances in the blood (as HYPOKALEMIA + PREGN COMPL, not PREGN COMPL HEMATOL); coord IM with specific hematologic dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; hemorrh during pregn goes under PREGNANCY COMPL CARDIOVASC, not here; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL HEMATOL
UI = D011250
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
MS = Infections occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of an infectious disease.
AN = bact, fungal or viral infect: note also PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, PARASITIC; coord IM with specific infectious dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL INFECT
UI = D011251
Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic
MS = Neoplasms occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of a neoplastic disease.
AN = coord IM with specific histol type (IM) + precoord organ/neopl term (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL NEOPL
UI = D011252
Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic
MS = Parasitic diseases occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of a parasitic disease. Some of the more commonly co-occurring infections are amebiasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis.
AN = coord IM with specific parasitic dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL PARASITIC
UI = D015597
Pregnancy in Adolescence
MS = Pregnancy in humans under 19.
AN = pregn as a physiol, social, cultural, psychol probl in adolesc; IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; includes pregn in children under 13; check tags HUMAN; FEMALE; PREGNANCY & ADOLESCENT if 13-18 yrs old or CHILD if under 13; do not confuse with PREGNANCY (IM) + ADOLESCENT (NIM) where ADOLESCENT is picked up as a check tag among other age groups in the article; DF: PREGN IN ADOLESCENCE
UI = D011253
Pregnancy in Diabetics
MS = Previously diagnosed diabetics that become pregnant. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL).
AN = refers to DIABETES MELLITUS, not DIABETES INSIPIDUS; do not confuse with DIABETES, GESTATIONAL where pregn causes diabetes while in PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS a diabetic becomes pregnant; coord IM with specific diabetes precoord (IM) if pertinent; DF: PREGN IN DIABETES
UI = D011254
Pregnancy Maintenance
MS = Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy.
AN = physiol mechanisms sustaining pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN MAINTENANCE
UI = D011255
Pregnancy Outcome
MS = Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
AN = refers to normal or complicated pregn or birth; GEN or unspecified: prefer specific outcome; DF: PREGN OUTCOME
UI = D011256
Pregnancy Proteins
MS = Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the placenta during pregnancy. They may be either pregnancy specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy associated (always present during pregnancy, but may also be present in individuals undergoing estrogen therapy, taking oral contraceptives or in patients with certain malignancies.)
AN = proteins produced by organs or placenta of pregn females, in small amts in non-pregn females, in women under estrogen ther or taking oral contraceptives or in women with certain cancers; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PREGN PROTEINS
UI = D011257
Pregnancy Rate
MS = Ratio of the number of conceptions that occur during a period to the mean number of women of reproductive age. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)
AN = no. of conceptions during a given period in relation to no. of women of reprod age; check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE; no qualif; DF: PREGN RATE
UI = D018873
Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal
MS = Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.
AN = abortion of 1 or more embryos or fetus to improve outcome for remaining embryos or fetuses in multiple pregn; DF: PREGN REDUCTION MULTIFETAL
UI = D018607
Pregnancy Tests
MS = Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.
AN = human & animal; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TESTS
UI = D011258
Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic
AN = human & animal; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TESTS IMMUNOL
UI = D011259
Pregnancy Toxemias
MS = Pregnancy-induced hypertensive states, including EPH gestosis when edema and proteinuria accompany hypertension. Other hypertensive disorders that develop during pregnancy or the puerperium are pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, either of which may be superimposed upon chronic hypertensive vascular or renal disease.
AN = pregn-induced hypertensive states; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TOXEMIAS
UI = D011260
Pregnancy Trimester, First
MS = Period of pregnancy from the first day of the last normal menstrual period through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
AN = human only; 14 weeks (98 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER FIRST
UI = D011261
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
MS = Period of pregnancy from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
AN = human only; 15-28 weeks (99-196 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER SECOND
UI = D011262
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
MS = Period of pregnancy from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
AN = human only; 29-42 weeks (197-294 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; "at term": consider better LABOR; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER THIRD
UI = D011263
Pregnancy Trimesters
MS = The three periods of three months each in the normal pregnancy.
AN = human only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; trimesters are indexed only when the point of the article or substantively discussed: they are not sought out routinely nor indexed when merely mentioned; DF: PREGN TRIMESTERS
UI = D011264
Pregnancy Zone Proteins
MS = Glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha 2-globulin. They are found in small amounts in normal human plasma but in much larger volume in the plasma of pregnant women. These proteins have also been found in increased amounts in individuals undergoing estrogen therapy and are sometimes produced ectopically by tumors of non-placental origin. Pregnancy zone proteins are believed to be of maternal rather than placental origin.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PREGN ZONE PROTEINS
UI = D011265
Pregnancy, Abdominal
MS = A type of ectopic pregnancy in which the embryo implants in the abdominal cavity instead of the uterine endometrium.
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic or combined uterine & abdom pregn: see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN ABDOMINAL
UI = D011269
Pregnancy, Animal
AN = IM for articles on normal animal pregn but check also tag PREGNANCY; for NIM animal pregnancy do not index PREGNANCY, ANIMAL: merely check tag PREGNANCY; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE also; Manual 18.4.6; DF: PREGN ANIMAL
UI = D011270
Pregnancy, Ectopic
MS = A potentially life-threatening condition in which the embryo implants outside the uterine endometrial cavity. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the fallopian tube (PREGNANCY, TUBAL), but they can be in the uterine cornua, cervix, ovary, and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic = PREGNANCY (IM) + PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC or its specifics (IM) + site (NIM); DF: PREGN ECTOPIC
UI = D011271
Pregnancy, High-Risk
MS = Pregnancy in which the mother and/or fetus are at greater than normal risk of morbidity or mortality. Causes include lack of adequate prenatal care, previous obstetrical history, pre-existing maternal disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and multiple gestation, as well as advanced maternal age.
AN = mother or fetus at risk; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN HIGH RISK
UI = D018566
Pregnancy, Multiple
MS = The condition of bearing two or more fetuses simultaneously. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = human & animal; this is the mother: TWINS; TRIPLETS; etc. is the offspring; specify TWINS, etc. NIM if pertinent; in ref to animals, do not use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE for animals naturally having litters; consider LITTER SIZE; IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; not for "heterotopic pregnancy": see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 28.17.4, 34.14; DF: PREGN MULTIPLE
UI = D011272
Pregnancy, Prolonged
MS = Pregnancy continuing beyond the normal duration; in humans, usually beyond 294 days after the beginning of the last menses. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN PROLONGED
UI = D011273
Pregnancy, Tubal
MS = The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine embryo implantation occurs in the fallopian tube (FALLOPIAN TUBES), usually in the ampullary region where fertilization occurs.
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic or combined uterine & tubal pregn: see note on PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN TUBAL
UI = D011274
Pregnancy, Unwanted
MS = Pregnancy, usually accidental or unplanned, that is not desired by the parent or parents.
AN = unplanned pregnancy = PREGNANCY, not PREGNANCY, UNWANTED; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN UNWANTED
UI = D011275
Pregnancy-Associated alpha-Plasma Protein
MS = An alpha 2-macroglobulin, molecular weight approximately 750,000 now believed to be a pregnancy-specific protein. Its plasma levels increase steadily during the second trimester and continue to rise until the end of gestation.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011266
Pregnancy-Associated beta-Plasma Protein
MS = A beta-globulin now believed to be a pregnancy-specific protein. Its plasma levels increase steadily during pregnancy until the end of gestation.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011267
Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoprotein
MS = A glycoprotein with the electrophoretic mobility of a beta-1 globulin. It is produced by the placental trophoblast and secreted into the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy. It can be detected 18 days after ovulation and its concentration in plasma rises steadily until, at the end of gestation, it reaches 200 mg/ml. It has been proposed as a measure of placental function for fertility control and is a candidate for an early pregnancy test.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011268
Pregnanediol
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011276
Pregnanediones
MS = Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.
UI = D011277
Pregnanes
MS = Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.
AN = do not confuse with PREGNENES
UI = D011278
Pregnanetriol
UI = D011279
Pregnanolone
MS = A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.
AN = do not confuse with PREGNENOLONE
UI = D011280
Pregnant Women
MS = Human females who are pregnant, as cultural, psychological, or sociological entities.
AN = IM as psychol or social entity; NIM as check tag
UI = D037841
Pregnatrienes
MS = Pregnane derivatives containing three double bonds in the ring structures.
UI = D011281
Pregnenediones
MS = Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.
UI = D011282
Pregnenes
MS = Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.
AN = do not confuse with PREGNANES
UI = D011283
Pregnenolone
AN = a progestational hormones; do not confuse with PREGNANOLONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011284
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile
MS = A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.
AN = DF: PCN
UI = D011285
Preimplantation Diagnosis
MS = Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the ovum, zygote, or blastocyst prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
AN = preimplant refers to ovum implant; check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D019836
Preimplantation Phase
MS = The time period between fertilization and implantation.
AN = human & animal; check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D011286
Prejudice
MS = A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence.
AN = no qualif; coord IM with object of prejudice (IM)
UI = D011287
Prekallikrein
MS = A plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. Plasma that is deficient in prekallikrein has been found to be abnormal in thromboplastin formation, kinin generation, evolution of a permeability globulin, and plasmin formation. The absence of prekallikrein in plasma leads to Fletcher factor deficiency, a congenital disease.
UI = D011288
Preleukemia
MS = Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.
AN = do not use /compl for develop into leukemia
UI = D011289
Premarital Examinations
AN = IM; DF: PREMARITAL EXAM
UI = D011291
Premedication
MS = Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.
AN = coord IM with specific drug /ther use (IM); includes anti-anxiety medication; does not include antibiotic premedication ( = ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS)
UI = D011292
Premenopause
MS = The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place with advancing age (usually between the age of late thirty and early fifty) resulting in cessation of menses.
UI = D017697
Premenstrual Syndrome
MS = A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they dimish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.
UI = D011293
Prenalterol
MS = A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute cardiac failure, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, shock, and reducing orthostatic hypotension in the Shy-Drager syndrome.
UI = D011294
Prenatal Care
MS = Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D011295
Prenatal Diagnosis
MS = Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth.
AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; if a fetal dis is discussed, coord IM with FETAL DISEASES (IM) or FETAL DISEASES (IM) + specific dis in the fetus (IM)
UI = D011296
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
MS = Delayed effects on offspring of maternal or fetal prenatal exposure to drugs, radiation and other physical agents, manipulation, nutrition, stress, etc.
AN = restrict to maternal & fetal: do not use for paternal (index probably under FATHERS (NIM)); includes prenatal exposure to "drugs, radiation & other phys agents, manipulation, nutrition, stress, etc."; note MATERNAL EXPOSURE & PATERNAL EXPOSURE are available for environ exposure of mother or father; IM; no qualif; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D011297
Prenatal Nutrition
MS = Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.
UI = D039401
Prenazone
MS = A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)
UI = D011298
Prenylamine
MS = A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)
UI = D011299
Preoperative Care
MS = Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
AN = preop use of antibiotics for prev of infect: index under ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS & not here; DF: PREOP CARE
UI = D011300
Preoptic Area
MS = Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm.
UI = D011301
Prepaid Health Plans
MS = Contracts between an insurer and a subscriber or a group of subscribers whereby a specified set of health benefits is provided in return for a periodic premium.
UI = D017061
Prephenate Dehydratase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate with the elimination of water and carbon dioxide. In the enteric bacteria this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. EC 4.2.1.51.
AN = do not confuse with PREPHENATE DEHYDROGENASE
UI = D011302
Prephenate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the presence of NAD. In the enteric bacteria, this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. EC 1.3.1.12.
AN = do not confuse with PREPHENATE DEHYDRATASE
UI = D011303
Presbycusis
MS = Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.
UI = D011304
Presbyopia
MS = The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.
UI = D011305
Prescription Fees
MS = The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional.
AN = for drug & non-drug prescriptions; costs to the patient or 3d-party payer: do not confuse with DRUG COSTS, which are costs to a health care facility or organiz
UI = D011306
Prescriptions, Drug
MS = Directions written for the preparation and adminstration of a drug.
AN = do not confuse the concept of "prescription" with the drug prescribed; probably GEN only, irrespective of specific drug prescribed ( = probably /admin & dosage); do not confuse with DRUG COMPOUNDING: prescribing is by the MD, cpding is by the pharmacist or drug co.; drug formulation is CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL
UI = D011307
Prescriptions, Non-Drug
MS = Written directions for the preparation, administration, or application of a non-drug remedy. This includes prescriptions for corrective lenses, self-help and orthopedic devices, and physical therapy and rehabilitation measures.
UI = D011308
Preservation, Biological
AN = BLOOD PRESERVATION; ORGAN PRESERVATION and TISSUE PRESERVATION are also available; CRYOPRESERVATION is also available; DF: PRESERVATION BIOL
UI = D011309
Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
MS = Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include antibiotics and antioxidants.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PRESERVATIVES PHARM
UI = D011310
Pressoreceptors
MS = Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
AN = mechanoreceptors of the vasomotor system; DF: PRESSORECEPT
UI = D011311
Pressure
AN = NIM; spinal or cerebrospinal fluid pressure = CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; pressure within heart ventricles = VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
UI = D011312
Presumed Consent
MS = An institutional policy of granting authority to health personnel to perform procedures on patients or to remove organs from cadavers for transplantation unless an objection is registered by family members or by the patient prior to death. This also includes emergency care of minors without prior parental consent.
UI = D019724
Presynaptic Terminals
MS = The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
AN = distal terminations of axons: note X ref; A 11 qualif except /cytol
UI = D017729
Prevalence
MS = The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; total number of cases, new & old: do not confuse with INCIDENCE, total number of new cases; read MeSH definitions; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015995
Preventive Dentistry
MS = The branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; spec concerned with prev of tooth & mouth dis: do not confuse with TOOTH DISEASES /prev or MOUTH DISEASES /prev; see note under DENTAL CARE; for "see your dentist twice a year"; do not confuse with DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS (see note there) or ORAL HYGIENE (see note there)
UI = D011313
Preventive Health Services
MS = Services designed for promotion of health and prevention of disease.
AN = IM; DF: PREV HEALTH SERV
UI = D011314
Preventive Medicine
MS = A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; for specific disease, use /prev: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.58; primary prev = PRIMARY PREVENTION, secondary prev = diag & ther, tertiary prev = REHABILITATION; DF: PREV MED
UI = D011315
Preventive Psychiatry
MS = A discipline concerned with the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS /prev or specific ment disord /prev or with MENTAL HEALTH
UI = D011316
Prevotella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); named for the French microbiologist A. R. Prévot, pioneer in anaerobic microbiol
UI = D018720
Prevotella intermedia
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth.
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018713
Prevotella melaninogenica
MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium has been isolated from the mouth, urine, feces, and infections of the mouth, soft tissue, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and intestinal tract. It is pathogenic, but usually in association with other kinds of organisms.
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D001443
Priapism
MS = Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = persistent penile erection
UI = D011317
Price Lists [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of lists giving the prices of items for sale, including drugs, equipment, books, etc. Price lists are less detailed than catalogs and not as long.
AN = publication type only
UI = D019525
Prilocaine
MS = A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p165)
UI = D011318
Primaquine
MS = An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopia, 30th ed, p404)
UI = D011319
Primary Health Care
MS = Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
AN = IM
UI = D011320
Primary Nursing Care
MS = The primary responsibility of one nurse for the planning, evaluation, and care of a patient throughout the course of illness, convalescence, and recovery.
UI = D011321
Primary Prevention
MS = Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease.
UI = D011322
Primate Diseases
MS = Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.
AN = animal only, not man; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific primate heading /abnorm or /inj; don't forget also PRIMATES (NIM) if no specific primate is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: PRIMATE DIS
UI = D018419
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1
MS = A species in the family DELTARETROVIRUS comprising strains of different host species but arising from the same geographic origin. They include HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.
AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent
UI = D030261
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2
MS = A species in the family DELTARETROVIRUS, comprising strains from different host species but arising from the same geographic origin. They include HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 and SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2.
AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent
UI = D030263
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3
MS = A species of DELTARETROVIRUS comprising one strain: Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3.
AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent
UI = D030282
Primates
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific family, subfamily or genus; IM; qualif permitted; only human primate is HOMINIDAE
UI = D011323
Primed In Situ Labeling
MS = A technique that labels specific sequences in whole chromosomes by in situ DNA chain elongation or PCR (polymerase chain reaction).
UI = D020401
Primidone
MS = An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. Adverse effects are reported to be more frequent than with PHENOBARBITAL. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p309)
UI = D011324
Primula
MS = A plant genus of the family PRIMULACEAE. It can cause CONTACT DERMATITIS. SAPONINS have been identified in the root.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031825
Primulaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Primulales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The flowers have both stamens and pistil, and the fruits are capsules.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029623
Prince Edward Island
MS = An island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence constituting a province of Canada in the eastern part of the country. It is very irregular in shape with many deep inlets. Its capital is Charlottetown. Discovered by the French in 1534 and originally named Ile Saint-Jean, it was renamed in 1799 in honor of Prince Edward, fourth son of George III and future father of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p981 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p433)
AN = a province of eastern Canada
UI = D011325
Principal Component Analysis
MS = Mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components.
UI = D025341
Principle-Based Ethics
MS = An approach to ethics that focuses on theories of the importance of general principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and justice.
UI = D028662
Printers' Marks
UI = D011326
Printing
AN = IM
UI = D011327
Prion Diseases
MS = A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal PRIONS. These diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. In humans, these conditions generally feature DEMENTIA, ATAXIA, and a fatal outcome. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. The older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional SLOW VIRUS DISEASES. (From Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13363-83)
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D017096
Prions
MS = Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.
AN = /pathogen permitted
UI = D011328
Prisoners
AN = differentiate from CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY; X ref HOSTAGES: coord with VIOLENCE only if particularly discussed
UI = D011329
Prisons
MS = Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.
AN = specify geog
UI = D011330
Pristinamycin
MS = An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces pristinaspiralis. It is a mixture of compounds from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A: pristinamycin IIA and IIB(STREPTOGRAMIN A) and from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B: pristinamycin IA(STREPTOGRAMIN B), pristinamycin IB, pristinamycin IC.
UI = D025762
Privacy
MS = The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
AN = a civil right to freedom from intrusion in one's private affairs; note X ref, a Federal statute; privacy of patient data or records: index under CONFIDENTIALITY
UI = D018907
Private Practice
MS = Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice.
UI = D011331
Private Sector
MS = That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests.
AN = IM; specify nature of private endeavor (IM); specify geog if pertinent
UI = D017149
Privatization
MS = Process of shifting publicly controlled services and/or facilities to the private sector.
AN = med or non-med services or facilities
UI = D011332
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
MS = A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin.
AN = a protein precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011333
Proactive Inhibition
MS = The state or process hypothesized to account for poorer learning rate for elements later in a series as compared to the learning rate for elements coming earlier in a series.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011334
Proadifen
MS = An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011335
Probability
MS = The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.
AN = IM for probability as a statist concept; NIM as coord for relative frequency of occur of specific dis, physiol response, etc.; see note under RISK & RISK FACTORS; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM)
UI = D011336
Probability Learning
MS = Usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011337
Probability Theory
MS = The branch of mathematics dealing with the purely logical properties of probability. Its theorems underlie most statistical methods. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
AN = no qualif
UI = D011338
Probenecid
MS = The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.
UI = D011339
Probiotics
MS = Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
AN = coordinate with specific microorganism
UI = D019936
Problem Solving
MS = A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.
AN = human & animal
UI = D011340
Problem-Based Learning
MS = Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.
AN = a teaching method in the curriculum: do not confuse with PROBLEM-SOLVING, a type of learning
UI = D018794
Problems and Exercises [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of collections of practice questions and drills, generally for instructional or review use.
UI = D020497
Probucol
MS = A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).
UI = D011341
Procainamide
MS = A derivative of PROCAINE with less CNS action.
UI = D011342
Procaine
MS = A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).
UI = D011343
Procarbazine
MS = An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.
UI = D011344
Procaterol
MS = A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is a potent bronchodilator that may be administered orally or by aerosol inhalation.
UI = D017265
Process Assessment (Health Care)
MS = An evaluation procedure that focuses on how care is delivered, based on the premise that there are standards of performance for activities undertaken in delivering patient care, in which the specific actions taken, events occurring, and human interactions are compared with accepted standards.
AN = note category; process only: for outcome assessment with process assessment, OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) is available; DF: PROCESS ASSESS
UI = D017064
Procetofen
MS = An antilipemic agent which reduces both cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Synonyms: LF 178; Lipantyl.
UI = D011345
Prochlorales
MS = An order of GRAM-NEGATIVE OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA containing both chlorophylls a and b, but lacking phycobilins. There are two genera: PROCHLORON and PROCHLOROTHRIX.
AN = an order of gram-neg oxygenic photosyn bact
UI = D019689
Prochloron
MS = A genus of PROCHLORALES containing unicellular, spherical bacteria without a mucilaginous sheath. They are found almost exclusively as extracellular symbionts of colonial ascidians on subtropical or tropical marine shores. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = a genus of bact order Prochlorales
UI = D019691
Prochlorothrix
MS = A genus of PROCHLORALES occurring in unbranched chains of indefinite length and containing both chlorophylls a and b. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = a genus of bact order Prochlorales
UI = D019692
Prochlorperazine
MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause extrapyramidal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612)
UI = D011346
Procollagen
MS = A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains.
AN = coord IM with specific collagen (IM) if pertinent
UI = D011347
Procollagen N-Endopeptidase
MS = An extracellular endopeptidase which excises a block of peptides at the amino terminal, nonhelical region of the procollagen molecule with the formation of collagen. Absence or deficiency of the enzyme causes accumulation of procollagen which results in the inherited connective tissue disorder--dermatosparaxis. EC 3.4.24.14.
UI = D011348
Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase
MS = A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of peptidyllysine, usually in protocollagen, to peptidylhydroxylysine. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.4.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D008240
Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase
MS = A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a prolyl-glycyl-containing-peptide, usually in protocollagen, to a hydroxyprolylglycyl-containing-peptide. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with a concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.2.
UI = D011393
Proctitis
UI = D011349
Proctocolectomy, Restorative
MS = A surgical procedure involving the excision of the COLON and RECTUM and the formation of an ILEOANAL RESERVOIR (pouch). In patients with intestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, this procedure avoids the need for an OSTOMY by allowing for transanal defecation.
UI = D016737
Proctocolitis
MS = Inflammation of the rectum and colon.
AN = note X ref RECTOCOLITIS but available also are RECTOCOLITIS, HEMORRHAGIC see COLITIS, ULCERATIVE & RECTOCOLITIS, ULCERATIVE see COLITIS, ULCERATIVE
UI = D011350
Proctoscopes
MS = Endoscopes for visual examination of the rectum and anus.
UI = D020700
Proctoscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum.
UI = D011351
Procyclidine
MS = A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.
AN = a central muscle relaxant
UI = D011352
Prodigiosin
MS = 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.
AN = an antibiotic from Serratia marcescens & others; do not confuse with PRODIGIOZAN, another antibiotic from same source; /biosyn permitted if by micro-organism
UI = D011353
Prodigiozan
MS = A polysaccharide extracted from Serratia marcescens and other bacteria. It activates enzymatic activity of macrophages and stimulates phagocytic processes.
AN = Do not confuse with PRODIGIOSIN, an antibiotic from same source
UI = D011354
Prodrugs
MS = A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
AN = "a cpd that on admin must undergo chem conversion by metab processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug"; D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug (IM)
UI = D011355
Product Labeling
MS = Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information.
UI = D011356
Product Line Management
MS = Management control systems for structuring health care delivery strategies around case types, as in DRGs, or specific clinical services.
AN = restrict to Cat N: not for drug industry: read MeSH definition
UI = D011357
Product Packaging
MS = Form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. (From POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991) PRODUCT LABELING is also available.
AN = includes containers, packaging methods, packaging materials; IM; coord with specific product (IM); FOOD PACKAGING & DRUG PACKAGING are also available
UI = D019064
Product Surveillance, Postmarketing
MS = Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.
AN = not restricted to drugs; surveillance after release for general sale
UI = D011358
Proestrus
MS = A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.
AN = non-primate mammals only
UI = D011359
Professional Autonomy
MS = The quality or state of being independent and self-directing, especially in making decisions, enabling professionals to exercise judgment as they see fit during the performance of their jobs.
UI = D017009
Professional Competence
MS = The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.
AN = competence in any profession or discipline: differentiate from CLINICAL COMPETENCE which is restricted to competence in professional activities directly related to patient care
UI = D011361
Professional Corporations
MS = Legally authorized corporations owned and managed by one or more professionals (medical, dental, legal) in which the income is ascribed primarily to the professional activities of the owners or stockholders.
AN = coord IM with PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, MEDICAL or PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, DENTAL (IM) for med or dent profess corp
UI = D011362
Professional Impairment
MS = The inability of a health professional to provide proper professional care of patients due to his or her physical and/or mental disability.
AN = for impairment see note on PHYSICIAN IMPAIRMENT; coord IM with specific impairment (IM) + specific profession (IM)
UI = D011363
Professional Misconduct
MS = Violation of laws, regulations, or professional standards.
AN = coord IM with profession (IM); SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT is also available
UI = D028743
Professional Practice
MS = The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.
AN = /econ permitted but consider many specific economics terms available; do not confuse with PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS: see note there
UI = D011364
Professional Practice Location
MS = Geographic area in which a professional person practices; includes primarily physicians and dentists.
UI = D011365
Professional Review Organizations
MS = Organizations representing designated geographic areas which have contracts under the PRO program to review the medical necessity, appropriateness, quality, and cost-effectiveness of care received by Medicare beneficiaries. Peer Review Improvement Act, PL 97-248, 1982.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D011366
Professional Role
MS = The expected function of a member of a particular profession.
UI = D024382
Professional Staff Committees
MS = Committees of professional personnel who have responsibility for determining policies, procedures, and controls related to professional matters in health facilities.
UI = D011367
Professional-Family Relations
MS = The interactions between the professional person and the family.
AN = no qualif; DF: PROFESSIONAL FAMILY RELAT
UI = D011368
Professional-Patient Relations
MS = Interactions between health personnel and patients.
AN = no qualif; DF: PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELAT
UI = D011369
Proflavine
MS = 3,6-Diaminoacridine. Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.
AN = an anti-infective
UI = D011370
Progeria
MS = An abnormal congenital condition characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature greying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.
UI = D011371
Progestational Hormones
MS = A class of sex hormones associated with certain changes in the uterus and vagina during the menstrual cycle. They are necessary for the development of mammary tissue and for the maintenance of pregnancy.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not use /analogs; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES, SYNTHETIC
UI = D011372
Progestational Hormones, Synthetic
MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that possess progestational activity, but differ in structure from naturally occurring progestational hormones.
AN = oral contraceptives; do not confuse with PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES /chem syn; DF: PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES SYN
UI = D011373
Progesterone
MS = The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011374
Progesterone Reductase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.
UI = D011375
Progesterone-Binding Globulin
MS = A glycoprotein migrating as alpha 1-globulin, molecular weight 70,000 to 120,000. The protein, which is present in increased amounts in the plasma during pregnancy, binds mainly progesterone, with other steroids including testosterone competing weakly.
AN = an alpha-globulin; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011376
Proglumide
MS = A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.
UI = D011377
Prognathism
MS = A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = abnormal protrusion of mandible; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; consider also MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS III
UI = D011378
Prognosis
MS = A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
AN = almost never IM; IM only when GEN; NIM with progn of specific dis /diag (IM); Manual 19.8.22; despite category, do not restrict to diagnosis: progn after ther or surg is PROGNOSIS (NIM)
UI = D011379
Program Development
MS = The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).
AN = coord IM with specific subject (IM); not for computer programs
UI = D016730
Program Evaluation
MS = Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
AN = do not confuse with terms indented under QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
UI = D015397
Programmed Instruction
MS = Instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (ERIC, Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1996).
AN = IM
UI = D011380
Programmed Instruction [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of sequenced self-correction texts.
UI = D020498
Programming Languages
MS = Specific languages used to prepare computer programs.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D011381
Programming, Linear
MS = A technique of operations research for solving certain kinds of problems involving many variables where a best value or set of best values is to be found. It is most likely to be feasible when the quantity to be optimized, sometimes called the objective function, can be stated as a mathematical expression in terms of the various activities within the system, and when this expression is simply proportional to the measure of the activities, i.e., is linear, and when all the restrictions are also linear. It is different from computer programming, although problems using linear programming techniques may be programmed on a computer.
AN = IM
UI = D011382
Programs [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of lists of the events, pieces, performers, speakers, etc., of an entertainment, ceremony, or the like. (From: Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloging, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only
UI = D019542
Progressive Patient Care
MS = Organization of medical and nursing care according to the degree of illness and care requirements in the hospital. The elements are intensive care, intermediate care, self-care, long-term care, and organized home care.
AN = IM
UI = D011383
Proinsulin
MS = A precursor of insulin, with a molecular weight of 8,000 to 10,000. It has minimum hormonal activity and is converted to insulin by removal of the connecting C peptide, leaving the two (A and B)-chain, active insulin molecule. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = an insulin precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011384
Projection
MS = A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011385
Projective Techniques
MS = Techniques whereby personality attributes are revealed through the subject's responses to relatively unstructured, ambiguous, or vague stimuli. These responses represent projections of the subject's own fears and needs.
UI = D011386
Prokaryotic Cells
MS = Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.
AN = GEN: prefer BACTERIA or specific bact; A 11 qualif with discretion
UI = D011387
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-1
MS = The smallest of the three prokaryotic initiation factors with a molecular size of approximately 8 kD. It binds near the A-site of the 30S subunit of RIBOSOMES and may play a role in preventing premature addition of aminoacyl-tRNA-linked PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR TU to the ribosome during PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION.
UI = D039861
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-2
MS = The largest of the three prokaryotic initiation factors with a molecular size of approximately 80 kD. It functions in the transcription initiation process by promoting the binding of formylmethionine-tRNA to the P-site of the 30S ribosome and by preventing the incorrect binding of elongator tRNA to the translation initiation site.
UI = D039881
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-3
MS = A prokaryotic initiation factor that plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits for a new round of translational initiation. It binds to 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and stimulates the dissociation of vacant 70S RIBOSOMES. It may also be involved in the preferential binding of initiator tRNA to the 30S initiation complex.
UI = D039665
Prokaryotic Initiation Factors
MS = Peptide initiation factors from prokaryotic organisms. Only three factors are needed for translation initiation in prokaryotic organisms, which occurs by a far simpler process than in PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION of eukaryotic organisms.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D039662
Prolactin
MS = A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
AN = /blood: consider also HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
UI = D011388
Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Hormone
MS = A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of PROLACTIN.
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PRIH
UI = D011389
Prolactin-Releasing Hormone
MS = A polypeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of prolactin in the pituitary gland.
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PRH
UI = D011390
Prolactinoma
MS = A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.
AN = coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D015175
Prolapse
MS = The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.
AN = GEN or unspecified but almost never IM; coord with organ/dis precoord (IM)
UI = D011391
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
MS = Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
AN = a nuclear protein; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018809
Proline
MS = A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D011392
Proline Oxidase
MS = The first enzyme of the proline degradative pathway. It catalyzes the oxidation of proline to pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in the presence of oxygen and water. The action is not reversible. The specific activity of proline oxidase increases with age. EC 1.5.3.-.
UI = D011394
Proline-Directed Protein Kinases
MS = A subclass of protein serine-threonine kinases that phosphorylate proteins on a SERINE or THREONINE residue that is immediately preceding a PROLINE residue.
UI = D038461
Promazine
MS = A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.
UI = D011395
Promedol
MS = A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.
UI = D011396
Promegestone
MS = A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.
AN = D25-26
UI = D011397
Promethazine
MS = A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.
UI = D011398
Promethium
MS = Promethium. A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, atomic number 61, and atomic weight 147. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.
AN = naturally radioactive; a rare earth metal; IM
UI = D011399
Prometryne
MS = A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = an herbicide
UI = D011400
Promoter Regions (Genetics)
MS = DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
AN = DF: PROMOTER REGIONS
UI = D011401
Pronase
MS = A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.
UI = D011402
Pronation
MS = Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).
AN = refers to foot or forearm; do not confuse with PRONE POSITION
UI = D011403
Prone Position
MS = The posture of an individual lying face down.
AN = almost never IM; do not confuse with PRONATION, a movement of the foot or forearm
UI = D016684
Propafenone
MS = An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated.
UI = D011405
Propaganda
MS = The deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause. (POPLINE Thesaurus 1991)
AN = no qualif
UI = D011406
Propane
UI = D011407
Propanediol Dehydratase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde. EC 4.2.1.28.
UI = D011408
Propanidid
MS = An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)
UI = D011410
Propanil
MS = A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.
UI = D011411
Propanolamines
MS = AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
UI = D011412
Propanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).
UI = D020005
Propantheline
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.
UI = D011413
Properdin
MS = Non-immunoglobulin gamma globulin component of the alternative complement pathway (COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It complexes with C3b and stabilizes alternate pathway C3 convertase. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D011414
Prophages
MS = Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.
AN = coord IM with specific bacteriophage (IM)
UI = D039002
Prophase
MS = The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles.
AN = 1st phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms
UI = D011418
Propidium
MS = Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011419
Propiolactone
MS = Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.
UI = D011420
Propionates
UI = D011422
Propionibacteriaceae
MS = A family of gram-positive bacteria found in dairy products or in the intestinal tracts of animals.
AN = in dairy products or intestinal tracts of animals
UI = D011423
Propionibacterium
MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose cells occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps resembling letters of the Chinese alphabet. Its organisms are found in cheese and dairy products as well as on human skin and can occasionally cause soft tissue infections.
AN = in dairy products; DF: PROPIONIBACT
UI = D011424
Propionibacterium acnes
MS = A bacteria isolated from normal skin, intestinal contents, wounds, blood, pus, and soft tissue abscesses. It is a common contaminant of clinical specimens, presumably from the skin of patients or attendants.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: PROPIONIBACT ACNES
UI = D011425
Propionic Acids
MS = 3-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
AN = propionic acidemia: index PROPIONIC ACIDS /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
UI = D011426
Propiophenones
UI = D011427
Proplast
MS = Polymer of polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon filaments; porous biocompatible material used in orofacial and middle ear reconstruction and as coating for metal implants.
AN = a polymer used in reconstruct surg; D25-26 qualif
UI = D011428
Propofol
MS = An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206)
UI = D015742
Propolis
MS = A resinous substance obtained from beehives that is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. It is a heterogeneous mixture of many substances.
UI = D011429
Proportional Hazards Models
MS = Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject /statist (IM); no qualif
UI = D016016
Propoxur
MS = A carbamate insecticide.
UI = D001074
Propoxycaine
MS = A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)
UI = D011430
Propoxyphene
MS = A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.
UI = D011431
Propranolol
MS = A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety.
UI = D011433
Proprioception
MS = The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth.
UI = D011434
Propyl Gallate
MS = Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.
UI = D011435
Propylamines
UI = D011437
Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard
MS = An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011438
Propylene Glycol
MS = A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.
AN = PROPYLENE GLYCOLS is also available
UI = D019946
Propylene Glycols
MS = Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.
AN = PROPYLENE GLYCOL is also available
UI = D011409
Propyliodone
MS = Radiopaque medium usually in oil; used in bronchography.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011440
Propylthiouracil
MS = A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
AN = a thyroid antag
UI = D011441
Proscillaridin
MS = A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).
UI = D011442
Prosencephalon
MS = The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON.
AN = comprises the DIENCEPHALON & TELENCEPHALON
UI = D016548
Prosopagnosia
MS = The inability to recognize a familiar face or to learn to recognize new faces. This visual agnosia is most often associated with lesions involving the junctional regions between the temporal and occipital lobes. The majority of cases are associated with bilateral lesions, however unilateral damage to the right occipito-temporal cortex has also been associated with this condition. (From Cortex 1995 Jun;31(2):317-29)
UI = D020238
Prosopis
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of prosopis gum.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029862
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission
MS = The commission charged with evaluating issues and factors which affect the implementation of the PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM.
AN = specify geog; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D011444
Prospective Payment System
MS = A system wherein reimbursement rates are set, for a given period of time, prior to the circumstances giving rise to actual reimbursement claims.
AN = specify geog
UI = D011445
Prospective Studies
MS = Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D011446
Prospectuses [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of advertisements separately printed and distributed by a publisher to describe and solicit orders for a recent or forthcoming publication. In the case of books, they may include sample pages. (From: ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
AN = publication type only; for prospectuses as a subject, index under main heading ADVERTISING
UI = D019527
Prospidium
MS = An antineoplastic dispiropiperazine derivative.
UI = D011447
Prostaglandin Antagonists
MS = Compounds that inhibit the action of prostaglandins.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted if by living organism; DF: PG ANTAG
UI = D011448
Prostaglandin D2
MS = The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PGD2
UI = D015230
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides
MS = Precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. They are physiologically active compounds, having effect on vascular and airway smooth muscles, platelet aggregation, etc.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PG ENDOPEROXIDES
UI = D011449
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic
MS = Synthetic compounds that are analogs of the naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides and that mimic their pharmacologic and physiologic activities. They are usually more stable than the naturally occurring compounds.
AN = coord IM with specific syn prostaglandin (NIM); DF: PG ENDOPEROXIDES SYN
UI = D011450
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase
MS = An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from the appropriate unsaturated fatty acid, molecular oxygen, and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.14.99.1.
AN = /antag = CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS; DF: PG SYNTHASE
UI = D011451
Prostaglandins
MS = A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC
UI = D011453
Prostaglandins A
MS = (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE; PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19-hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues.
AN = /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS A, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGA
UI = D011454
Prostaglandins A, Synthetic
MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandin A that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGA.
AN = DF: PGA SYN
UI = D011455
Prostaglandins B
MS = Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC: DF: PGB
UI = D011456
Prostaglandins D
MS = Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGD
UI = D011457
Prostaglandins E
MS = (11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS E, SYNTHETIC: DF: PGE
UI = D011458
Prostaglandins E, Synthetic
MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins E that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGE.
AN = DF: PGE SYN
UI = D011459
Prostaglandins F
MS = (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS F, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGF
UI = D011460
Prostaglandins F, Synthetic
MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.
AN = DF: PGF SYN
UI = D011461
Prostaglandins G
MS = A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin G2.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGG
UI = D011462
Prostaglandins H
MS = A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin H2.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGH
UI = D011463
Prostaglandins, Synthetic
MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity.
AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; for synthetic prostaglandins not precoord, coord specific non-synthetic (natural) prostaglandin term (NIM) + PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); DF: PG SYN
UI = D011465
Prostanoic Acids
MS = 2-Octylcyclopentaneheptanoic acids. The family of saturated carbon-20 cyclic fatty acids that represent the parent compounds of the prostaglandins.
AN = do not confuse with "prostenoic acids"; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011466
Prostate
MS = A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.
AN = adenoma, hyperplasia & hypertrophy = PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; /surg: probably PROSTATECTOMY; inflammation = PROSTATITIS; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (a serine proteinase) is available: do not confuse with prostate-specific acid phosphatase ( = PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE)
UI = D011467
Prostate-Specific Antigen
MS = A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
AN = do not confuse with prostate-specific acid phosphatase ( = PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE)
UI = D017430
Prostatectomy
MS = Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE).
UI = D011468
Prostatic Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = PROSTATITIS
UI = D011469
Prostatic Hyperplasia
MS = Enlargement or overgrowth of the PROSTATE gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells.
AN = note category: non-neoplastic despite X refs ADENOMA, PROSTATIC & PROSTATIC ADENOMA
UI = D011470
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
MS = A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPL
UI = D019048
Prostatic Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the prostate.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note PROSTATIC ADENOMA see PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA is also available
UI = D011471
Prostatic Secretory Proteins
MS = Proteins secreted by the prostate gland. The major secretory proteins from the human prostate gland include PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and prostate-specific protein-94.
UI = D029584
Prostatitis
MS = Inflammation of the prostate. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of prostate
UI = D011472
Prostheses and Implants
MS = Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with prosthetic or implant material (IM or NIM); adv eff: consider PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; BIOPROSTHESIS is also available
UI = D019736
Prosthesis Coloring
MS = Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.
AN = coord IM with specific prosthesis (IM) or DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN (IM)
UI = D017797
Prosthesis Design
MS = The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
AN = NIM; coord with specific prosth (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)
UI = D011474
Prosthesis Failure
MS = Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
AN = restrict to non-dent prostheses: dent prostheses of all types = DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE (see MeSH definition there); coord IM or NIM with specific prosthesis with no qualif (IM)
UI = D011475
Prosthesis Fitting
MS = The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)
AN = NIM; coord with specific prosthesis with no qualif (IM)
UI = D017755
Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
UI = D019919
Prosthesis-Related Infections
MS = Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).
AN = coord IM with specific infect (IM) + specific prosthesis /adv eff (IM), as EYE, ARTIFICIAL /adv eff; infect by biofilm: coord IM with BIOFILMS (IM) but see note there; DF: PROSTHESIS RELAT INFECT
UI = D016459
Prosthodontics
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and structures by artificial devices or prostheses.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D011476
Prostitution
MS = The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money.
AN = IM
UI = D011477
Protactinium
MS = Protactinium. A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.
AN = naturally radioactive; IM
UI = D011478
Protamine Kinase
MS = An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP. EC 2.7.1.70.
UI = D006656
Protamines
MS = A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)
AN = heparin antag
UI = D011479
Proteaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Proteales, subclass Rosidae class Magnoliopsida. Cluster roots, bottlebrush-like clusters of rootlets which form in response to poor soil, are common in this family.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039105
Protease Inhibitors
MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).
AN = DF: PROTEASE INHIB
UI = D011480
Protective Agents
MS = Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
AN = GEN: prefer specific groups of protective agents; D25-26 qualif
UI = D020011
Protective Clothing
MS = Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards.
UI = D011481
Protective Devices
MS = Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities.
AN = for personal protection
UI = D011482
Proteidae
MS = The Proteidae family of permanently larval aquatic salamanders. It consists of two living genera - Necturus (mudpuppy) of the eastern United States and Proteus (the European olm).
AN = note category: a family of aquatic salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D011483
Protein Array Analysis
MS = Ligand-binding assays that measure protein-protein, protein-small molecule or protein-nucleic acid interactions using a very large set of capturing molecules, i.e., those attached separately on the solid support, to measure the presence or interaction of target molecules in the sample.
UI = D040081
Protein Binding
MS = The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
AN = NIM; restrict to the chem or metab binding mechanism; coord NIM with substance being bound /metab (IM) + specific protein /metab (IM); do not use with RECEPTORS terms unless the substance bound to the receptor is a protein & the binding mechanism is discussed; do not confuse with BINDING PROTEINS see CARRIER PROTEINS
UI = D011485
Protein C
MS = A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.
UI = D011486
Protein C Deficiency
MS = An absence or deficiency in PROTEIN C which leads to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. It is associated with an increased risk of severe or premature thrombosis. (Stedman's Med. Dict., 26th ed.)
AN = DF: PROTEIN C DEFIC
UI = D020151
Protein C Inhibitor
MS = A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and able to inhibit activated protein C, thrombin, kallikrein, and other SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.
AN = a plasminogen inactivator & serine proteinase inhib; DF: PROTEIN C INHIB
UI = D018046
Protein Conformation
MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein; peptide conformation = PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) + PROTEIN CONFORMATION (NIM); index protein architecture here or under its specifics
UI = D011487
Protein D-Aspartate-L-Isoaspartate Methyltransferase
MS = A PROTEIN O-METHYLTRANSFERASE that recognizes and catalyzes the methyl esterification of ISOASPARTIC ACID and D-ASPARTIC ACID residues in peptides and proteins. It initiates the repair of proteins damaged by the spontaneous decomposition of normal L-aspartic acid and L-asparagine residues.
UI = D026601
Protein Deficiency
MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)
AN = deficiency of dietary protein, not genetic defic of specific proteins; consider also PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION; DF: PROTEIN DEFIC
UI = D011488
Protein Denaturation
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM)
UI = D011489
Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. Insulin is one of its substrates. EC 1.8.4.2.
UI = D011490
Protein Disulfide-Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of disulfide bonds within proteins during folding. It is a monomer identical to one of the subunits of PROCOLLAGEN-PROLINE DIOXYGENASE. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.3.4.1.
UI = D019704
Protein Engineering
MS = Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENSIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.
UI = D015202
Protein Folding
MS = A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed.
AN = the process "involved in the formation of proteins"; no qualif; see also all indentions under PROTEIN STRUCTURE
UI = D017510
Protein Footprinting
MS = A method for determining points of contact between interacting proteins or binding sites of proteins to nucleic acids. Protein footprinting utilizes a protein cutting reagent or protease. Protein cleavage is inhibited where the proteins, or nucleic acids and protein, contact each other. After completion of the cutting reaction, the remaining peptide fragments are analyzed by electrophoresis.
UI = D023302
Protein Hybridization
MS = The formation of a protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains from separate and different polypeptide chains.
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM)
UI = D011491
Protein Hydrolysates
AN = a ther agent & nutrient: do not confuse with the hydrolysis of proteins ( = PROTEINS + HYDROLYSIS (NIM))
UI = D011492
Protein Interaction Mapping
MS = Methods for determining interaction between proteins.
UI = D025941
Protein Isoforms
MS = Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing.
AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); for enzymes use ISOENZYMES
UI = D020033
Protein Isoprenylation
MS = A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol.
AN = a post-translational protein change
UI = D017368
Protein Kinase C
MS = An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
UI = D011493
Protein Kinases
MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37.
UI = D011494
Protein Methyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine acts as the methylating agent. EC 2.1.1.
AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011496
Protein O-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. EC 2.1.1.-.
AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASES; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011497
Protein p16
MS = A gene product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member the INK4 family - inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is P14ARF PROTEIN. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.
UI = D019941
Protein p34cdc2
MS = Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of p34cdc2 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated. Protein p34cdc2, the product of the cdc2 gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, should not be confused with the unrelated product of the CDC2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that forms the large subunit of DNA polymerase III.
AN = a maturation-promoting factor; cdc refers to "cell division cycle"; do not confuse with protein CDC2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: see MeSH definition
UI = D016203
Protein p53
MS = Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control cell proliferation. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukemia, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.
AN = a nuclear protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016159
Protein Precursors
AN = IM; coord with specific protein (IM)
UI = D011498
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
MS = Any of various enzymically catalyzed post-translational modifications of peptides or proteins in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation, hydroxylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, glycosylation, oxidation-reduction, degradation and lysis, peptide bond formation, and changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
AN = coord IM with specific protein /metab (IM); DF: PROTEIN PROC POST
UI = D011499
Protein Renaturation
MS = The reconstitution of a protein's activity following denaturation.
UI = D020673
Protein S
MS = The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated PROTEIN C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S; (PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY); can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis.
AN = a blood protein; an anticoagulant
UI = D017293
Protein S Deficiency
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein S antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PROTEIN S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated PROTEIN C (also a vitamin K-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein C deficiency. Treatment with heparin for acute thrombotic processes is usually followed by maintenance administration of coumarin drugs for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1511; Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p1523)
AN = a blood protein disord causing thromboses; DF: PROTEIN S DEFIC
UI = D018455
Protein Sorting Signals
MS = Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.
UI = D021382
Protein Splicing
MS = Excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (inteins) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins). Protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein.
UI = D019154
Protein Structure, Quaternary
MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
AN = for multimeric proteins; for the 3-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain use PROTEIN CONFORMATION
UI = D020836
Protein Structure, Secondary
MS = The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein; DF: PROTEIN STRUCT SECOND
UI = D017433
Protein Structure, Tertiary
MS = The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); PROTEIN MOTIFS see MOTIFS, AMINO ACID is available
UI = D017434
Protein Subunits
MS = Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.
UI = D021122
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
MS = Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
AN = enzyme inhib; DF: PROTEIN SYN INHIB
UI = D011500
Protein Transport
MS = The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
AN = coord NIM with specific protein/metab (IM) or /pharmacokin (IM)
UI = D021381
Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield N-mono- and N,N-dimethylarginine. This enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen. EC 2.1.1.23.
UI = D011484
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
MS = The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.
AN = consider also KWASHIORKOR
UI = D011502
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
MS = A series of gastrointestinal disorders which share in common the excessive loss of protein, mainly albumin, across the gut wall. They occur in the stomach (Menetrier disease), as well as the small bowel (intestinal lymphangiectases, assorted inflammatory states). They are also occasionally associated with congestive heart failure (again a small bowel protein loss).
UI = D011504
Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase
MS = An enzyme oxidizing peptidyl-lysyl-peptide in the presence of water & molecular oxygen to yield peptidyl-allysyl-peptide plus ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.4.3.13.
UI = D008249
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
UI = D017346
Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112.
UI = D011505
Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. EC 3.1.3.48.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D017027
Proteins
MS = Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein.
AN = GEN only: prefer specific proteins or specific precoord organ /proteins (EYE PROTEINS, etc.) or microbial proteins (BACTERIAL PROTEINS, etc.) & others; /biosyn: consider also PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION & related terms in Cat G5; DIETARY PROTEINS is also available; primary protein structure = AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; protein structure referring to protein architecture = PROTEIN CONFORMATION or its specifics: PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY, PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY, or PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY
UI = D011506
Proteinuria
MS = The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
AN = EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under PROTEINURIA unless it is particularly discussed
UI = D011507
Proteobacteria
MS = A class of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.
AN = DF: PROTEOBACT
UI = D020560
Proteochondroitin Sulfates
MS = Proteoglycans found in cartilage. They consist of several chondroitin sulfate molecules linked to protein(s) by neutral sugar linkage regions.
UI = D011508
Proteoglycans
MS = Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.
AN = polysaccharides
UI = D011509
Proteolipids
MS = Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.
AN = do not confuse with LIPOPROTEINS
UI = D011510
Proteome
MS = The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.
AN = coord with precoord organism protein + organism
UI = D020543
Proteomics
MS = The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.
UI = D040901
Protestantism
MS = The name given to all Christian denominations, sects, or groups rising out of the Reformation. Protestant churches generally agree that the principle of authority should be the Scriptures rather than the institutional church or the pope. (from W.L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, 1999)
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D033303
Proteus
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.
AN = GEN; infection = PROTEUS INFECTIONS
UI = D011511
Proteus Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PROTEUS.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN; coord IM with various species (IM)
UI = D011512
Proteus mirabilis
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.
AN = infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D011513
Proteus Syndrome
MS = Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas, lipomas, lymphangiomas, epidermal nevi, macrocephaly, cranial hyperostoses, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not neurofibromatosis, a disorder with similar characteristics.
AN = hamartomas & multiple abnorm; "Proteus" refers to the sea god in Greek mythol who could assume many forms; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D016715
Proteus vulgaris
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.
AN = infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D011514
Prothionamide
MS = Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.
UI = D011515
Prothrombin
MS = A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.
AN = a blood coag factor; an enzyme precursor
UI = D011516
Prothrombin Time
MS = Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins.
UI = D011517
Protirelin
MS = A tripeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of thyrotropin from the pituitary gland. In humans, it also acts as a prolactin-releasing factor. It is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: TRH
UI = D013973
Proto-Oncogene Protein c-kit
MS = A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis.
UI = D019009
Proto-Oncogene Protein c-met
MS = A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor for HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR. It consists of an extracellular alpha chain which is disulfide-linked to the transmembrane beta chain. The cytoplasmic portion contains the catalytic domain and critical sites for the regulation of kinase activity. Mutations of the gene for PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-MET are associated with papillary renal carcinoma and other neoplasia.
AN = DF: C MET PROTEIN
UI = D019859
Proto-Oncogene Protein p21(ras)
MS = Cellular protein encoded by the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras genes. The protein has GTPase activity and is involved in signal transduction as a monomeric GTP-Binding protein. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. EC 3.6.1.-.
UI = D016283
Proto-Oncogene Protein pp60(c-src)
MS = Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinase encoded by the c-src genes. It has an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to pp60(v-src) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase.
AN = an src-family kinase; DF: note short X refs
UI = D016392
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
MS = Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D011518
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl
MS = Non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the c-abl gene. They are distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. c-Abl plays a role in normal hematopoiesis especially of the myeloid lineage. Oncogenic transformation of c-abl arises when specific N-terminal amino acids are deleted, releasing the kinase from negative regulation.
UI = D016315
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
MS = Membrane proteins encoded by the bcl-2 genes and serving as a potent inhibitor of cell death by apoptosis. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and nuclear membrane sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019253
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; not for c-fos 39 ( = C-FOS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS P39 see PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN); DF: note short X refs
UI = D016760
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
UI = D016755
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos
MS = Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
UI = D017231
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the myb gene (GENES, MYB). They are expressed in a wide variety of cells including thymocytes and lymphocytes, and regulate cell differentiation. Overexpression of myb is associated with autoimmune diseases and malignancies.
UI = D020598
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs
UI = D016271
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf
MS = A class of serine-threonine kinases involved in cellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Included in this class are the proto-oncogene proteins raf and mil (mil is the avian homologue of raf1). Raf is a component of a signal transduction pathway leading to increased gene expression through the c-Jun DNA binding site, AP1.
UI = D019908
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the rel gene (GENES, REL). They are expressed predominately in hematopoietic cells and may play a role in lymphocyte differentiation. Rel frequently combines with other related proteins (NF-KAPPA B, I-kappa B, relA) to form heterodimers that regulate transcription. Rearrangement or overexpression of c-rel can cause tumorigenesis.
UI = D020569
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene (GENES, SIS). c-sis proteins make up the B chain of PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR. Overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis.
UI = D020574
Proto-Oncogenes
MS = Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.
AN = "normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes"
UI = D011519
Protocatechuate-3,4-Dioxygenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of protocatechuate to 3-carboxy-cis-cis-muconate in the presence of molecular oxygen. It contains ferric ion. EC 1.13.11.3.
UI = D011520
Protochlorophyllide
MS = A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.
AN = a chlorophyll
UI = D011521
Proton Pumps
MS = Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE.
UI = D017494
Proton-Motive Force
MS = Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)
UI = D018892
Proton-Phosphate Symporters
MS = Proteins that cotransport hydrogen ions and phosphate ions across cellular membranes.
UI = D028081
Proton-Translocating ATPases
MS = Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with H(+)-K(+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE see H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE; DF: H ATPASE
UI = D006180
Protons
MS = Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
AN = elementary particles; IM
UI = D011522
Protoplasts
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D011523
Protoporphyrins
MS = Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
AN = porphyrins
UI = D011524
Prototheca
MS = An achlorophyllous mutant of the green alga Chlorella. It is found in decayed matter, water, sewage and soil and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various vertebrates including man. It infects the skin, lymph nodes, eye, myocardium, kidney, muscle, and bovine mammary gland.
AN = a pathogenic mutant of green alga CHLORELLA; infection by Prototheca: coord IM with INFECTION (NIM) + precoord organ/dis or organ/infection term (IM)
UI = D011525
Protoveratrines
MS = Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.
UI = D011526
Protozoa
MS = A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: SARCOMASTIGOPHORA; Labyrinthomorpha, APICOMPLEXA; MICROSPORA; Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and CILIOPHORA.
AN = GEN; avoid: prefer specifics; infection = PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D011527
Protozoan Infections
MS = Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS
UI = D011528
Protozoan Infections, Animal
MS = Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.
AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or specific protozoan infect /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; DF: PROTOZOAN INFECT ANIMAL
UI = D011529
Protozoan Proteins
MS = Proteins found in any species of protozoan.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the protozoon; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific protozoon (IM)
UI = D015800
Protozoan Vaccines
MS = Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.
AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /immunol (IM)
UI = D016052
Protriptyline
MS = Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.
UI = D011530
Proventriculus
MS = A thin-walled, glandular stomach found in birds. It precedes the gizzard.
AN = avian only; non-avian: use DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM)
UI = D011531
Providencia
MS = Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.
AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D011532
Provider-Sponsored Organizations
MS = Entities sponsored by local hospitals, physician groups, and other licensed providers which are affiliated through common ownership or control and share financial risk whose purpose is to deliver health care services.
UI = D020400
Proviruses
MS = Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.
AN = coord IM with specific virus (IM)
UI = D011533
Proxy
MS = A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney.
UI = D019727
PrP 27-30 Protein
MS = Protease-resistant core of PrPSC, the abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS). PrP 27-30 is produced by limited proteolysis of the N-terminus of PrPSc.
AN = protease-resistant core of PRPSC proteins; PRP stands for Prion Protein; /pathogen permitted
UI = D018622
PrPC Proteins
MS = Normal cellular isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. PrPC are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. Posttranslational modification of PrPC into PrPSC leads to infectivity.
AN = PrPC stands for PRion Protein Cellular; do not confuse with PRPSC PROTEINS which are scrapie prions; /pathogen permitted; DF: PRPC
UI = D018621
PrPSc Proteins
MS = Abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion protein (PRPC PROTEINS). PrPSc are disease-specific proteins seen in certain human and animal neurodegenerative diseases (PRION DISEASES).
AN = prion proteins; PrPSc stands for PRion Protein SCrapie; do not confuse with PRPC PROTEINS; /pathogen permitted; DF: PRPSC
UI = D018620
Prune Belly Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by abdominal wall musculature deficiency, cryptorchism, and urinary tract abnormalities. The syndrome derives its name from its characteristic distended abdomen with wrinkled skin.
AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D011535
Prunella
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. Members contain TRITERPENES. Heal all is another common name.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031347
Prunus
MS = A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of edible fruits such as apricot, plum, peach, cherry, and almond.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027861
Prurigo
MS = A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = itchy skin eruptions
UI = D011536
Pruritus
MS = An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
AN = /drug ther: consider also ANTIPRURITICS
UI = D011537
Pruritus Ani
MS = Intense chronic itching in the anal area.
AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis
UI = D011538
Pruritus Vulvae
MS = Intense itching of the external female genitals.
AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis
UI = D011539
Prussian Blue Reaction
MS = The reaction of potassium ferrocyanide with ferric iron to yield a dark blue precipitate at the sites of the ferric iron. Used to determine ferric iron in tissues, particularly in the diagnosis of disorders of iron metabolism.
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D011540
Pseudallescheria
MS = Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with probably MADUROMYCOSIS or other mycosis (IM)
UI = D011541
Pseudarthrosis
MS = A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a type of ununited fract; do not index under FRACTURES, UNUNITED unless particularly discussed
UI = D011542
Pseudoalteromonas
MS = A genus of GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA of marine origin. Many species were formerly classified under ALTEROMONAS.
UI = D031161
Pseudobulbar Palsy
MS = A syndrome characterized by DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, dysphonia, impairment of voluntary movements of tongue and facial muscles, and emotional lability. This condition is caused by diseases that affect the motor fibers that travel from the cerebral cortex to the lower BRAIN STEM (i.e., corticobulbar tracts); including MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)
UI = D020828
Pseudocholinesterase
MS = An aspect of cholinesterases.
AN = /antag = CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS (IM) + PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE (NIM with no qualif)
UI = D011543
Pseudocowpox virus
MS = A species of PARAPOXVIRUS causing a pox-like disease on udders of cows that may spread to milkers.
AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D010285
Pseudogenes
MS = Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.
UI = D011544
Pseudohermaphroditism
MS = A condition in which the gonads are of one sex but one or more contradictions exist in the morphologic criteria of sex. Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal female with partial masculinization. Male pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal male with incomplete masculinization. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tag will be genetic sex, not sex of patient as presented
UI = D011545
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
MS = A hereditary disorder characterized by salt wasting and growth retardation, presenting in infancy as high levels of urinary sodium despite hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperreninemia, and elevated aldosterone levels. The mode of inheritance is probably autosomal dominant, affecting electrolyte secretion in the kidney tubule.
UI = D011546
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
MS = A hereditary condition clinically resembling HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, but caused by failure of response to rather than deficiency of parathyroid hormones. It is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, and is commonly associated with short stature, obesity, short metacarpals, and ectopic calcification. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a metab bone dis; do not confuse with PSEUDOPSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
UI = D011547
Pseudolymphoma
MS = A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/dis (IM)
UI = D019310
Pseudomonadaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens.
UI = D011548
Pseudomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
AN = infection = PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS
UI = D011549
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
AN = infection = PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS & do not bother to coord with Ps. aerug. unless pertinent
UI = D011550
Pseudomonas fluorescens
MS = A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.
UI = D011551
Pseudomonas Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; see note under PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
UI = D011552
Pseudomonas Phages
MS = Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
AN = coord IM with specific Pseudomonas (NIM)
UI = D017105
Pseudomonas putida
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.
AN = infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016958
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
MS = A condition characterized by poorly-circumscribed gelatinous masses filled with malignant mucin-secreting cells. Forty-five percent of pseudomyxomas arise from the ovary, usually in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (CYSTADENOCARCINOMA, MUCINOUS), which has prognostic significance. Pseudomyxoma peritonei must be differentiated from mucinous spillage into the peritoneum by a benign mucocele of the appendix. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = neoplastic; accumulation of mucoid matter in peritoneal cavity: see MeSH definition; coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D011553
Pseudophakia
MS = Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
AN = do not confuse with PSEUDOAPHAKIA see CATARACT
UI = D019591
Pseudopodia
MS = A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.
UI = D011554
Pseudopregnancy
MS = An acyclic state that resembles PREGNANCY in that there is no ovarian cycle, ESTROUS CYCLE, or MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Unlike pregnancy, there is no EMBRYO IMPLANTATION. Pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form DECIDUOMA in the UTERUS.
AN = do NOT check tag PREGNANCY
UI = D011555
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
MS = A genetically related form of PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM characterized by the same features except for the abnormal response to parathyroid hormone.
AN = do not confuse with PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM of which it is an incomplete form
UI = D011556
Pseudorabies
MS = A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals.
UI = D011557
Pseudorabies Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PSEUDORABIES (Aujeszky's disease), a herpesvirus of swine and other animals.
UI = D022421
Pseudotsuga
MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are coniferous evergreen trees with long, flat, spirally arranged needles that grow directly from the branch.
AN = note X ref: FIR TREE see ABIES is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028224
Pseudotumor Cerebri
MS = A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).
AN = note category: non-neopl
UI = D011559
Pseudouridine
AN = /biosyn permitted for micro-organisms
UI = D011560
Pseudowintera
MS = A plant genus of the family WINTERACEAE. Members contain polygodial.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032425
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
MS = A rare, progressive inherited disorder resulting from extensive basophilic degeneration of elastic tissue, usually presenting after puberty and involving the skin, eye, and cardiovascular system. Characteristic manifestations are small, circumscribed yellowish patches at sites of considerable movement of the skin, ANGIOID STREAKS in the retina, and a tendency towards hemorrhage and arterial insufficiency.
AN = skin & other abnorm; in titles & translations use diacrit: Grönblad
UI = D011561
Psidium
MS = A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE that bears an edible fruit and contains guavin B and quercetin glycosides.
AN = X ref GUAVA: PINEAPPLE GUAVA see FEIJOA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031647
Psilocybine
MS = The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D011562
Psittacines
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer PARAKEETS & PARROTS; includes also macaws; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D011563
Psoas Abscess
MS = Abscess of the PSOAS MUSCLES resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal.
AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS
UI = D016659
Psoas Muscles
MS = A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.
AN = IM for anat & site of dis; NIM in studies on muscle tissue & fibers; infection = probably PSOAS ABSCESS; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D016658
Psoralea
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of psoralen (FICUSIN).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029907
Psoralens
MS = Linear furanocoumarins which are found in many PLANTS, especially UMBELLIFERAE and RUTACEAE, as well as PSORALEA from which they were originally discovered. They can intercalate DNA and, in an UV-initiated reaction of the furan portion, alkylate PYRIMIDINES, resulting in PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS.
AN = dermatol agents; do not confuse with the specific drug PSORALEN see FICUSIN; do not index here for psoralens in PUVA THERAPY unless particularly discussed
UI = D011564
Psoriasis
MS = A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.
AN = a papulosquamous skin dis; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC is also available
UI = D011565
Psoroptidae
MS = Family of parasitic MITES, in the superfamily Sarcoptoidea, order Astigmata. Genera include Psoroptes and Chorioptes.
AN = infestation: coord IM with MITE INFESTATIONS (IM)
UI = D040042
Psychiatric Aides
MS = Persons who assist in the routine care of psychiatric persons, usually under the supervision of the nursing department.
AN = coord IM with HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC or PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL (IM or NIM) if pertinent
UI = D011566
Psychiatric Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the organization and administration of psychiatric services.
AN = orderlies & ward attendants go under PSYCHIATRIC AIDES; DF: PSYCHIATR DEP
UI = D011567
Psychiatric Nursing
MS = A specialty concerned with the application of psychiatric principles in caring for the mentally ill. It also includes the nursing care provided the mentally ill patient.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D011568
Psychiatric Somatic Therapies
MS = The biologic treatment of mental disorders (e.g., ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY), in contrast with psychotherapy. (Stone, American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988, p159)
AN = "biol treatment of ment disord"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHIATRIC SOMATIC THER
UI = D013000
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
MS = Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
AN = DF: PSR SCALES
UI = D011569
Psychiatry
MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS
UI = D011570
Psychoacoustics
MS = The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D011571
Psychoanalysis
MS = The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996).
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; as ther = PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
UI = D011572
Psychoanalytic Interpretation
MS = Utilization of Freudian theories to explain various psychologic aspects of art, literature, biographical material, etc.
AN = IM; no qualif; differentiate from PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY in that the theory is on a more universal level
UI = D011573
Psychoanalytic Theory
MS = Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
AN = IM; no qualif; /hist = PSYCHOANALYSIS /hist; differentiate from PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION in that the theory is on a more universal, less subjective level
UI = D011574
Psychoanalytic Therapy
MS = A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: PSYCHOANAL THER
UI = D011575
Psychodidae
MS = Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D011576
Psychodrama
MS = Primarily a technique of group psychotherapy which involves a structure, directed, and dramatized acting out of the patient's personal and emotional problems.
AN = a group psychother technique
UI = D011577
Psycholinguistics
MS = A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; coord with specific linguistic & psychol concepts (IM); NIM coord, no qualif
UI = D011578
Psychological Phenomena and Processes
MS = Mechanisms and underlying psychological principles of mental processes and their applications.
AN = not used for indexing; DF: PSYCHOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use
UI = D011579
Psychological Techniques
MS = Methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral, personality, and mental disorders.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHOL TECHNIQUES
UI = D011580
Psychological Tests
MS = Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
AN = DF: PSYCHOL TESTS
UI = D011581
Psychological Theory
MS = Principles applied to the analysis and explanation of psychological or behavioral phenomena.
AN = no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL THEORY
UI = D011582
Psychological Warfare
MS = The manipulation of psychological influences, primarily concerned with morale, to strengthen the ability of one's own country and weaken the enemy.
AN = no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL WARFARE
UI = D011583
Psychology
MS = The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; prefer /psychol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.59; NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms not in Cat C, E1-6 & F3: no qualif; as NIM: Manual 27.10 DF: PSYCHOL
UI = D011584
Psychology, Applied
MS = The science which utilizes psychologic principles to derive more effective means in dealing with practical problems.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL APPLIED
UI = D011585
Psychology, Clinical
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with psychological methods of recognizing and treating behavior disorders.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL CLIN
UI = D011586
Psychology, Comparative
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with similarities or differences in the behavior of different animal species or of different races or peoples.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; do not check COMPARATIVE STUDY for as a field it is not a substitute for a comparison of two or more psychol concepts ( = COMPARATIVE STUDY tag): Manual 18.13.4; DF: PSYCHOL COMPARATIVE
UI = D011587
Psychology, Educational
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with psychological aspects of teaching and the formal learning process in school.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL EDUC
UI = D011588
Psychology, Experimental
MS = The branch of psychology which seeks to learn more about the fundamental causes of behavior by studying various psychologic phenomena in controlled experimental situations.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; avoid as NIM coord; DF: PSYCHOL EXPER
UI = D011589
Psychology, Industrial
MS = The branch of applied psychology concerned with the application of psychologic principles and methods to industrial problems including selection and training of workers, working conditions, etc.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL INDUST
UI = D011590
Psychology, Medical
MS = A branch of psychology in which there is collaboration between psychologists and physicians in the management of medical problems. It differs from clinical psychology, which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL MED
UI = D011591
Psychology, Military
MS = The branch of applied psychology concerned with psychological aspects of selection, assignment, training, morale, etc., of Armed Forces personnel.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; consider also MILITARY PERSONNEL /psychol; DF: PSYCHOL MILITARY
UI = D011592
Psychology, Social
MS = The branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL SOCIAL
UI = D011593
Psychometrics
MS = Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM coord: no qualif; includes statist analysis of psychol tests, validation, applic of statist theory or formulae to psychol
UI = D011594
Psychomotor Agitation
MS = A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.
AN = do not confuse X ref AKATHISIA with AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED: see note there
UI = D011595
Psychomotor Disorders
MS = Abnormalities of motor function that are associated with organic and non-organic cognitive disorders.
UI = D011596
Psychomotor Performance
MS = The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
UI = D011597
Psychoneuroimmunology
MS = The field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. Neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses.
AN = SPEC: IM; SPEC qualif; relation of brain, behavior & immune system; prefer specific terms with /physiol or /immunol; avoid as NIM coord & use no qualif; DF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOL
UI = D011598
Psychopathology
MS = The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS: Manual 27.14; DF: PSYCHOPATHOL
UI = D011599
Psychopharmacology
MS = The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 27.13: relation to PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; DF: PSYCHOPHARMACOL
UI = D011600
Psychophysics
MS = The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.
AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; PSYCHOACOUSTICS is also available
UI = D011601
Psychophysiologic Disorders
MS = A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under autonomic nervous system control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)
AN = differentiate from PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE which is the field; coord IM with specific dis /psychol (IM); Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOPHYSIOL DIS
UI = D011602
Psychophysiology
MS = The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord but use /physiol with F1 & F2 terms & /psychol with C & F3 terms; no qualif when NIM coord; do not confuse X ref MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) with MIND-BODY RELATIONS (METAPHYSICS): see MeSH definition & note there; Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOPHYSIOL
UI = D011603
Psychoses, Alcoholic
MS = A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.
UI = D011604
Psychoses, Substance-Induced
MS = Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
AN = PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC is available
UI = D011605
Psychosexual Development
MS = The stages of development of the psychological aspects of sexuality from birth to adulthood; i.e., oral, anal, genital, and latent periods.
UI = D011606
Psychosine
MS = An intermediate in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides. It is formed by reaction of sphingosine with UDP-galactose and then itself reacts with fatty acid-Coenzyme A to form the cerebroside.
UI = D011609
Psychosocial Deprivation
MS = The absence of appropriate stimuli in the physical or social environment which are necessary for the emotional, social, and intellectual development of the individual.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011610
Psychosomatic Medicine
MS = A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS, the patient; MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) see PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is available; also Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOSOMATIC MED
UI = D011611
Psychosurgery
MS = Treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes.
AN = coord IM with specific lobe /surg (NIM); DF: PSYCHOSURG
UI = D011612
Psychotherapeutic Processes
MS = Experiential, attitudinal, emotional, or behavioral phenomena occurring during the course of treatment. They apply to the patient or therapist (i.e., nurse, doctor, etc.) individually or to their interaction. (American Psychological Association: Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHOTHER PROCESSES
UI = D013811
Psychotherapy
MS = A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
AN = SPEC qualif
UI = D011613
Psychotherapy, Brief
MS = Any form of psychotherapy designed to produce therapeutic change within a minimal amount of time, generally not more than 20 sessions.
AN = DF: PSYCHOTHER BRIEF
UI = D011614
Psychotherapy, Group
MS = A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.
AN = differentiate from multiple: group = more than one patient, multiple = more than one therapist; DF: PSYCHOTHER GROUP
UI = D011615
Psychotherapy, Multiple
MS = The use of more than one therapist at one time in individual or group psychotherapy.
AN = differentiate from group: multiple = more than one therapist, group = more than one patient; DF: PSYCHOTHER MULTIPLE
UI = D011616
Psychotherapy, Rational-Emotive
MS = The replacement of illogical and unrealistic ideas with more realistic and adaptive ones through direct intervention and confrontation by the therapist.
AN = DF: PSYCHOTHER RATIONAL
UI = D011617
Psychotic Disorders
MS = Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
AN = puerperal psychoses = PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM) + PUERPERAL DISORDERS (IM); psychoses or psychotic disord in children = CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE
UI = D011618
Psychotria
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain psychotridine and brachycerine (indole alkaloids).
AN = PSYCHOTRIA IPECACUANHA see CEPHAELIS IPECACUANHA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032069
Psychotropic Drugs
MS = A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; relation to PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: Manual 27.13
UI = D011619
Psyllium
MS = Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.
AN = drug only; plant source is PLANTAGO
UI = D011620
Pteridaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta (FERNS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029625
Pteridines
UI = D011621
Pteridium
MS = A plant genus of the family DENNSTAEDTIACEAE. Members contain ptaquiloside, braxin A1, and braxin B. The name is similar to brake fern (PTERIS).
AN = do not confuse X ref FERN, BRACKEN with FERN BRAKE see PTERIS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032498
Pterins
UI = D011622
Pteris
MS = A plant genus of the family PTERIDACEAE. Members contain entkaurane DITERPENES. The name is similar to bracken fern (PTERIDIUM).
AN = do not X ref confuse FERN, BRAKE with FERN, BRACKEN see PTERIDIUM; PTERIS AQUILINA and PTERIS ESCULENTUM see PTERIDIUM are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032495
Pterocarpans
MS = A group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes which can be formed from ISOFLAVONES by coupling of the B ring to the 4-one position. Members include medicarpin, phaseolin, and pisatin which are found in FABACEAE.
UI = D036343
Pterocarpus
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain TRITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035721
Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids
MS = Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.
AN = folic acid deriv; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D011624
Pterygium
MS = An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a conjunctival dis, not a structure; pterygium of other organs: index under specific organ /abnorm
UI = D011625
Pterygoid Muscles
MS = Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side.
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D011626
Puberty
AN = human only: for animal use AGING; GROWTH or SEX MATURATION; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
UI = D011627
Puberty, Delayed
MS = Unusually late sexual maturity.
AN = human only
UI = D011628
Puberty, Precocious
MS = Unusually early sexual maturity.
AN = human only
UI = D011629
Pubic Bone
UI = D011630
Pubic Symphysis
UI = D011631
Public Assistance
MS = Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs.
AN = specify geog
UI = D011632
Public Facilities
MS = An area of recreation or hygiene for use by the public.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D011633
Public Health
MS = Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; a venerable hist & modern concept of the health & health problems of "the public": do not confuse with NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS
UI = D011634
Public Health Administration
MS = Management of public health organizations or agencies.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PUBLIC HEALTH ADMIN
UI = D011635
Public Health Dentistry
MS = A dental specialty concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of oral health through promoting organized dental health programs at a community, state, or federal level.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PUBLIC HEALTH DENT
UI = D011636
Public Health Informatics
MS = The systematic application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research, and learning. It is the discipline that integrates public health with information technology. The development of this field and dissemination of informatics knowledge and expertise to public health professionals is the key to unlocking the potential of information systems to improve the health of the nation. (www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/phi2001.html)
UI = D040442
Public Health Nursing
MS = The field of nursing focusing on the health of the community through educational and preventive programs, as well as providing treatment and diagnostic services.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D011637
Public Health Practice
MS = The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D015980
Public Housing
MS = Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D011638
Public Opinion
MS = The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning.
AN = no qualif
UI = D011639
Public Policy
MS = A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.
AN = no qualif; specify state or country or other body if pertinent
UI = D011640
Public Relations
MS = Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc.
AN = DF: PUBLIC RELAT
UI = D011641
Public Sector
MS = The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control.
AN = IM; specify nature of public endeavor (IM); specify geog if pertinent
UI = D017150
Publication Bias
MS = The influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc.
AN = IM; coord with basis for bias (e.g., FALSE-POSITIVE RESULTS) or milieu (e.g., CLINICAL TRIALS) if pertinent (IM or NIM)
UI = D017594
Publications
MS = Copies of a work or document distributed to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p181)
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; the published material itself: differentiate from PUBLISHING, the industry
UI = D011642
Published Erratum [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of an acknowledgment of an error, issued by a publisher, editor, or author. It customarily cites the source where the error occurred, giving complete bibliographic data for retrieval. In the case of books and monographs, author, title, imprint, paging, and other helpful references will be given; in the case of journal articles, the author, title, paging, and journal reference will be shown. An erratum notice is variously cited as Errata or Corrigenda.
AN = publication type only for indexed errata or corrigenda; notice of erratum appears in titles of original articles & translations as "published erratum appears in" (Manual section 38); see also Publication Type CORRECTED AND REPUBLISHED ARTICLE
UI = D016425
Publishing
MS = "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.
AN = the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION is also available
UI = D011643
PubMed
MS = A component of the Web-based search and retrieval system Entrez. Its purpose is to provide access to the biomedical literature in MEDLINE and other life science journals. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.
AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D039781
Pueraria
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE a common weed of the southeast US. There has been folk use for alcoholism and liver protection. It contains puerarin, kakkalide, daidzein (isoflavonoids), and kudzusaponins (oleanene-type triterpene glycosides).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029908
Puerperal Disorders
MS = Disorders or diseases associated with the six-to-eight-week period immediately following LABOR, OBSTETRIC and delivery.
AN = check the tag FEMALE; puerperal psychoses: coord IM with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM)
UI = D011644
Puerperal Infection
MS = An infection occurring in the puerperium or postpartum period.
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific infect (IM); check the tag FEMALE
UI = D011645
Puerperium
MS = Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks.
AN = human & animal; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check the tag FEMALE: Manual 18.4.3; puerperal psychoses = PUERPERAL DISORDERS (IM) + PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM); "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under PUERPERIUM (IM) + AMENORRHEA (IM) & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed
UI = D011646
Puerto Rico
MS = An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is San Juan. It is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the United States. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. It belonged to Spain until ceded to the United States in 1898. It became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. Columbus named the island San Juan for St. John's Day, the Monday he arrived, and the bay Puerto Rico, rich harbor. The island became Puerto Rico officially in 1932. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p987 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p436)
AN = an island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies; for Puerto Rico as a geog entity (as in epidemiol articles) & for Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico; for Puerto Ricans living in the United States as an ethnic group, coord PUERTO RICO /ethnol (NIM) + HISPANIC AMERICANS (IM)
UI = D011647
Pulmonaria
MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029685
Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine
MS = A contagious, neoplastic, pulmonary disease of sheep characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pneumocytes and epithelial cells of the lung. It is caused by OVINE PULMONARY ADENOCARCINOMA VIRUS.
AN = caused by a retrovirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: PULM ADENOMATOSIS OVINE
UI = D011648
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
MS = A chronic lung disease characterized by dyspnea, productive cough, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, and hemoptysis, and by the filling of the distal alveoli with a bland, eosinophilic, proteinaceous material that prevents ventilation of affected areas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = DF: PULM ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS
UI = D011649
Pulmonary Alveoli
MS = Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
AN = DF: PULM ALVEOLI
UI = D011650
Pulmonary Artery
MS = The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
AN = DF: PULM ARTERY
UI = D011651
Pulmonary Atresia
MS = Congenital absence of the normal valvular orifice into the pulmonary artery. This condition is characterized by cardiomegaly, reduced pulmonary vascularity, and right ventricular atrophy. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PULM ATRESIA
UI = D018633
Pulmonary Blastoma
MS = A malignant neoplasm of the lung composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells (i.e., blast forms) with little or virtually no stroma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018202
Pulmonary Circulation
MS = The circulation of blood through the lungs.
AN = consider also LUNG /blood supply; DF: PULM CIRC
UI = D011652
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
MS = The amount of a gas, usually oxygen or carbon dioxide, taken up by pulmonary capillary blood per minute per unit of average oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood.
AN = DF: PULM DIFFUSING CAPAC
UI = D011653
Pulmonary Disease (Specialty)
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the respiratory system. It is especially concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and defects of the lungs and bronchial tree.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with LUNG DISEASES (Cat C); DF: PULM DIS SPEC
UI = D015272
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
MS = A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
AN = LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE is also available
UI = D029424
Pulmonary Edema
AN = includes congestion; X ref WET LUNG: in shock, consider also SHOCK LUNG see RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; DF: PULM EDEMA
UI = D011654
Pulmonary Embolism
MS = Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches.
AN = includes thrombosis, thromboembolism & infarct; DF: PULM EMBOLISM
UI = D011655
Pulmonary Emphysema
MS = A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by anatomic alterations of the lungs, such as the enlargement of airspaces and destruction of alveolar walls.
AN = in cattle is probably EMPHYSEMA, ACUTE BOVINE PULMONARY see PNEUMONIA, ATYPICAL INTERSTITIAL, OF CATTLE; DF: PULM EMPHYSEMA
UI = D011656
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
MS = A disease characterized by pulmonary infiltrations of eosinophils and blood eosinophilia.
AN = pulm infiltrations of eosinophils; do not confuse X ref LOEFFLER SYNDROME with LOEFFLER'S ENDOCARDITIS see HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME; DF: PULM EOSINOPHILIA
UI = D011657
Pulmonary Fibrosis
MS = Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure.
AN = an interstitial lung dis; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; DF: PULM FIBROSIS
UI = D011658
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
MS = The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.
AN = do not coord with OXYGEN or CARBON DIOXIDE unless particularly discussed; DF: PULM GAS EXCHANGE
UI = D011659
Pulmonary Heart Disease
AN = DF: PULM HEART DIS
UI = D011660
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors
MS = Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.
AN = mechanoreceptors in bronchi & bronchioles; DF: PULM STRETCH RECEPT
UI = D011661
Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis
MS = Stenosis of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) with or without involvement of the pulmonary valve. It is usually associated with a defect in the interventricular septum.
AN = do not confuse with PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS; if secondary to idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, coordinate with CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; DF: PULM SUBVALV STENOSIS
UI = D011662
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A
MS = An abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens, resulting in their opsinization. It also stimulates MACROPHAGES to undergo PHAGOCYTOSIS of microorganisms. Surfactant protein A contains a N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins.
AN = see SCR for species-specific terms; DF: SP-A PROTEIN
UI = D037662
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B
MS = A pulmonary surfactant associated-protein that plays an essential role in alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. Inherited deficiency of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B is one cause of RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.
UI = D037701
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C
MS = A pulmonary surfactant associated protein that plays a role in alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. It is a membrane-bound protein that constitutes 1-2% of the pulmonary surfactant mass. Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C is one of the most hydrophobic peptides yet isolated and contains an alpha-helical domain with a central poly-valine segment that binds to phospholipid bilayers.
AN = DF: SP-C PROTEIN
UI = D037721
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D
MS = An abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens and enhances their opsinization and killing by phagocytic cells. Surfactant protein D contains a N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins.
AN = DF: SP-D
UI = D037663
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins
MS = Proteins found in the LUNG that act as PUMONARY SURFACTANTS.
UI = D037661
Pulmonary Surfactants
MS = Substances and drugs that lower the SURFACE TENSION of the mucoid layer lining the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
AN = DF: PULM SURFACTANTS
UI = D011663
Pulmonary Surgical Procedures
MS = Surgery performed on the lung.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also LUNG /surg & LUNG DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific lung dis; DF: PULM SURG PROCEDURES
UI = D013510
Pulmonary Valve
MS = A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.
AN = dis: coord IM with HEART VALVE DISEASES (NIM) but note specific pulm valve dis; DF: PULM VALVE
UI = D011664
Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency
MS = Backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, owing to imperfect functioning of the pulmonary valve.
AN = imperfect closing of valve; DF: PULM VALVE INSUFFICIENCY
UI = D011665
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
AN = do not confuse with PULMONARY SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS; atresia = PULMONARY ATRESIA; DF: PULM VALVE STENOSIS
UI = D011666
Pulmonary Veins
MS = The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
AN = DF: PULM VEINS
UI = D011667
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease
MS = Obstruction of the small- and medium-sized pulmonary veins by fibrous proliferation of the intima and media or by thrombosis or a combination of both.
AN = pulm vein blockage; DF: PVOD
UI = D011668
Pulmonary Ventilation
MS = The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute.
AN = MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY VENTILATION & VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO are also available; DF: PULM VENTILATION
UI = D012123
Pulmonary Wedge Pressure
MS = The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a catheter in a small pulmonary artery; believed to reflect the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries.
AN = DF: PULM WEDGE PRESSURE
UI = D011669
Pulpectomy
AN = removal of pulp from pulp chamber & root canal: differentiate from PULPOTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011670
Pulpitis
MS = Inflammation of the dental pulp, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = inflamm of dent pulp
UI = D011671
Pulpotomy
AN = removal of coronal portion of pulp: differentiate from PULPECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011672
Pulsatile Flow
MS = Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a vessel or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow. The quality of blood flow, whether smooth (laminar) or pulsatile, is important to the integrity of the tissues being artificially perfused by various heart assist devices or in regional perfusion.
AN = hematol or non-hematol application
UI = D011673
Pulsatilla
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain cernuosides and other oleanane and hederagenin saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031946
Pulse
MS = The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.
AN = do not add PULSE (NIM) for PULSE PRESSURE see BLOOD PRESSURE unless particularly discussed; Oriental taking of pulses = PULSE + appropriate acupuncture or Oriental medicine terms; ELECTROMAGNETICS; and FABACEAE are also available
UI = D011674
Pulse Radiolysis
MS = Use of a pulse of X-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
UI = D011675
Pulse Therapy, Drug
MS = Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.
AN = coord NIM with drug /admin (IM); DF: PULSE THER DRUG
UI = D020551
Pulvinar
MS = Large mass of nuclei forming the most caudal portion of the thalamus and overhanging the geniculate bodies and the dorsolateral surface of the midbrain. It is divided into four parts: the lateral, medial, inferior, and oral pulvinar nuclei.
UI = D020649
Pulvinus
MS = A group of cells at the base of a leaf in certain plants that, by rapidly losing water, brings about changes in the position of the leaves. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = at base of a leaf: from the Latin for cushion; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
UI = D018516
Punched-Card Systems
UI = D011676
Punctures
MS = Incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures.
AN = restrict to penetration procedures for diag or ther: do not confuse with traumatic punctures ( = WOUNDS, PENETRATING or specific); do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D011677
Punicaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that is a small family with a single genus.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031826
Punishment
MS = The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.
AN = human & animal
UI = D011678
Pupa
MS = An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.
AN = NIM; for metamorphosing insects only: do not use /embryol with ref to pupae
UI = D011679
Pupil
MS = The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
AN = of eye: do not use for STUDENTS; only contraction & dilation of pupil go here: everything else is probably IRIS; /drug eff: consider also MIOTICS & MYDRIATICS; /physiol: consider also MIOSIS (contraction of pupil) & MYDRIASIS (dilation of pupil)
UI = D011680
Pupil Disorders
MS = Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.
AN = see also IRIS DISORDERS
UI = D011681
Purchasing, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the purchasing of supplies and equipment.
UI = D011682
Purine Nucleosides
UI = D011684
Purine Nucleotides
UI = D011685
Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a purine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free purine plus ribose-5-phosphate. EC 2.4.2.1.
UI = D011683
Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific purine /metab (IM) or pyrimidine /metab (IM); DF: PP METAB INBORN ERR
UI = D011686
Purines
MS = A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
UI = D011687
Purinones
UI = D011688
Purkinje Cells
MS = The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
AN = in cerebellum: do not confuse with PURKINJE FIBERS (heart)
UI = D011689
Purkinje Fibers
MS = Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.
AN = in heart: do not confuse with PURKINJE CELLS in cerebellum; false tendons (free-running Purkinje fibers) go here but not with /abnorm
UI = D011690
Puromycin
MS = An antibiotic from Streptomyces alboniger that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
UI = D011691
Puromycin Aminonucleoside
MS = PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.
UI = D011692
Purple Membrane
MS = Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSINS. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
AN = purple regions of cytoplasmic membrane of strains of Halobacterium halobium; A 11 qualif except /cytol
UI = D018717
Purpura
MS = Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D011693
Purpura, Hyperglobulinemic
MS = Purpura seen in many hematological disorders, characterized by an increase in GAMMA-GLOBULINS.
UI = D011694
Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch
MS = A form of nonthrombocytopenic purpura due to a hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with a variety of clinical symptoms including urticaria and erythema, arthropathy and arthritis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and renal involvement.
AN = nonthrombopenic: thrombopenic = PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC
UI = D011695
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
MS = Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.
AN = PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC & PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC are also available; nonthrombocytopenic = PURPURA, SCHOENLEIN-HENOCH
UI = D011696
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
MS = Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.
UI = D016553
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
MS = A disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, bizarre neurological manifestations, azotemia, fever, and thromboses in terminal arterioles and capillaries.
UI = D011697
Pursuit, Smooth
MS = Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
AN = refers to eye movements
UI = D011698
Putamen
MS = The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus.
AN = part of the neostriatum
UI = D011699
Putaminal Hemorrhage
MS = Bleeding into the PUTAMEN, a BASAL GANGLIA nucleus. This is a relatively common site of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and is associated with chronic HYPERTENSION and lipohyalinosis of small blood vessels in the putamen. Clinical manifestations vary with the size of hemorrhage, but include hemiparesis, headache, and alterations of consciousness.
UI = D020146
Putrescine
MS = A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.
UI = D011700
Puumala virus
MS = A species of HANTAVIRUS causing nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME. It is found in most of Europe and especially in Finland, along with its carrier rodent, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus).
AN = infection: coord IM with HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (IM)
UI = D029262
PUVA Therapy
MS = Photochemotherapy using a psoralen compound as the photosensitizing agent and ultraviolet light type A (UVA).
AN = photochemother with a psoralen cpd & ultraviolet light type A (UVA); IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with disease /drug ther (IM); do not index under psoralen cpd or UV angle unless particularly discussed
UI = D011701
Pyelitis
MS = Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = = kidney pelvis inflammation
UI = D011702
Pyelonephritis
AN = = inflammation of kidney + its pelvis
UI = D011704
Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous
MS = An inflammatory condition of the kidney most commonly resulting in a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with stones and infection.
UI = D011705
Pygeum
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Bark extract of P. africanum is an ingredient of folk remedies to treat PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031988
Pyloric Antrum
AN = NIM; usually merely locational
UI = D011706
Pyloric Stenosis
MS = Obstruction of the pyloric canal.
AN = for hypertrophic, coord IM with HYPERTROPHY (NIM)
UI = D011707
Pylorus
AN = NIM; usually locational
UI = D011708
Pyocins
MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same or related species.
UI = D011709
Pyocyanine
MS = Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
UI = D011710
Pyoderma
MS = Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).
AN = "any purulent skin dis" but do not make diagnoses: use term of text
UI = D011711
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
MS = An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.
AN = severe type of skin ulcer appearing mostly on the legs
UI = D017511
Pyracantha
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE widely cultivated as a prickly hedge with bright red berries. Members contain pyracrenic acid (a lupane triterpenoid).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031991
Pyramidal Cells
MS = Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
UI = D017966
Pyramidal Tracts
MS = Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
UI = D011712
Pyran Copolymer
MS = Copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride that acts as an immunostimulant with antineoplastic and anti-infective properties. It is used in combination with other antineoplastic agents.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011713
Pyranocoumarins
MS = A type of COUMARINS with added pyran ring(s).
UI = D039681
Pyrans
AN = do not confuse with PYRENES or PYRONES
UI = D011714
Pyrantel
MS = A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920)
AN = an antinematodal agent
UI = D011715
Pyrantel Pamoate
MS = Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.
UI = D011716
Pyrantel Tartrate
MS = Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.
UI = D011717
Pyrazinamide
MS = A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
UI = D011718
Pyrazines
AN = do not confuse with PYRIDAZINES
UI = D011719
Pyrazoles
AN = includes pyrazolines & pyrazolidines
UI = D011720
Pyrenes
MS = A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.
AN = aromatic hydrocarbons; carcinogens; do not confuse with PYRANS or PYRONES
UI = D011721
Pyrethrins
MS = The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D011722
Pyridazines
AN = do not confuse with PYRAZINES
UI = D011724
Pyridines
AN = pyridine nucleotides will probably be NAD or NADP
UI = D011725
Pyridinium Compounds
AN = DF: PYRIDINIUM CPDS
UI = D011726
Pyridinolcarbamate
MS = A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-emoblytic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)
UI = D011727
Pyridones
MS = Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.
UI = D011728
Pyridostigmine Bromide
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.
AN = a cholinesterase inhib
UI = D011729
Pyridoxal
MS = The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D011730
Pyridoxal Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyridoxal in the presence of ATP with the formation of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and ADP. Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and various derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.35.
UI = D011731
Pyridoxal Phosphate
MS = This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D011732
Pyridoxamine
MS = The 4-aminomethyl form of VITAMIN B 6. During transamination of amino acids, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate.
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D011733
Pyridoxaminephosphate Oxidase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the deamination of pyridoxaminephosphate to pyridoxal phosphate. It is a flavoprotein that also oxidizes pyridoxine-5-phosphate and pyridoxine. EC 1.4.3.5.
UI = D011734
Pyridoxic Acid
MS = The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6 (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.
UI = D011735
Pyridoxine
MS = The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D011736
Pyrilamine
MS = A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.
AN = a histamine H1 antag
UI = D011738
Pyrimethamine
MS = One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.
UI = D011739
Pyrimidine Dimers
MS = Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ultraviolet irradiation. They consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers stop DNA replication.
AN = stop DNA replication
UI = D011740
Pyrimidine Nucleosides
UI = D011741
Pyrimidine Nucleotides
UI = D011742
Pyrimidines
MS = A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
UI = D011743
Pyrimidinones
UI = D011744
Pyrithiamine
MS = A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.
AN = a thiamine antag
UI = D011745
Pyrithioxin
MS = A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.
UI = D011746
Pyrococcus
MS = A genus of strictly anaerobic ultrathermophilic archaea, in the family THERMOCOCCACEAE, occurring in heated seawaters. They exhibit heterotrophic growth at an optimum temperature of 100 degrees C.
AN = a genus of archaea found in heated seawaters; THERMOCOCCUS, found in heated seawater, is also available
UI = D019711
Pyrococcus furiosus
MS = A species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. It exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration.
AN = a species of archaea
UI = D020027
Pyrogallol
UI = D011748
Pyrogens
MS = Substances capable of increasing body temperature; they may be of microbial origin, often polysaccharides and may contaminate distilled water.
AN = /biosyn permitted but be careful; consider also FEVER /chem ind or HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED
UI = D011749
Pyroglobulins
MS = Atypical gamma immunoglobulins characterized by their irreversible heat denaturation at 56-degrees C. Pyroprecipitation is inhibited at pH below 3 and above 9. The presence of pyroglobulins in the serum is the cause of pyroglobulinemia. They are frequently present in multiple myeloma and the pyroglobulin precipitate binds complement, reacts with rheumatoid factor, produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, generalized passive anaphylaxis and passive Arthus-type phenomena.
UI = D011750
Pyroglutamate Hydrolase
MS = Hydrolyzes pyroglutamic acid in the presence of ATP to glutamate plus ADP and inorganic phosphate. Deficiency leads to pyroglutamic acidurea.
UI = D011752
Pyroglutamyl-Peptidase I
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the release of a N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a polypeptide provided the next residue is not proline. It is inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents and occurs in mammalian tissues, microorganisms, and plants. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.19.3.
UI = D011751
Pyroglyphidae
MS = Family of house dust mites, in the superfamily Analgoidea, order Astigmata. They include the genera Dermatophagoides and Euroglyphus.
UI = D039981
Pyrola
MS = A plant genus of the family PYROLACEAE. The common name of wintergreen is more often used for GAULTHERIA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031828
Pyrolaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031827
Pyrones
UI = D011753
Pyronine
MS = Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D011754
Pyrophosphatases
MS = A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.
UI = D011755
Pyrroles
UI = D011758
Pyrrolidines
AN = do not confuse with PYRROLIDONES or PYRROLIDINONES
UI = D011759
Pyrrolidinones
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = pyrrolidinediones = SUCCINIMIDES; do not confuse with PYRROLIDINES
UI = D011760
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
MS = A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.
UI = D011761
Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of 1-pyrroline carboxylate to proline in the presence of NAD(P)H. Includes both the 2-oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.1) and the 5-oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.2). The former also reduces 1-piperidine-2-carboxylate to pipecolate and the latter also reduces 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to hydroxyproline.
UI = D011762
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
MS = Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use.
AN = an alkaloid from Senecio
UI = D011763
Pyrrolnitrin
MS = 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.
AN = an antifungal antibiotic
UI = D011764
Pyrularia
MS = A plant genus of the family SANTALACEAE. Members contain thionin toxin, which shouldn't be confused with thionine.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032122
Pyrus
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE known for the edible fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031989
Pyruvaldehyde
MS = An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.
UI = D011765
Pyruvate Carboxylase
MS = A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.
UI = D011766
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency Disease
MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by absent or decreased PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE activity, the enzyme that regulates gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Clinical manifestations include lactic acidosis, seizures, respiratory distress, marked psychomotor delay, periodic HYPOGLYCEMIA, and hypotonia. The clinical course may be similar to LEIGH DISEASE. (From Am J Hum Genet 1998 Jun;62(6):1312-9)
UI = D015324
Pyruvate Decarboxylase
MS = Catalyzes the decarboxylation of an alpha keto acid to an aldehyde and carbon dioxide. Thiamine pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor. In lower organisms, which ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, the enzyme irreversibly decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde. EC 4.1.1.1.
UI = D011767
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)
MS = The E1 component of the multienzyme PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX. It is composed of 2 alpha subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit) and 2 beta subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit).
UI = D030481
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase
MS = (Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. A mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate on a specific seryl hydroxyl group of pyruvate dehydrogenase, reactivating the enzyme complex. EC 3.1.3.43.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D011769
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
MS = A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE C (LIPOAMIDE), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phoshorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
UI = D011768
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease
MS = An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA, SEIZURES, and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.
AN = DF: PDHC DEFIC DIS
UI = D015325
Pyruvate Kinase
MS = ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.
AN = do not coord L-, R-, M-, M1- or M2-type pyruvate kinase with ISOENZYMES
UI = D011770
Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors
MS = Hereditary disorders of pyruvate metabolism. They are difficult to diagnose and describe because pyruvate is a key intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Some inherited metabolic disorders may alter pyruvate metabolism indirectly. Disorders in pyruvate metabolism appear to lead to deficiencies in neurotransmitter synthesis and, consequently, to nervous system disorders.
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PYRUVATE METAB INBORN ERR
UI = D015323
Pyruvate Oxidase
UI = D011771
Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, pyruvate, and orthophosphate to form AMP plus phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyrophosphate. EC 2.7.9.1.
UI = D011772
Pyruvates
AN = do not confuse with PYRUVATE see PYRUVIC ACID
UI = D011773
Pyruvic Acid
MS = An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = do not confuse X ref PYRUVATE with PYRUVATES
UI = D019289
Pyrvinium Compounds
AN = DF: PYRVINIUM CPDS
UI = D011774
Pythium
MS = A genus of destructive root-parasitic algae in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, commonly found in cultivated soils all over the world. Differentiation of zoospores takes place in a vesicle.
AN = an alga belonging to the group OOMYCETES
UI = D011775
Pyuria
UI = D011776