Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

P

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P Blood-Group System

MS = A blood group related to the ABO, Lewis and I systems. At least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. Multiple alleles are involved in this blood group.

AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230

UI = D010127

 

p-Aminoazobenzene

MS = Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010128

 

p-Aminohippuric Acid

MS = The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

UI = D010130

 

p-Aminosalicylic Acid

MS = An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.

AN = AMINOSALICYLIC ACIDS is also available

UI = D010131

 

p-Azobenzenearsonate

MS = A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool.

UI = D010132

 

p-Chloroamphetamine

MS = Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.

UI = D010133

 

p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid

MS = An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.

AN = CHLOROMERCURIBENZOATES is also available

UI = D020245

 

p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene

MS = A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck, 11th ed)

AN = usually NIM in DAB-induced exper cancer: no qualif; when IM, D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref

UI = D004124

 

p-Fluorophenylalanine

MS = 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.

UI = D010135

 

P-Glycoprotein

MS = A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).

AN = P-GLYCOPROTEINS is also available

UI = D020168

 

P-Glycoproteins

MS = A subfamily of transmembrane proteins from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that are closely related in sequence to P-GLYCOPROTEIN. When overexpressed, they function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps able to extrude lipophilic drugs, especially ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, from cells causing multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although P-Glycoproteins share functional similarities to MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS they are two distinct subclasses of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS, and have little sequence homology.

AN = P-GLYCOPROTEIN is also available; P stands for "permeability"

UI = D018435

 

p-Hydroxyamphetamine

MS = Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects.

UI = D010136

 

p-Hydroxynorephedrine

MS = Parahydroxy analog of phenylpropanolamine with properties as a sympathomimetic.

UI = D010137

 

p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine

MS = A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.

UI = D003189

 

P-Selectin

MS = Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells.

AN = a cell adhesion molecule & CD antigen

UI = D019007

 

p120 GTPase Activating Protein

MS = A 120 kD RAS-GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEIN that binds to tyrosine phosphoproteins through its SH2 domains. The 100 kD RNA-splicing variant (p100 GAP protein) is expressed in placenta.

AN = DF: P120 GAP

UI = D020729

 

p14ARF Protein

MS = A gene product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It antagonizes the function of mdm2 protein (which regulates p53 by targeting it for degradation). p14ARF is produced from the beta mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced alpha transcript, is PROTEIN P16. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.

UI = D025803

 

p42 MAP Kinase

MS = A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

UI = D019950

 

Pacemaker, Artificial

MS = A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).

AN = may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external); coord dis with /ther, not /surg for treatment with pacemaker

UI = D010138

 

Pachyrhizus

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Some Pachyrhizus have been reclassified to PUERARIA. Do not confuse with yam (IPOMOEA; or DIOSCOREA) or African yam bean (SPHENOSTYLIS).

AN = PACHYRHIZUS THUNBERGIANUS see PUERARIA; YAM see DIOSCOREA; YAM BEAN, AFRICAN see SPHENOSTYLIS; PSEUDO-YAM see IPOMOEA BATATAS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029905

 

Pachysandra

MS = A plant genus of the family BUXACEAE that should not be confused with common spurge (EUPHORBIA).

AN = SPURGE see EUPHORBIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031236

 

Pacific Islands

MS = The islands of the Pacific Ocean divided into MICRONESIA; MELANESIA; and POLYNESIA (including NEW ZEALAND). The collective name Oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; and the Malay Archipelago (INDONESIA). (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)

AN = includes MELANESIA; MICRONESIA & POLYNESIA: see notes under each & indentions in trees

UI = D010139

 

Pacific Ocean

AN = no qualif

UI = D010140

 

Pacific States

MS = The geographic designation for states bordering on or located in the Pacific Ocean. The states so designated are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. (U.S. Geologic Survey telephone communication)

AN = includes Alaska, Calif, Hawaii, Ore, Wash; specify as needed but use PACIFIC STATES when the text uses the term; do not confuse with PACIFIC NORTHWEST see NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES CATALOG: use for 4 or more states

UI = D019601

 

Pacifiers

MS = Devices that babies can suck on when they are not feeding. The extra sucking can be comforting to the babies and pacify them. Pacifiers usually are used as a substitute for the thumb in babies who suck on their thumb or fingers almost constantly.

UI = D041361

 

Pacinian Corpuscles

MS = Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin. Pacinian corpuscles contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. They have large receptive fields and are most sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, such as vibration.

AN = mechanoreceptors

UI = D010141

 

Paclitaxel

MS = Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death.

UI = D017239

 

Pactamycin

MS = Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.

UI = D010142

 

Paecilomyces

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus occasionally causing human diseases such as pulmonary infections, mycotic keratitis, endocarditis, and opportunistic infections. Its teleomorph is Byssochlamys.

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

UI = D010143

 

Paeonia

MS = A plant genus of the family Paeoniaceae, order Dilleniales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. These perennial herbs are up to 2 m (6') tall. Leaves are alternate and are divided into three lobes, each lobe being further divided into three smaller lobes. The large flowers are symmetrical, bisexual, have 5 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes 10), and many stamens.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029596

 

Paget's Disease, Extramammary

MS = A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D010145

 

Paget's Disease, Mammary

MS = An intraductal carcinoma of the breast extending to involve the nipple and areola, characterized clinically by eczema-like inflammatory skin changes and histologically by infiltration of the dermis by malignant cells (Paget's cells). (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D010144

 

Pain

MS = An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli and generally received by specialized nerve endings.

AN = IM, GEN only; prefer precoord locational pain terms, like ABDOMINAL PAIN, CHEST PAIN, etc.; /diag: consider also PAIN MEASUREMENT but PAIN /diag is probably PAIN /etiol; /ther: consider also PALLIATIVE CARE ( = pain relief without cure); /physiopathol: PAIN THRESHOLD is also available; chronic pain = PAIN (IM) + CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM): do not equate with PAIN, INTRACTABLE; congen absence of pain = PAIN INSENSITIVITY, CONGENITAL; excessive sensitivity to pain = HYPERALGESIA; policy: Manual 23.17+

UI = D010146

 

Pain Clinics

MS = Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)

AN = for diag & ther; coord IM with specific dis (IM) if pertinent

UI = D018710

 

Pain Insensitivity, Congenital

MS = A syndrome characterized by indifference to PAIN despite the ability to distinguish noxious from nonnoxious stimuli. Absent corneal reflexes and MENTAL RETARDATION may be associated. Familial forms with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been described. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)

AN = congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis = HSAN IV see NEUROPATHIES, HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC; DF: PAIN INSENSITIVITY CONGEN

UI = D000699

 

Pain Measurement

MS = Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted

UI = D010147

 

Pain Threshold

MS = Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

UI = D017288

 

Pain, Intractable

MS = Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.

AN = IM; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE but chronic pain = PAIN (IM) + CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM)

UI = D010148

 

Pain, Postoperative

MS = Pain during the period after surgery.

AN = DF: PAIN POSTOP or POSTOP PAIN

UI = D010149

 

Paint

UI = D010150

 

Paintings

UI = D010151

 

Pair Bond

MS = In animals, the social relationship established between a male and female for reproduction. It may include raising of young.

AN = animal only; no qualif

UI = D010152

 

Paired-Associate Learning

MS = Learning in which the subject must respond with one word or syllable when presented with another word or syllable.

UI = D010153

 

Pakistan

UI = D010154

 

Palaemonidae

MS = A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the palaemonid shrimp. Genera include Macrobrachium, Palaemon, and Palaemonetes. Palaemonidae osmoregulate by means of gills.

AN = note X ref PALAEMONID SHRIMP: several other shrimp terms are available; check text and MeSH; unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE

UI = D033541

 

Palaquium

MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Latex from bark incisions is processed into GUTTA-PERCHA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032131

 

Palatal Expansion Technique

MS = An orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry),

UI = D010155

 

Palatal Muscles

MS = The muscles of the palate are the glossopalatine, palatoglossus, levator palati(ni), musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and tensor palati(ni).

AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D010156

 

Palatal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010157

 

Palatal Obturators

MS = Appliances that close a cleft or fissure of the palate.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010158

 

Palate

MS = The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).

AN = X ref INCISIVE PAPILLA, a projection on the palate posterior to the central incisors: do not add INCISOR; PALATE, HARD and PALATE, SOFT are also available

UI = D010159

 

Palate, Hard

MS = The anteriorly located rigid section of the PALATE.

UI = D021362

 

Palate, Soft

MS = A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.

UI = D010160

 

Palau

MS = A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)

UI = D019029

 

Paleodontology

MS = The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.

AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleodontology is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; DF: PALEODONTOL

UI = D010161

 

Paleography

MS = The study of ancient inscriptions and modes of writing. It includes the deciphering of manuscripts and other forms to determine their date, provenance, etc. (Webster's 1st ed)

AN = study of manuscripts & inscriptions; IM; med paleography: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: PALEOGR

UI = D010162

 

Paleontology

MS = The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.

AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; do not routinely check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL: check only when the hist & ancient or medieval med aspects are particularly discussed; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleontology is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; DF: PALEONTOL

UI = D010163

 

Paleopathology

MS = The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.

AN = IM; SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE & ANCIENT or MEDIEVAL; for prehist, ANCIENT tag is all right; paleopathol is for pre-Columbian, nothing later; consider also MUMMIES /pathol & do not coord with PALEOPATHOLOGY; DF: PALEOPATHOL

UI = D010164

 

Palinuridae

MS = A family of marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, comprising the clawless lobsters.They are found in tropical and subtropical waters and characterized by short spines along the length of the tail and body.

UI = D033521

 

Palladium

MS = A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.

AN = Pd-106; Pd-102, 104, 105, 108, 110 = PALLADIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Pd-98-101, 103, 107, 109, 111-115 = PALLADIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D010165

 

Palliative Care

MS = Care alleviating symptoms without curing the underlying disease. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = = relief without cure; coord IM with disease /ther or /surg or /drug ther or other specific qualif (IM); consider also PAIN /ther

UI = D010166

 

Pallor

MS = A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.

UI = D010167

 

Palmitates

MS = Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.

UI = D010168

 

Palmitic Acid

MS = A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.

AN = do not confuse with PALMITIC ACIDS

UI = D019308

 

Palmitic Acids

MS = A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.

AN = a group of fatty acids; do not confuse with PALMITIC ACID

UI = D010169

 

Palmitoyl Coenzyme A

MS = A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.

UI = D010171

 

Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase

MS = Enzyme catalyzing reversibly the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA or other long-chain acyl coenzyme A compounds to yield CoA and palmitate or other acyl esters. The enzyme is involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. EC 3.1.2.2.

UI = D010170

 

Palmitoylcarnitine

MS = A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010172

 

Palpation

MS = Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.

AN = do not confuse with "palpitation" ( = HEART RATE; ARRHYTHMIA or specific arrhythmia)

UI = D010173

 

Palyam Virus

MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS infecting cattle and sheep. It is transmitted by culicine mosquitoes and gnats (CULICOIDES).

AN = infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D030081

 

Pamphlets

MS = Printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. They are often devoted to a single subject.

UI = D010174

 

Pan American Health Organization

MS = WHO regional office for the Americas acting as a coordinating agency for the improvement of health conditions in the hemisphere. The four main functions are: control or eradication of communicable diseases, strengthening of national and local health services, education and training, and research.

AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D010175

 

Pan paniscus

MS = The pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family PONGIDAE. Its common name is Bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of PAN TROGLODYTES. Its range is confined to the forests of the central Zaire basin. Despite its name, it is often of equal size to P. troglodytes.

AN = an ape, not a monkey; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM)

UI = D019974

 

Pan troglodytes

MS = The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family PONGIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.

AN = an ape, not a monkey; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM)

UI = D002679

 

Panama

AN = do not confuse with PANAMA CANAL ZONE

UI = D010176

 

Panama Canal Zone

AN = do not confuse with PANAMA

UI = D010177

 

Panax

MS = An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. Sometimes confused with Siberian ginseng (ELEUTHEROCOCCUS).

AN = do not confuse X ref GINSENG with SIBERIAN GINSENG see Eleutherococcus; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D005894

 

Pancoast's Syndrome

MS = Destructive lesions of the thoracic inlet with involvement of the brachial and sympathetic plexus or carcinoma of the lung apex. It is characterized by pain in the shoulder region radiating toward the axilla and scapula, sensory and motor disorders and wasting of the muscles of the hand, the Bernard-Horner syndrome, and compression of the blood vessels with edema. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes and Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)

AN = an apicocostovertebral syndrome

UI = D010178

 

Pancreas

MS = A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes.

AN = /enzymol: consider also PANCREATIN for "pancreatic enzymes" particularly in ther; /surg: consider also PANCREATECTOMY; /transpl = PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; note that ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION is also available; inflammation = PANCREATITIS; pancreatic A, B, C cells: index under ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; D cells = D CELLS

UI = D010179

 

Pancreas Transplantation

MS = The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; in ther of diabetes mellitus, ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION is probably the correct term: see note there

UI = D016035

 

Pancreas, Artificial

MS = Devices for simulating the activity of the pancreas. They can be either electromechanical, consisting of a glucose sensor, computer, and insulin pump or bioartificial, consisting of isolated islets of Langerhans in an artificial membrane.

AN = device simulating pancreas activity

UI = D019397

 

Pancreatectomy

MS = Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010180

 

Pancreatic Cyst

MS = A true cyst of the pancreas to be distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a mucous epithelial lining. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of pancreatic ducts secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)

AN = non-neoplastic; pancreatic pseudocyst = PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D010181

 

Pancreatic Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PANCREATITIS

UI = D010182

 

Pancreatic Ducts

MS = Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.

AN = note X ref DUODENAL PAPILLA, MINOR: do not confuse with DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR see VATER'S AMPULLA; "duodenal papilla" unspecified is probably DUODENAL PAPILLA, MAJOR

UI = D010183

 

Pancreatic Elastase

MS = A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25,000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. EC 3.4.21.36.

AN = LEUKOCYTE ELASTASE is also available

UI = D010196

 

Pancreatic Extracts

MS = Extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. PANCREATIN is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency.

AN = extracts of pancreas or pancreatic fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the pancreas, as "peptides extracted from the mouse pancreas" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + PANCREAS /anal); PANCREATIN, a pancreatic extract, is also available

UI = D010184

 

Pancreatic Fistula

MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the pancreas.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+

UI = D010185

 

Pancreatic Function Tests

MS = Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.

UI = D010186

 

Pancreatic Hormones

MS = Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010187

 

Pancreatic Insufficiency

MS = Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates.

UI = D010188

 

Pancreatic Juice

MS = The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.

AN = /secret permitted but consider PANCREAS /secret if pertinent

UI = D010189

 

Pancreatic Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the pancreas.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); available are ALPHA-CELL TUMOR see GLUCAGONOMA, BETA-CELL TUMOR see INSULINOMA but delta-cell tumor = SOMATOSTATINOMA or VIPOMA

UI = D010190

 

Pancreatic Polypeptide

MS = A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice.

AN = a neurotransmitter pancreatic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010191

 

Pancreatic Pseudocyst

MS = Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas.

UI = D010192

 

Pancreaticoduodenectomy

MS = The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016577

 

Pancreaticojejunostomy

MS = Surgical anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, or the divided end of the transected pancreas, with the jejunum. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010193

 

Pancreatin

MS = A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction.

UI = D010194

 

Pancreatitis

AN = try to specify ACUTE DISEASE (NIM) for acute pancreatitis or CHRONIC DISEASE (NIM) for chronic pancreatitis

UI = D010195

 

Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing

MS = Acute inflammation of the pancreas with areas of devitalized pancreatic and/or peripancreatic tissue. These necrotic areas may involve large areas of the pancreas or may be small. When a CT scan is performed with contrast media using a bolus technique, necrotic areas do not perfuse with media and are not enhanced. The lack of enhancement distinguishes necrotic tissue from the adjacent well-perfused viable pancreatic parenchyma. (From Liang et al., Pancreas: Biology, Pathobiology, & Disease, 2d ed, p597)

UI = D019283

 

Pancreatitis, Alcoholic

MS = An acute or chronic degenerative and inflammatory lesion of the pancreas in the alcoholic which is potentially progressive or possibly reversible.

AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE

UI = D019512

 

Pancrelipase

MS = A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content.

UI = D020799

 

Pancuronium

MS = A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

UI = D010197

 

Pancytopenia

MS = Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

AN = combined defic of erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets

UI = D010198

 

Pandalidae

MS = A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the pandalid shrimp. They are protandic hermaphrodites and can breed in both male and female stages. Many species are commercially harvested in the Pacific Northwest.

AN = note X ref PANDALID SHRIMP: several other shrimp termsare available; check text and MeSH; unspecified shrimp as food is probably PENAEIDAE

UI = D033542

 

Pandanaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Pandanales, subclass Arecidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031673

 

Paneth Cells

MS = Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins.

UI = D019879

 

Panic

MS = A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function.

AN = note category: do not confuse with PANIC DISORDER (Cat F3)

UI = D010200

 

Panic Disorder

MS = A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.

AN = note category: do not confuse with PANIC (Cat F1)

UI = D016584

 

Panicum

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the millets used in CEREALS and in feed for birds and livestock (ANIMAL FEED). It contains diosgenin (SAPONINS).

AN = other millet plants are available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D008897

 

Panniculitis

MS = General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules.

AN = inflamm of adipose tissue; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D015434

 

Panniculitis, Lupus Erythematosus

MS = A type of lupus erythematosus characterized by deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules, most often on the head, face, or upper arms. It is generally chronic and occurs most often in women between the ages of 20 and 45.

AN = DF: PANNICULITIS LE

UI = D015435

 

Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative

MS = A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.

UI = D010201

 

Panniculitis, Peritoneal

MS = Condition of the peritoneum, most commonly of the mesentery, but also of the omentum, characterized by tissue thickening, alteration of fat cells, infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, and fibrosis.

AN = of mesentery or omentum

UI = D015436

 

Panophthalmitis

MS = Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.

AN = inflamm of all struct of eye: a clin entity; do not use as a coord for inflamm of specific parts of eye: these are available as -ITIS headings in C11

UI = D010202

 

Panstrongylus

MS = A genus of cone-nosed bugs of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Its species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D010203

 

Pantetheine

MS = An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.

AN = do not confuse with pantethine

UI = D010204

 

Pantoea

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods which are motile by peritrichous flagella. Most strains produce a yellow pigment. This organism is isolated from plant surfaces, seeds, soil, and water, as well as from animals and human wounds, blood, and urine. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020636

 

Pantothenic Acid

AN = a B vitamin; /ther use: coord disease with /drug ther, not /diet ther

UI = D010205

 

Panuveitis

MS = Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.

AN = inflamm of anterior & posterior uvea

UI = D015864

 

Papain

MS = A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.

UI = D010206

 

Papaver

MS = A genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family PAPAVERACEAE of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield OPIUM from the latex of the unripe seed pods.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D010207

 

Papaveraceae

MS = The poppy plant family of the order Papaverales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. These have bisexual, regular, cup-shaped flowers with one superior pistil and many stamens; 2 or 3 conspicuous, separate sepals and a number of separate petals. The fruit is a capsule. Leaves are usually deeply cut or divided into leaflets.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028101

 

Papaverine

MS = An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.

UI = D010208

 

Paper

UI = D010209

 

Papillary Muscles

MS = Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae.

AN = Manual 21.52 as test tissue; for dis of papillary muscles coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D010210

 

Papilledema

MS = Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)

UI = D010211

 

Papilloma

MS = A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); "laryngeal papilloma" = PAPILLOMA (IM) + LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM); "choroid plexus papilloma" = GLIOMA (IM) + CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D010212

 

Papilloma, Choroid Plexus

MS = A usually benign neoplasm that arises from the cuboidal epithelium of the choroid plexus and takes the form of an enlarged CHOROID PLEXUS, which may be associated with oversecretion of CSF. The tumor usually presents in the first decade of life with signs of increased intracranial pressure including HEADACHES; ATAXIA; DIPLOPIA; and alterations of mental status. In children it is most common in the lateral ventricles and in adults it tends to arise in the fourth ventricle. Malignant transformation to choroid plexus carcinomas may rarely occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p667; DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072)

UI = D020288

 

Papilloma, Intraductal

MS = A small, often impalpable benign papilloma arising in a lactiferous duct and frequently causing bleeding from the nipple. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = intraductal refers to mammary ducts only; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018300

 

Papilloma, Inverted

MS = A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018308

 

Papillomaviridae

MS = A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting MAMMALS. There is one genus: PAPILLOMAVIRUS.

UI = D027383

 

Papillomavirus

MS = The sole genus of PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE causing proliferation of the epithelium, leading to benign neoplasms. Some lesions, induced by specific types of papillomaviruses are at high risk for malignant progression. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D010213

 

Papillomavirus Infections

MS = Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.

UI = D030361

 

Papillomavirus, Bovine

MS = A species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS producing large numbers of warts on calves. Connective tissue proliferation is an important component of the warts.

AN = infection: coord IM with PAPOVAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D001910

 

Papillomavirus, Cottontail Rabbit

MS = The type species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS. It is reported to occur naturally in cottontail rabbits in North America.

AN = do not confuse X ref SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS with SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS; infection: coord IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D012777

 

Papillomavirus, Human

MS = A species of PAPILLOMAVIRUS causing warts in humans. These benign, squamous epithelial tumors can sometimes progress to malignancy.

AN = infection: coord IM with PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); consider also WARTS

UI = D018145

 

Papillon-Lefevre Disease

MS = Rare, autosomal recessive disorder occurring between the first and fifth years of life. It is characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis followed by the premature shedding of both deciduous and permanent teeth.

AN = palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis

UI = D010214

 

Papio

MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of seven named species: P. ursinus (chacma baboon), P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon), P. papio (western or Guinea baboon), P. anubis (anubis or olive baboon), P. hamadryas (hamadryas or sacred baboon), P. sphinx (mandrill), and P. leucophaeus (drill). Some authors have recognized a separate genus for the drill and mandrill: Mandrillus. The Papio genus is geographically distributed throughout east and west Africa, Arabia, Egypt, and the Sudan.

AN = baboon (Old World monkey); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D010215

 

Papovaviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the PAPOVAVIRIDAE. This includes both papillomavirus infections and polyomavirus infections.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018348

 

Papua New Guinea

MS = A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.

AN = read MeSH definition for hist & geog scope; Papuans are of NEGROID RACE unless otherwise specified

UI = D010219

 

Para-Aortic Bodies

MS = Small masses of chromaffin cells found near the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta. They serve as chemoreceptors responsive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion concentration, and help to control respiration.

AN = do not confuse with AORTIC BODIES

UI = D010220

 

Parabens

MS = Proprietary name for the methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010226

 

Parabiosis

MS = The experimental joining of two individuals for the purpose of studying the effects of one on the other.

UI = D010227

 

Paracentesis

MS = A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.

UI = D019152

 

Paracoccidioides

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus. P. brasiliensis (previously Blastomyces brasiliensis) is the etiologic agent of PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.

AN = infection = PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

UI = D010228

 

Paracoccidioidomycosis

MS = A mycosis affecting the skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and internal organs. It is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is also called paracoccidioidal granuloma. Superficial resemblance of P. brasiliensis to Blastomyces brasiliensis (BLASTOMYCES) may cause misdiagnosis.

AN = fungus dis of skin caused by Paracoccidioides; do not confuse X ref BLASTOMYCOSIS, SOUTH AMERICAN with BLASTOMYCOSIS, NORTH AMERICAN see BLASTOMYCOSIS

UI = D010229

 

Paracoccus

MS = Gram-negative non-motile bacteria found in soil or brines.

UI = D010230

 

Paracoccus denitrificans

MS = A species of bacteria isolated from soil.

UI = D010231

 

Paracrine Communication

MS = Cellular signaling in which a factor secreted by a cell affects other cells in the local environment. This term is often used to denote the action of INTERCELLULAR SIGNALLING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS on surrounding cells.

UI = D019899

 

Paraffin

MS = A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010232

 

Paraffin Embedding

MS = The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.

UI = D016612

 

Paraganglia, Chromaffin

MS = Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads.

UI = D010233

 

Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin

MS = Several clusters of chemoreceptive and supporting cells associated with blood vessels and nerves (especially the glossopharyngeal and vagus). The nonchromaffin paraganglia sense pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and participate in respiratory, and perhaps circulatory, control. They include the carotid and aortic bodies, the glomus jugulare, and the glomus tympanicum.

AN = chemoreceptors

UI = D010234

 

Paraganglioma

MS = A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl heading (IM)

UI = D010235

 

Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal

MS = A relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body, glomus jugulare, and aortic bodies. It consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. They are uncommon before the age of 20, with a female predominance in some series. (Stedman, 25th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p570-1)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D010236

 

Paragonimiasis

MS = Infection with trematodes of the genus PARAGONIMUS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = trematode infect

UI = D010237

 

Paragonimus

MS = A genus of lung flukes of the family Troglotrematidae. This genus consists of several species one of which is P. westermani, a common lung fluke in man. Members of this and other species also occur in other mammals.

AN = infection = PARAGONIMIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D010238

 

Paraguay

UI = D010239

 

Parahippocampal Gyrus

MS = A convolution on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere, lying between the hippocampal and collateral sulci. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020534

 

Parainfluenza Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with parainfluenza viruses in humans and animals.

AN = coord IM with specific parainfluenza virus /immunol (IM)

UI = D022241

 

Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human

MS = A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.

AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D010222

 

Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human

MS = A species of RUBULAVIRUS associated particularly with acute laryngotracheitis (CROUP) in children aged 6 months to 3 years.

AN = do not confuse with PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, HUMAN or PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 3, HUMAN; infection: coord IM with CROUP (IM) if text confirms or RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if not specified as CROUP or "acute laryngotracheobronchitis"

UI = D010223

 

Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine

MS = A species of RESPIROVIRUS, subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE, most often seen in conjunction with a secondary infection of MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA resulting in pneumonic pasturellosis (PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC).

AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC

UI = D029101

 

Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human

MS = A species of RESPIROVIRUS frequently isolated from small children with pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

AN = infection: coord IM with RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D010224

 

Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human

MS = A species of RUBULAVIRUS causing endemic upper respiratory infections in children. It produces only a mild clinical disease and often goes undetected.

AN = infection: coord IM with RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D029482

 

Parakeets

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D010240

 

Parakeratosis

MS = Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not confuse with POROKERATOSIS

UI = D010241

 

Paraldehyde

MS = A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)

UI = D010242

 

Paralyses, Familial Periodic

MS = A heterogenous group of inherited disorders characterized by recurring attacks of rapidly progressive flaccid paralysis or myotonia. These conditions have in common a mutation of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the sodium channel in skeletal muscle. They are frequently associated with fluctuations in serum potassium levels. Periodic paralysis may also occur as a non-familial process secondary to THYROTOXICOSIS and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)

AN = a specific disease entity: see MeSH definition

UI = D010245

 

Paralysis

MS = A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)

AN = severe loss of motor function as compared with PARESIS, a slight loss; GENERAL PARALYSIS see NEUROSYPHILIS does not mean "generalized paralysis" ( = PARALYSIS); spastic paralysis = PARALYSIS (IM) + MUSCLE SPASTICITY (NIM); flaccid paralysis = PARALYSIS (IM) + MUSCLE FLACCIDITY (NIM)

UI = D010243

 

Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic

MS = An autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. During attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. Episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. Normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)

UI = D020513

 

Paralysis, Obstetric

MS = Paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = refers to neonate; coord IM with specific paralysis or birth inj (IM); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D010246

 

Paramecium

MS = A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

AN = research protozoon often large enough to be seen by naked eye

UI = D010247

 

Paramecium tetraurelia

MS = A species of ciliate protozoa. It is used in biomedical research.

AN = used as a research tool

UI = D016805

 

Paramethasone

MS = A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

UI = D010248

 

Parametritis

MS = Inflammation of the parametrium, the connective tissue of the pelvic floor, extending from the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the BROAD LIGAMEMT.

AN = "pelvic" in X ref refers to pelvic floor

UI = D010249

 

Paramphistomatidae

MS = A family of flukes of the class Trematoda found in the intestinal tract and liver of animals and man. Some of the genera are Homalagaster, Gastrodiscus, Paramphistomum, Watsonius, Nilocotyle, Gigantocotyle, Gastrothylax, Macropotrema, Ceylonocotyle, Zygocotyle, Cotylophoron, and Calicophoron.

AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D010250

 

Paramyxoviridae

MS = A family of spherical viruses, of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include PARAMYXOVIRINAE and PNEUMOVIRINAE.

AN = a family of the order Mononegavirales; infection = PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D010252

 

Paramyxoviridae Infections

MS = Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018184

 

Paramyxovirinae

MS = A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Genera include RUBULAVIRUS, RESPIROVIRUS, and MORBILLIVIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018098

 

Paramyxoviruses, Avian

MS = A group of viruses in the genus RUBULAVIRUS causing disease in domestic fowl. There are many species, the most well-known being avian paramyxovirus 1 (NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS).

AN = a group of viruses of the genus Rubulavirus; affects domestic fowl; infection: coord IM with RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018109

 

Paranasal Sinus Diseases

MS = Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.

UI = D010254

 

Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms or tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Malignant neoplasms are rare, comprising 3% of all head and neck neoplasms. The majority arise in the maxillary sinus with malignancies of the ethmoid sinus constituting virtually all the remaining tumors.

AN = coord IM with specific sinus (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; note that MAXILLARY SINUS NEOPLASMS is also available

UI = D010255

 

Paranasal Sinuses

MS = Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflammation = SINUSITIS but do not add PARANASAL SINUSES for "paranasal" or "nasal" sinusitis

UI = D010256

 

Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration

MS = Cerebellar degeneration associated with a remote neoplasm. Clinical manifestations include progressive limb and GAIT ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; and NYSTAGMUS. The histologic type of the associated neoplasm is usually carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically the cerebellar cortex and subcortical nuclei demonstrate diffuse degenerative changes. Anti-Purkinje cell antibodies (anti-Yo) are found in the serum of approximately 50% of affected individuals. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p686)

AN = coord with precoord organ/neopl term + histol type

UI = D020362

 

Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy

MS = A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)

AN = DF: PARANEOPL POLYNEUROPATHY

UI = D020364

 

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

MS = In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.

AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct

UI = D010257

 

Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System

MS = Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)

AN = DF: PARANEOPL ENCEPH

UI = D020361

 

Paranoid Behavior

MS = Behavior exhibited by individuals who are overly suspicious, but without the constellation of symptoms characteristic of paranoid personality disorder or paranoid type of schizophrenia.

UI = D010258

 

Paranoid Disorders

MS = Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state.

UI = D010259

 

Paranoid Personality Disorder

MS = A personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. The latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust.

UI = D010260

 

Paraoxon

MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D010261

 

Paraparesis

MS = Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.

UI = D020335

 

Paraparesis, Spastic

MS = Mild or moderate loss of motor function accompanied by SPASTICITY in the lower extremities. This condition is a manifestation of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that cause injury to the motor cortex or descending motor pathways.

AN = do not confuse with PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1

UI = D020336

 

Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic

MS = A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1). Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)

UI = D015493

 

Paraphilias

MS = Disorders that include recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects, suffering of oneself or partners, or children or other nonconsenting partners. (from DSM-IV, 1994)

UI = D010262

 

Paraphimosis

MS = Retraction of phimotic foreskin, causing a painful swelling of the glans that, if severe, may cause dry gangrene unless corrected. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a penile dis

UI = D010263

 

Paraplegia

MS = Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.

AN = also available is QUADRIPLEGIA; note X ref spastic paraplegia: SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA, HEREDITARY is also available

UI = D010264

 

Parapoxvirus

MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, which infect ungulates and may infect humans. ORF VIRUS is the type species.

AN = a genus of the family Poxviridae; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018157

 

Paraproteinemias

MS = A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.

UI = D010265

 

Paraproteins

MS = Abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Paraproteins containing only light chains lead to Bence Jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. Most of the paraproteins show themselves as an M-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. Diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered.

AN = abnormal immunoglobulins

UI = D010266

 

Parapsoriasis

MS = The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).

AN = a papulosquamous skin dis

UI = D010267

 

Parapsychology

MS = Branch of psychology that deals with paranormal behavior and events such as telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance, which are not explicable by present day "natural laws".

AN = DF: PARAPSYCHOL

UI = D010268

 

Paraquat

MS = A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.

UI = D010269

 

Parasite Egg Count

AN = coord with specific parasite (IM) or parasitic dis (IM)

UI = D010270

 

Parasitemia

MS = The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = coord with specific parasitic disease or specific parasite if specific parasite dis is not in MeSH (do not use /blood to indicate -emia)

UI = D018512

 

Parasites

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; for parasiticides, consider ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTHELMINTICS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS & their specifics; in lower animals: Manual 22.20; relation to parasitic diseases: Manual 22.12-.20; parasites in food or parasitic contamination of food is indexed under FOOD PARASITOLOGY (IM) + specific parasite (IM) + specific food item (IM or NIM)

UI = D010271

 

Parasitic Diseases

MS = Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; relation to parasites: Manual 22.12-.20; parasitic dis not in MeSH: Manual 22.17, 22.18; parasitic dis of heart = PARASITIC DISEASES or specific parasitic dis (IM) + MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES; DF: PARASITIC DIS

UI = D010272

 

Parasitic Diseases, Animal

MS = Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or specific parasitic dis /vet; indexing policy: Manual 22.12-.20; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; DF: PARASITIC DIS ANIMAL

UI = D010273

 

Parasitic Sensitivity Tests

MS = Tests that demonstrate the relative effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents against specific parasites.

AN = IM when general; NIM with specific drug (IM) & specific parasite (IM); MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS is also available

UI = D021261

 

Parasitology

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /parasitol with organs, higher animals & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.50; DF: PARASITOL

UI = D010274

 

Parasomnias

MS = Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)

AN = do not confuse x-ref BENIGN NEONATAL SLEEP MYOCLONUS with MYOCLONUS, NOCTURNAL and MYOCLONUS, SLEEP see MYOCLONUS

UI = D020447

 

Parasympathectomy

MS = The removal or interruption of some part of the parasympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific nerve /surg or plexus /surg (IM or NIM)

UI = D017764

 

Parasympathetic Fibers, Postganglionic

MS = Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.

AN = do not confuse with SYMPATHETIC FIBERS, POSTGANGLIONIC

UI = D017777

 

Parasympathetic Nervous System

MS = The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

AN = /drug eff: consider also PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS & PARASYMPATHOLYTICS

UI = D010275

 

Parasympatholytics

MS = Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff

UI = D010276

 

Parasympathomimetics

MS = Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff

UI = D010277

 

Parasystole

MS = A cardiac arrhythmia caused by the interaction of two foci independently initiating cardiac impulses at different rates. Generally one of the foci is the sinoatrial node (the normal pacemaker) and the ectopic focus is usually in the ventricle, but can occur in the sinus and AV nodes, atrium and ventricle, and AV junction. Each focus - and thus each rhythm - is protected from the influence of the other.

AN = a type of arrhythmia; IM; coord with HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE or other site in heart (NIM) if pertinent; sinus parasystole: coord IM with ARRHYTHMIA, SINUS (IM)

UI = D017574

 

Parathion

MS = A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D010278

 

Parathyroid Diseases

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010279

 

Parathyroid Glands

MS = Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

AN = /surg: consider also PARATHYROIDECTOMY

UI = D010280

 

Parathyroid Hormones

MS = Polypeptide hormones (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the parathyroid glands, which promote release of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid by activating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts, indirectly promote increased intestinal absorption of calcium, and promote renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased renal excretion of phosphates. It is a major regulator of bone metabolism. Secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when the level of calcium in the extracellular fluid is low. Its action is opposed by calcitonin. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: consider also HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

UI = D010281

 

Parathyroid Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010282

 

Parathyroidectomy

MS = Excision of one or both of the parathyroid glands.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016105

 

Paratuberculosis

MS = An infectious disease caused by MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS. Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss.

AN = caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL

UI = D010283

 

Paratyphoid Fever

MS = A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.

AN = specify Salmonella paratyphi species if possible (IM)

UI = D010284

 

Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

MS = Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus.

AN = in the anterior hypothalamus

UI = D010286

 

Parechovirus

MS = A genus in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE containing one species: Human parechovirus.

AN = infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D030061

 

Parent-Child Relations

MS = The interactions between parent and child.

AN = human only; DF: PARENT CHILD RELAT

UI = D010287

 

Parental Consent

MS = Informed consent given by a parent on behalf of a minor or otherwise incompetent child.

UI = D033282

 

Parental Leave

MS = The authorized absence from work of either parent prior to and after the birth of their child. It includes also absence because of the illness of a child or at the time of the adoption of a child. It does not include leave for care of siblings, parents, or other family members: for this FAMILY LEAVE is available.

AN = prenatal & postnatal leave, leave for illness of a child or leave for adoption procedures; do not confuse with FAMILY LEAVE: see MeSH definition

UI = D016524

 

Parental Notification

MS = Reporting to parents or guardians about care to be provided to a minor (MINORS).

UI = D035622

 

Parenteral Nutrition

MS = The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).

AN = for nourishment: differentiate from FLUID THERAPY (to replace fluids) or ENTERAL NUTRITION (see note there) or INFUSIONS, PARENTERAL (merely a method of admin drugs & chemicals); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther

UI = D010288

 

Parenteral Nutrition, Home

MS = The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered via a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HPN

UI = D016331

 

Parenteral Nutrition, Home Total

MS = The at-home administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously or by some other non-alimentary route.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; DF: HOME TPN or HTPN

UI = D016562

 

Parenteral Nutrition, Total

MS = The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not dis /diet ther; DF: TPN

UI = D010289

 

Parenting

MS = Performing the role of a parent by care-giving, nurturance, and protection of the child by a natural or substitute parent. The parent supports the child by exercising authority and through consistent, empathic, appropriate behavior in response to the child's needs. PARENTING differs from CHILD REARING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the children and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.

AN = differentiate from CHILD REARING which emphasizes the upbringing while PARENTING emphasizes the role of the parent: read MeSH definitions but if in doubt use term of author

UI = D016487

 

Parents

MS = Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.

AN = HUMAN only; /psychol: consider also PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; "unwed parent": coord IM with ILLEGITIMACY (IM)

UI = D010290

 

Paresis

MS = A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.

AN = remember that "paresis" is sometimes just "paralysis" in foreign lit; spastic paraparesis = PARAPARESIS, SPASTIC or PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC if caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1

UI = D010291

 

Paresthesia

MS = Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.

AN = burning, tingling, prickling sensations go here

UI = D010292

 

Pargyline

MS = A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.

UI = D010293

 

Parietal Bone

AN = fractures: coord PARIETAL BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D010294

 

Parietal Cells, Gastric

MS = Cells of the gastric glands which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D010295

 

Parietal Lobe

MS = Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere.

AN = dis: coord IM with BRAIN DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D010296

 

Parietaria

MS = A plant genus of the family URTICACEAE which is the most common cause of pollinosis in Mediterranean countries. It is the source of 'allergen Par o I' and of Pollinex used for DESENSITIZATION, IMMUNOLOGIC.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032403

 

Paris

UI = D010297

 

Parity

MS = The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

AN = human & animal; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4

UI = D010298

 

Parking Facilities

MS = Indoor or outdoor areas designated for the parking of vehicles.

UI = D010299

 

Parkinson Disease

MS = A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

AN = drug ther: consider also ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; /chem ind = PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY/chem ind

UI = D010300

 

Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic

MS = Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS, MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)

AN = DF: PARKINSON DIS POSTENCEPH

UI = D010301

 

Parkinson Disease, Secondary

MS = Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)

AN = /chem ind permitted: coord IM with drug /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); coord IM with other cause (IM)

UI = D010302

 

Parkinsonian Disorders

MS = A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.

AN = Gen: prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref RAMSAY HUNT PARALYSIS SYNDROME with RAMSAY HUNT AURICULAR SYNDROME see HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS or RAMSAY HUNT CEREBELLAR SYNDROME see MYOCLONIC CEREBELLAR DYSSYNERGIA

UI = D020734

 

Paromomycin

MS = An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces.

UI = D010303

 

Paronychia

MS = An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)

AN = infect dis of skin surrounding nail; coord IM with specific infect (IM)

UI = D010304

 

Parotid Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PAROTITIS

UI = D010305

 

Parotid Gland

AN = inflammation = PAROTITIS

UI = D010306

 

Parotid Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010307

 

Parotid Region

MS = The region of the face on either side, around the PAROTID GLAND.

UI = D035421

 

Parotin

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010308

 

Parotitis

MS = Inflammation of the parotid gland.

AN = inflamm of parotid gland; in translations use "parotitis", not "parotiditis" despite form of vernac

UI = D010309

 

Parovarian Cyst

MS = A cyst of the epoophoron or parovarium, a vestigial structure associated with the ovary, consisting of a more cranial group of mesonephric tubules and a corresponding portion of the mesonephric duct. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D010310

 

Paroxetine

MS = A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.

UI = D017374

 

Parrots

MS = Birds widely distributed in tropical regions and having a distinctive stout curved cered hooked bill whose upper mandible is movably hinged to the skull. Parrots are often crested and highly variegated and are excellent mimics. They often readily learn to simulate laughter and crying and to enunciate words and phrases. (Webster, 3d ed)

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D010311

 

Pars Planitis

MS = Form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. This disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. It causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata.

AN = a type of uveitis

UI = D015868

 

Parthenogenesis

UI = D010312

 

Partial Pressure

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D010313

 

Partial Thromboplastin Time

MS = Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy.

AN = NIM; DF: PTT

UI = D010314

 

Particle Accelerators

MS = Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy.

AN = CYCLOTRONS & SYNCHROTRONS are also available

UI = D010315

 

Particle Size

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D010316

 

Partnership Practice

MS = A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses.

AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM); do not confuse with GROUP PRACTICE but do not interpret: use word of text

UI = D010317

 

Partnership Practice, Dental

MS = A voluntary contract between two or more dentists who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses.

AN = coord IM with specific dent specialty (IM); do not confuse with GROUP PRACTICE, DENTAL but do not interpret: use word of text; DF: PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE DENT

UI = D010318

 

Parturient Paresis

MS = A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. The disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes.

AN = animal only, exper or vet; in cows & ewes: check tags ANIMAL + FEMALE + PREGNANCY & don't forget CATTLE DISEASES (IM) + CATTLE (NIM) or SHEEP DISEASES (IM) + SHEEP (NIM)

UI = D010319

 

Parturition

MS = The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.

UI = D036801

 

Parvalbumins

MS = Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

AN = muscle proteins; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010320

 

Parvoviridae

MS = A family of very small DNA viruses containing a single linear molecule of single-stranded DNA and consisting of two subfamilies: PARVOVIRINAE and DENSOVIRINAE. They infect both vertebrates and invertebrates.

AN = infection = PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D010321

 

Parvoviridae Infections

MS = Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010322

 

Parvovirinae

MS = A subfamily of DNA vertebrate viruses, in the family PARVOVIRIDAE. There are three genera: PARVOVIRUS; ERYTHROVIRUS; and DEPENDOVIRUS.

AN = a subfamily of the family Parvoviridae; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D019219

 

Parvovirus

MS = A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is MICE MINUTE VIRUS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017992

 

Parvovirus B19, Human

MS = The type species of ERYTHROVIRUS and the etiological agent of ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM, a disease most commonly seen in school-age children.

AN = infection = probably ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM but if not so specified, coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016732

 

Parvovirus, Canine

MS = A species of the genus PARVOVIRUS and a host range variant of feline parvovirus (PARVOVIRUS, FELINE). It causes a highly infectious fulminating enteritis in dogs producing high mortality. It is distinct from minute virus of canines, another parvovirus which is sometimes also called canine parvovirus.

AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017993

 

Parvovirus, Feline

MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS chiefly affecting young cats in endemic areas, but all felines are susceptible.

AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D005255

 

Parvovirus, Porcine

MS = A species of PARVOVIRUS causing reproductive failure in pigs.

AN = infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D028323

 

Paspalum

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is used for forage.

AN = X ref MILLET, KUDO: other millet terms are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031781

 

Passiflora

MS = A plant genus of the family Passifloraceae, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are vines with ornamental flowers and edible fruit.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029598

 

Passifloraceae

MS = A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that are herbaceous or woody vines, shrubs, and trees, mostly of warm regions. Many have tendrils in leaf axils. Leaves are alternate. Flowers have 3-5 sepals, petals and stamens. Nearly all species have seeds that bear a fleshy appendage called an aril.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031683

 

Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis

MS = An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity.

UI = D010323

 

Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder

MS = A personality disorder characterized by an indirect resistance to demands for adequate social and occupational performance; anger and opposition to authority and the expectations of others that is expressed covertly by obstructionism, procrastination, stubbornness, dawdling, forgetfulness, and intentional inefficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D010324

 

Pasteurella

MS = The oldest recognized genus of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. It consists of several species. Its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Species of this genus are found in both animals and humans.

AN = infection = PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS or its specifics

UI = D010325

 

Pasteurella Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PASTEURELLA.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D010326

 

Pasteurella multocida

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. It causes shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC); HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA; and intestinal disease in animals. In humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals.

AN = infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLA INFECTIONS (IM) or specific indentions (IM) if pertinent

UI = D016979

 

Pasteurellaceae

MS = A family of coccoid to rod-shaped nonsporeforming, gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that includes the genera ACTINOBACILLUS; HAEMOPHILUS; and PASTEURELLA.

UI = D015661

 

Pasteurellaceae Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family PASTEURELLACEAE.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN: avoid, prefer specifics; DF: PASTEURELLACEAE INFECT

UI = D016871

 

Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic

MS = Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to cattle recently transported. It is thought to be caused by infection with the bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (see RESPIROVIRUS) or one of several other respiratory viruses, followed by infection with either PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA.

AN = usually in cattle; caused by bovine parainfluenza virus 3 followed by Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia haemolytica infect: coord with PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA (IM) or MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA (IM) only if particularly discussed; check tag ANIMAL; if in cow, coord IM with CATTLE (NIM) but not CATTLE DISEASES; if in animal other than cow, coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or animal (IM) in absence of precoord

UI = D012766

 

Pastinaca

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. The roots are used as food.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028529

 

Pastoral Care

MS = Counseling or comfort given by ministers, priests, rabbis, etc., to those in need of help with emotional problems or stressful situations.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D010327

 

Patch Tests

MS = Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction.

AN = a type of skin test

UI = D010328

 

Patch-Clamp Techniques

MS = An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

AN = a cytol technique for removing a tiny patch of plasma membrane; NIM

UI = D018408

 

Patella

MS = The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the KNEE.

AN = /inj permitted: do not convert to KNEE INJURIES

UI = D010329

 

Patellar Dislocation

MS = Displacement of the PATELLA from the femoral groove.

AN = do not confuse with KNEE DISLOCATION, which is slippage of the femur off the tibia

UI = D031222

 

Patellar Ligament

MS = The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the PATELLA and to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA.

AN = an artic ligament between patella & tibia: do not confuse with MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT, KNEE, between tibia & femur

UI = D017847

 

Patents

MS = Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.

AN = IM

UI = D010330

 

Patents [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of documents granted by a government giving exclusive rights to an inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years.

UI = D020490

 

Paternal Age

MS = Age of the father.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010331

 

Paternal Behavior

MS = The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a father.

AN = human & animal

UI = D010332

 

Paternal Deprivation

MS = Prolonged separation of the offspring from the father.

AN = human & animal

UI = D010333

 

Paternal Exposure

MS = Exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring.

AN = restrict to exposure to environ or environ factors

UI = D018812

 

Paternalism

MS = Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

AN = do not confuse with FATHERS or PATERNITY

UI = D026706

 

Paternity

MS = Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010334

 

Pathologic Processes

MS = The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs.

AN = not used for indexing; DF: PATHOL PROCESSES CATALOG: do not use

UI = D010335

 

Pathological Conditions, Anatomical

MS = An abnormal structural condition of the human body, usually macroscopic, that is common to a variety of different diseases.

AN = not to be used for indexing or cataloging

UI = D020763

 

Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

MS = Abnormal anatomical or physiological conditions and objective or subjective manifestations of disease, not classified as disease or syndrome.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D013568

 

Pathology

MS = A specialty concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /pathol with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.52; definition of /pathol applicable to PATHOLOGY: Manual 21.22+, 23.15; "postmortem pathol": consider AUTOPSY or CADAVER or merely /pathol; DF: PATHOL

UI = D010336

 

Pathology Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department which administers and provides pathology services.

AN = DF: PATHOL DEP

UI = D010337

 

Pathology, Clinical

MS = A subspecialty of pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially the use of laboratory methods in clinical diagnosis. (Dorland, 28th ed.)

AN = SPEC only: do not use as NIM coord: use /pathol with organs & diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.52; DF: PATHOL CLIN

UI = D010338

 

Pathology, Oral

MS = A dental specialty concerned with pathology of the oral cavity.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; not for MOUTH /pathol nor MOUTH DISEASES; DF: PATHOL ORAL

UI = D010339

 

Pathology, Surgical

MS = A field of anatomical pathology in which living tissue is surgically removed for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: PATHOL SURG

UI = D010340

 

Pathology, Veterinary

MS = The field of veterinary medicine concerned with the causes of and changes produced in the body by disease.

AN = SPEC only; SPEC qualif; not a substitute for /pathol of organs or dis in vet animals nor for ANIMAL DISEASES or specific animal dis; DF: PATHOL VET

UI = D010341

 

Patient Acceptance of Health Care

MS = The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.

AN = DF: PATIENT ACCEPT

UI = D010342

 

Patient Access to Records

MS = The freedom of patients to review their own medical, genetic, or other health-related records.

UI = D033283

 

Patient Admission

MS = The process of accepting patients. The concept includes patients accepted for medical and nursing care in a hospital or other health care institution.

UI = D010343

 

Patient Advocacy

MS = Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process.

UI = D010344

 

Patient Care

MS = The services rendered by members of the health profession and non-professionals under their supervision for the benefit of the patient. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p269)

AN = by professional & non-professional; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; not a synonym for NURSING CARE: nursing care is only one type of patient care

UI = D005791

 

Patient Care Management

MS = Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010346

 

Patient Care Planning

MS = Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient.

AN = for individual patient: do not confuse with PATIENT-CENTERED CARE which is institutional & admin management

UI = D010347

 

Patient Care Team

MS = Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient.

AN = consider also NURSING, TEAM

UI = D010348

 

Patient Compliance

MS = Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

AN = for non-compliance, note PATIENT NONCOMPLIANCE see TREATMENT REFUSAL

UI = D010349

 

Patient Credit and Collection

MS = Accounting procedures for determining credit status and methods of obtaining payment.

AN = DF: PATIENT CREDIT

UI = D010350

 

Patient Discharge

MS = The administrative process of discharging the patient, live or dead, from hospitals or other health facilities.

UI = D010351

 

Patient Dropouts

UI = D010352

 

Patient Education

MS = The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

AN = IM; DF: PATIENT EDUC

UI = D010353

 

Patient Education Handout [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of a handout or self-contained informative material used to explain a procedure or a condition or the contents of a specific article in a biomedical journal and written in non-technical language for the patient or consumer.

UI = D029282

 

Patient Escort Service

MS = A special service provided by volunteers to accompany patients who need help in moving about the health facility.

AN = DF: PATIENT ESCORT SERV

UI = D010354

 

Patient Freedom of Choice Laws

MS = Laws requiring patients under managed care programs to receive services from the physician or other provider of their choice. Any willing provider laws take many different forms, but they typically prohibit managed-care organizations from having a closed panel of physicians, hospitals, or other providers.

UI = D020403

 

Patient Identification Systems

MS = Organized procedures for establishing patient identity, including use of bracelets, etc.

AN = DF: PATIENT ID SYSTEMS

UI = D010355

 

Patient Isolation

MS = The segregation of patients with communicable or other diseases for a specified time. Isolation may be strict, in which movement and social contacts are limited; modified, where an effort to control specified aspects of care is made in order to prevent cross infection; or reverse, where the patient is secluded in a controlled or germ-free environment in order to protect him or her from cross infection.

AN = do not confuse with PATIENT ISOLATORS; DF: PATIENT ISOL

UI = D010356

 

Patient Isolators

MS = Equipment used to prevent contamination of and by patients, especially those with bacterial infections. This includes plastic surgical isolators and isolators used to protect immunocompromised patients.

AN = DF: do NOT shorten: short form can be confused with PATIENT ISOL for PATIENT ISOLATION

UI = D010357

 

Patient Participation

MS = Patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health.

AN = "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health"; do not confuse with PATIENT COMPLIANCE (see note there)

UI = D010358

 

Patient Readmission

MS = Subsequent admissions of a patient to a hospital or other health care institution for treatment.

UI = D010359

 

Patient Rights

MS = Fundamental claims of patients, as expressed in statutes, declarations, or generally accepted moral principles. (Bioethics Thesaurus) The term is used for discussions of patient rights as a group of many rights, as in a hospital's posting of a list of patient rights.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D028701

 

Patient Satisfaction

MS = The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.

UI = D017060

 

Patient Selection

MS = Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.

UI = D018579

 

Patient Self-Determination Act

MS = The purpose of this 1990 federal act is to assure that individuals receiving health care services will be given an opportunity to participate in and direct health care decisions affecting themselves. Under this act, hospitals, health care agencies, and health maintenance organizations are responsible for developing patient information for distribution. The information must include patients' rights, advance directives, living wills, ethics committees' consultation and education functions, limited medical treatment (support/comfort care only), mental health treatment, resuscitation, restraints, surrogate decision making and transfer of care. (from JCAHO, Lexicon, 1994)

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D019726

 

Patient Simulation

MS = The use of persons coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases in a life-like manner in order to teach or evaluate medical personnel.

AN = actual persons (sometimes actors) "coached to feign symptoms or conditions of real diseases" as a technique in med educ; no qualif

UI = D016544

 

Patient Transfer

MS = Interfacility or intrahospital transfer of patients. Intrahospital transfer is usually to obtain a specific kind of care and interfacility transfer is usually for economic reasons as well as type of care provided.

AN = "interfacility or intrahospital transfer": read MeSH definition & do not confuse with TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS ( = bed to bed or outside hosp or elsewhere)

UI = D010360

 

Patient-Centered Care

MS = Design of patient care wherein institutional resources and personnel are organized around patients rather than around specialized departments. (From Hospitals 1993 Feb 5;67(3):14)

AN = institutional & admin management: do not confuse with PATIENT CARE PLANNING involving individual patient

UI = D018802

 

Patients

MS = Individuals participating in the health care system for the purpose of receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive procedures.

AN = GEN only, irrespective of disease; patients as people or as a social, sociol, psychol, etc., group; do not confuse the patient with the disease: the "tuberculotic patient" = TUBERCULOSIS & not also PATIENTS; Manual 34.13

UI = D010361

 

Patients' Rooms

MS = Rooms occupied by one or more individuals during a stay in a health facility. The concept includes aspects of environment, design, care, or economics.

AN = note X ref WARDS, GENERAL but special care wards = HOSPITAL UNITS or specific

UI = D010362

 

Patrinia

MS = A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE. Members contain ursolic acid and oleanolic acid glycosides, sulfapatrinosides (triterpenoid glycosides), and patriscabrol (iridolactone).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032405

 

Pattern Recognition

MS = In information retrieval, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)

AN = in information sci; not physiological: physiol pattern recognition is PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; no qualif

UI = D010363

 

Pattern Recognition, Visual

MS = Visually perceived characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

UI = D010364

 

Patulin

MS = 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.

AN = a carcinogenic mycotoxin

UI = D010365

 

Paullinia

MS = A plant genus of the family SAPINDACEAE. The seed of P. cupana is the source of guarana powder which contains 4% CAFFEINE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032126

 

Pausinystalia

MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members produce YOHIMBINE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032068

 

PC12 Cells

MS = A cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla. PC12 cells stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation when treated with nerve growth factor, making the line a useful model system for neuronal differentiation.

AN = PC stands for PheochromoCytoma; do not confuse X ref with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA /pathol; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM; A 11 qualif when IM; check ANIMAL & RATS but do not add ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS

UI = D016716

 

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

MS = Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.

AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE; (MEFR); DF: PEFR

UI = D010366

 

Peanut Agglutinin

MS = Lectin purified from peanuts (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA). It binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques.

UI = D019887

 

Peanut Hypersensitivity

MS = Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.

AN = NUT HYPERSENSITIVITY is also available

UI = D021183

 

Peas

MS = A variable annual leguminous vine (Pisum sativum) that is cultivated for its rounded smooth or wrinkled edible protein-rich seeds, the seed of the pea, and the immature pods with their included seeds. (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1973)

AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

UI = D018532

 

Pectins

MS = High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

UI = D010368

 

Pectoralis Muscles

MS = The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the AXILLA.

AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D010369

 

Pedaliaceae

MS = The sesamum family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida that are mainly herbs and shrubs growing in warm regions.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029601

 

Pediatric Assistants

MS = Persons academically trained to provide medical care, under the supervision of a physician, to infants and children.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D010370

 

Pediatric Dentistry

MS = The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PEDIATRIC DENT

UI = D010377

 

Pediatric Nursing

MS = The nursing care of children from birth to adolescence. It includes the clinical and psychological aspects of nursing care.

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D010371

 

Pediatrics

MS = A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; when permitted for "pediatric dis": Manual 28.10.1

UI = D010372

 

Pedicularis

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain phenylpropanoid glycosides and iridoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032262

 

Pediculus

MS = Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse.

AN = infestation: coord IM with PEDICULOSIS see LICE INFESTATIONS (IM); do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D010374

 

Pedigree

MS = The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

AN = human & animal

UI = D010375

 

Pediococcus

MS = A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. No endospores are produced. Its organisms are found in fermenting plant products and are nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans.

UI = D010376

 

Pedophilia

MS = A sexual disorder occuring in a person 16 years or older and that is recurrent with intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child (generally age 13 or younger). (from APA, DSM-IV, 1994).

UI = D010378

 

Peer Group

MS = Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010379

 

Peer Review

MS = An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients.

AN = professionals evaluating professionals

UI = D010380

 

Peer Review, Health Care

MS = The concurrent or retrospective review by practicing physicians or other health professionals of the quality and efficiency of patient care practices or services ordered or performed by other physicians or other health professionals (From The Facts On File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988).

UI = D018024

 

Peer Review, Research

MS = The evaluation by experts of the quality and pertinence of research or research proposals of other experts in the same field. Peer review is used by editors in deciding which submissions warrant publication, by granting agencies to determine which proposals should be funded, and by academic institutions in tenure decisions.

AN = professionals evaluating professionals in research, publishing, granting agencies; DF: PEER REV RESEARCH

UI = D017712

 

Pefloxacin

MS = A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

UI = D015366

 

Peganum

MS = A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Harmala and other ALKALOIDS, phenylpropanoids, and TRITERPENES have been found in plants of this genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032443

 

Pelargonium

MS = A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. The common name of geranium is also used for the GERANIUM genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031316

 

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

MS = An inherited defect interfering with normal nuclear lobulation of neutrophils and eosinophils. The nuclei appear rodlike, spherical, or dumbbell-shaped and their structure is coarse and lumpy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a neutrophil abnorm; in titles & translations, use diacrit: Hüet

UI = D010381

 

Peliosis Hepatis

MS = A condition in which microscopic pools of blood are present throughout the liver parenchyma, which may lead to congestion and necrosis.

UI = D010382

 

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease

MS = A rare, slowly progressive disorder of myelin formation. Subtypes are referred to as classic, congenital, transitional, and adult forms of this disease. The classic form is X-chromosome linked, has its onset in infancy and is associated with a mutation of the proteolipid protein gene. Clinical manifestations include TREMOR, spasmus nutans, roving eye movements, ATAXIA, spasticity, and NYSTAGMUS. Death occurs by the third decade of life. The congenital form has similar characteristics but presents early in infancy and features rapid disease progression. Transitional and adult subtypes have a later onset and less severe symptomatology. Pathologic features include patchy areas of demyelination with preservation of perivascular islands (trigoid appearance). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p190)

UI = D020371

 

Pellagra

AN = consider also VITAMIN B DEFICIENCY

UI = D010383

 

Pelvic Bones

AN = /anat: CEPHALOPELVIC PROPORTION see PELVIMETRY is also available

UI = D010384

 

Pelvic Exenteration

MS = Removal of all of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis. It is usually performed to surgically remove cancer involving the bladder, uterine cervix, or rectum. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = surg removal of pelvic organs; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010385

 

Pelvic Floor

MS = Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperature (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly.

AN = NIM when merely locational

UI = D017773

 

Pelvic Infection

MS = Infection involving the tissues or organs in the PELVIS.

UI = D034161

 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

MS = A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.

AN = female only: note category; "male adnexitis": index under GENITAL DISEASES, MALE or PELVIC INFECTION

UI = D000292

 

Pelvic Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the pelvic region.

AN = internal pelvic organs & region, not bones; if referring to pelvic region as an external site (as in skin lesions) ignore; GEN: prefer specific precoord; coord IM with histol type of neopl if possible (IM)

UI = D010386

 

Pelvic Pain

MS = Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)

AN = refers to region, not pelvic bones

UI = D017699

 

Pelvimetry

MS = Measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. It includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of LABOR, OBSTETRIC associated with disproportion.

AN = NIM

UI = D010387

 

Pelvis

MS = The basin-like area outlined by the hip bones and the vertebral column (SPINE).

AN = internal pelvic region, not PELVIC BONES; /surg: consider also PELVIC EXENTERATION; pelvic disease is prob PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

UI = D010388

 

Pemoline

MS = A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.

UI = D010389

 

Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane

MS = A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.

UI = D010390

 

Pemphigoid, Bullous

MS = A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.

UI = D010391

 

Pemphigus

MS = Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis.

AN = do not confuse with "pemphigoid"; /genet: consider also PEMPHIGUS, BENIGN FAMILIAL

UI = D010392

 

Pemphigus, Benign Familial

MS = Rare hereditary disease characterized by recurrent eruptions of vesicles and bullae mainly on the neck, axillae, and groin. It exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and is unrelated to pemphigus vulgaris though it closely resembles that disease.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016506

 

Pempidine

MS = A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.

AN = a nicotinic antag & ganglionic blocker

UI = D010393

 

Penaeidae

MS = A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the penaeid shrimp. Species of the genus Penaeus are the most important commercial shrimp throughout the world.

AN = as animal & food; as food coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); unspecified shrimp as food probably goes here but note several other shrimp terms in MeSH

UI = D033561

 

Penbutolol

MS = A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.

UI = D010394

 

Penetrance

MS = The percent frequency with which a dominant or homozygous recessive gene or gene combination manifests itself in the phenotype of the carriers. (From Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed)

AN = frequency a gene or gene combination is manifested in the phenotype

UI = D019683

 

Penfluridol

MS = One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.

UI = D010395

 

Penicillamine

MS = 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.

AN = degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics

UI = D010396

 

Penicillanic Acid

MS = A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = do not confuse with PENICILLIC ACID

UI = D010397

 

Penicillic Acid

MS = A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of Penicillium, by Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus melleus. Has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.

AN = do not confuse with PENICILLANIC ACID

UI = D010398

 

Penicillin Amidase

MS = An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11.

UI = D010399

 

Penicillin G

MS = A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010400

 

Penicillin G, Benzathine

MS = Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.

UI = D010401

 

Penicillin G, Procaine

MS = Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with procaine.

UI = D010402

 

Penicillin Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

UI = D010403

 

Penicillin V

MS = A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.

UI = D010404

 

Penicillinase

MS = A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.

UI = D010405

 

Penicillins

MS = A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

AN = check text for a specific if possible

UI = D010406

 

Penicillium

MS = A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include Eupenicillium and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.

UI = D010407

 

Penicillium chrysogenum

MS = A mitosporic fungal species used in the production of penicillin.

UI = D010408

 

Peniculina

MS = A suborder of protozoa characterized by peniculi, which are often situated deep in the buccal cavity, and by fusiform trichocysts.

AN = a suborder of ciliate protozoa

UI = D016804

 

Penile Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = BALANITIS; penile fract: index under PENIS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)

UI = D010409

 

Penile Erection

MS = The state of the penis when the erectile tissue becomes filled with blood and causes the penis to become rigid and elevated.

UI = D010410

 

Penile Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of cylindric hydraulic devices for the treatment of organic impotence.

UI = D019935

 

Penile Induration

MS = A disease of unknown etiology in which there are plaques or strands of dense fibrous tissue causing induration of the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The condition produces a painful deformity and is sometimes seen in cases of DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE.

AN = hardening of the corpora cavernosa

UI = D010411

 

Penile Neoplasms

MS = Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010412

 

Penile Prosthesis

MS = Rigid, semi-rigid, or inflatable cylindric hydraulic devices, with either combined or separate reservoir and pumping systems, implanted for the surgical treatment of organic impotence.

UI = D015917

 

Penis

MS = The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.

AN = inflammation = BALANITIS; penile fract: index under PENIS /inj (IM) + RUPTURE (NIM)

UI = D010413

 

Pennisetum

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is one of the millets used in CEREALS. It contains vitexin. The common name of buffelgrass is also used for CENCHRUS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031782

 

Pennsylvania

AN = PHILADELPHIA is also available

UI = D010414

 

Pensions

MS = Fixed sums paid regularly to individuals.

UI = D010415

 

Penstemon

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032263

 

Pentachlorophenol

MS = An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.

UI = D010416

 

Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate

MS = A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025)

UI = D010417

 

Pentagastrin

MS = A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.

UI = D010418

 

Pentamidine

MS = Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.

UI = D010419

 

Pentanes

MS = Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.

AN = CYCLOPENTANES is also available

UI = D010420

 

Pentanoic Acids

UI = D010421

 

Pentanols

MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).

UI = D000439

 

Pentanones

MS = 5-carbon straight-chain or branched-chain ketones.

UI = D010422

 

Pentazocine

MS = The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)

UI = D010423

 

Pentetic Acid

MS = An iron chelating agent with properties similar to those of the edetates. (From Dorland, 28th ed) DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.

AN = GADOLINIUM DTPA is also available

UI = D004369

 

Pentobarbital

MS = A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)

UI = D010424

 

Pentolinium Tartrate

MS = A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.

UI = D010425

 

Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester

MS = A sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties.

UI = D010426

 

Pentosephosphate Pathway

MS = A pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being an oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate.

UI = D010427

 

Pentosephosphates

AN = /metab: consider also PENTOSEPHOSPHATE PATHWAY

UI = D010428

 

Pentoses

MS = A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.

AN = monosaccharides; GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D010429

 

Pentostatin

MS = A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.

UI = D015649

 

Pentosyltransferases

MS = Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2.

UI = D010430

 

Pentoxifylline

MS = A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.

UI = D010431

 

Pentoxyl

MS = 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.

UI = D010432

 

Pentylenetetrazole

MS = A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.

UI = D010433

 

Peperomia

MS = A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE. Members contain prenylated quinones.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036941

 

Peplomycin

MS = An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.

UI = D017663

 

Pepsin A

MS = Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010434

 

Pepsinogen A

MS = This is one of 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans and is also known as pepsinogen. (The other is PEPSINOGEN C.) This includes isozymogens Pg1-Pg5 (pepsinogens 1-5, group I or products of PGA1-PGA5 genes). This is the main pepsinogen found in urine.

UI = D020116

 

Pepsinogen C

MS = This is one of the 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans. It is found in prostate and seminal fluid whereas PEPSINOGEN A is not.

UI = D020115

 

Pepsinogens

MS = Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.

AN = do not confuse with PEPSINOGEN see PEPSINOGEN A

UI = D010435

 

Pepstatins

MS = N-acylated oligopeptides isolated from culture filtrates of Actinomycetes, which act specifically to inhibit acid proteases such as pepsin and renin.

AN = protease inhib

UI = D010436

 

Peptic Ulcer

MS = Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier.

AN = GEN: prefer STOMACH ULCER or DUODENAL ULCER but note GASTRODUODENAL ULCER = PEPTIC ULCER; stress ulcer: coord with STRESS or STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL (IM or NIM); /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ULCER AGENTS

UI = D010437

 

Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage

MS = Bleeding from a peptic ulcer.

AN = IM + coord with STOMACH ULCER or DUODENAL ULCER (IM)

UI = D010438

 

Peptic Ulcer Perforation

MS = Penetration of a peptic ulcer through the stomach wall. May be free, i.e., at a point where the stomach wall faces a real or potential space,, or confined, i.e., at a point where the stomach wall is defended by contiguous or adjacent structures, such as the pancreas.

AN = IM + coord with STOMACH ULCER /compl or DUODENAL ULCER /compl (IM)

UI = D010439

 

Peptichemio

MS = A mixture of six synthetic oligopeptides, each containing MELPHALAN. It is used as a broad-spectrum antineoplastic due to its alkylating and antimetabolic actions but, is toxic to bone marrow, gastrointestinal system and vasculature.

UI = D010440

 

Peptide Chain Elongation

MS = The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides.

AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)

UI = D010441

 

Peptide Chain Initiation

MS = The process whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. This process requires (1) the 30s subunit, (2) the mRNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, (3) Met-tRNAi, (4) initiation factors, and (5) GTP.

AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)

UI = D010442

 

Peptide Chain Termination

MS = The process whereby the last amino acid is added to a polypeptide. This termination is signaled by one of three termination triplets in the mRNA, immediately following the last amino acid codon.

AN = IM; coord with specific peptide (IM)

UI = D010443

 

Peptide Elongation Factor 1

MS = Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.

UI = D020648

 

Peptide Elongation Factor 2

MS = Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.

UI = D020652

 

Peptide Elongation Factor G

MS = Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.

UI = D020653

 

Peptide Elongation Factor Tu

MS = A protein found in bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria which delivers aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of the ribosome. The aminoacyl-tRNA is first bound to a complex of elongation factor Tu containing a molecule of bound GTP. The resulting complex is then bound to the 70S initiation complex. Simultaneously the GTP is hydrolyzed and a Tu-GDP complex is released from the 70S ribosome. The Tu-GTP complex is regenerated from the Tu-GDP complex by the Ts elongation factor and GTP. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = DF: EFTU

UI = D010444

 

Peptide Elongation Factors

MS = Protein factors uniquely required during the elongation phase of protein synthesis.

AN = /drug eff /biosyn /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D010445

 

Peptide Fragments

MS = Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins.

UI = D010446

 

Peptide Hormones

MS = Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALLING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

UI = D036361

 

Peptide Hydrolases

MS = A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4.

UI = D010447

 

Peptide Initiation Factors

MS = Protein factors uniquely required during the initiation phase of protein synthesis in GENETIC TRANSLATION.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010448

 

Peptide Library

MS = A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

UI = D019151

 

Peptide Mapping

MS = Analysis of peptides generated from the digestion of a protein by a specific protease for the purpose of indentifing the protein or to look for polymorphisms.

AN = 2-dimensional separation & anal of peptides

UI = D010449

 

Peptide Nucleic Acids

MS = DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.

UI = D020135

 

Peptide PHI

MS = A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

AN = a neurotransmitter; X ref explains PHI; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010451

 

Peptide Synthases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of an acid and an amino acid by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.2.

UI = D010453

 

Peptide Synthesis

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010452

 

Peptide T

MS = N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D015717

 

Peptide Termination Factors

MS = Proteins that are exclusively involved in the termination reactions of protein synthesis on the ribosome.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010454

 

Peptide YY

MS = A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.

UI = D019894

 

Peptides

MS = Any member of a class of compounds of low molecular weight which yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis. Formed by loss of water from the NH2 and COOH groups of adjacent amino acids, they are known as di-, tri-, tetra- (etc.) peptides, depending on the number of amino acids in the molecule. Peptides form the constituent parts of proteins. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /anal: consider also PEPTIDE MAPPING; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE & PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE are also available; fewer than 13 amino acids = OLIGOPEPTIDES; FUNGAL PEPTIDES see FUNGAL PROTEINS is available; peptide structure: coord PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) with specific structure heading (NIM); "primary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, PRIMARY see AMINO ACID SEQUENCE, "secondary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY, "tertiary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY, "quaternary structure" = PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY see PROTEIN CONFORMATION

UI = D010455

 

Peptides, Cyclic

UI = D010456

 

Peptidoglycan

AN = coord IM with specific bacterium (IM) & do not coord with POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL

UI = D010457

 

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

MS = A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

AN = /antag = ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS

UI = D007703

 

Peptidylprolyl Isomerase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline residues within proteins. EC 5.2.1.8.

UI = D019696

 

Peptidyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of aminoacyl-tRNA to formyl-methionine-tRNA or peptidyl-tRNA during peptide chain elongation. It is a part of the 50 S (bacteria) and 60 S (eukaryotes) ribosomal subunits. EC 2.3.2.12.

UI = D010458

 

Peptococcaceae

MS = A family of bacteria found in the mouth and intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals as well as in the human female urogenital tract. Its organisms are also found in soil and on cereal grains.

AN = in man, animals, soil

UI = D010459

 

Peptococcus

MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the mouth, upper respiratory tract, and large intestine in humans. Its organisms cause infections of soft tissues and bacteremias.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D010460

 

Peptoids

MS = Polymers of N-SUBSTITUTED GLYCINE containing chiral centers at the a-position of their side chains. These oligomers lack HYDROGEN BONDING donors, preventing formation of the usual intrachain hydrogen bonds but can form helices driven by the steric influence of chiral side chains.

UI = D034444

 

Peptones

MS = Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = proteins

UI = D010461

 

Peptostreptococcus

MS = A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. Its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections.

AN = opportunistic; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D010462

 

Peracetic Acid

MS = A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.

UI = D010463

 

Perazine

MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.

UI = D010464

 

Perception

MS = The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.

UI = D010465

 

Perceptual Closure

MS = The tendency to perceive an incomplete pattern or object as complete or whole. This includes the Gestalt Law of Closure.

UI = D010466

 

Perceptual Defense

MS = Selective perceiving such that the individual protects himself from becoming aware of something unpleasant or threatening, e.g., obscene words are not heard correctly, or violent acts are not seen accurately.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010467

 

Perceptual Disorders

MS = Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.

UI = D010468

 

Perceptual Distortion

MS = Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.

UI = D010469

 

Perceptual Masking

MS = The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.

UI = D010470

 

Perches

MS = A common name for fish of the family Percidae, belonging to the suborder Percoidei, order PERCIFORMES.

UI = D010471

 

Perchloric Acid

MS = An oxidizing agent that is used in analytical chemistry for separation of potassium from sodium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = used in anal chem to separate potassium from sodium

UI = D010472

 

Perciformes

MS = The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref DOLPHIN FISH with DOLPHINS which are mammals

UI = D010473

 

Percussion

MS = Act of striking a part with short, sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition beneath the sound obtained.

AN = diag from sound obtained by short sharp blows

UI = D010474

 

Perforant Pathway

MS = A pathway of fibers originating in the lateral part of the entorhinal area, perforating the subiculum of the hippocampus, and running into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the dentate gyrus. It is also called the perforating fasciculus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = in the entorhinal cortex; DF: PERFORANT PATH

UI = D019580

 

Perfume

MS = A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = IM; coord with specific substance if pertinent (IM); D25-26 qualif

UI = D010476

 

Perfusion

AN = note category; a technique: not for perfusion of blood through a vessel ( = a circulation concept); REPERFUSION is available for restoration of blood supply to tissue & MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION for heart

UI = D010477

 

Perfusion, Regional

MS = Neoplasm drug therapy involving an extracorporeal circuit with temporary exclusion of the tumor-bearing area from the general circulation during which high concentrations of the drug are perfused to the isolated part.

AN = restricted to a special technique in cancer ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse with INFUSIONS, INTRA-ARTERIAL which is also used in cancer ther; not for "isolated perfusion" or "perfusion of isolated organs" in physiological studies (index under PERFUSION + organ); Manual 24.4.2.5+

UI = D010478

 

Pergolide

MS = A long-acting dopamine agonist which is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia. It has also been observed to have antihypertensive effects.

UI = D010479

 

Perhexiline

MS = 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.

AN = a vasodilator calcium channel blocker

UI = D010480

 

Perianal Glands

AN = animal only

UI = D010481

 

Periapical Abscess

MS = Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not confuse with PERIODONTAL ABSCESS: note X refs below; for coord read note on ABSCESS

UI = D010482

 

Periapical Diseases

MS = Diseases of the periapical tissue.

AN = inflamm dis = PERIAPICAL PERIODONTITIS

UI = D010483

 

Periapical Granuloma

MS = Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.

UI = D010484

 

Periapical Periodontitis

MS = Inflammation of the periapical tissue. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.

AN = GEN or unspecified

UI = D010485

 

Periapical Tissue

MS = Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.

AN = diseases = PERIAPICAL DISEASES; inflammation = PERIAPICAL PERIODONTITIS

UI = D010486

 

Periaqueductal Gray

MS = Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain.

UI = D010487

 

Periarthritis

MS = Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = "inflamm of tissues around a joint"

UI = D010489

 

Pericardial Effusion

MS = Presence of fluid within the pericardium.

AN = fluid within the pericardium

UI = D010490

 

Pericardial Window Techniques

MS = Surgical construction of an opening or window in the pericardium. It is often called subxiphoid pericardial window technique.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010491

 

Pericardiectomy

MS = Surgical excision (total or partial) of a portion of the pericardium. Pericardiotomy refers to incision of the pericardium.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010492

 

Pericardiocentesis

MS = Surgical puncture of the pericardial cavity for the aspiration of fluid. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D020519

 

Pericarditis

MS = Inflammation of the pericardium. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of pericardium

UI = D010493

 

Pericarditis, Constrictive

UI = D010494

 

Pericarditis, Tuberculous

MS = Infection of the pericardium with tubercle bacilli. This condition arises by contiguous extension of tuberculous lesions of the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes or by pleuropulmonary tuberculosis.

UI = D010495

 

Pericardium

MS = The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

AN = inflammation = PERICARDITIS or its specifics; simple mediastinal cyst adjacent to pericardium = MEDIASTINAL CYST (do not coord with PERICARDIUM)

UI = D010496

 

Pericoronitis

MS = Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.

AN = inflamm of gingiva surrounding crown of tooth

UI = D010497

 

Pericytes

MS = Slender, contractile, mesenchymal-like cells found in close association with capillary walls. They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D020286

 

Perilla

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is a source of perilla alcohol and the oil is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-18:3).

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031343

 

Perilla frutescens

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is an ingredient of Banxia Houpu (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031344

 

Perilymph

MS = The fluid separating the membranous labyrinth from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. It is entirely separate from the ENDOLYMPH which is contained in the membranous labyrinth. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1396, 642)

AN = a labyrinthine fluid

UI = D010498

 

Perimeningeal Infections

MS = Infectious processes, including abscesses, effusions, and empyemas which occur in the epidural or subdural spaces surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

AN = coord IM with specific infection term (IM)

UI = D020819

 

Perimetry

MS = Determination of the extent of the visual field for various types and intensities of stimuli.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010499

 

Perinatal Care

MS = The care of a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery.

AN = from 28th wk of pregn through 7 days after birth; care of fetus & neonate: differentiate from PRENATAL CARE & POSTNATAL CARE which are care of the mother; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN if relevant

UI = D018743

 

Perinatology

MS = The branch of medicine dealing with the fetus and infant during the perinatal period. The perinatal period begins with the twenty-eighth week of gestation and ends twenty-eight days after birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = = fetus + newborn inf: differentiate from NEONATOLOGY, the newborn inf only; SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PERINATOL

UI = D010500

 

Perindopril

MS = An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

UI = D020913

 

Perinephritis

MS = Inflammation of the perinephrium. It is marked by fever, local pain, and tenderness on pressure. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of perinephrium & other tissue around the kidney

UI = D010501

 

Perineum

UI = D010502

 

Periodic Acid

MS = A strong oxidizing agent.

UI = D010504

 

Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

MS = A histochemical technique for staining carbohydrates. It is based on PERIODIC ACID oxidation of a substance containing adjacent hydroxyl groups. The resulting aldehydes react with Schiff reagent to form a colored product.

UI = D010503

 

Periodical Index [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a subject approach to the contents of a periodical issuing an annual, biennial, quinquennial, decennial, etc., index. The heading is used for the overall body of articles published by a periodical in the same sense that BIBLIOGRAPHY [PUBLICATION TYPE] is useful when published as a single article.

AN = publication type only; for annual, quinquennial, decennial, etc. indexes published by a periodical

UI = D016453

 

Periodicals

MS = A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

AN = IM; med periodicals, med journals, med newsletters: do not coord with MEDICINE; writing for periodicals goes here but see note on WRITING; note X ref NEWSLETTERS: for articles from newsletters, Publication Type NEWSPAPER ARTICLE is available

UI = D010506

 

Periodicals [Publication Type]

MS = Publications intended to be issued indefinitely at stated, more or less regular intervals.

UI = D020492

 

Periodicity

MS = The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

AN = IM + coord with specific dis for periodically occurring dis (IM); no qualif; do not confuse with PERIODIC DISEASE, a specific clin entity: see Dorland

UI = D010507

 

Periodontal Abscess

MS = Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis.

AN = do not confuse with PERIAPICAL ABSCESS: see X refs there; for coord read note on ABSCESS

UI = D010508

 

Periodontal Attachment Loss

MS = Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.

AN = attachment refers to the periodontal ligament

UI = D017622

 

Periodontal Cyst

MS = An epithelium-lined sac containing fluid; usually found at the apex of a pulp-involved tooth. The lateral type occurs less frequently along the side of the root.

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)

UI = D010509

 

Periodontal Diseases

AN = X ref PARODONTOSIS is in foreign lit; "periodontosis" also seen in foreign lit, meaning "periodontal disease", should not be confused with PERIODONTOSIS see PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE; inflamm dis = PERIODONTITIS

UI = D010510

 

Periodontal Dressings

MS = Surgical dressings, after periodontal surgery, applied to the necks of teeth and the adjacent tissue to cover and protect the surgical wound. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p218)

AN = after periodontal surg; D25-26 qualif

UI = D010511

 

Periodontal Index

MS = A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.

AN = no qualif; for gingival X refs do not coord with GINGIVA unless particularly discussed

UI = D010512

 

Periodontal Ligament

MS = Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone.

AN = intraligamental anesthesia or periodontal ligament injection (PDLI): coord IM with ANESTHESIA, DENTAL (IM)

UI = D010513

 

Periodontal Pocket

MS = An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.

AN = do not confuse with GINGIVAL POCKET: read MeSH definition

UI = D010514

 

Periodontal Prosthesis

MS = Any restorative and replacement device that is used as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of periodontal disease. It is an adjunct to other forms of periodontal therapy and does not cure periodontal disease by itself. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 3d ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010515

 

Periodontal Splints

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010516

 

Periodontics

MS = A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D010517

 

Periodontitis

MS = Inflammatory reaction of the tissues surrounding a tooth (periodontium), usually resulting from the extension of gingival inflammation (gingivitis) into the periodontium. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = PERIODONTITIS, JUVENILE is also available with ref to teen-agers & young adults

UI = D010518

 

Periodontitis, Juvenile

MS = Localized periodontitis in teenagers and young adults. The onset is during the circumpubertal period but the diagnosis can be made beyond puberty. Lesions are confined predominantly to the first permanent molars or incisors and the distribution of lesions is usually symmetrical. The gingiva may appear normal. The lesions are highly active immediately following puberty but later destruction may slow or cease spontaneously. The disease is four times more prevalent in females than males and more prevalent in African Americans than in other races or ethnic groups. (From Schluger et al., Periodontal Diseases, 2d ed, p61)

AN = usually in teenagers & young adults: note ages in text & check proper tags; do not confuse X ref PERIODONTOSIS with "periodontosis" seen in foreign lit, meaning "periodontal disease" & indexed under PERIODONTAL DISEASES

UI = D010520

 

Periodontium

AN = inflammation = PERIODONTITIS

UI = D010519

 

Perioperative Care

MS = Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery.

AN = do not confuse with PEROPERATIVE CARE see INTRAOPERATIVE CARE

UI = D019990

 

Perioperative Nursing

MS = Nursing care of the surgical patient before, during, and after surgery.

AN = a nurs SPEC; OPERATING ROOM NURSING is also available; DF: PERIOP NURS

UI = D013527

 

Periosteum

AN = inflammation = PERIOSTITIS; dental = PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

UI = D010521

 

Periostitis

MS = Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of the periosteum

UI = D010522

 

Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

MS = Transplantation of stem cells collected from the peripheral blood. It is a less invasive alternative to direct marrow harvesting of hematopoietic stem cells. Enrichment of stem cells in peripheral blood can be achieved by inducing mobilization of stem cells from the BONE MARROW.

UI = D036102

 

Peripheral Nerves

MS = The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

AN = GEN only; do not use as coord for specific nerves indexed with organ /innerv

UI = D010525

 

Peripheral Nervous System

MS = The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

UI = D017933

 

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

MS = Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & PERIPHERAL NERVES /drug eff; DF: PNS AGENTS

UI = D018373

 

Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

MS = Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific nerve (IM); "diabetic peripheral neuropathy": index only under DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DF: PNS DIS

UI = D010523

 

Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)

AN = coord IM with specific peripheral nerve (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010524

 

Peripheral Vascular Diseases

MS = General or unspecified diseases of the blood vessels outside the heart. It is for diseases of the peripheral as opposed to the cardiac circulation.

AN = coord IM with specific peripheral artery or vein IM; inflamm dis = probably VASCULITIS; vascular compression syndromes: coord IM with CONSTRICTION, PATHOLOGIC (NIM) + specific blood vessel if pertinent (IM)

UI = D016491

 

Periplaneta

MS = A genus in the family Blattidae containing several species, the most common being P. americana, the American cockroach.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D010526

 

Periplasm

MS = The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall.

UI = D019897

 

Periplasmic Binding Proteins

MS = Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.

UI = D033902

 

Periplasmic Proteins

MS = Proteins found in the PERIPLASM of organisms with cell walls.

UI = D033903

 

Periploca

MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. It is a source of periplocosides (pregnane steroid glycosides).

AN = PERIPLOCA INDICA see HEMIDESMUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031109

 

Perissodactyla

MS = An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = includes EQUIDAE (HORSES, asses, donkeys, mules, zebras), tapirs, rhinoceroses; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D010527

 

Peristalsis

AN = restrict to digestive system, not other organs; esophageal peristalsis = ESOPHAGUS /physiol (IM) + PERISTALSIS (NIM)

UI = D010528

 

Peritoneal Cavity

MS = The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the STOMACH. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen.

AN = "peritoneal cells" = probably PERITONEAL CAVITY /cytol or ASCITIC FLUID /pathol if pertinent; note PERITONEAL FLUID see ASCITIC FLUID; /inj is probably PERITONEUM /inj

UI = D010529

 

Peritoneal Dialysis

MS = Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure.

UI = D010530

 

Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory

MS = Portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution.

UI = D010531

 

Peritoneal Diseases

MS = Conditions or disorders affecting the PERITONEUM.

AN = inflamm dis = PERITONITIS

UI = D010532

 

Peritoneal Lavage

MS = Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010533

 

Peritoneal Neoplasms

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010534

 

Peritoneovenous Shunt

MS = An operation for the continuous emptying of ascitic fluid into the venous system. Fluid removal is based on intraperitoneal and intrathoracic superior vena cava pressure differentials and is performed via a pressure-sensitive one-way valve connected to a tube traversing the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall to the neck where it enters the internal jugular vein and terminates in the superior vena cava. It is used in the treatment of intractable ascites.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010536

 

Peritoneum

MS = The endothelial lining of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL and the visceral peritoneum covers the bowel, the MESENTERY, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall.

AN = do not confuse with PERITONEAL CAVITY; "peritoneal cells" = probably PERITONEAL CAVITY /cytol or ASCITIC FLUID /pathol but not PERITONEUM /cytol; inflammation = PERITONITIS; PERITONEAL LAVAGE is available; note PERITONEAL FLUID see ASCITIC FLUID

UI = D010537

 

Peritonitis

UI = D010538

 

Peritonsillar Abscess

MS = An abscess in the peritonsillar tissue extending into the tonsil capsule, resulting from suppuration of the tonsil. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS

UI = D000039

 

Permeability

MS = Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

AN = coord NIM with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or /metab (IM) or tissue /metab (IM); for nonbiological material coord with substance /chem (IM); note VASCULAR PERMEABILITY see CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

UI = D010539

 

Permethrin

MS = A pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in the treatment of LICE INFESTATIONS and SCABIES.

UI = D026023

 

Permissiveness

MS = The attitude that grants freedom of expression and activity to another individual, but not necessarily with sanction or approval.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010541

 

Peromyscus

MS = A genus of the subfamily Hesperomyinae consisting of 49 species. Two of these are widely used in medical research. They are P. leucopus, or the white-footed mouse, and P. maniculatus, or the deer mouse.

AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not check tag MICE

UI = D010542

 

Peroneal Nerve

MS = The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot.

AN = dis = PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES (IM); neopl = PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES (IM) + PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010543

 

Peroneal Neuropathies

MS = Disease involving the common PERONEAL NERVE or its branches, the deep and superficial peroneal nerves. Lesions of the deep peroneal nerve are associated with PARALYSIS of dorsiflexion of the ankle and toes and loss of sensation from the web space between the first and second toe. Lesions of the superficial peroneal nerve result in weakness or paralysis of the peroneal muscles (which evert the foot) and loss of sensation over the dorsal and lateral surface of the leg. Traumatic injury to the common peroneal nerve near the head of the FIBULA is a relatively common cause of this condition. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p31)

UI = D020427

 

Peroxidase

MS = A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.

AN = a hemeprotein synthesized by leukocytes: do not confuse with PEROXIDASES, a subclass of oxidoreductases

UI = D009195

 

Peroxidases

AN = a subclass of oxidoreductases: do not confuse with PEROXIDASE, a peroxiductase synthesized by leukocytes

UI = D010544

 

Peroxides

MS = A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D010545

 

Peroxisomal Disorders

MS = A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; infantile Refsum disease; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse X ref REFSUM DISEASE, INFANTILE with REFSUM DISEASE, a hered peripheral neuropathy; do not confuse X ref ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, NEONATAL with ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY; do not use /in inf

UI = D018901

 

Peroxisome Proliferators

MS = A class of nongenotoxic carcinogens that induce the production of hepatic peroxisomes and induce hepatic neoplasms after long-term administration.

UI = D020025

 

Peroxisomes

MS = Microbodies which occur in animal and plant cells and in certain fungi and protozoa. They contain peroxidase, catalase, and allied enzymes. (From Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

UI = D020675

 

Peroxynitrous Acid

MS = A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).

UI = D030421

 

Perphenazine

MS = An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.

UI = D010546

 

Persea

MS = A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. The tree, Persea americana Mill., is known for the Avocado fruit, the food of commerce.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027421

 

Persia

MS = An ancient civilization, known as early as 2000 B.C. The Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great (550-529 B.C.) and for 200 years, from 550 to 331 B.C., the Persians ruled the ancient world from India to Egypt. The territory west of India was called Persis by the Greeks who later called the entire empire Persia. In 331 B.C. the Persian wars against the Greeks ended disastrously under the counterattacks by Alexander the Great. The name Persia in modern times for the modern country was changed to Iran in 1935. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p546 & Asimov, Words on the Map, 1962, p176)

AN = the ancient empire: note X ref

UI = D019071

 

Persian Gulf Syndrome

MS = Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)

AN = coord IM with specific dis or manifest (IM)

UI = D018923

 

Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome

MS = A syndrome of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn infant, without demonstrable cardiac disease. It is characterized by cyanosis and acidosis, severe pulmonary vasoconstriction, hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle, and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, with resultant right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus and at times a patent foramen ovale.

AN = pulm hypertension in newborn inf; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check the tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: PFC SYNDROME

UI = D010547

 

Persistent Vegetative State

MS = Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

AN = see also AKINETIC MUTISM

UI = D018458

 

Personal Autonomy

MS = Self-directing freedom and especially moral independence. An ethical principle holds that the autonomy of persons ought to be respected. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

UI = D026684

 

Personal Construct Theory

MS = A psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. The basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. The theory was formulated in the fifties by George Kelly. Two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (From Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology, 1989)

AN = no qualif; includes personal construct, personal construct method, personal construct organization, etc.; for personal construct ther, coord IM with PSYCHOTHERAPY (IM)

UI = D018187

 

Personal Health Services

MS = Health care provided to individuals.

AN = IM; DF: PERSONAL HEALTH SERV

UI = D010548

 

Personal Narratives [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of accounts of personal experience in relation to a particular field or of participation in related activities or autobiographical accounts.

UI = D020493

 

Personal Satisfaction

MS = The individual's experience of a sense of fulfillment of a need or want and the quality or state of being satisfied.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010549

 

Personal Space

MS = Invisible boundaries surrounding the individual's body which are maintained in relation to others.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010550

 

Personality

MS = Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.

UI = D010551

 

Personality Assessment

MS = The determination and evaluation of personality attributes by interviews, observations, tests, or scales. Articles concerning personality measurement are considered to be within scope of this term.

AN = by a professional; differentiate from PERSONALITY INVENTORY (by the person himself); DF: PERSONALITY ASSESS

UI = D010552

 

Personality Development

MS = Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010553

 

Personality Disorders

MS = A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.

UI = D010554

 

Personality Inventory

MS = Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.

AN = by the person himself: differentiate from PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT (by professionals)

UI = D010555

 

Personality Tests

MS = Standardized objective tests designed to facilitate the evaluation of personality.

UI = D010556

 

Personhood

MS = The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.

AN = do not confuse with INDIVIDUALITY

UI = D028723

 

Personnel Administration, Hospital

MS = Management activities concerned with hospital employees.

AN = DF: PERSONNEL ADMIN HOSP

UI = D010557

 

Personnel Delegation

MS = To intrust to the care or management of another, to transfer or to assign tasks within an organizational or administrative unit or structure

UI = D032024

 

Personnel Downsizing

MS = Reducing staff to cut costs or to achieve greater efficiency.

UI = D020415

 

Personnel Loyalty

MS = Dedication or commitment shown by employees to organizations or institutions where they work.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010558

 

Personnel Management

MS = Planning, organizing, and administering all activities related to personnel.

UI = D010559

 

Personnel Selection

MS = The process of choosing employees for specific types of employment. The concept includes recruitment.

UI = D010560

 

Personnel Staffing and Scheduling

MS = The selection, appointing, and scheduling of personnel.

AN = med or non-med personnel; DF: PERSONNEL STAFFING

UI = D010561

 

Personnel Staffing and Scheduling Information Systems

MS = Computer-based systems for use in personnel management in a facility, e.g., distribution of caregivers with relation to patient needs.

AN = IM

UI = D010562

 

Personnel Turnover

MS = A change or shift in personnel due to reorganization, resignation, or discharge.

UI = D010563

 

Personnel, Hospital

MS = The individuals employed by the hospital.

AN = /organ = PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION, HOSPITAL but consider also other terms under ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL & ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL, etc.; "orderlies" & "ward attendants" unspecified go here except for PSYCHIATRIC AIDES (see note there)

UI = D010564

 

Persons

MS = Persons as individuals (e.g., ABORTION APPLICANTS) or as members of a group (e.g., HISPANIC AMERICANS). It is not used for members of the various professions (e.g., PHYSICIANS) or occupations (e.g., LIBRARIANS) for which OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS is available.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D009272

 

Persuasive Communication

MS = A mode of communication concerned with inducing or urging the adoption of certain beliefs, theories, or lines of action by others.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010565

 

Pertussis Toxin

MS = One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains MONO ADP RIBOSE TRANSFERASE activity.

UI = D037342

 

Pertussis Vaccine

MS = A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE is also available

UI = D010567

 

Peru

UI = D010568

 

Perylene

MS = Dibenz(de, kl)anthracene. Polycyclic hydrocarbon soil and water pollutant; also used as fluorescent lipid probe in cytochemistry of membranes and other lipid structures; derivatives may be carcinogenic. Synonyms: peri-dinaphthalene.

AN = a benzanthracene soil & water pollutant

UI = D010569

 

Pessaries

MS = Devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. Pessaries are used in conditions such as UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYSTOCELE; or RECTOCELE.

UI = D010570

 

Pest Control

MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects or other animals.

AN = IM; coord with specific pest but note that INSECT CONTROL & MOSQUITO CONTROL are available

UI = D010571

 

Pest Control, Biological

MS = The use of biological mechanisms, usually involving living organisms such as bacteria, for the reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous pests. Environmental concerns have focused attention on natural forms of disease control as potentially safe and effective alternatives to chemical pesticides. This has led to increased efforts to develop control strategies that rely on natural predators and parasites or that involve genetically engineered microbial pest control agents.

AN = IM; coord with specific insect or other pest (IM) but not the precoords INSECT CONTROL & MOSQUITO CONTROL

UI = D010572

 

Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants

MS = A highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS VIRUS. The disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.

UI = D029021

 

Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus

MS = A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing a severe, often fatal enteritis and pneumonia (PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS) in sheep and goats.

AN = for foreign titles, do not translate the disease "peste des petits ruminants"; infection = PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS

UI = D018107

 

Pesticide Residues

MS = Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.

AN = IM; coord with specific pesticide or pesticide group (IM)

UI = D010573

 

Pesticide Synergists

MS = Chemicals that, while not possessing inherent pesticidal activity, nonetheless promote or enhance the effectiveness of other pesticides when combined.

UI = D010574

 

Pesticides

MS = Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.

AN = very general: prefer specifics or specific types

UI = D010575

 

Pestivirus

MS = A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS.

AN = a genus of the family Flaviviridae; infection = PESTIVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D010576

 

Pestivirus Infections

MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PESTIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.

AN = caused by a flavivirus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018182

 

Petasites

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain SESQUITERPENES. The common name of sweet coltsfoot is similar to the common name for TUSSILAGO.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036901

 

Petrolatum

MS = A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from PETROLEUM. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010577

 

Petroleum

MS = Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.

UI = D010578

 

Petrosal Sinus Sampling

MS = Sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sinus arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. Sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases.

AN = to determ blood ACTH in Cushing & other adrenocortex dis; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D017591

 

Petroselinum

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used for flavoring food.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028528

 

Petrous Bone

AN = fractures: coord PETROUS BONE /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM); neopl: coord IM with SKULL NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D010579

 

Petunia

MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain steroidal glycosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032306

 

Peumus

MS = A plant genus of the family MONIMIACEAE. Members contain boldine ALKALOIDS. Some PEUMUS species have been reclassified as CRYPTOCARYA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031611

 

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

MS = Multiple pigmented (melanin) macules of the skin and mouth mucosa and multiple polyposis of the small intestine.

AN = multiple cutaneous & oral pigmented macules with intestinal polyposis; do not use /blood supply /chem /congen /second /secret /ultrastruct

UI = D010580

 

Peyer's Patches

MS = Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.

AN = an area of lymphoid tissue on small intestine mucosa

UI = D010581

 

Pfiesteria piscicida

MS = A dinoflagellate with a life cycle that includes numerous flagellated, amoeboid, and encysted stages. Both the flagellated and amoeboid forms produce toxins which cause open wounds on fish. Pfiesteria piscicida feeds on tissue sloughed from these wounds, as well as on bacteria and algae. It is found in Atlantic estuaries of the United States.

AN = infection: coord IM with PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020045

 

Phacoemulsification

MS = A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. The small incision allows the surgeon to use very few or even no stitches to close the tiny wound. There is usually no need for hospitalization and patients may resume most activities within days. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)

AN = a type of cataract extraction; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D018918

 

Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction

MS = Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.

AN = immunodefic syndrome where phagocytes cannot kill bacteria

UI = D010585

 

Phagocytes

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D010586

 

Phagocytosis

MS = The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells.

UI = D010587

 

Phagosomes

MS = Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D010588

 

Phalaris

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031783

 

Phalloidine

MS = Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from Amanita phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.

AN = a mycotoxin from Amanita phalloides

UI = D010590

 

Phanerochaete

MS = A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.

UI = D020075

 

Phantom Limb

MS = Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)

UI = D010591

 

Phantoms, Imaging

MS = Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)

AN = IM or NIM; coord with specific technique /instrum (IM)

UI = D019047

 

Pharmaceutic Aids

MS = Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; DYES (coloring agents); FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PHARM AIDS

UI = D010592

 

Pharmaceutical Preparations

MS = Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.

AN = GEN & unspecified only; /adv eff permitted but consider DRUG THERAPY /adv eff; drug names: use NOMENCLATURE; policy: Manual section 25; metab detoxication of drugs = METABOLIC DETOXICATION, DRUG;

UI = D004364

 

Pharmaceutical Services

MS = Total pharmaceutical services provided by a qualified pharmacist. In addition to the preparation and distribution of medical products, they may include consultative services provided to agencies and institutions which do not have a qualified pharmacist.

AN = IM; DF: PHARM SERV

UI = D010593

 

Pharmaceutical Solutions

MS = Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.

AN = IM for general only; NIM when drug in solution is IM; D25-26 qualif; DF: PHARM SOL

UI = D019999

 

Pharmacies

MS = Facilities for the preparation and dispensing of drugs.

AN = the place: do not confuse with PHARMACY, the field

UI = D010594

 

Pharmacists

MS = Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.

AN = IM

UI = D010595

 

Pharmacists' Aides

MS = Persons who perform certain functions under the supervision of the pharmacist.

UI = D010596

 

Pharmacoepidemiology

MS = The science concerned with the benefit and risk of drugs used in populations and the analysis of the outcomes of drug therapies. Pharmacoepidemiologic data come from both clinical trials and epidemiological studies with emphasis on methods for the detection and evaluation of drug-related adverse effects, assessment of risk vs benefit ratios in drug therapy, patterns of drug utilization, the cost-effectiveness of specific drugs, methodology of postmarketing surveillance, and the relation between pharmacoepidemiology and the formulation and interpretation of regulatory guidelines. (Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992;1(1); J Pharmacoepidemiol 1990;1(1))

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PHARMACOEPIDEMIOL

UI = D017891

 

Pharmacogenetics

MS = A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic components of variability in individual responses to and metabolism (BIOTRANSFORMATION) of drugs.

AN = SPEC or GEN; prefer specific drug & specific genetic aspect: Manual 28.22.5

UI = D010597

 

Pharmacognosy

MS = The science of drugs prepared from natural-sources including preparations from PLANTS; ANIMALS and other organisms as well as MINERALS and other substances included in MATERIA MEDICA. The therapeutic usage of plants is PHYTOTHERAPY.

AN = SPEC

UI = D010598

 

Pharmacokinetics

MS = Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance.

AN = GEN or unspecified; no qualif; prefer /pharmacokin with drugs: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.53, 19.10+; DF: PHARMACOKIN

UI = D010599

 

Pharmacology

MS = The study of the origin, nature, properties, and actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; the pharmacol of a drug or chem = Cat D term with /pharmacol: Manual 19.8.54; /methods: consider TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DF: PHARMACOL

UI = D010600

 

Pharmacology, Clinical

MS = The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord: the pharmacol of a drug or chem in humans = Cat D term with /pharmacol + HUMAN, not PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL; DF: PHARMACOL CLIN

UI = D010601

 

Pharmacopoeias

MS = Authoritative treatises on drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, physical constants, main chemical properties used in identification, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity and purity, etc. They are usually published under governmental jurisdiction (e.g., USP, the United States Pharmacopoeia; BP, British Pharmacopoeia; P. Helv., the Swiss Pharmacopoeia). They differ from FORMULARIES in that they are far more complete: formularies tend to be mere listings of formulas and prescriptions.

AN = IM; do not confuse with FORMULARIES which, usually mere lists, are less complete (see MeSH definitions); do not confuse with Publication Type PHARMACOPOEIAS; specify country

UI = D010602

 

Pharmacopoeias [Publication Type]

MS = Authoritative works containing lists of drugs and preparations, their description, formulation, analytic composition, main chemical properties, standards for strength, purity, and dosage, chemical tests for determining identity, etc. They have the status of a standard.

AN = publication type only; for pharmacopoeias as a subject, index under main heading PHARMACOPOEIAS

UI = D019539

 

Pharmacopoeias, Homeopathic

AN = IM

UI = D010603

 

Pharmacy

MS = The practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations.

AN = the field: do not confuse with PHARMACIES; SPEC: SPEC qualif; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, PHARMACY or PHARMACY (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); /methods: consider TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL

UI = D010604

 

Pharmacy Administration

MS = The business and managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense.

AN = "the business & managerial aspects of pharmacy in its broadest sense"; SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: PHARM ADMIN

UI = D010605

 

Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

MS = An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department.

AN = a link between hosp med staff & pharm dept; DF: PHARM THER COMM or PHARM COMMITTEE

UI = D010606

 

Pharmacy Service, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for the receiving, storing, and distribution of pharmaceutical supplies.

AN = DF: PHARM SERV HOSP

UI = D010607

 

Pharyngeal Diseases

MS = General or unspecified diseases of the pharynx.

AN = inflamm dis = PHARYNGITIS

UI = D010608

 

Pharyngeal Muscles

MS = The muscles of the pharynx are the inferior, middle and superior constrictors, salpingopharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus.

AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D010609

 

Pharyngeal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010610

 

Pharyngectomy

MS = Surgical removal of a part of the pharynx. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010611

 

Pharyngitis

MS = Inflammation of the throat.

AN = inflamm of pharynx: note X ref

UI = D010612

 

Pharyngostomy

MS = External surgical fistulization of the pharynx for feeding.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010613

 

Pharynx

MS = A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).

AN = inflammation = PHARYNGITIS; /surg: consider also PHARYNGECTOMY & PHARYNGOSTOMY; HYPOPHARYNX, NASOPHARYNX & OROPHARYNX are also available

UI = D010614

 

Phaseolus

MS = A plant genus in the family FABACEAE which is the source of edible beans and the lectin PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027805

 

Phellodendron

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain BERBERINE, indolopyridoquinazoline and other ALKALOIDS and limonoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032102

 

Phenacetin

MS = A non-prostaglandin synthase inhibitor. It was utilized extensively in a wide variety of analgesic mixtures, but its causal role in analgesic-abuse nephropathy led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431)

UI = D010615

 

Phenanthrenes

AN = aromatic hydrocarbons

UI = D010616

 

Phenanthridines

UI = D010617

 

Phenanthrolines

UI = D010618

 

Phenazines

UI = D010619

 

Phenazocine

MS = An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)

UI = D010620

 

Phenazopyridine

MS = A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.

AN = a local anesthetic

UI = D010621

 

Phencyclidine

MS = A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.

UI = D010622

 

Phencyclidine Abuse

MS = The misuse of phencyclidine with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D010623

 

Phenelzine

MS = One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.

UI = D010624

 

Phenethylamines

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D010627

 

Phenetidine

MS = Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.

UI = D010628

 

Phenformin

MS = A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)

UI = D010629

 

Phenindione

MS = An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higer incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)

UI = D010630

 

Pheniramine

MS = One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.

UI = D010632

 

Phenmetrazine

MS = A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

UI = D010633

 

Phenobarbital

MS = A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.

UI = D010634

 

Phenol

MS = An antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p801)

UI = D019800

 

Phenolphthalein

MS = An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.

AN = PHENOLPHTHALEINS is also available

UI = D020113

 

Phenolphthaleins

MS = A family of 3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phthalides. They are used as indicators, cathartics, and dyes.

AN = PHENOLPHTHALEIN is also available

UI = D010635

 

Phenols

UI = D010636

 

Phenolsulfonphthalein

MS = Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010637

 

Phenoperidine

MS = A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol.

UI = D010638

 

Phenothiazines

UI = D010640

 

Phenotype

MS = The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

UI = D010641

 

Phenoxyacetates

UI = D010642

 

Phenoxybenzamine

MS = An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.

UI = D010643

 

Phenprocoumon

MS = Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.

UI = D010644

 

Phentermine

MS = A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.

UI = D010645

 

Phentolamine

MS = A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.

UI = D010646

 

Phenyl Ethers

UI = D010647

 

Phenylacetates

UI = D010648

 

Phenylalanine

MS = An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN, DOPAMINE, noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

UI = D010649

 

Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of L-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia. It may also act on L-tyrosine. Since the enzyme deprives neoplastic tissue of phenylalanine, it has been used experimentally in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzyme is obtained from many plants. EC 4.3.1.5.

AN = an antineoplastic

UI = D010650

 

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of L-TYROSINE, dihydrobiopterin, and water from L-PHENYLALANINE, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause PHENYLKETONURIAS and PHENYLKETONURIA, MATERNAL. EC 1.14.16.1.

AN = /defic: consider also PHENYLKETONURIAS and PHENYLKETONURIA, MATERNAL

UI = D010651

 

Phenylalanine-tRNA Ligase

MS = An enzyme that activates phenylalanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.20.

UI = D010652

 

Phenylbutazone

MS = A drug that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It is especially effective in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. It also is useful in rheumatoid arthritis and Reiter's syndrome (investigational indication). Although phenylbutazone is effective in gouty arthritis, risk/benefit considerations indicate that this drug should not be employed for this disease. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p1822)

AN = a non-steroidal anti-inflamm agent

UI = D010653

 

Phenylbutyrates

UI = D010654

 

Phenylenediamines

UI = D010655

 

Phenylephrine

MS = An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

UI = D010656

 

Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase

MS = A methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and N-methylphenylethanolamine. It can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.1.28.

UI = D010625

 

Phenylethyl Alcohol

MS = An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.

UI = D010626

 

Phenylethylmalonamide

MS = A metabolite of primidone.

UI = D010657

 

Phenylglyoxal

MS = A reagent that is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. It is used to selectively inhibit various enzymes and acts as an energy transfer inhibitor in photophosphorylation.

UI = D010658

 

Phenylhydrazines

MS = Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D010659

 

Phenylisopropyladenosine

MS = N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.

AN = an antilipemic

UI = D010660

 

Phenylketonuria, Maternal

MS = A maternal condition which occurs in untreated or partially treated phenylketonuric females when they become pregnant. This may result in damage to the fetus, including microcephaly, mental retardation, congenital heart disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and craniofacial abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1997 Mar 3;69(1):89-95)

AN = check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE; consider also PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE /defic; DF: PKU MATERNAL

UI = D017042

 

Phenylketonurias

MS = A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; note X refs: consider also PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE /defic and DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE /defic; DF: PKU

UI = D010661

 

Phenylmercuric Acetate

MS = A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.

UI = D010662

 

Phenylmercury Compounds

MS = Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to a phenyl group. Often used as fungicides and seed treatment agents.

AN = agric fungicides; DF: PHENYLMERCURY CPDS

UI = D010663

 

Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride

MS = An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.

UI = D010664

 

Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester

MS = An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.

AN = DF: EPN300

UI = D004849

 

Phenylpropanolamine

MS = A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.

UI = D010665

 

Phenylpropionates

UI = D010666

 

Phenylpyruvic Acids

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of phenylpyruvic acid which has the general formula C6H5CH2COCOOH, and is a metabolite of phenylalanine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D010667

 

Phenylthiazolylthiourea

MS = A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.

UI = D010668

 

Phenylthiohydantoin

MS = Thiohydantoin benzene derivative.

UI = D010669

 

Phenylthiourea

UI = D010670

 

Phenylurea Compounds

AN = DF: PHENYLUREA CPDS

UI = D010671

 

Phenytoin

MS = An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.

UI = D010672

 

Pheochromocytoma

MS = A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is hypertension, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be headache, sweating, palpitation, apprehension, tremor, pallor or flushing of the face, nausea and vomiting, pain in the chest and abdomen, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with usually ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D010673

 

Pheophytins

MS = Chlorophylls from which the magnesium has been removed by treatment with weak acid.

AN = chlorophylls without magnesium

UI = D010674

 

Pheromones

MS = Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

AN = human, animal, plant & microbes; SEX PHEROMONES see SEX ATTRACTANTS is also available

UI = D010675

 

Phialophora

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus. Phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS). Ophiobolus is the teleomorph of Phialophora.

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES or specific mycosis (IM)

UI = D010676

 

Philadelphia

AN = DF: PHILA

UI = D015143

 

Philadelphia Chromosome

MS = An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of genetic material from chromosome 22, usually to the long arms of chromosome 9. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC).

UI = D010677

 

Philately

MS = Study of stamps or postal markings. It usually refers to the design and commemorative aspects of the stamp.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; stamp collecting as a hobby: coord IM with HOBBIES (IM); indexing policy: TN 245

UI = D010678

 

Philippines

AN = be careful: one -l-, two -pp

UI = D010679

 

Philodendron

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. As a houseplant it sometimes poisons children and animals.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031062

 

Philology

MS = The study of literature in its widest sense, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, language history, linguistic history, systems of writing, and anything else that is relevant to literature or language viewed as literature. Philology as a discipline has both philosophical and scientific overtones.

AN = study of literature or language as used in literature; do not confuse with LITERATURE, literary works; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PHILOL

UI = D010680

 

Philology, Classical

MS = The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.

AN = IM; DF: PHILOL CLASSICAL

UI = D010681

 

Philology, Oriental

MS = The study of literature written in languages of Asia and the Far East, including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.

AN = IM; DF: PHILOL ORIENTAL

UI = D010682

 

Philology, Romance

MS = The study of literature written in the Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian, and others descended from Latin), including grammar, etymology, criticism, literary history, and language and linguistic history.

AN = IM; DF: PHILOL ROMANCE

UI = D010683

 

Philosophy

MS = A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)

UI = D010684

 

Philosophy, Dental

AN = DF: PHILOSOPHY DENT

UI = D010685

 

Philosophy, Medical

AN = DF: PHILOSOPHY MED

UI = D010686

 

Philosophy, Nursing

UI = D010687

 

Phimosis

MS = The inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis due to tightness of the prepuce.

UI = D010688

 

Phlebitis

MS = Inflammation of a vein.

AN = inflamm of a vein; assume to be of the legs so do not coord with LEG; THROMBOPHLEBITIS is also available

UI = D010689

 

Phlebography

MS = Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHLEBOGR

UI = D010690

 

Phlebotomus

MS = A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER GROUP VIRUSES).

AN = blood-sucking fly, the vector of PAPPATACI FEVER see PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER & other dis; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D010691

 

Phlebotomus Fever

MS = Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.

AN = caused by a bunyavirus

UI = D010217

 

Phlebotomy

MS = The techniques used to draw blood from a vein for diagnostic purposes or for treatment of certain blood disorders such as erythrocytosis, hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda.

AN = for hist articles & hist contexts use BLOODLETTING

UI = D018962

 

Phlebovirus

MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER. The type species is RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS.

AN = do not confuse X ref SANDFLY FEVER SICILIAN VIRUS with SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS; infection: coord IM with PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER (IM) or if not so specified coord IM with BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016856

 

Phleomycins

MS = Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.

UI = D010692

 

Phleum

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains the Phl p 4 allergen.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031784

 

Phlomis

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains phlorigidosides, iridoid glucosides and megastigmane glycosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031345

 

Phloretin

UI = D010693

 

Phlorhizin

UI = D010695

 

Phloroglucinol

MS = 1,3,5-Benzenetriol. A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.

AN = an antispasmodic & lab reagent

UI = D010696

 

Phobic Disorders

MS = Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.

UI = D010698

 

Phodopus

MS = A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.

AN = NIM; when IM, qualif permitted; don't forget also check tags HAMSTERS and ANIMAL

UI = D017111

 

Phonation

MS = The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air.

AN = sounds produced by vocal cords

UI = D010699

 

Phonetics

MS = The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = no qualif

UI = D010700

 

Phonocardiography

MS = Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.

AN = NIM; consider also HEART AUSCULTATION; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHONOCARDIOGR

UI = D010701

 

Phonophoresis

MS = Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs.

AN = "use of ultrasound to increase percutaneous adsorption of drugs"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015612

 

Phoradendron

MS = A plant genus in the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae. Members contain phoratoxin and oleanane TRITERPENES.

AN = X ref MISTLETOE, AMERICAN: several mistletoe terms are available, check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028184

 

Phorate

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D010702

 

Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate

MS = A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promotor, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF:PDBU

UI = D015240

 

Phorbol Esters

MS = Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C.

AN = a group of tumor-promoting cpds; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; index here only for a specific phorbol ester not in MeSH; D25-26 qualif

UI = D010703

 

Phorbols

MS = The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).

AN = carcinogens; D25-26 qualif

UI = D010704

 

Phosgene

MS = A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304)

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010705

 

Phosmet

MS = An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D010706

 

Phosphamidon

MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D010707

 

Phosphate Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.

UI = D010709

 

Phosphate Transport Proteins

MS = Membrane proteins that are involved in the active transport of phosphate.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHATE-BINDING PROTEINS

UI = D028061

 

Phosphate-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins that bind to and are involved in the metabolism of phosphate ions.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT PROTEINS

UI = D028044

 

Phosphates

MS = Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

AN = note X ref: inorganic phosphates only; PHOSPHATES, ORGANIC see PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS; /physiol permitted; /blood & /defic: consider also HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA & HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, FAMILIAL; POLYPHOSPHATES is also available

UI = D010710

 

Phosphatidate Phosphatase

MS = A phosphomonoesterase involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidates with the formation of diacylglycerols and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.4.

UI = D010711

 

Phosphatidic Acids

MS = Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups.

UI = D010712

 

Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase

MS = An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.

UI = D007862

 

Phosphatidylcholines

MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010713

 

Phosphatidylethanolamines

MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010714

 

Phosphatidylglycerols

MS = A nitrogen-free class of lipids present in animal and particularly plant tissues and composed of one mole of glycerol and 1 or 2 moles of phosphatidic acid. Members of this group differ from one another in the nature of the fatty acids released on hydrolysis.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010715

 

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate

MS = A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

AN = DF: note short X refs

UI = D019269

 

Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates

MS = Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group.

UI = D018129

 

Phosphatidylinositols

MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010716

 

Phosphatidylserines

MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010718

 

Phosphenes

MS = Visual sensations arising from mechanical or electrical stimulation of the eyeball.

AN = visual sensations of the eyeball; do not confuse with PHOSPHINES

UI = D010719

 

Phosphines

MS = Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHENES

UI = D010720

 

Phosphinic Acids

MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, H2PO(OH). They include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHONIC ACIDS

UI = D010721

 

Phosphites

MS = Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

UI = D017905

 

Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate

MS = 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.

AN = DF: PAPS

UI = D010724

 

Phosphoamino Acids

MS = Amino acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = amino acids containing phosphorus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D019606

 

Phosphocreatine

MS = An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996)

UI = D010725

 

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of phosphodiesterases.

AN = DF: PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIB

UI = D010726

 

Phosphoenolpyruvate

UI = D010728

 

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and oxaloacetate to ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in some bacteria, yeast, and Trypanosoma, and is important for the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in some plants. EC 4.1.1.49.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP); DF: PEP CARBOXYKINASE ATP

UI = D019764

 

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of GTP and oxaloacetate to GDP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. This reaction is part of gluconeogenesis in the liver. The enzyme occurs in both the mitochondria and cytosol of mammalian liver. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 4.1.1.32.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (ATP); DF: PEP CARBOXYKINASE GTP

UI = D010729

 

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase

MS = An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide. This fixation of carbon dioxide in several bacteria and some plants is the first step in the biosynthesis of glucose. EC 4.1.1.31.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (ATP) or PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE (GTP)

UI = D010730

 

Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System

MS = The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of adenylate cyclase. EC 2.7.1.-.

AN = DF: PEPPTS

UI = D010731

 

Phosphofructokinase-1

MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. D-tagatose- 6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate also are acceptors. UTP, CTP, and ITP also are donors. In human phosphofructokinase-1, three types of subunits have been identified. They are muscle type M (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE); liver type L (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, LIVER TYPE); and type C (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, C TYPE) found in platelets, brain, and other tissues.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010732

 

Phosphofructokinase-1, Liver Type

MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In human liver, the 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase exists as the homotetramer of L subunits.

UI = D025501

 

Phosphofructokinase-1, Muscle Type

MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In humans, PHOSPHOFRUCTOSKINASE-1 in muscle exists as the homotetramer of M subunits. Defects in this muscle enzyme cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VII, also known as Tarui's disease.

UI = D025203

 

Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C

MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In the humans, 6-phosphofructose-1-kinase isozyme C is found in platelets, brain, heart, kidney, colon and testis. This isozyme C can exist as the homotetramer of C subunits (P subunits), or heterotetramer of C type and L type subunits.

UI = D025502

 

Phosphofructokinase-2

MS = An allosteric enzyme that regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate to yield fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric effector for the other 6-phosphofructokinase, PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1. Phosphofructokinase-2 is bifunctional: the dephosphorylated form is a kinase and the phosphorylated form is a phosphatase that breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to yield fructose-6-phosphate.

UI = D025481

 

Phosphofructokinases

MS = Allosteric enzymes that regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. These enzymes catalyze phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1 reaction), or to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-2 reaction).

UI = D025221

 

Phosphoglucomutase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.

UI = D010733

 

Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43.

UI = D010734

 

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

MS = An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3.

UI = D010735

 

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to 3-phospho-D-glycerate. EC 5.4.2.1.

UI = D010736

 

Phospholipase C

MS = An enzyme found in the alpha-toxin of Clostridium welchii and other strains of clostridia and bacilli. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated nitrogenous base such as choline. EC 3.1.4.3.

UI = D010738

 

Phospholipase D

MS = An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyzes transphosphatidylation reactions. EC 3.1.4.4.

UI = D010739

 

Phospholipases

MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.

UI = D010740

 

Phospholipases A

MS = Phosphatide acylhydrolases. Catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position (EC 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 2-position (EC 3.1.1.4).

UI = D010741

 

Phospholipid Ethers

MS = Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues.

UI = D010742

 

Phospholipids

MS = Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

UI = D010743

 

Phosphonic Acids

MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphonic acid with the general formula ROP(OH)2. This includes phosphonates and phosphonic acid esters. The tautomeric form of this compound (P(OH)3) = PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHINIC ACIDS

UI = D010745

 

Phosphonoacetic Acid

MS = A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.

UI = D010746

 

Phosphopeptides

UI = D010748

 

Phosphoprotein Phosphatase

MS = A group of enzymes removing the serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.3.16.

UI = D010749

 

Phosphoproteins

AN = /physiol permitted

UI = D010750

 

Phosphopyruvate Hydratase

MS = An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.2.1.11.

UI = D010751

 

Phosphoramide Mustards

MS = A group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. They are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents.

AN = nitrogen mustard cpds; alkylating antineoplastics

UI = D010752

 

Phosphoranes

MS = Inorganic or organic compounds that contain pentavalent phosphorus and the general formula R5P.

UI = D010753

 

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate

MS = The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.

AN = DF: PRPP

UI = D010754

 

Phosphoric Acid Esters

MS = Organic esters of phosphoric acid.

UI = D010755

 

Phosphoric Acids

MS = Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Inorganic salts are known as PHOSPHATES and organic esters are PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHORUS ACIDS or PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS

UI = D010756

 

Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases

MS = A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

AN = /antag = PHOSPHORIC DIESTER HYDROLASE INHIBITORS (see PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS)

UI = D010727

 

Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

MS = A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D010744

 

Phosphorous Acids

MS = Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphorous acid (P(OH)3). Inorganic salts are known as PHOSPHITES. The tautomeric form of this compound (HPO(OH)2) = PHOSPHONIC ACIDS.

AN = do not confuse with PHOSPHORUS ACIDS

UI = D010757

 

Phosphorus

MS = An element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element in the diet, a major component of the mineral phase of bone, and is abundant in all tissues, being involved in some form in almost all metabolic processes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = P-31; /physiol permitted; /metab: disord = PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM DISORDERS

UI = D010758

 

Phosphorus Acids

MS = Inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = GEN only; prefer specifics; do not confuse with PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS or with PHOSPHORIC ACIDS

UI = D017976

 

Phosphorus Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PHOSPHORUS CPDS

UI = D017553

 

Phosphorus Isotopes

MS = Stable phosphorus atoms that have the same atomic number as the element phosphorus, but differ in atomic weight. P-31 is a stable phosphorus isotope.

AN = P-31; NIM

UI = D010759

 

Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders

MS = Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

AN = HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA is also available; DF: PHOSPHORUS METAB DIS

UI = D010760

 

Phosphorus Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.

AN = P-28 through 34 except P-31; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D010761

 

Phosphorus, Dietary

MS = Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther

UI = D016226

 

Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.6.

AN = DF: P O LYASES

UI = D019761

 

Phosphorylase a

MS = The active form of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that is derived from the phosphorylation of PHOSPHORYLASE B. Phosphorylase a is deactivated via hydrolysis of phosphoserine by PHOSPHORYLASE PHOSPHATASE to form PHOSPHORYLASE B.

UI = D010762

 

Phosphorylase b

MS = The inactive form of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that is converted to the active form PHOSPHORYLASE A via phosphorylation by PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE and ATP.

UI = D010763

 

Phosphorylase Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and phosphorylase b to ADP and phosphorylase a. EC 2.7.1.38.

UI = D010764

 

Phosphorylase Phosphatase

MS = An enzyme that deactivates glycogen phosphorylase a by releasing inorganic phosphate and phosphorylase b, the inactive form. EC 3.1.3.17.

UI = D010765

 

Phosphorylases

MS = A class of glucosyltransferases that catalyzes the degradation of storage polysacharides, such as glucose polymers, by phosphorolysis in animals (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE) and in plants (STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D006005

 

Phosphorylation

MS = The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic phosphorylation: coord NIM with PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific phosphotransferase (particularly KINASES or PROTEIN KINASES) (IM); OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION & PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION are also available

UI = D010766

 

Phosphorylcholine

MS = Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.

UI = D010767

 

Phosphoserine

MS = The phosphoric acid ester of serine.

UI = D010768

 

Phosphothreonine

MS = The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.

UI = D010769

 

Phosphotransferases

MS = A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific phosphotransferases

UI = D010770

 

Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)

MS = A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES ALCOHOL

UI = D017853

 

Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor)

MS = A class of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups and has a carboxyl group as an acceptor. EC 2.7.2.

AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES CARBOXYL

UI = D017851

 

Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor)

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a nitrogenous group acceptor. EC 2.7.3.

AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES NITROGENOUS

UI = D017852

 

Phosphotransferases (Paired Acceptors)

MS = A group of enzymes that transfers two phosphate groups from a donor such as ATP to two different acceptors. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.9.

AN = DF: PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES PAIRED

UI = D017866

 

Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor)

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a phosphate group acceptor. EC 2.7.4.

AN = DF: PHOSPHOSTRANSFERASES PHOSPHATE

UI = D017856

 

Phosphotransferases (Phosphomutases)

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze an intramolecular transfer of a phosphate group. It has been shown in some cases that the enzyme has a functional phosphate group, which can act as the donor. These were previously listed under PHOSPHOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.7.-). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.4.2.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D017875

 

Phosphotungstic Acid

MS = Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D010772

 

Phosphotyrosine

MS = An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

AN = an amino acid; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D019000

 

Phosvitin

MS = An egg yolk phosphoglycoprotein which contains about 90% of the yolk protein phosphorus. It is synthesized in the liver of the hen and transferred to the developing oocyte, where it is bound to lipoproteins within the yolk granules.

AN = an egg yolk protein

UI = D010774

 

Photic Stimulation

UI = D010775

 

Photoaffinity Labels

MS = Biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. Binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. These labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins.

UI = D019920

 

Photobacterium

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in the marine environment and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. Some species are bioluminescent and are found as symbionts in specialized luminous organs of fish.

UI = D010776

 

Photobiology

MS = The branch of biology dealing with the effect of light on organisms.

AN = SPEC or GEN only; photobiol eff on or eff of light on = LIGHT (IM) + specific target (IM); photobiol eff of ultraviolet light = ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (IM) + specific target (IM); DF: PHOTOBIOL

UI = D018462

 

Photobleaching

MS = Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina (ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE.

UI = D038761

 

Photochemistry

AN = IM when SPEC: SPEC qualif; no qualif when NIM coord

UI = D010777

 

Photochemotherapy

MS = Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light.

AN = "therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light"; IM; coord with disease /drug ther (IM)

UI = D010778

 

Photofluorography

MS = The photography of images produced on a fluorescent screen by X-rays.

AN = NIM; DF: PHOTOFLUOROGR

UI = D010779

 

Photogrammetry

MS = Making measurements by the use of stereoscopic photographs.

AN = measurement by stereoscopic photographs

UI = D010780

 

Photography

MS = Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.

UI = D010781

 

Photography, Dental

MS = Photographic techniques used in orthodontics, aesthetic dentistry, and patient education.

UI = D023861

 

Photolysis

MS = Chemical decomposition by the action of light and the lysis or solution of cells under the influence of light. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D010782

 

Photometry

AN = NIM

UI = D010783

 

Photomicrography

MS = Photography of objects viewed under a microscope using ordinary photographic methods.

AN = avoid: read Manual 26.12.3; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse with "microphotography" (MICROFILMING or PHOTOMICROGRAPHY: be careful); DF: PHOTOMICROGR

UI = D010784

 

Photons

MS = Discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. They are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

AN = elementary particles; IM

UI = D017785

 

Photoperiod

MS = The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.

AN = "photo-" refers to natural or artificial light; no qualif

UI = D017440

 

Photopheresis

MS = A process in which peripheral blood is exposed in an extracorporeal flow system to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen (METHOXSALEN) and ultraviolet light - a procedure known as PUVA THERAPY. Photopheresis is at present a standard therapy for advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; it shows promise in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

AN = a form of PUVA ther

UI = D017893

 

Photophobia

MS = Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.

UI = D020795

 

Photophosphorylation

MS = The formation of ATP occurring in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It is analogous to oxidative phosphorylation. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = in plants: ATP formation in chloroplasts during photosynthesis

UI = D010785

 

Photoplethysmography

MS = Plethysmographic determination in which the intensity of light reflected from the skin surface and the red cells below is measured to determine the blood volume of the respective area. There are two types, transmission and reflectance.

AN = to determine local blood volume; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PHOTOPLETHYSMOGR

UI = D017156

 

Photoreceptors

MS = Cells specialized to detect and transduce light.

AN = GEN or unspecified but note PHOTORECEPTORS, VERTEBRATE; PHOTORECEPTORS, INVERTEBRATE; PHOTORECEPTORS, MICROBIAL & PHOTORECEPTORS, PLANT see PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER, PLANT are also available; DF: PHOTORECEPT

UI = D010786

 

Photoreceptors, Invertebrate

MS = Cells in invertebrates which are specialized to detect and transduce light and darkness and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.

AN = coord IM with specific invertebrate (IM); DF: PHOTORECEPT INVERTEBRATE

UI = D017956

 

Photoreceptors, Microbial

MS = Light absorbing proteins and protein prosthetic groups found in certain microrganisms. Some microbial photoreceptors initiate specific chemical reactions which signal a change in the environment, while others generate energy by pumping specific ions across a cellular membrane.

AN = coord with specific organism

UI = D020283

 

Photoreceptors, Vertebrate

MS = Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. Rods and cones are the photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina.

AN = note X ref RODS AND CONES: these are vertebrate only but RODS (RETINA) & CONES (RETINA) are also available

UI = D020419

 

Photorhabdus

MS = A genus of gram-negative bacteria existing symbiotically with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae (see RHABDITOIDEA). These nematodes infect a variety of soil-dwelling insects. Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect.

UI = D020637

 

Photosensitivity Disorders

MS = Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.

AN = a skin disease entity: does not mean sensitivity to light of eye, plants, bacteria, etc. ( = LIGHT)

UI = D010787

 

Photosensitizing Agents

MS = Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; D25-26 qualif

UI = D017319

 

Photosynthesis

MS = The formation of carbohydrates, with release of molecular oxygen, from carbon dioxide and water in the chlorophyll tissue of plants and blue-green algae under the influence of light. In bacteria, photosynthesis uses hydrogen sulfide, molecular hydrogen, and other reduced compounds in place of water, so that molecular oxygen is not released. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

AN = in plants, blue-green algae & bacteria; DF: PHOTOSYN

UI = D010788

 

Photosynthetic Reaction Center, Bacterial

MS = A system consisting of proteins and cofactors which acts as a light-driven electron pump across the photosynthetic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.

AN = note category; DF: PRCB

UI = D016198

 

Photosynthetic Reaction Center, Plant

MS = A system consisting of proteins and cofactors which facilitates light energy and electron transfer in plants.

AN = DF: PRCP

UI = D016197

 

Phototherapy

MS = Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths.

AN = coord disease with /ther, not /radiother; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY, COLOR THERAPY & ULTRAVIOLET THERAPY are also available

UI = D010789

 

Phototransduction

MS = The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina.

AN = "transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses"

UI = D019174

 

Phototrophic Bacteria

MS = Gram-negative bacteria whose members can perform photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions.

AN = DF: PHOTOTROPHIC BACT

UI = D010790

 

Phototropism

MS = The directional growth of organisms in response to light. In plants, aerial shoots usually grow towards light. The phototropic response is thought to be controlled by auxin (= AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

AN = directional growth of a plant in response to light

UI = D018524

 

Phrases [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of common terms, phrases, idioms, and typical conversations, e.g., between health professional and patients. These are often intended for use by non-native speakers of a language.

UI = D020494

 

Phrenic Nerve

MS = The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

AN = dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010791

 

Phrenology

MS = The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character, especially according to the hypothesis of F. J. Gall (1758-1828). (Webster 3d ed)

AN = DF: PHRENOL

UI = D010792

 

Phthalazines

UI = D010793

 

Phthalein Dyes

MS = Colored condensation products of phenols with phthalic anhydride. Some are used in dye dilution methods to determine kidney or liver function, while others are used as pH indicators in chemistry.

UI = D010794

 

Phthalic Acids

MS = A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. The ortho-isomer is used in dye manufacture. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D010795

 

Phthalic Anhydrides

MS = Phthalic acid anhydrides. Can be substituted on any carbon atom. Used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.

UI = D010796

 

Phthalimides

MS = The imide of phthalic acids.

UI = D010797

 

Phthirus

MS = Lice of the genus Phthirus, family Pediculidae. Phthirus pubis, the crab louse, is usually acquired by sexual contact or contact with infected objects. It is found most frequently in the pubic hair, but also on eyebrows, eyelashes, or on the axillary hairs.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D020061

 

Phycocyanin

MS = The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.

AN = plant pigment proteins

UI = D010798

 

Phycodnaviridae

MS = A family of DNA plant viruses that infect eukaryotic algae.

AN = a family of plant viruses infecting algae; from PHYCOs (Greek for alga) DNA viruses

UI = D017862

 

Phycoerythrin

MS = The metal-free red phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of red algae. It functions as a light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.

AN = a plant pigment protein

UI = D010799

 

Phycomyces

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi in the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, forming mycelia having a metallic sheen. It has been used for research on phototropism.

UI = D010800

 

Phyllachorales

MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA characterized by stromatic perithecial forms in most species. Notable genera are Magnaporthe and Glomerella, the latter having the anamorph (mitosporic form) COLLETOTRICHUM.

UI = D020081

 

Phyllanthus

MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. Bahupatra (MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC) is prepared from this.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029803

 

Phyllanthus emblica

MS = A plant species of the family EUPHORBIACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029842

 

Phyllodes Tumor

MS = A variant of mammary fibroadenoma, usually of large size, with an unusually cellular, sarcoma-like stroma.

AN = coord IM with probably BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D003557

 

Phylogeny

MS = The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

UI = D010802

 

Physalaemin

MS = An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.

AN = a neurotransmitter from venom from skin of So. Amer. frog Physalaemus; a tachykinin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010803

 

Physalis

MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain physalin and withangulatin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032321

 

Physarida

MS = An order of protozoa characterized by a peridium and capillitium that are calcareous and a spore mass that is usually dark-colored.

UI = D016838

 

Physarum

MS = A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Characteristics include the presence of violet to brown spores.

AN = a protozoan

UI = D010804

 

Physarum polycephalum

MS = A protozoan, previously also considered a fungus. Characteristics include sporangia that are stalked and multilobed. It is widely used in biomedical research.

AN = a protozoan much used in biomed research

UI = D016839

 

Physical Chromosome Mapping

MS = Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)

UI = D020161

 

Physical Conditioning, Animal

MS = Physical conditioning of domestic, laboratory, and zoo animals. Includes exercising of animals.

AN = domestic, veterinary & exper animals; do not use /vet; don't forget check tag ANIMAL; exercising of animals goes here; animal running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION

UI = D010805

 

Physical Education and Training

MS = Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.

AN = "instructional" & "often in schools": differentiate from EXERCISE (see MeSH definition there), from GYMNASTICS (see note there) & from EXERCISE THERAPY (prescribed exercise & physical activity); DF: PHYS ED or PHYSICAL EDUC or PHYSICAL EDUCATION

UI = D010806

 

Physical Endurance

MS = The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.

AN = differs from PHYSICAL FITNESS in that here the emphasis is on "endurance"

UI = D010807

 

Physical Examination

MS = Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality.

AN = NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION is also available; DF: PHYSICAL EXAM

UI = D010808

 

Physical Fitness

MS = A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy.

UI = D010809

 

Physical Medicine

MS = A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PHYSICAL MED

UI = D010810

 

Physical Stimulation

AN = NIM

UI = D010812

 

Physical Therapy (Specialty)

MS = The auxiliary health profession which makes use of PHYSICAL THERAPY TECHNIQUES to prevent, correct, and alleviate movement dysfunction of anatomic or physiologic origin.

AN = SPEC only; for therapy use MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIPULATIONS or PHYSICAL THERAPY TECHNIQUES or their specifics

UI = D026761

 

Physical Therapy Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department which is responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and medical rehabilitation services to restore or improve the functional capacity of the patient.

AN = DF: PHYS THER DEP

UI = D010814

 

Physical Therapy Techniques

MS = Therapies, including those used in the discipline of PHYSICAL THERAPY (SPECIALTY); employing physical phenomena such as temperature, light, water, and sound.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; SPEC = PHYSICAL THERAPY (SPECIALTY)

UI = D026741

 

Physician Assistants

MS = Persons academically trained, licensed, or credentialed to provide medical care under the supervision of a physician. The concept does not include nurses, but does include orthopedic assistants, surgeon's assistants, and assistants to other specialists.

AN = coord IM with specialty (IM); PARAMEDICS see ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL is available; DF: note short X ref

UI = D010823

 

Physician Executives

MS = Physicians who serve in a medical and administrative capacity as head of an organized medical staff and who also may serve as liaison for the medical staff with the administration and governing board.

AN = note X ref MEDICAL DIRECTORS; DF: MED DIRECTORS

UI = D008486

 

Physician Impairment

MS = The physician's inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety to the patient due to the physician's disability. Common causes include alcohol and drug abuse, mental illness, physical disability, and senility.

AN = "inability to practice medicine with reasonable skill & safety to patient"; the causes may include alcohol & drug abuse, ment disord, phys disability, senility; coord IM with specific impairment (IM) + specialty if pertinent (IM)

UI = D010815

 

Physician Incentive Plans

MS = Compensatory plans designed to motivate physicians in relation to patient referral, physician recruitment, and efficient use of the health facility.

UI = D010816

 

Physician Payment Review Commission

MS = A commission created by the Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985, enacted in 1986, and given the mandate to advise Congress on Medicare-physician payment. The commission members are appointed by the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment.

AN = specify geog if pertinent; DF: PPRC CATALOG: use NAF entry: United States. Physician Payment Review Commission

UI = D015284

 

Physician Self-Referral

MS = Referral by physicians to testing or treatment facilities in which they have financial interest. The practice is regulated by the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act of 1989.

UI = D018584

 

Physician's Practice Patterns

MS = Patterns of practice related to diagnosis and treatment as especially influenced by cost of the service requested and provided.

AN = diag & treatment as influenced by cost of service requested & provided: do not confuse with PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE where emphasis is on individual physicians & their practices; prescribing patterns goes here

UI = D010818

 

Physician's Role

MS = The expected function of a member of the medical profession.

AN = coord IM with area in which role is played (IM), as "physician's role in reducing teenage pregnancy"= PHYSICIAN'S ROLE (IM) + PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE (IM)

UI = D010819

 

Physician-Nurse Relations

MS = The reciprocal interaction of physicians and nurses.

AN = no qualif; IM; coord with med & nurs spec (IM) if pertinent; DF: PHYSICIAN NURSE RELAT

UI = D019555

 

Physician-Patient Relations

MS = The interactions between physician and patient.

AN = no qualif; DF: PHYSICIAN PATIENT RELAT

UI = D010817

 

Physicians

MS = Individuals licensed to practice medicine.

AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; Manual 35.2.3; in biographies: Manual 32.16.7; when not to use: Manual 34.11.1; "role of physician in ..." = PHYSICIAN'S ROLE: see note there

UI = D010820

 

Physicians' Offices

MS = The room or rooms in which the physician and staff provide patient care. The offices include all rooms in the physician's office suite.

AN = restrict to physical office: includes reception rooms, examining rooms, treatment rooms, office, labs, etc.; not for articles with title reading, e.g., "office assessment of nutrition disord" or "office use of microscopes in otology"

UI = D010824

 

Physicians, Family

MS = Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.

AN = /educ permitted: coord with specific type of educ

UI = D010821

 

Physicians, Women

MS = Women licensed to practice medicine.

AN = /educ = EDUCATION, MEDICAL or its specifics; Manual 34.1l.2

UI = D010822

 

Physics

AN = IM SPEC only: SPEC qualif; may be used as NIM coord, without qualif; Manual 29.11

UI = D010825

 

Physiognomy

AN = no qualif

UI = D010826

 

Physiological Processes

MS = The functions of living organisms and their parts, and the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1290)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; differentiate from PHYSIOLOGY, the specialty or discipline; DF: PHYSIOL PROCESSES

UI = D010829

 

Physiology

MS = The science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES or /physiol with organs, organisms & psychol processes: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.55; DF: PHYSIOL

UI = D010827

 

Physiology, Comparative

AN = SPEC qualif when IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 18.13.4; DF: PHYSIOL COMPARATIVE

UI = D010828

 

Physostigma

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of PHYSOSTIGMINE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029906

 

Physostigmine

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

UI = D010830

 

Phytanic Acid

MS = A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.

UI = D010831

 

Phytic Acid

MS = Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D010833

 

Phytochrome

MS = A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.

AN = a blue-green pigment of plants; a plant protein

UI = D010834

 

Phytohemagglutinins

MS = Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture.

AN = X refs show the source

UI = D010835

 

Phytol

UI = D010836

 

Phytolacca

MS = A plant genus of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE, order Caryophyllales.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029603

 

Phytolacca americana

MS = A plant species of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE. The root has been used in traditional medicine and contains POKEWEED MITOGENS, triterpene glycosides, and antiviral protein.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029604

 

Phytolacca dodecandra

MS = A plant species of the family PHYTOLACCACEAE. The root has been used in traditional medicine and contains SAPONINS used to poison SNAILS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029605

 

Phytolaccaceae

MS = The pokeweed plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are alternate, simple and smooth-edged and the flowers are in spikes or panicles and are usually bisexual.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029602

 

Phytomastigophorea

MS = A class of protozoa consisting of plantlike flagellates. Its organisms are free-living and have one or two flagella.

AN = a class of protozoa

UI = D016821

 

Phytophthora

MS = A genus of destructive parasitic algae in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, affecting numerous fruit, vegetable, and other crops. Differentiation of zoospores usually takes place in the sporangium and no vesicle is formed.

AN = an alga belonging to the group OOMYCETES

UI = D010838

 

Phytoplankton

MS = Free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. The term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. Most, but not all, are unicellular ALGAE. Important groups include DIATOMS, DINOFLAGELLATES, CYANOBACTERIA, CHLOROPHYTA, coccolithophorids, cryptomonads, and silicoflagellates.

AN = coord with specific organism; phototrophic bacterioplankton: index PHYTOPLANKTON + PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA or specific

UI = D010839

 

Phytosterols

UI = D010840

 

Phytotherapy

MS = Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

AN = coord IM disease /drug ther (IM) + specific plant (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ ther use (IM or NIM) + specific chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D008517

 

Pia Mater

UI = D010841

 

Pica

MS = The persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least one month. (DSM-IV)

UI = D010842

 

Picea

MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen, pyramidal trees with whorled branches and thin, scaly bark. Each of the linear, spirally arranged leaves is jointed near the stem on a separate woody base.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028222

 

Pichia

MS = Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES isolated from exuded tree sap.

UI = D010843

 

Pichinde virus

MS = A species of ARENAVIRUS, one of the New World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD), causing a fatal infection in the cricetine rodent Oryzomys albigularis. Asymptomatic laboratory infection in humans has been reported.

AN = infection: coord IM with ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018052

 

Picibanil

MS = A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.

AN = DF: OK 432 or OK-432

UI = D010844

 

Pick Disease of the Brain

MS = A rare form of DEMENTIA that is sometimes familial. Clinical features include APHASIA; APRAXIA; CONFUSION; ANOMIA; memory loss; and personality deterioration. This pattern is consistent with the pathologic findings of circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the FRONTAL LOBE and TEMPORAL LOBE. Neuronal loss is maximal in the HIPPOCAMPUS, entorhinal cortex, and AMYGDALA. Some ballooned cortical neurons contain argentophylic (Pick) bodies. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Apr;8(2):339-54; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1057-9)

UI = D020774

 

Pickwickian Syndrome

MS = Extreme obesity with polycythemia, somnolence, hypoventilation, arterial unsaturation and hypercapnia, and pulmonary hypertension.

AN = obesity with somnolence, blood & resp disord

UI = D010845

 

Picloram

MS = A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.

UI = D010846

 

Picobirnavirus

MS = Unclassified, bisegmented, double-stranded RNA virus isolated from the feces of humans and other animals. Some reports associate it with gastroenteritis in humans.

AN = an unclassified RNA virus; from pico (tiny) + bi(segmented) + RNA virus; infection: coord IM with RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018708

 

Picolines

MS = A group of compounds that are monomethyl derivatives of pyridines. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D010847

 

Picolinic Acids

UI = D010848

 

Picornaviridae

MS = A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are six genera: APHTHOVIRUS; CARDIOVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; HEPATOVIRUS; PARECHOVIRUS; and RHINOVIRUS.

AN = infection = PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D010849

 

Picornaviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the PICORNAVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D010850

 

Picrasma

MS = A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain javanicins, picrasinoside and other quassinoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032270

 

Picrates

UI = D010851

 

Picrorhiza

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain scrosides (CINNAMATES) and phenylethanoid glycoside. P. kurrooa is the source of picroliv (a purified iridoid glycoside fraction from the roots having hepatoprotective, anti- inflammatory and antioxidant properties).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032261

 

Picrotoxin

MS = A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.

UI = D010852

 

Picryl Chloride

MS = A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).

UI = D010853

 

Pictorial Works [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting exclusively or mainly of pictures but not technical drawings.

UI = D020495

 

Piebaldism

MS = Autosomal dominant, congenital disorder characterized by localized hypomelanosis of the skin and hair. The most familiar feature is a white forelock presenting in 80 to 90 percent of the patients. The underlying defect is possibly related to the differentiation and migration of melanoblasts, as well as to defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). Piebaldism may be closely related to Waardenburg's syndrome.

AN = hypopigmentation of skin & hair; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016116

 

Piedra

MS = Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon beigelii.

AN = fungus dis of hair shaft: see MeSH definition

UI = D010854

 

Pierre Robin Syndrome

MS = An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by brachygnathia and cleft palate, often associated with glossoptosis, backward and upward displacement of the larynx, and angulation of the manubrium sterni. Cleft palate makes sucking and swallowing difficult, permitting easy access of fluids into the larynx. It may appear in several syndromes or as an isolated hypoplasia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = multiple oral abnorm; named for French dentist Pierre Robin: Robin is his surname; note: no hyphen; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D010855

 

Pigeons

AN = includes doves; IM except in psychol articles: qualif permitted; NIM in psychol: no qualif

UI = D010856

 

Pigment Epithelium of Eye

MS = Epithelium in the retina, ciliary body, and iris containing pigment granules.

AN = includes pigment epithelium of retina, ciliary body & iris; detachment = RETINAL DETACHMENT

UI = D010857

 

Pigmentation

MS = Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.

AN = differentiate from COLOR in that PIGMENTATION is related to biological PIGMENTS: COLOR need not involve these

UI = D010858

 

Pigmentation Disorders

AN = do not restrict to skin despite category; do not confuse X ref INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ACHROMIANS with INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI

UI = D010859

 

Pigments

MS = Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms.

AN = largely biol: differentiate from DYES, usually non-biol

UI = D010860

 

Pili, Sex

MS = Filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. These pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. Normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p675) This preferred use of "pili" refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL), also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion.

AN = note X refs: do not confuse with COMMON PILI see FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL; coord IM with specific bacterium (IM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D018933

 

Pilocarpine

MS = A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D010862

 

Pilocarpus

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE that is the natural source of PILOCARPINE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032103

 

Piloerection

MS = Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs.

UI = D010863

 

Pilomatrixoma

MS = A tumor composed of cells resembling those of the hair matrix, which undergo 'mummification' and may calcify. It is a relatively uncommon tumor, which may occur at any age from infancy. The majority of patients are under 20, and females are affected more than males. The lesion is usually a solitary deep dermal or subcutaneous tumor 3-30 mm in diameter, situated in the head, neck, or upper extremity. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2401)

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + HAIR DISEASES (IM)

UI = D018296

 

Pilonidal Sinus

MS = A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.

AN = non-neoplastic; a hair-containing cyst or sinus usually in the coccygeal region: no organ coord needed; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D010864

 

Pilot Projects

MS = Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D010865

 

Pimelic Acids

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.

UI = D010867

 

Pimenta

MS = A plant genus in the family MYRTACEAE, order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known for allspice from the dried berry of Pimenta diocia.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027841

 

Pimozide

MS = A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)

UI = D010868

 

Pimpinella

MS = A plant genus in the family APIACEAE (Umbelliferae) that is used in SPICES and is a source of anethole.

AN = distinguish from Star Anise (ILLICIUM); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028042

 

Pinaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta, known for the various conifers.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028201

 

Pinacidil

MS = A potassium-channel opener that produces direct peripheral vasodilatation of the arterioles. It reduces blood pressure and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020110

 

Pindolol

MS = A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)

UI = D010869

 

Pineal Gland

MS = A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other biogenic amines, and neuropeptides.

AN = neopl: do not consider PINEALOMA a synonym: coord PINEAL GLAND (IM) with BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of type (IM)

UI = D010870

 

Pinealoma

MS = Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)

AN = coord IM with BRAIN NEOPLASMS + PINEAL GLAND (IM)

UI = D010871

 

Pinellia

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE that contains pinellian (an acidic polysaccharide). The plant is an ingredient of some traditional Asian medicinal mixtures including sho-saiko-to, saiko-keishi-to, and banxia houpu decoction.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030021

 

Pinnipedia

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer SEALS & WALRUS; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D010872

 

Pinocytosis

MS = The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.

UI = D010873

 

Pinta

MS = An infectious disease of the skin caused by Treponema carateum that occurs only in the western hemisphere. Age of onset is between 10 and 20 years of age. This condition is characterized by marked changes in the skin color and is believed to be transmitted by direct person-to-person contact.

AN = a nonvenereal treponemal skin infect

UI = D010874

 

Pinus

MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028223

 

Pipecolic Acids

UI = D010875

 

Pipecuronium

MS = A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used during halothane ANESTHESIA and during obstetric and gynecologic surgery.

UI = D017300

 

Pipemidic Acid

MS = Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.

UI = D010876

 

Piper

MS = A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE that includes species used for spicy and stimulating qualities.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031701

 

Piper betle

MS = A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE that is indigenous in the Indian Malay region and cultivated in Madagascar, and the West Indies. It contains chavibetol, chavicol and cadinene. The leaf is chewed as a stimulant, antiseptic and sialogogue. The common name of betel is also used for ARECA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031721

 

Piper nigrum

MS = A plant species in the PIPERACEAE plant family. It is a common spice on foods and is used medicinally to increase gastrointestinal assimilation of other supplements and drugs. PIPERINE is a key component. Black pepper is picked unripe and heaped for a few days to ferment. White Pepper is the ripe fruit dehulled by maceration in water.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029222

 

Piperaceae

MS = A family of flowering plants in the order Piperales best known for the black pepper widely used in SPICES, and for KAVA and Betel used for neuroactive properties.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D026321

 

Piperacillin

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for Pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.

UI = D010878

 

Piperazines

UI = D010879

 

Piperidines

MS = A family of hexahydropyridines. Piperidine itself is found in the pepper plant as the alkaloid piperine.

UI = D010880

 

Piperidones

UI = D010881

 

Piperonyl Butoxide

MS = An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and ROTENONE.

UI = D010882

 

Piperoxan

MS = A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.

UI = D010883

 

Pipidae

MS = A family of the order Anura, distinguished by the lack of a tongue. It includes four living genera of aquatic "toads". Two of the most familiar pipids are the popularly called Surinam "toad" (Pipa pipa) and XENOPUS LAEVIS.

AN = tongueless frogs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D010884

 

Pipobroman

MS = An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.

UI = D010885

 

Piracetam

MS = A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.

UI = D010889

 

Pirenzepine

MS = An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.

UI = D010890

 

Piribedil

MS = A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.

UI = D010891

 

Pirinitramide

MS = A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.

UI = D010892

 

Piromidic Acid

MS = Antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. It is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections.

UI = D010893

 

Piromyces

MS = A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTICALES, containing uniflagellate zoospores.

UI = D020089

 

Piroplasmia

MS = A subclass of heteroxenous parasitic protozoa usually transmitted by ticks. Its organisms are rod-shaped or amoeboid with conoid, oocysts, spores, and pseudocysts absent. Locomotion is by body flexion, gliding, or, in sexual stages, by large axopodium-like organelles.

AN = a subclass of tick-borne protozoa: do not confuse with order PIROPLASMIDA

UI = D016791

 

Piroplasmida

MS = An order of protozoa comprising heteroxenous tick-borne blood parasites. Representative genera include BABESIA, Dactylosoma, and THEILERIA.

AN = an order of tick-borne protozoa: do not confuse with subclass PIROPLASMIA

UI = D016792

 

Piroxicam

MS = A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.

UI = D010894

 

Pistacia

MS = A plant genus in the ANACARDIACEAE family known for the Pistachio nuts and for gum Mastic.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027927

 

Pit and Fissure Sealants

MS = Agents used to occlude dental enamel pits and fissures in the prevention of dental caries.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PIT SEALANTS

UI = D010895

 

Pitcairn Island

MS = An island in Polynesia, in the south Pacific Ocean. It was discovered in 1767 by Philip Carteret, uninhabited until 1790 when settled by mutineers from the English ship, Bounty. The settlement was discovered in 1808; the population was removed temporarily to Tahiti in 1831 and to Norfolk Island (between New Caledonia and New Zealand) in 1856. Some later returned to Pitcairn and their descendents constitute the present population of this British colony. The island is named for the midshipman who first sighted it from the ship. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p958 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p422)

AN = an island in Polynesia, settled by the mutineers from the Bounty

UI = D010896

 

Pitch Discrimination

MS = The ability to differentiate tones.

AN = do not confuse with PITCH PERCEPTION

UI = D010897

 

Pitch Perception

MS = A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.

AN = do not confuse with PITCH DISCRIMINATION

UI = D010898

 

Pituitary Apoplexy

MS = Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely COMA. The most common cause is hemorrhage (INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES) related to a pituitary ADENOMA (see also PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). Ischemia; MENINGITIS; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.

UI = D010899

 

Pituitary Diseases

MS = Disorders of the anterior or posterior pituitary gland which usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of pituitary hormones. Pituitary mass lesions may also produce compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific part of pituitary (IM); PITUITARY APOPLEXY is available

UI = D010900

 

Pituitary Function Tests

AN = test of pituit funct or hormonal secretion: do not confuse with PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION TESTS, test of pituit funct in relation to adrenal funct or corticoid production

UI = D010901

 

Pituitary Gland

MS = A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR or PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR; pars distalis is indexed under PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR; /rad eff: consider also PITUITARY IRRADIATION, a radiother procedure; /surg: probably HYPOPHYSECTOMY; consider also PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM & HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM

UI = D010902

 

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

MS = The glandular or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

AN = diseases: coord IM with PITUITARY DISEASES or specific pituitary dis (IM)

UI = D010903

 

Pituitary Gland, Posterior

MS = The neural or post-neural lobe of the pituitary gland. The infundibulum is considered part of the posterior pituitary by most authors.

AN = diseases: coord IM with PITUITARY DISEASES or specific pituitary dis (IM)

UI = D010904

 

Pituitary Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormones

MS = Polypeptide hormones produced in the hypothalamus which inhibit the release of pituitary hormones. Used for PHRIH in general or for which there is no specific heading.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PHRIH

UI = D010905

 

Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones

MS = Hormones released by one structure (e.g., the hypothalamus or the thyroid gland) that effect the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

AN = IM + coord with specific hormone (IM) but note many specific precoords available; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PHRH

UI = D010906

 

Pituitary Hormones

MS = Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific hormone; /defic: consider also HYPOPITUITARISM & its specifics

UI = D010907

 

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

MS = Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D010908

 

Pituitary Hormones, Posterior

MS = Hormones released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. They are formed in the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in nerve cell endings in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D010909

 

Pituitary Irradiation

AN = ionizing; a radiother procedure: do not confuse with eff of rad on pituitary ( = PITUITARY GLAND /rad eff); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010910

 

Pituitary Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

AN = coord IM with site in pituitary (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010911

 

Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests

AN = pituit funct in relation to adrenal funct or corticoid production: differentiate from PITUITARY FUNCTION TESTS, test of pituit funct or hormonal secretion

UI = D010912

 

Pituitary-Adrenal System

MS = The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

AN = hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM

UI = D010913

 

Pityriasis

MS = A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a papulosquamous skin dis

UI = D010915

 

Pityriasis Lichenoides

MS = A subgroup of PARAPSORIASIS itself divided into acute and chronic forms. The acute form is characterized by the abrupt onset of a generalized, reddish-brown, maculopapular eruption. Lesions may be vesicular, hemorrhagic, crusted, or necrotic. Histologically the disease is characterized by epidermal necrolysis. The chronic form shows milder skin changes with necrosis. An important variant of the chronic form is LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS.

AN = a form of parapsoriasis & of pityriasis

UI = D017514

 

Pityriasis Rosea

MS = A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.

UI = D017515

 

Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris

MS = A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.

UI = D010916

 

Pivampicillin

MS = Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.

UI = D010917

 

Pizotyline

MS = Serotonin antagonist used against migraine and vascular headaches.

UI = D010918

 

Placebo Effect

MS = An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.

AN = "placebo" is not restricted to drugs; IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease (IM); no qualif; DF: PLACEBO EFF

UI = D015990

 

Placebos

MS = Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.

AN = usually NIM; do not index routinely for articles on CLINICAL TRIALS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; etc., unless particularly discussed; Manual 18.12.13

UI = D010919

 

Placenta

MS = A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

AN = mammals only; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; /blood supply: consider PLACENTAL CIRCULATION; placental serum or placental blood = PLACENTA + BLOOD

UI = D010920

 

Placenta Accreta

MS = Abnormal adherence of part or all of the placenta to the uterine wall, with partial or complete absence of the decidua basalis, especially of the spongiosum layer. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = adherence of placenta to uterine wall; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D010921

 

Placenta Diseases

AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; "fetal malnutrition" : index under PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY

UI = D010922

 

Placenta Praevia

MS = A placenta which develops in the lower uterine segment, in the zone of dilatation, so that it covers or adjoins the internal os. Painless hemorrhage in the last trimester, particularly during the eighth month, is the most common symptom. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a placenta developing in dilatation zone of uterus; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D010923

 

Placenta, Retained

MS = A placenta which is either adherent or incarcerated by irregular uterine contractions, and which in consequence fails to be expelled after birth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a placenta failing to be expelled after birth; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D018457

 

Placental Circulation

MS = The circulation of blood, of both the mother and the fetus, through the placenta.

AN = DF: PLACENTAL CIRC

UI = D021041

 

Placental Extracts

MS = Extracts prepared from placental tissue; they may contain specific but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities.

AN = extracts of placenta or placental fractions; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from the placenta, as "peptides extracted from the mouse placenta" ( = PEPTIDES /anal + PLACENTA /chem)

UI = D010924

 

Placental Function Tests

MS = Methods used for the assessment of placental function.

AN = NIM

UI = D010925

 

Placental Hormones

MS = Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).

UI = D010926

 

Placental Insufficiency

MS = Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.

AN = inadequate oxygen & nutrients to fetus via placenta; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D010927

 

Placental Lactogen

MS = A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kD that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.

UI = D010928

 

Placentation

MS = Development of a site of fetomaternal union for physiologic exchange, a placenta or placenta-like organ.

AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D010929

 

Plagiarism

MS = Passing off as one's own the work of another without credit.

AN = IM; do not confuse with DUPLICATE PUBLICATION: read MeSH definition; no qualif

UI = D015714

 

Plague

MS = An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.

AN = Pasteurella pestis or Yersinia pestis infection only; swine plague = HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA /vet (IM) + SWINE DISEASES (IM) but do not confuse with African swine plague ( = AFRICAN SWINE FEVER)

UI = D010930

 

Plague Vaccine

MS = A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.

UI = D010931

 

Planarians

MS = Nonparasitic free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria. The most common genera are Dugesia, formerly Planaria, which lives in water, and Bipalium, which lives on land. Geoplana occurs in South America and California.

AN = non-parasitic flatworms used in regeneration experiments

UI = D010932

 

Planets

MS = Heavenly bodies with their own motion among the stars, revolving, in the case of the solar system, around the sun, along the plane of the ecliptic. They are grouped into inner planets and outer planets, based on distance from the sun and common characteristics.

AN = no qualif; does not include comets or meteors: METEOROIDS is available; natural satellites: index under SOLAR SYSTEM

UI = D016083

 

Plankton

MS = Community of tiny aquatic organisms, both PLANTS and ANIMALS, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.

AN = coord with specific organism; PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON are also available; non-phototrophic bacterioplankton: index PLANKTON + BACTERIA or specific; phototrophic bacterioplankton: index PHYTOPLANKTON + PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA or specific

UI = D010933

 

Planning Techniques

MS = Procedures, strategies, and theories of planning.

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D010934

 

Plant Bark

MS = The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.

UI = D024301

 

Plant Components

MS = The anatomical components of a plant, including SEEDS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific anat part

UI = D018514

 

Plant Components, Aerial

MS = The above-ground plant without the roots.

AN = coord with specific plant

UI = D035261

 

Plant Diseases

MS = Diseases of plants.

AN = coord with specific causative organism if pertinent but not with infection term

UI = D010935

 

Plant Epidermis

MS = A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = outer integument of plants; IM; coord with specific plant if pertinent (IM)

UI = D019441

 

Plant Extracts

MS = Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

AN = IM GEN only; NIM when specific plant term is IM; /ther use: coord with disease /drug ther, not /ther; extracts of medicinal plants in Chinese med = PLANT EXTRACTS, CHINESE see DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL: TN J

UI = D010936

 

Plant Families and Groups

MS = Groupings that include specific plants within larger families or divisions.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D019669

 

Plant Growth Regulators

MS = Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by micro-organism; DF: PLANT GROWTH REG

UI = D010937

 

Plant Leaves

MS = Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = part of a plant shoot; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)

UI = D018515

 

Plant Lectins

MS = Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

UI = D037121

 

Plant Oils

MS = Oils derived from plants or plant products.

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific plant source of oil (IM or NIM) but not PLANTS; "yusho poisoning": see note on RICE

UI = D010938

 

Plant Physiology

MS = Physiological functions characteristic of plants.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PLANT PHYSIOL

UI = D018521

 

Plant Poisoning

MS = Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.

AN = human & animal; coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific dis /etiol (IM); do not coord with food plants in Cat J: index under specific Cat J2 food plant /pois (IM), as FRUIT /pois or GARLIC /pois but not also here; Jamaican vomiting sickness: index PLANT POISONING + HYPOGLYCINS /pois

UI = D010939

 

Plant Preparations

MS = Material prepared from plants for medicinal purposes.

AN = coord with specific plant and PLANT COMPONENTS term; for use in therapy coord IM or NIM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + specific chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028321

 

Plant Proteins

MS = Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

AN = dietary plant proteins: coord IM with specific plant (IM) + specific protein (IM) + DIETARY PROTEINS (IM) but note that VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available (see note there); nutritive value of plant proteins: coord IM with specific protein (IM) + NUTRITIVE VALUE (NIM) but not also DIETARY PROTEINS

UI = D010940

 

Plant Root Cap

MS = A cone-shaped structure in plants made up of a mass of meristematic cells that covers and protects the tip of a growing root. It is the putative site of gravity sensing in plant roots.

AN = composed of meristem cells; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)

UI = D018518

 

Plant Roots

MS = The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

AN = underground structure of a plant; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)

UI = D018517

 

Plant Shoots

MS = New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves and tips of branches.

AN = for new root growth use MERISTEM; coord with specific plant

UI = D018520

 

Plant Stems

MS = Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

AN = coord with specific plant; PLANT BARK is also available

UI = D018547

 

Plant Transpiration

MS = The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

AN = loss of water vapor in plants

UI = D018526

 

Plant Tubers

MS = An enlarged underground root or stem of some plants. It is usually rich in carbohydrates. Some, such as POTATOES, are important human FOOD. They may reproduce vegetatively from buds.

AN = coord with specific plant

UI = D035281

 

Plant Tumor-Inducing Plasmids

MS = Plasmids coding for proteins which induce PLANT TUMORS. The most notable example of a plant tumor inducing plasmid is the Ti plasmid found associated with AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS.

UI = D036741

 

Plant Tumors

MS = A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)

UI = D010941

 

Plant Viruses

MS = Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

UI = D010942

 

Plantago

MS = A plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae, order Plantaginales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.

AN = Xref PLANTAIN: for the banana-like fruit or green plantain flour use MUSA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D010943

 

Plants

MS = Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations.

AN = GEN only: prefer specific groups or specific plants; plants or "plant tissue": Manual 31.10; /anat: consider also PLANT COMPONENTS; /embryol: consider also SEEDS; policy 22.30, 36.25; plants used in therapy = PHYTOTHERAPY: Manual 26.29

UI = D010944

 

Plants, Edible

MS = An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.

AN = as plants & food; prefer FRUIT (J) or VEGETABLES (J) if ascertainable; specify geog if pertinent; use qualif available to PLANTS with discretion

UI = D010945

 

Plants, Genetically Modified

MS = PLANTS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their progeny.

AN = coord with specific plant /genet

UI = D030821

 

Plants, Medicinal

MS = Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, or other pharmacologic activity when administered to higher animals.

AN = IM GEN only; spec geog if pertinent;

UI = D010946

 

Plants, Toxic

MS = Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.

AN = IM GEN only

UI = D010947

 

Plaque Assay

MS = Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in cultured cells. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the viral particles are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some viruses, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain viral antigens which can be measured by immunofluorescence.

AN = for viruses; coord IM or NIM with specific virus /growth (IM); do not confuse with HEMOLYTIC PLAQUE TECHNIQUE in immunol

UI = D010948

 

Plasma

AN = restrict to plasma for transfusions or plasma when compared with serum or blood cells or whole blood; substances in plasma = /blood, not PLASMA; policy: Manual 21.47, 25.14.5; for X ref FRESH FROZEN PLASMA do not coord with FREEZING nor BLOOD PRESERVATION

UI = D010949

 

Plasma Cells

MS = Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)

AN = not for BLOOD CELLS: they are antibody-producing cells; A 11 qualif

UI = D010950

 

Plasma Exchange

MS = Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010951

 

Plasma Kallikrein

MS = A peptidohydrolytic enzyme that is formed from PREKALLIKREIN by FACTOR XIIA. It activates FACTOR XII; FACTOR VII; and PLASMINOGEN. It is selective for both ARGININE and to a lesser extent LYSINE bonds. EC 3.4.21.34.

UI = D020842

 

Plasma Substitutes

MS = Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.

AN = do not confuse with BLOOD SUBSTITUTES which carry O2 to & CO2 from tissue; D25-26 qualif

UI = D010952

 

Plasma Volume

MS = Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques.

AN = coord IM with disease /physiopathol, not /blood

UI = D010953

 

Plasmacytoma

MS = Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in bone marrow or various extramedullary sites.

AN = solitary = PLASMACYTOMA; multiple = MULTIPLE MYELOMA; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D010954

 

Plasmalogens

MS = Any GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids.

AN = do not confuse X ref here with specific phosphatidyl compounds in MeSH

UI = D010955

 

Plasmapheresis

MS = Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D010956

 

Plasmids

MS = Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species.

AN = bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal & plant; R PLASMIDS see R FACTORS is available

UI = D010957

 

Plasmin

MS = A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by PLASMINOGEN activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins.

UI = D005341

 

Plasminogen

MS = Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent.

AN = an enzyme precursor & fibrinolytic agent; /antag: do not confuse with PLASMINOGEN INACTIVATORS which modulate PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS, not PLASMINOGEN

UI = D010958

 

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1

MS = A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.

AN = a serpin; DF: note short X ref

UI = D017395

 

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2

MS = Member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.

AN = a serpin; DF: note short X ref

UI = D017396

 

Plasminogen Activators

MS = A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /antag: consider also PLASMINOGEN INACTIVATORS

UI = D010960

 

Plasminogen Inactivators

MS = Important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. Four inhibitors, all belonging to the serpin family of proteins, have been implicated in plasminogen activation inhibition. They are PAI-1, PAI-2, protease-nexin, and PROTEIN C INHIBITOR; (PAI-3). All inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.

AN = serpins; DF: PLASMINOGEN INACT

UI = D015849

 

Plasmodesmata

MS = Membrane-like channels of cytoplasm connecting adjacent plant cells. Plasmodesmata connect through pores in the CELL WALL and associate with the CYTOSKELETON machinery. They are essential for intercellular transport and communication.

UI = D031425

 

Plasmodium

MS = A genus of coccidian protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection = MALARIA; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D010961

 

Plasmodium berghei

MS = A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.

AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D010962

 

Plasmodium chabaudi

MS = A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles stephensi.

AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016788

 

Plasmodium cynomolgi

MS = A protozoan parasite that occurs naturally in the macaque. It is similar to PLASMODIUM VIVAX and produces a type of malaria similar to vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species has been found to give rise to both natural and experimental human infections.

AN = in macaques; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016789

 

Plasmodium falciparum

MS = A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

AN = infection = MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D010963

 

Plasmodium gallinaceum

MS = A protozoan parasite that causes avian malaria (MALARIA, AVIAN), primarily in chickens, and is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito.

AN = in chickens; infection = MALARIA, AVIAN (see note there); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D010964

 

Plasmodium knowlesi

MS = A protozoan parasite from Southeast Asia that causes monkey malaria. It is naturally acquired by man in Malaysia and can also be transmitted experimentally to humans.

AN = in monkeys; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016790

 

Plasmodium malariae

MS = A protozoan parasite that occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate areas. It is the causal agent of quartan malaria. As the parasite grows it exhibits little ameboid activity.

AN = infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D010965

 

Plasmodium ovale

MS = A species of protozoan parasite causing MALARIA. It is the rarest of the four species of PLASMODIUM infecting humans, but is common in West African countries and neighboring areas.

AN = infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D041122

 

Plasmodium vivax

MS = A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.

AN = infection = MALARIA, VIVAX; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D010966

 

Plasmodium yoelii

MS = A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.

AN = in rodents; infection: coord IM with MALARIA (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord wtih ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D010967

 

Plastic Embedding

MS = The infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome.

AN = coord IM with embedding material (IM or NIM with no qualif)

UI = D016613

 

Plasticizers

MS = Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010968

 

Plastics

MS = Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D010969

 

Plastids

MS = Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies.

AN = organelles in plants or algae; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with PLANTS; ALGAE; or specific plant or alga usually NIM

UI = D018087

 

Plastocyanin

MS = A copper-containing plant protein that is a fundamental link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.

AN = a plant protein

UI = D010970

 

Plastoquinone

MS = Polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical bonds.

UI = D010971

 

Platelet Activating Factor

MS = A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction.

AN = a platelet aggreg factor; DF: note short X ref

UI = D010972

 

Platelet Activation

MS = A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.

UI = D015539

 

Platelet Adhesiveness

MS = The process whereby platelets adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., collagen, basement membranes, microfibrils, or other "foreign" surfaces.

UI = D010973

 

Platelet Aggregation

MS = The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus.

UI = D010974

 

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors

MS = Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.

AN = DF: PLATELET INHIB

UI = D010975

 

Platelet Count

MS = A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood.

AN = NIM; coord with disease /blood, not /physiopathol

UI = D010976

 

Platelet Factor 3

MS = A lipoprotein with pronounced electronegative surface charge found in association with platelet membrane and platelet granules. In the sequence of blood coagulation reactions, it is required for activation of factor VIII and for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

AN = a coagulant

UI = D010977

 

Platelet Factor 4

MS = A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan.

UI = D010978

 

Platelet Function Tests

AN = NIM

UI = D010979

 

Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex

MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex essential for normal platelet adhesion and clot formation at sites of vascular injury. It is composed of three polypeptides, GPIb alpha, GPIb beta, and GPIX. Glycoprotein Ib functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor and for thrombin. Congenital deficiency of the GPIb-IX complex results in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelet glycoprotein GPV associates with GPIb-IX and is also absent in Bernard-Soulier syndrome.

AN = important in platelet aggreg; note X refs as CD42 antigens; DF: GPIB IX

UI = D019038

 

Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex

MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. It is an integrin complex containing INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB and INTEGRIN BETA3 which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. As such, it is a receptor for FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; FIBRONECTIN; VITRONECTIN; and THROMBOSPONDINS. A deficiency of GPIIb-IIIa results in GLANZMANN THROMBASTHENIA.

UI = D019039

 

Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb

MS = Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb is an integrin alpha subunit that heterodimerizes with INTEGRIN BETA3 to form PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX. It is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain which is then postranslationally cleaved and processed into two disulfide-linked subunits of approximately 18 and 110 kD in size.

UI = D040201

 

Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins

MS = Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D010980

 

Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency

MS = Disorder characterized by a decrease or lack of platelet dense bodies in which the releasable pool of adenine nucleotides and 5HT are normally stored.

UI = D010981

 

Platelet Transfusion

MS = The transfer of blood platelets from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; for transfusion back to donor, coord IM with BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS (NIM)

UI = D017713

 

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

MS = Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alpha-granules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PDGF

UI = D010982

 

Plateletpheresis

MS = The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; removal of platelets & return of plateletless blood to donor: do not confuse with PLATELET TRANSFUSION

UI = D010983

 

Platinum

MS = Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae".

AN = Pt-195; Pt-194, 196, 198 = PLATINUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Pt-173-193, 197, 199, 200 = PLATINUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D010984

 

Platinum Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PLATINUM CPDS

UI = D017671

 

Platybasia

MS = A developmental deformity of the occipital bone and upper end of the cervical spine, in which the latter appears to have pushed the floor of the occipital bone upward. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = occipital bone abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D010985

 

Platycodon

MS = A plant genus of the family CAMPANULACEAE that contains platycodin and other triterpenoid SAPONINS. It is a constituent of kikyo-to (MEDICINE, KAMPO).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031238

 

Platyhelminths

MS = A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda.

AN = infection = CESTODE INFECTIONS or TREMATODE INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D010986

 

Platypus

MS = A small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order Monotremata found in Australia and Tasmania.

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D010987

 

Play and Playthings

MS = Spontaneous or voluntary recreational activities pursued for enjoyment and accessories or equipment used in the activities; includes games, toys, etc.

AN = /psychol permitted but do not confuse with PLAY THERAPY; includes games; DF: PLAY

UI = D010988

 

Play Therapy

MS = A treatment technique utilizing play as a medium for expression and communication between patient and therapist.

AN = a psychother technique; DF: PLAY THER

UI = D010989

 

Pleasure-Pain Principle

MS = The psychoanalytic concept that man instinctively seeks to avoid pain and discomfort and strives for gratification and pleasure.

AN = no qualif

UI = D010990

 

Plectranthus

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains eudesmane sesquiterpenes and antimicrobial abietane diterpenoids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031346

 

Plectrovirus

MS = A genus of bacteriophages of the family INOVIRIDAE. Organisms of this genus infect Acholeplasma and Spiroplasma.

AN = a bacteriophage genus of the family Inoviridae

UI = D017913

 

Pleistophora

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoa in the family Pleistophoridae that infects humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021864

 

Plesiomonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016981

 

Plethysmography

MS = Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; "venous occlusion plethysmography" & "strain gauge plethysmography" go here; DF: PLETHYSMOGR

UI = D010991

 

Plethysmography, Impedance

MS = Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not confuse X ref RHEOGRAPHY with "rheography" as a synonym for the study of flow dynamics of body & other fluids ( = RHEOLOGY); DF: PLETHYSMOGR IMPEDANCE

UI = D010992

 

Plethysmography, Whole Body

MS = Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = used in resp funct tests; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PLETHYSMOGR WHOLE BODY

UI = D010993

 

Pleura

MS = The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs (LUNG) and lining the THORACIC CAVITY.

AN = /surg: consider also PNEUMONOLYSIS; inflammation = PLEURISY; PLEURAL CAVITY is also available

UI = D010994

 

Pleural Cavity

MS = Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.

AN = PLEURA is also available

UI = D035422

 

Pleural Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PLEURISY

UI = D010995

 

Pleural Effusion

MS = Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.

AN = note category; presence of fluid in the pleural space; PLEURAL EFFUSION, MALIGNANT is also available

UI = D010996

 

Pleural Effusion, Malignant

MS = Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.

AN = note category; presence of fluid in the pleural space as a compl of cancer

UI = D016066

 

Pleural Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms of the thin serous membrane that envelopes the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. Pleural neoplasms are exceedingly rare and are usually not diagnosed until they are advanced because in the early stages they produce no symptoms.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D010997

 

Pleurisy

AN = same as "pleuritis" in foreign lit

UI = D010998

 

Pleurodeles

MS = A genus of aquatic newts belonging to the family Salamandridae and sometimes referred to as "spiny" tritons. There are two species P. waltlii and P. poireti. P. waltlii is commonly used in the laboratory. Since this genus adapts to aquarium living, it is easy to maintain in laboratories.

AN = aquatic newt; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D010999

 

Pleurodesis

MS = The production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura. The procedure is used in the treatment of bronchopleural fistulas, malignant pleural effusions, and pneumothorax and often involves instillation of chemicals or other agents into the pleural space causing, in effect, a pleuritis that seals the air leak. (From Fishman, Pulmonary Diseases, 2d ed, p2233 & Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = instillation of a drug or other agent into pleural space to seal pleural fistula, effusion, etc.; IM; coord with dis /ther & specific drug /admin (IM) if pertinent

UI = D018700

 

Pleurodynia, Epidemic

MS = An acute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics. It is usually caused by coxsackieviruses B and sometimes by coxsackieviruses A; echoviruses; or other enteroviruses.

UI = D011000

 

Pleuropneumonia

MS = Pleurisy complicated with pneumonia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not make a diagnosis: use the term as used by the author

UI = D011001

 

Pleuropneumonia, Contagious

MS = A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.

AN = Mycoplasma infect; animal only; check tag ANIMAL; coord IM with precoord animal/dis term (IM) + animal (NIM) or with animal (IM) in absence of precoord

UI = D011002

 

Pleurotus

MS = A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order Aphyllophorales, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)

UI = D020076

 

Pliability

MS = The quality or state of being able to be bent or creased repeatedly. (From Webster, 3d ed)

AN = NIM; biol & non-biol application

UI = D018583

 

Plicamycin

MS = A tricyclic pentaglycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces strains that inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by adhering to DNA. It is used as a fluorescent dye and as an antineoplastic agent, especially in bone and testicular tumors. Plicamycin is also used to reduce hypercalcemia, especially that due to malignancies.

UI = D008926

 

Ploidies

MS = The degree of replication of the chromosome set in the karyotype.

UI = D011003

 

Plum Pox Virus

MS = A species of the genus POTYVIRUS that affects many species of Prunus. It is transmitted by aphids and by infected rootstocks.

AN = a species of Potyvirus, a mosaic virus

UI = D017801

 

Plumbaginaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Plumbaginales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida of shrubs and herbs. Some members contain anthocyanins and naphthaquinones.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029606

 

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

MS = Syndrome of dysphagia with iron deficiency anemia and mucosal lesions of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

AN = dysphagia with iron defic anemia

UI = D011004

 

Pluripotent Stem Cells

MS = Cells that can give rise to most types of cells but not all types of cells necessary for fetal development. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)

AN = TOTIPOTENT STEM CELLS and MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS are also available

UI = D039904

 

Pluto

MS = The ninth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its only natural satellite is Charon.

AN = 9th (farthest) planet from sun with 1 moon; no qualif

UI = D018542

 

Plutonium

MS = Plutonium. A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, atomic number 94, and atomic weight 242. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

UI = D011005

 

Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis

MS = A condition characterized by the presence of thin-walled, gas-containing cysts in the wall of the intestines. The lesions may be subserosal or submucosal. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = gas-containing cysts in the intestinal wall

UI = D011006

 

Pneumocephalus

MS = Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.

UI = D011007

 

Pneumococcal Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

AN = DF: PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECT

UI = D011008

 

Pneumococcal Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

UI = D022242

 

Pneumoconiosis

MS = Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence.

AN = GEN or specific for which there is no term in MeSH; do not use /chem ind for a dust causing this dis: use /etiol; TN 151: compl of pneumoconiosis; index specific pneumoconioses for which there is no MeSH term here + substance yielding dust, as pneumoconiosis in gold mining: PNEUMOCONIOSIS (IM) + GOLD (IM) + MINING (IM); do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

UI = D011009

 

Pneumocystis carinii

MS = A species of ascomycetous fungi, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales, causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia and other infections in man, as well as infections in other animals. It occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. (From Dorland 28th ed)

AN = a fungus; infection = probably PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII but if not of lungs, index under PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII INFECTIONS (IM) + precoord organ/dis term (IM); coord with pre-coordinated fungal terms (ANTIGENS, FUNGAL, etc) if pertinent

UI = D011010

 

Pneumocystis carinii Infections

MS = Infection with Pneumocystis carinii, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII) and other infections in humans. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.

AN = fungus dis; IM; coord with precoord organ/dis term (IM) but consider more commonly PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII

UI = D016720

 

Pneumoencephalography

MS = Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PNEUMOENCEPHALOGR

UI = D011011

 

Pneumomediastinum, Diagnostic

MS = Deliberate introduction of air or gas into the mediastinum as an aid to examination and diagnosis.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011012

 

Pneumonectomy

MS = The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.

UI = D011013

 

Pneumonia

MS = Inflammation of the lungs.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D011014

 

Pneumonia, Aspiration

MS = A type of pneumonia resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper respiratory tract.

AN = lung inflamm from aspiration of food, liquid or gastric contents; /congen: consider also RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

UI = D011015

 

Pneumonia, Atypical Interstitial, of Cattle

MS = A cattle disease of uncertain cause, probably an allergic reaction.

AN = don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL

UI = D011016

 

Pneumonia, Bacterial

MS = Pneumonia caused by various species of bacteria. Bacterial pneumonia commonly results from bronchogenic spread of infection following microaspiration of secretions. The largest category of this disease arises from community-acquired pneumonias.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific bact infect (IM); DF: PNEUMONIA BACT

UI = D018410

 

Pneumonia, Lipid

MS = Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.

AN = lung inflamm from aspiration or inhalation of oily or fatty substances

UI = D011017

 

Pneumonia, Mycoplasma

MS = Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE.

AN = caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae

UI = D011019

 

Pneumonia, Pneumococcal

MS = A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE. This condition is characterized by inflammation of one or more lobes of the lungs and symptoms include chills, fever, rapid breathing, and cough.

AN = caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

UI = D011018

 

Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii

MS = A pulmonary disease occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii.

AN = a common opportunistic fungus infect in AIDS

UI = D011020

 

Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep

MS = Chronic respiratory disease caused by the VISNA-MAEDI VIRUS. It was formerly believed to be identical with jaagsiekte (PULMONARY ADENOMATOSIS, OVINE) but is now recognized as a separate entity.

AN = caused by a lentivirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011021

 

Pneumonia, Rickettsial

MS = Pneumonia caused by infection with bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE.

AN = coord IM with specific rickettsial infection (IM)

UI = D011022

 

Pneumonia, Staphylococcal

MS = Pneumonia caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. This condition is a frequent complication of viral influenza.

AN = caused by Staphylococcus aureus; DF: PNEUMONIA STAPH or STAPH PNEUMONIA

UI = D011023

 

Pneumonia, Viral

MS = Pneumonia caused by a virus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = coord IM with specific viral dis (IM)

UI = D011024

 

Pneumonolysis

MS = Division of the tissues attaching the lung to the wall of the chest cavity, to permit collapse of the lung. It was formerly used to treat tuberculosis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = loosing the lung from the chest wall; a form of collapse ther in pulm tuberc; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011025

 

Pneumopericardium

UI = D011026

 

Pneumoperitoneum

MS = The presence of gas or air in the peritoneal cavity. It may occur spontaneously or be deliberately introduced as an aid to radiologic examination (PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL). (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a disease; do not confuse with PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL, a radiogr technique; RETROPNEUMOPERITONEUM is also available: see note there

UI = D011027

 

Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial

MS = Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011028

 

Pneumoradiography

MS = Radiography using air, oxygen, or some other gas as a contrast medium.

AN = "radiogr by air, oxygen or some other gas as the contrast medium": nothing to do with LUNG /radiogr; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PNEUMORADIOGR

UI = D011029

 

Pneumothorax

MS = An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process, or be introduced deliberately ( = PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL). (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = accumul of air or gas in pleural cavity: a disease; do not confuse with PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL, a surg procedure

UI = D011030

 

Pneumothorax, Artificial

MS = Injection of air or a more slowly absorbed gas such as nitrogen, into the pleural space to collapse the lung. It was formerly used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = a form of collapse ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; in treating dis, coord Cat C term with /surg

UI = D011031

 

Pneumovirinae

MS = A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE containing two genera: PNEUMOVIRUS; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.

AN = infecton: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018099

 

Pneumovirus

MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE) where the human and bovine virions have neither hemagglutinin nor neuraminidase activity. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN is the type species.

AN = infection = PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D018111

 

Pneumovirus Infections

MS = Infections with viruses of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS, an important cause of respiratory disease in humans.

AN = caused by a RESPIROVIRUS; GEN or unspecified

UI = D018186

 

Poa

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains the Poa p Ia allergen and allergen C KBGP.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031785

 

Poaceae

MS = A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (CEREALS) come from members of this family. HAY FEVER can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D006109

 

Podiatry

MS = A specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders and injuries and anatomic defects of the foot.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; for /educ, coord with med educ terms permitted

UI = D011032

 

Podophyllin

MS = Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.

AN = an antineoplastic & keratolytic agent; /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D011033

 

Podophyllotoxin

MS = A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D011034

 

Podophyllum

MS = A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.

AN = plant only with PODOPHYLLIN the probable Cat D term; prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D011035

 

Podophyllum peltatum

MS = A plant of the genus PODOPHYLLUM, family BERBERIDACEAE (sometimes classified as Podophyllaceae) which is the source of PODOPHYLLIN and of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that inhibits DNA TOPOISOMERASES TYPE II. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.

AN = do not confuse X refs MANDRAKE, AMERICAN with MANDRAKE, EUROPEAN see MANDRAGORA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028144

 

Podoviridae

MS = A family of bacteriophages which are characterized by short, non-contractile tails.

AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol; note X refs; BACTERIOPHAGE T7 is also available

UI = D017902

 

Poecilia

MS = A genus of livebearing cyprinodont fish comprising the guppy and molly. Some species are virtually all female and depend on sperm from other species to stimulate egg development. Poecilia is used in carcinogenicity studies as well as neurologic and physiologic research.

AN = note X refs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011036

 

POEMS Syndrome

MS = A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)

AN = for Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Skin changes; DF: POEMS

UI = D016878

 

Poetry

AN = coord IM with LITERATURE, MEDIEVAL (IM) or LITERATURE, MODERN (IM)

UI = D011037

 

Poikiloderma Congenitale

MS = An autosomal recessive syndrome occurring principally in females, characterized by the presence of reticulated, atrophic, hyperpigmented, telangiectatic cutaneous plaques, often accompanied by juvenile cataracts, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbances in the growth of hair, nails, and teeth, and hypogonadism.

AN = skin & other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D011038

 

Point Mutation

MS = A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

AN = see MUTATION for correct use of /drug eff & /rad eff

UI = D017354

 

Point-of-Care Systems

MS = Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry systems.

UI = D019095

 

Poison Control Centers

MS = Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011039

 

Poisoning

MS = A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent.

AN = a dis concept: the field = TOXICOLOGY; IM; GEN only; prefer /pois with Cat D & J terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.57, 19.9+, 25.11.4; /drug ther: consider also ANTIDOTES; sometimes called "toxicoses" & often called "intoxication" in foreign lit; DF: POIS

UI = D011041

 

Poisons

MS = Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = IM

UI = D011042

 

Poisson Distribution

MS = A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D016012

 

Pokeweed Mitogens

MS = Proteins isolated from the roots of the pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, that agglutinate some erythrocytes, stimulate mitosis and antibody synthesis in lymphocytes, and induce activation of plasma cells.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by pokeweed

UI = D011043

 

Pol1 Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins

MS = Factors that form a preinitiation complex at promoters that are specifically transcribed by RNA POLYMERASE I.

UI = D035463

 

Poland

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D011044

 

Poland Syndrome

MS = A syndrome which is characterized by symbrachydactyly and aplasia of the sternal head of pectoralis major.

AN = abnorm of pectoralis musc with syndactyly, named for A. Poland, 19th cent physician; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D011045

 

Polarity of Translation

MS = Decrease in the synthesis of proteins specified by genes distal to the operator and to the site of a nonsense, frameshift, deletion or insertion mutation in an operon. A mutation which produces polarity is called a polar mutation or a polarity mutation.

UI = D011047

 

Polarography

MS = An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.

AN = DF: POLAROGR

UI = D011048

 

Police

MS = Agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining law and order among the citizenry.

AN = few qualif apply; psychology of the policeman or policewoman: no qualif with POLICE

UI = D016495

 

Policy Making

MS = The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011050

 

Poliomyelitis

MS = An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)

UI = D011051

 

Poliomyelitis, Bulbar

MS = A form of paralytic poliomyelitis affecting neurons of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the brain stem. Clinical features include impaired respiration, HYPERTENSION, alterations of vasomotor control, and dysphagia. Weakness and atrophy of the limbs and trunk due to spinal cord involvement is usually associated. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p765)

AN = DF: POLIO BULBAR

UI = D011052

 

Poliovirus

MS = A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.

AN = infection = POLIOMYELITIS

UI = D017955

 

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated

MS = A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.

UI = D011054

 

Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral

MS = A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = SABIN VACCINE is attenuated (live)

UI = D011055

 

Poliovirus Vaccines

MS = Vaccines used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS. They include inactivated (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED) and oral vaccines (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, ORAL).

UI = D023321

 

Polioviruses

MS = Species of ENTEROVIRUS causing acute infection in humans and leading to nervous system damage in a minority of cases. Humans are the only natural host, but infection can also occur in non-human primates and experimentally in rodents.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics for human poliovirus; infection = POLIOMYELITIS

UI = D011053

 

Political Systems

MS = The units based on political theory and chosen by countries under which their governmental power is organized and administered to their citizens.

AN = specify geog

UI = D011056

 

Politics

MS = Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011057

 

Pollen

MS = The male fertilizing element of flowering PLANTS analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as a dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other FLOWERS to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic.

AN = coord with specific PLANTS term; pollen as an allergen: coord IM with ALLERGENS (IM); hypersensitivity: consider RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY and its specifics particularly HAY FEVER

UI = D011058

 

Polonium

MS = Polonium. A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

UI = D011059

 

Poloxalene

MS = A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.

UI = D011060

 

Poloxamer

MS = A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilising agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020442

 

Poly A

MS = A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

AN = do not confuse with POLY A-U

UI = D011061

 

Poly A-U

MS = A double-stranded polyribonucleotide comprising polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids.

AN = Do not confuse with POLY A

UI = D011063

 

Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose

MS = A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES.

UI = D011064

 

Poly C

MS = A group of cytosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each cytosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

UI = D011066

 

Poly dA-dT

MS = Polydeoxyribonucleotides made up of deoxyadenine nucleotides and thymine nucleotides. Present in DNA preparations isolated from crab species. Synthetic preparations have been used extensively in the study of DNA.

AN = used in DNA studies

UI = D011067

 

Poly G

MS = A group of guanine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each guanine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

UI = D011068

 

Poly I

MS = A group of inosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each inosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

AN = do not confuse with POLY I-C

UI = D011069

 

Poly I-C

MS = Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.

AN = an interferon inducer; do not confuse with POLY I

UI = D011070

 

Poly T

MS = A group of thymine nucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each thymine nucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

UI = D011071

 

Poly U

MS = A group of uridine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each uridine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

UI = D011072

 

Poly(A)-Binding Protein I

MS = A poly(A) binding protein that has a variety of functions such as mRNA stabilization and protection of RNA from nuclease activity. Although poly(A) binding protein I is considered a major cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein it is also found in the NUCLEUS and may be involved in transport of mRNP particles.

UI = D039122

 

Poly(A)-Binding Protein II

MS = A poly(A) binding protein that is involved in promoting the extension of the poly A tails of MRNA. The protein requires a minimum of ten ADENOSINE nucleotides in order for binding to mRNA. Once bound it works in conjunction with CLEAVAGE AND POLYADENYLATION SPECIFICITY FACTOR to stimulate the rate of poly A synthesis by POLY A POLYMERASE. Once poly-A tails reach around 250 nucleotides in length poly(A) binding protein II no longer stimulates POLYADENYLATION. Mutations within a GCG repeat region in the gene for poly(A) binding protein II have been shown to cause the disease MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, OCULOPHARYNGEAL.

UI = D039103

 

Poly(A)-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins that bind to the 3' polyadenylated region of MRNA. When complexed with RNA the proteins serve an array of functions such as stabilizing the 3' end of RNA, promoting poly(A) synthesis and stimulating mRNA translation.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; note species-specific terms in SCR

UI = D039102

 

Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.

UI = D011065

 

Polyadenylation

MS = The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.

UI = D026723

 

Polyalthia

MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. Members contain 8-oxopolyalthiaine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031044

 

Polyamines

UI = D011073

 

Polyanetholesulfonate

MS = A compound originally developed as an anticoagulant, but possessing anticomplement action and lowering the bactericidal action of blood. It is used in vitro to inhibit blood coagulation and as a diagnostic reagent to encourage the growth of pathogens in the blood. It is also used to stabilize colloidal solutions such as milk and gelatin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D011074

 

Polyarteritis Nodosa

MS = A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system.

AN = a form of necrotizing vasculitis

UI = D010488

 

Polybrominated Biphenyls

MS = Biphenyl compounds which are extensively brominated. Many of these compounds are toxic environmental pollutants.

AN = DF: PBBS

UI = D011075

 

Polycarboxylate Cement

MS = Water-soluble low-molecular-weight polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid that form solid, insoluble products when mixed with specially prepared ZnO powder. The resulting cement adheres to dental enamel and is also used as a luting agent.

AN = a dent cement; D25-26 qualif

UI = D011076

 

Polychaeta

MS = A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.

AN = marine worms; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D011077

 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

MS = Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.

AN = "yusho poisoning": see note on RICE

UI = D011078

 

Polychloroterphenyl Compounds

MS = Compounds consisting of three benzene rings linked to each other in either ortho, meta or para positions and substituted with chlorine atoms.

AN = DF: POLYCHLOROTERPHENYL CPDS

UI = D011080

 

Polychondritis, Relapsing

MS = An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.

UI = D011081

 

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

MS = Hydrocarbons consisting of two or more fused ring structures.

UI = D011083

 

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

MS = A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)

UI = D011084

 

Polycystic Kidney Diseases

MS = Diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed cysts within the kidney.

AN = KIDNEY, CYSTIC and MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY are also available

UI = D007690

 

Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant

MS = A genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys and progressive deterioration of renal function. Type 1 is usually caused by a mutant gene at the PKD1 locus on the short arm of chromosome 16, though mutations elsewhere in the genome can also cause the disease. The age of onset of symptoms varies widely.

AN = DF: ADPKD

UI = D016891

 

Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive

MS = A rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys and associated hepatic lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at birth and there is high perinatal mortality.

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; DF: ARPKD

UI = D017044

 

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

MS = A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.

AN = non-neoplastic

UI = D011085

 

Polycythemia

MS = An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = increase in total red cell mass

UI = D011086

 

Polycythemia Vera

MS = A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.

AN = a myeloproliferative disord

UI = D011087

 

Polydactyly

MS = A congenital anomaly of the hand or foot, marked by the presence of supernumerary digits.

AN = do not confuse with SYNDACTYLY; coord IM with FINGERS /abnorm (IM) or TOES /abnorm (IM); SHORT RIB-POLYDACTYLY SYNDROME is also available

UI = D017689

 

Polydeoxyribonucleotides

MS = A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

AN = 13 or more nucleotides

UI = D011089

 

Polydioxanone

MS = An absorbable suture material used also as ligating clips, as pins for internal fixation of broken bones, and as ligament reinforcement for surgically managed ligament injuries. Its promising characteristics are elasticity, complete biodegradability, and lack of side effects such as infections.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D016687

 

Polydnaviridae

MS = A family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic hymenopteran insects belonging to the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The two genera are Ichnovirus and Bracovirus.

AN = a family of insect viruses infecting hymenopterans; from POLY (several or many) DNA viruses; coord IM with specific insect /virol (IM)

UI = D018071

 

Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune

MS = Autoimmune disease affecting multiple endocrine organs. Type I is characterized by childhood onset and mucocutaneous candidiasis, while type II exhibits any combination of adrenal insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE), lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidism, and gonadal failure. In both types organ-specific antibodies against a variety of endocrine glands have been detected. The type II syndrome differs from type I in that it is associated with HLA-A1 and B8 haplotypes, onset is usually in adulthood, and candidiasis is not present.

AN = a multiple endocrine disord so do not coord with specific endocrine dis or precoord endocr dis term unless particularly discussed; do not index under CANDIDIASIS unless particularly discussed: see MeSH definition; DF: APECED

UI = D016884

 

Polyenes

AN = polyene antibiotics: index under ANTIBIOTICS (IM) + POLYENES (NIM), using the same qualif for both

UI = D011090

 

Polyesters

MS = Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011091

 

Polyethylene

MS = A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses.

AN = POLYETHYLENES is available

UI = D020959

 

Polyethylene Glycols

MS = Additional polymers of ethylene oxide and water and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, indicated by a number following the name. Used as surfactants in industry, including foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutics; in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, tablet excipients. Some specific groups are lauromagrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols and poloxamers.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011092

 

Polyethylene Terephthalates

MS = Polyester polymers formed from terephthalic acid or its esters and ethylene glycol. They can be formed into tapes, films or pulled into fibers that are pressed into meshes or woven into fabrics.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011093

 

Polyethyleneimine

MS = Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011094

 

Polyethylenes

MS = Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.

AN = POLYETHYLENE is available; D25-26 qualif

UI = D011095

 

Polygala

MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGALACEAE that contains onjisaponins, xanthones, pyrones, and benzophenones. The name is similar to other snakeroots such as ASARUM; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA; AGERATINA; and others.

AN = other snakeroots are available such as ASARUM; SANICULA; ARISTOLOCHIA; AGERATINA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031801

 

Polygalaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Polygalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029608

 

Polygalacturonase

MS = A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15.

AN = in microorganisms & higher plants

UI = D011096

 

Polygeline

MS = A 3.5 per cent colloidal solution containing urea-cross-linked polymerized peptides. It has a molecular weight of approximately 35,000 and is prepared from gelatin and electrolytes. The polymeric solution is used as a plasma expander.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011097

 

Polyglactin 910

MS = A polyester used for absorbable sutures & surgical mesh, especially in ophthalmic surgery. 2-Hydroxy-propanoic acid polymer with polymerized hydroxyacetic acid, which forms 3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-dione polymer with 1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione copolymer of molecular weight about 80,000 daltons.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011098

 

Polyglutamic Acid

MS = A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.

UI = D011099

 

Polyglycolic Acid

MS = A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011100

 

Polygonaceae

MS = The only family of the buckwheat order (Polygonales) of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees.

AN = BUCKWHEAT & RHUBARB are also available; prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D019664

 

Polygonatum

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain benzoquinones, steroidal saponin, and ribosome-inactivating proteins.

AN = note X refs: SOLOMON SEAL, FALSE see SMILACINA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031384

 

Polygonum

MS = A plant genus of the family POLYGONACEAE that is an ingredient of Shou-Wu-Pian, a Chinese herbal preparation (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL). The common name of black bindweed also refers to TAMUS or Fallopia (use POLYGONACEAE).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028502

 

Polyhydramnios

MS = Excess of amniotic fluid greater than 2,000 ml. It is a common obstetrical complication whose major causes include maternal diabetes, chromosomal disorders, isoimmunological disease, congenital abnormalities, and multiple gestations.

AN = excess of amniotic fluid

UI = D006831

 

Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate

MS = A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011102

 

Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Monosaccharides

MS = These compounds function as activated monosaccharide carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and oligosaccharide phospholipids. Obtained from a nucleoside diphosphate sugar and a polyisoprenyl phosphate.

UI = D011103

 

Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Oligosaccharides

MS = These compounds function as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. Include the pyrophosphates.

UI = D011104

 

Polyisoprenyl Phosphate Sugars

MS = Compounds functioning as activated glycosyl carriers in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycophospholipids. They include the polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates.

UI = D011105

 

Polyisoprenyl Phosphates

MS = Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.

UI = D011106

 

Polylysine

MS = A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine.

UI = D011107

 

Polymenophorea

MS = A class of ciliate protozoa characterized by a well-developed, conspicuous adoral zone of numerous buccal or peristomial organelles, often extending out onto the body surface.

AN = a class of ciliate protozoa

UI = D016809

 

Polymerase Chain Reaction

MS = In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

UI = D016133

 

Polymers

MS = Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, plastics).

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011108

 

Polymethacrylic Acids

MS = Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011109

 

Polymethyl Methacrylate

MS = Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.

UI = D019904

 

Polymorphism (Genetics)

MS = The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequence visible at a chromosomal level.

AN = DF: POLYMORPHISM

UI = D011110

 

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

MS = Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

UI = D012150

 

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

MS = A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

AN = do not confuse with POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE-STRANDED CONFORMATIONAL

UI = D020641

 

Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

MS = Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.

AN = POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE is also available

UI = D018807

 

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

MS = A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with TEMPORAL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.

UI = D011111

 

Polymyositis

MS = Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY, NERVOUS SYSTEM); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)

UI = D017285

 

Polymyxin

MS = Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.

AN = a peptide antibiotic group

UI = D011113

 

Polymyxin B

MS = A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.

UI = D011112

 

Polynesia

MS = The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII; NEW ZEALAND; Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND; SAMOA, TONGA; Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)

AN = a group of islands in the central Pacific; Polynesians are of Caucasoid race unless otherwise specified; Maori are Polynesians native to New Zealand

UI = D011114

 

Polyneuropathies

MS = Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.

UI = D011115

 

Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.

AN = DF: DNA KINASE

UI = D011116

 

Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylic acid from ATP. May be due to the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) or polynucleotide adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.19). EC 2.7.7.19.

UI = D011062

 

Polynucleotide Ligases

MS = Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.

AN = do not confuse X ref POLYNUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES with X refs POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASE or POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHETASES

UI = D011118

 

Polynucleotides

AN = 13 or more nucleotides

UI = D011119

 

Polyomaviridae

MS = A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses, infecting mainly MAMMALS, and containing a single genus: POLYOMAVIRUS.

AN = infection = POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D027382

 

Polyomavirus

MS = A genus of potentially oncogenic viruses of the family POLYOMAVIRIDAE. These viruses are normally present in their natural hosts as latent infections. The virus is oncogenic in hosts different from the species of origin.

AN = infection: coord IM with POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D011120

 

Polyomavirus Infections

MS = Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).

UI = D027601

 

Polypharmacy

MS = The use of multiple drugs administered to the same patient, most commonly seen in elderly patients. It includes also the administration of excessive medication. Since in the United States most drugs are dispensed as single-agent formulations, polypharmacy, though using many drugs administered to the same patient, must be differentiated from DRUG COMBINATIONS, single preparations containing two or more drugs as a fixed dose, and from DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION, two or more drugs administered separately for a combined effect. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = note category: a type of DRUG THERAPY, not a pharmacy specialty; multiple drugs given to the same patient; do not confuse with DRUG COMBINATIONS ( = 2 or more drugs in a single dosage form) or with POLYCHEMOTHERAPY see DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION ( = 2 or more drugs given separately for a combined eff); DF: POLYPHARM

UI = D019338

 

Polyphloretin Phosphate

MS = A polymeric mixture of polyesters of phosphoric acid and phloretin. It blocks some cellular responses to prostaglandins.

UI = D011121

 

Polyphosphates

MS = Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.

UI = D011122

 

Polyploidy

MS = The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011123

 

Polypodiaceae

MS = The fern plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029621

 

Polypodium

MS = A plant genus of the family POLYPODIACEAE. Members contain polypodoside.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032494

 

Polyporaceae

MS = A family of basidiomycetous fungi, order APHYLLOPHORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.

UI = D011124

 

Polypropylenes

MS = Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. They are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. The fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011126

 

Polyproteins

MS = Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.

UI = D020815

 

Polyps

MS = A general descriptive term used with reference to any mass of tissue that bulges or projects outward or upward from the normal surface level, thereby being macroscopically visible as a hemispheroidal, spheroidal, or irregular moundlike structure growing from a relatively broad base or a slender stalk. Classically applied to a growth on the mucous membrane of the nose, the term is now applied to such protrusions from any mucous membrane. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = neoplastic: coord with organ/neopl pre-coord; laryngeal polyps = LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + POLYPS (IM); /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; COLONIC POLYPS; INTESTINAL POLYPS & NASAL POLYPS are also available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI but remember this is of the colon

UI = D011127

 

Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein

MS = A RNA-binding protein that binds to polypyriminidine rich regions in the INTRONS of messenger RNAs. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein may be involved in regulating the ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs since its presence on an intronic RNA region that is upstream of an EXON inhibits the splicing of the exon into the final mRNA product.

UI = D038941

 

Polyradiculoneuropathy

MS = Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME) and POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.

AN = do not confuse with POLYRADICULOPATHY (dis of multiple nerve roots) nor with RADICULOPATHY (dis of a single nerve root)

UI = D011129

 

Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating

MS = A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)

AN = do not confuse X ref CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY with POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, ACUTE INFLAMMATORY see GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME

UI = D020277

 

Polyradiculopathy

MS = Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.

AN = do not confuse with POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY (dis of both spinal nerve roots & peripheral nerves) nor with RADICULOPATHY (dis of a single spinal nerve root)

UI = D011128

 

Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase

MS = An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction RNA(n+1) and orthophosphate to yield RNA(n) and a nucleoside diphosphate, or the reverse reaction. ADP, IDP, GDP, UDP, and CDP can act as donors in the latter case. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.7.7.8.

UI = D011117

 

Polyribonucleotides

MS = A group of 13 or more ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

AN = 13 or more nucleotides

UI = D011131

 

Polyribosomes

MS = A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D011132

 

Polysaccharide-Lyases

MS = A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. EC 4.2.2.

UI = D011133

 

Polysaccharides

AN = 13 or more units; GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D011134

 

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

MS = Polysaccharides found in bacteria and especially bacterial capsules. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = IM + coord with specific bacterium (IM) + specific polysaccharide (IM); /immunol permitted; note specific bact polysaccharides LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES & PEPTIDOGLYCAN; DF: POLYSACCHARIDES BACT

UI = D011135

 

Polysomnography

MS = Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of relevant normal and abnormal physiological activity during sleep. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = recording physiol activity during sleep; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: POLYSOMNOGR

UI = D017286

 

Polysorbates

MS = Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011136

 

Polystichum

MS = A plant genus of the family DRYOPTERIDACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032493

 

Polystyrenes

MS = Polymerized forms of styrene used as a biocompatible material, especially in dentistry. They are thermoplastic and are used as insulators, for injection molding and casting, as sheets, plates, rods, rigid forms and beads.

AN = SYTRENES and STYRENE are available

UI = D011137

 

Polytetrafluoroethylene

MS = Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron.

AN = a fluorocarbon polymer; D25-26 qualif

UI = D011138

 

Polythiazide

MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826)

UI = D011139

 

Polyubiquitin

MS = An oligomer formed from the repetitive linking of the C-terminal glycine of one UBIQUITIN molecule via an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue on a second ubiquitin molecule. It is structurally distinct from UBIQUITIN C, which is a single protein containing a tandemly arrayed ubiquitin peptide sequence.

UI = D025821

 

Polyurethanes

MS = A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as ELASTOMERS, as coatings, as fibers and as foams.

AN = URETHANE is available

UI = D011140

 

Polyuria

MS = Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes.

UI = D011141

 

Polyvinyl Alcohol

MS = A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011142

 

Polyvinyl Chloride

MS = A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011143

 

Polyvinylpyridine N-Oxide

MS = Inhibits the cytotoxic action of quartz and is reported to have delayed the development of experimental silicosis in rats.

UI = D011144

 

Polyvinyls

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011145

 

Poncirus

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain ponfolin, a coumarin (COUMARINS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032104

 

Pongidae

MS = A family of Primates consisting of three genera: Pongo (PONGO PYGMAEUS), Pan (PAN TROGLODYTES and PAN PANISCUS), and Gorilla (GORILLA GORILLA). They inhabit forests in southeast Asia, equatorial Africa, Sumatra, and Borneo. The members of this family are the closest living relatives of man.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer ORANGUTAN see PONGO PYGMAEUS; CHIMPANZEE see PAN TROGLODYTES; BONOBO see PAN PANISCUS; or GORILLA GORILLA; IM; qualif permitted; Manual 22.28; Celebes black ape is not an ape: it is CELEBES APE see MACACA; diseases = APE DISEASES (IM) + coord with specific dis /vet (IM)

UI = D011147

 

Pongo pygmaeus

MS = A single genus and species of orangutan belonging to the PONGIDAE family and found only in lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo. Among the primates, the orangutan is second in size only to the gorilla.

AN = orangutan; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific disease /vet (IM); DF: PONGO

UI = D011148

 

Pons

MS = The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis.

UI = D011149

 

Pontederiaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Most species are perennials, native primarily to tropical America. They have creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and leaves in clusters at the base of the plant or borne on branched stems. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds, or a one-seeded winged structure.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031805

 

Popliteal Artery

MS = The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

UI = D011150

 

Popliteal Cyst

MS = A synovial cyst in the popliteal space arising from the semimembranous bursa or the knee joint.

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D011151

 

Popliteal Vein

MS = The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.

UI = D011152

 

Popular Works [Publication Type]

MS = Works written for non-professional or lay audiences.

UI = D020496

 

Population

MS = The total number of individuals inhabiting a particular region or area.

AN = IM human, NIM animal; /genet allowed; differentiate from DEMOGRAPHY (the statist study of population characteristics)

UI = D011153

 

Population Characteristics

MS = Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors.

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D011154

 

Population Control

MS = Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.

AN = IM human, NIM animal; specify geog; a broad plane: differentiate from FAMILY PLANNING, a personal level

UI = D011155

 

Population Density

MS = Number of individuals in a population relative to space.

AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog

UI = D011156

 

Population Dynamics

MS = The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.

AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog

UI = D011157

 

Population Growth

MS = Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region.

AN = IM human, NIM animal; no qualif; specify geog

UI = D011158

 

Population Surveillance

MS = Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

AN = IM human, NIM animal; specify geog

UI = D011159

 

Populus

MS = A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Balm of Gilead is a common name used for P. candicans, or P. gileadensis, or P. jackii, and sometimes also used for ABIES BALSAMEA or for COMMIPHORA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032107

 

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

MS = A syndrome characterized by outbreaks of late term abortions, high numbers of stillbirths and mummified or weak newborn piglets, and respiratory disease in young unweaned and weaned pigs. It is caused by PORCINE RESPIRATORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYNDROME VIRUS. (Radostits et al., Veterinary Medicine, 8th ed, p1048)

AN = caused by an arterivirus; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019318

 

Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus

MS = A species of ARTERIVIRUS causing reproductive and respiratory disease in pigs. The European strain is called Lelystad virus. Airborne transmission is common.

AN = infection = PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME

UI = D019316

 

Porfiromycin

MS = Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.

UI = D011160

 

Porifera

MS = The phylum of sponges, the most primitive of multicellular animals. Their body is perforated with many pores to admit water, through which food is strained. All sponges are sessile and exhibit little detectable movement. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of alkaloids, sterols and other natural products useful in medicine and biological research. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p71)

AN = the sponges; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D011161

 

Porins

MS = Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes.

UI = D018272

 

Porokeratosis

MS = A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.

AN = do not confuse with PARAKERATOSIS

UI = D017499

 

Porosity

MS = Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.

AN = almost never IM

UI = D016062

 

Porphobilinogen

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011162

 

Porphobilinogen Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. EC 4.2.1.24.

AN = DF: ALA DEHYDRASE

UI = D000623

 

Porphyria

MS = A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. Aquired pophyrias, which are due to inhibition of enzymes in the metabolic pathway by a drug, toxin or abnormal metabolite, are more common than those which are inherited.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

UI = D011164

 

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda

MS = A form of hepatic porphyria (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells.

AN = a form of hepatic porphyria

UI = D017119

 

Porphyria, Acute Intermittent

MS = A form of hepatic porphyria (PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC) characterized by periodic attacks of gastrointestinal disturbances, abdominal colic, paralyses, and psychiatric disorders. The onset of this condition is usually in the third or fourth decade of life.

AN = a form of hepatic porphyria

UI = D017118

 

Porphyria, Erythrohepatic

MS = A form of porphyria characterized by a wide range of photocutaneous changes, liver disease, and an excess of protoporphyrin.

AN = do not confuse with PORPHYRIA, HEPATIC; do not confuse X ref PROTOPORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC with PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC

UI = D017121

 

Porphyria, Erythropoietic

MS = Autosomal recessive porphyria characterized by splenomegaly, photosensitivity, hemolytic anemia, and the appearance of red urine in early infancy. This condition results from increased synthesis of uroporphyrinogen I relative to uroporphyrinogen III in bone marrow normoblasts.

AN = do not confuse with PROTOPORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC see PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D017092

 

Porphyria, Hepatic

MS = Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT and PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA are types of hepatic porphyria.

AN = do not confuse with PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROHEPATIC

UI = D017094

 

Porphyrinogens

MS = Colorless reduced precursors of porphyrins in which the pyrrole rings are linked by methylene (-CH2-) bridges.

AN = pigments; porphyrin precursors

UI = D011165

 

Porphyrins

MS = A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.

AN = pigments; iron porphyrins = HEME or HEMIN, magnesium porphyrins = CHLOROPHYLL

UI = D011166

 

Porphyromonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods or coccobacilli. Organisms in this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was created.

AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017861

 

Porphyromonas gingivalis

MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.

AN = isolated from human mouth; infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016966

 

Porpoises

MS = Mammals of the family Phocoenidae comprising four genera and six species found in the North Pacific Ocean and both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean and in various other seas. They differ from DOLPHINS in that porpoises have a blunt snout and a rather stocky body while dolphins have a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body. They usually travel in small groups. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp1003-4)

AN = mammals; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D019576

 

Port-Wine Stain

MS = A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)

AN = distinguish from HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY

UI = D019339

 

Portacaval Shunt, Surgical

MS = Surgical portasystemic shunt between the portal vein and inferior vena cava.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTACAVAL SHUNT

UI = D011167

 

Portal Pressure

MS = The venous pressure measured in the portal vein.

UI = D017082

 

Portal System

MS = A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.

AN = /radiogr: consider also PORTOGRAPHY

UI = D011168

 

Portal Vein

MS = A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

AN = /radiogr permitted but PORTOGRAPHY is more likely

UI = D011169

 

Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical

MS = Surgical venous shunt between the portal and systemic circulation to effect decompression of the portal circulation. It is performed primarily in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension. Types of shunt include portacaval, splenorenal, mesocaval, splenocaval, left gastric-caval (coronary-caval), portarenal, umbilicorenal, and umbilicocaval.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; see MeSH definition for types; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTASYSTEMIC SHUNT

UI = D011170

 

Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic

MS = A type of surgical portasystemic shunt to reduce portal hypertension with associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. It is performed percutaneously through the jugular vein and involves the creation of an intrahepatic shunt between the hepatic vein and portal vein. The channel is maintained by a metallic stent. The procedure can be performed in patients who have failed sclerotherapy and is an additional option to the surgical techniques of portocaval, mesocaval, and splenorenal shunts. It takes one to three hours to perform. (JAMA 1995;273(23):1824-30)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: TIPS or TIPSS

UI = D019168

 

Portoenterostomy, Hepatic

MS = Operation for biliary atresia by anastomosis of the bile ducts into the jejunum or duodenum.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTOENTEROSTOMY

UI = D011171

 

Portography

MS = Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: PORTOGR

UI = D011172

 

Portraits

MS = Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)

AN = as IM, Manual 32.14; as NIM, Manual 32.14.1; TN 154: use and quality; portrait may be a painting, a drawing, a photograph, a bust, etc.; may be of an individual or of a group; do not confuse with Publication Type PORTRAITS

UI = D011173

 

Portraits [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of graphic representations, especially of the face, of real persons, usually posed, living or dead. They are pictures whose purpose is the portrayal of an individual or group of individuals, not pictures which merely include people as part of an event or scene. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II, p540, 1995)

AN = publication type only; for single individuals & for group portraits; for portraits as a subject, index under main heading PORTRAITS

UI = D019477

 

Portugal

UI = D011174

 

Portulaca

MS = A plant genus of the family PORTULACACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031822

 

Portulacaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. There are no true petals; each flower has two to six sepals. They produce betacyanin and betaxanthin pigments and lack anthocyanins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029622

 

Positive-Pressure Respiration

MS = A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.

AN = note category: a type of artif resp; do not confuse with POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION, INTRINSIC, a type of resp insuff (Cat C); do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011175

 

Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic

MS = Non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. It can appear with or without the administration of external positive end-expiratory pressure (POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION). It presents an important load on the inspiratory muscles which are operating at a mechanical disadvantage due to hyperinflation. Auto-PEEP may cause profound hypotension that should be treated by intravascular volume expansion, increasing the time for expiration, and/or changing from assist mode to intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1127)

AN = note category: a type of resp insuff; do not confuse with POSITIVE END-EXPIRATORY PRESSURE or PEEP see POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION, a form of artif resp (Cat E); DF: note short X ref

UI = D018467

 

Post and Core Technique

MS = Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: POST TECHNIQUE

UI = D011176

 

Post-Concussion Syndrome

MS = The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.

UI = D038223

 

Postal Service

MS = The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.

AN = specify geog; DF: POSTAL SERV

UI = D011177

 

Postanesthesia Nursing

MS = The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients in the recovery room following surgery and/or anesthesia.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D016528

 

Postcholecystectomy Syndrome

MS = Abdominal sequelae of biliary tract surgery as a result of various biliary tract disorders. Often the same symptoms that are present before the operation recur or postoperative symptoms such as colicky pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting occur. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes jaundice. (Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 3d ed)

UI = D017562

 

Posterior Cerebral Artery

MS = Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.

UI = D020769

 

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

MS = A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.

AN = a ligament of the knee

UI = D016119

 

Posterior Horn Cells

MS = Neurons in the posterior (dorsal) horn of the spinal cord whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the central nervous system. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the white matter ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

UI = D020671

 

Posterior Thalamic Nuclei

MS = A transitional diencephalic zone of the thalamus consisting of complex and varied cells lying caudal to the ventral posterolateral nucleus, medial to the rostal part of the pulvinar, and dorsal to the medial geniculate body. It contains the limitans, posterior, suprageniculate, and submedial nuclei.

UI = D020656

 

Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction

MS = A condition characterized by a broad range of progressive disorders ranging from TENOSYNOVITIS to tendon rupture with or without hindfoot collapse to a fixed, rigid, FLATFOOT deformity. Pathologic changes can involve associated tendons, ligaments, joint structures of the ANKLE, hindfoot, and midfoot. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults.

UI = D037081

 

Posters [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to events, activities, causes, goods, or services. They are for posting, usually in a public place and are chiefly pictorial. They are intended to make an immediate impression from a distance. Posters do not include poster presentations at conferences and meetings. (From Thesaurus for Graphic Materials II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Headings, 1995)

AN = publication type only; not for poster presentations at meetings; Publication Types ADVERTISEMENTS & BROADSIDES are also available

UI = D019519

 

Postgastrectomy Syndromes

MS = Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.

UI = D011178

 

Posthumous Conception

MS = Conception after the death of the male or female biological parent through techniques such as the use of gametes that have been stored during his or her lifetime or that were collected immediately after his or her death.

AN = human or animal

UI = D037022

 

Postimplantation Phase

MS = The time period between implantation and placentation.

AN = human & animal; check the tags HUMAN or ANIMAL + FEMALE + PREGNANCY

UI = D011179

 

Postmenopause

MS = The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life. Since in the United States the age of the menopause ranges between 48 and 55 years, generally conceived as middle age, the postmenopause often refers to women considerably older.

AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY

UI = D017698

 

Postmodernism

MS = A late 20th-century philosophical approach or style of cultural analysis that seeks to reveal the cultural or social construction of concepts conventionally assumed to be natural or universal. (from E.R. DuBose, The Illusion of Trust: Toward a Medical Theological Ethics in the Postmodern Age, Kluwer, 1995)

UI = D033302

 

Postmortem Changes

MS = Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.

AN = do not use for routine postmortem pathol ( = /pathol)

UI = D011180

 

Postnatal Care

MS = The care provided a woman following the birth of a child.

UI = D011181

 

Postoperative Care

MS = The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

AN = DF: POSTOP CARE

UI = D011182

 

Postoperative Complications

MS = Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

AN = few qualif apply; IM; coord with specific postop compl (IM); not restricted to immediate postop period; differentiate from Cat E4 terms with /adv eff: Manual 23.18+; DF: POSTOP COMPL

UI = D011183

 

Postoperative Hemorrhage

MS = Hemorrhage following any surgical procedure. It may be immediate or delayed and is not restricted to the surgical wound.

AN = IM; do not confuse with BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL which is perioperative; coord with specific type of hemorrhage (IM) or specific type of surg (IM); see note on HEMORRHAGE for additional instructions on coords; DF: POSTOP HEMORRHAGE

UI = D019106

 

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

MS = Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.

UI = D020250

 

Postoperative Period

MS = The period following a surgical operation.

AN = almost never IM; no qualif; DF: POSTOP PERIOD

UI = D011184

 

Postpartum Hemorrhage

MS = The presence of abnormal uterine bleeding immediately after LABOR, OBSTETRIC or childbirth.

AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D006473

 

Postpericardiotomy Syndrome

MS = A febrile illness associated with pericardial and sometimes pleuropulmonary reaction that often follows extensive pericardiotomy.

UI = D011185

 

Postphlebitic Syndrome

MS = Post-thrombotic complications, including destruction of the valves of the deep veins and communication veins of the leg, and obliteration of the thrombosed veins rather than recanalization, resulting in chronic venous insufficiency, marked by edema, stasis dermatitis, and ulceration of the leg.

AN = post-thrombotic venous insuff of the legs

UI = D011186

 

Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome

MS = A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1995 May 25;753:68-80)

AN = DF: POSTPOLIO SYNDROME or PPMA

UI = D016262

 

Postprandial Period

MS = Occurring after dinner, or after a meal. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = after a meal

UI = D019518

 

Posture

MS = The position of the limbs or the carriage of the body as a whole. (Stedman, 25th ed.)

AN = the position of the body as a whole; PRONE POSITION & SUPINE POSITION are also available; HEAD-DOWN TILT is available for studies on this position in space flight, surg & physiol

UI = D011187

 

Potamogetonaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Najadales, subclass Alismatidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031821

 

Potassium

MS = An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance.

AN = an alkali metal; K-39; /physiol permitted; /metab: consider also POTASSIUM CHANNELS & SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP; /blood: note see relateds; POTASSIUM, DIETARY is also available

UI = D011188

 

Potassium Acetate

MS = An electrolyte replenisher, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used as a diuretic and expectorant. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D019347

 

Potassium Channel Blockers

MS = A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

AN = DF: K CHANNEL BLOCK

UI = D026902

 

Potassium Channels

MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

AN = DF: K CHANNELS

UI = D015221

 

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

MS = Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

UI = D024681

 

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

MS = Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

UI = D024661

 

Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain

MS = Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

UI = D024683

 

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

MS = Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the action potential (ACTION POTENTIALS).

UI = D024642

 

Potassium Chloride

MS = Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives.

UI = D011189

 

Potassium Citrate

MS = A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.

UI = D019357

 

Potassium Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: POTASSIUM CPDS

UI = D017680

 

Potassium Cyanide

MS = A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.

UI = D011190

 

Potassium Deficiency

MS = A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)

AN = DF: POTASSIUM DEFIC

UI = D011191

 

Potassium Dichromate

MS = Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.

AN = an astringent, caustic, antiseptic & dye

UI = D011192

 

Potassium Iodide

MS = An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = useful source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis

UI = D011193

 

Potassium Isotopes

MS = Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.

AN = K-41; NIM

UI = D011194

 

Potassium Magnesium Aspartate

MS = An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.

UI = D011195

 

Potassium Permanganate

MS = Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)

UI = D011196

 

Potassium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.

AN = K-37,38,40,42-45; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D011197

 

Potassium, Dietary

MS = Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther

UI = D017419

 

Potassium-Hydrogen Antiporters

MS = Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of hydrogen ions for potassium ions across the cellular membrane. The action of these antiporters influences intracellular pH and potassium ion homeostasis.

UI = D027961

 

Potatoes

MS = Solanum tuberosum, one of the annual, herbaceous, poisonous Solanaceae or its non-poisonous tubers which are highly nutritious as food crops of the temperate regions. The plant yields starch and other nutrients, a number of enzymes, alkaloids, and lectins; the berries are very toxic.

AN = Solanum tuberosum only: does not include sweet potatoes ( = SWEET POTATOES see SOLANACEAE or IPOMOEA see SOLANACEAE); selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

UI = D011198

 

Potentilla

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain procyanidins and TANNINS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031987

 

Potentiometry

MS = Solution titration in which the end point is read from the electrode-potential variations with the concentrations of potential determining ions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a type of titrimetry; NIM

UI = D011199

 

Potexvirus

MS = A genus of plant viruses that cause mosaic and ringspot symptoms. Transmission occurs mechanically.

AN = a genus of plant viruses; from POTato X virus; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

UI = D017863

 

Potyviridae

MS = A family of RNA plant viruses with flexuous, filamentous particles and consisting of three genera: POTYVIRUS, Rymovirus, and Bymovirus. A fourth genus, Ipomovirus, is possible. All members of the family form cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusion bodies during infection.

AN = a family of plant viruses; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

UI = D019176

 

Potyvirus

MS = A large genus of plant viruses of the family POTYVIRIDAE which infect mainly plants of the Solanaceae. Transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The type species is potato virus Y.

AN = a genus of mosaic viruses; from POTato virus Y (Y is one of a series, e.g., A, M, S, V, etc.); coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

UI = D017800

 

Pouchitis

MS = Acute inflammation of intestinal mucosa seen in an ileal reservoir that may extend transmurally, occurring as a late complication of restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE), possibly due to obstruction and stercoral ulceration. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = inflamm of an ileal reservoir after restorative proctocolectomy so do not index under PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE unless particularly discussed

UI = D019449

 

Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome

MS = An acute, transmissible, infectious disease associated with high MORTALITY and MORBIDITY in young turkeys (poults). It is characterized by DIARRHEA, ANOREXIA, growth depression, and immune dysfunction. The cause is unknown but astroviruses (ASTROVIRUS) and coronaviruses (CORNONAVIRUS, TURKEY) have been isolated from diseased poults and are thought to cause the enteritis and increased susceptiblity to bacterial infections.

AN = don't forget TURKEYS (NIM); ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE OF TURKEYS is also available

UI = D031261

 

Poultry

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; differentiate from BIRDS: "birds" in zoos, parks, forest, streets, pet shops = BIRDS, "birds" in barnyard, hatchery, butcher shop = POULTRY; definition: Manual 22.29; as food: Manual 31.7; canned poultry meat: see note on POULTRY PRODUCTS

UI = D011200

 

Poultry Diseases

MS = Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.

AN = coord IM with specific poultry (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under POULTRY /abnorm or POULTRY /inj; don't forget also POULTRY (NIM) if no specific fowl is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; differentiate from BIRD DISEASES on basis of definition of BIRDS & POULTRY under POULTRY

UI = D011201

 

Poultry Products

MS = Food products manufactured from poultry.

AN = "food products manufactured from poultry" but for canned poultry meat coord POULTRY or specific poultry (IM) + FOOD PRESERVATION; coord IM with poultry source (NIM)

UI = D011202

 

Pouteria

MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Members contain triterpenes. Some species in this genus are called mamey which is also a common name for MAMMEA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032132

 

Poverty

MS = A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011203

 

Poverty Areas

MS = City, urban, rural, or suburban areas which are characterized by severe economic deprivation and by accompanying physical and social decay.

AN = no qualif; specify geog

UI = D011204

 

Povidone

MS = A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011205

 

Povidone-Iodine

MS = An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011206

 

Powder Diffraction

MS = Method of using a polycrystalline powder and Rietveld refinement (LEAST SQUARES ANALYSIS) of X-RAY DIFFRACTION or NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. It circumvents the difficulties of producing single large crystals.

UI = D033362

 

Powders

MS = Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in powder form, not the powder

UI = D011208

 

Power (Psychology)

MS = The exertion of a strong influence or control over others in a variety of settings--administrative, social, academic, etc.

AN = "exertion of a strong influence or control over others"; no qualif; DF: POWER

UI = D011209

 

Power Plants

MS = Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants.

AN = SPEC qualif; on an industrial & technol level: differentiate from POWER SOURCES; coord IM with source of power (IM) if pertinent

UI = D011210

 

Power Sources

MS = Devices that supply energy.

AN = do not confuse with POWER PLANTS, on an industrial level

UI = D011211

 

Poxviridae

MS = A family of double-stranded DNA viruses infecting mammals (including humans), birds and insects. There are two subfamilies: CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of vertebrates, and ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of insects.

AN = a family of DNA viruses; infection = POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D011212

 

Poxviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the POXVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D011213

 

Practice (Psychology)

MS = Performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning.

AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: PRACTICE PSYCHOL

UI = D011214

 

Practice Guideline [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a set of directions or principles to assist the health care practitioner with patient care decisions about appropriate diagnostic, therapeutic, or other clinical procedures for specific clinical circumstances. Practice guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. They can provide a foundation for assessing and evaluating the quality and effectiveness of health care in terms of measuring improved health, reduction of variation in services or procedures performed, and reduction of variation in outcomes of health care delivered.

AN = publication type only; restrict to health care: for guidelines in other fields consider publication type GUIDELINE

UI = D017065

 

Practice Guidelines

MS = Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.

AN = IM for articles & books on the form, value, use & creation of guidelines as a procedural policy to aid health practitioners in patient care decisions: do not confuse with Publication Type PRACTICE GUIDELINE; Manual 17.34.5

UI = D017410

 

Practice Management

MS = Business management of medical and dental practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties.

UI = D020399

 

Practice Management, Dental

MS = The organization and operation of the business aspects of a dental practice.

AN = DF: PRACTICE MANAGEMENT DENT

UI = D011215

 

Practice Management, Medical

MS = The organization and operation of the business aspects of a physician's practice.

AN = DF: PRACTICE MANAGEMENT MED

UI = D011216

 

Practice Valuation and Purchase

MS = Determination of economic value of an established health care provider practice including value of patient lists, equipment, and other assets, and process of buying or selling rights to said practice.

UI = D020443

 

Practolol

MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

UI = D011217

 

Prader-Willi Syndrome

MS = A chromosomal disorder associated with a deletion of the proximal portion of the long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) in the majority of affected individuals. The abnormalities occur exclusively on the paternally derived chromosome 15. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION, muscular hypotonia, OBESITY, hyperphagia, short stature, hypogonadism, strabismus, and hypersomnolence. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)

UI = D011218

 

Prajmaline

MS = A derivative of the rauwolfia alkaloid AJMALINE. It is an anti-arrhythmia agent, but may cause liver damage.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D011219

 

Pralidoxime Compounds

MS = Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.

AN = DF: PRALIDOXIME CPDS

UI = D011220

 

Praseodymium

MS = Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.

AN = a rare earth metal; Pr-141; Pr-134-140, 142-148 = PRASEODYMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D011221

 

Prasterone

MS = A naturally occurring androgen isolated from urine.

UI = D003687

 

Pravastatin

MS = An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).

UI = D017035

 

Prazepam

MS = A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

UI = D011222

 

Praziquantel

MS = An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.

UI = D011223

 

Prazosin

MS = A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention.

UI = D011224

 

Pre-Eclampsia

MS = Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.

AN = hypertension, proteinuria & edema after 20th week of pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D011225

 

Pre-Excitation Syndromes

MS = Conditions characterized by activation of the whole or some part of the ventricle by the atrial impulse earlier than would be expected if the impulse reached the ventricle by way of the normal specific conduction system only.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; long QT = LONG QT SYNDROME; normal PR-long QRS = PRE-EXCITATION, MAHAIM TYPE; short PR-normal QRS = LOWN-GANONG-LEVINE SYNDROME; short PR, long QRS = WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME

UI = D011226

 

Pre-Excitation, Mahaim-Type

MS = A form of pre-excitation characterized by a normal PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave.

AN = normal PR interval & long QRS interval with delta wave; SHORT PR NORMAL QRS COMPLEX SYNDROME see LOWN-GANONG-LEVINE SYNDROME is available

UI = D011227

 

Prealbumin

MS = A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D011228

 

Preanesthetic Medication

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011229

 

Precancerous Conditions

MS = Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = IM; do not use /compl for develop into cancer: use /pathol; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM); Manual 24.4.1.13

UI = D011230

 

Preceptorship

MS = Practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the supervision of an established professional in the particular field.

UI = D011231

 

Precipitating Factors

MS = Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015985

 

Precipitation

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D011232

 

Precipitin Tests

MS = Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible precipitation occurs when a soluble antigen reacts with its antibody.

AN = in serodiag

UI = D011233

 

Precipitins

MS = Antibodies which elicit precipitation when combined with antigen.

AN = antibodies

UI = D011234

 

Preconception Care

MS = An organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. This concept is different from PRENATAL CARE, which occurs during pregnancy.

AN = may refer to prospective mother or father

UI = D016742

 

Predatory Behavior

MS = Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

AN = animal only

UI = D011235

 

Prediabetic State

AN = do not use /compl for develop into diabetes; coord IM with specific diabetes precoord IM when pertinent

UI = D011236

 

Predictive Value of Tests

MS = In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011237

 

Prednimustine

MS = Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.

UI = D011238

 

Prednisolone

MS = A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent; /admin: consider also PREDNISOLONE, TOPICAL

UI = D011239

 

Prednisolone, Topical

MS = Prednisolone that is applied topically as an anti-inflammatory agent.

UI = D011240

 

Prednisone

MS = A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.

AN = do not confuse trade name Decortin (Merck) with DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE tradename Decortin (Schieffelin)

UI = D011241

 

Preferred Provider Organizations

MS = Arrangements negotiated between a third-party payer (often a self-insured company or union trust fund) and a group of health-care providers (hospitals and physicians) who furnish services at lower than usual fees, and, in return, receive prompt payment and an expectation of an increased volume of patients.

AN = specify geog if possible; DF: PPO

UI = D011243

 

Prefrontal Cortex

MS = The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

AN = "rostral part of the frontal lobe"

UI = D017397

 

Pregnadienediols

MS = Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains.

UI = D011244

 

Pregnadienes

MS = Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures.

UI = D011245

 

Pregnadienetriols

MS = Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives substituted with three hydroxy groups anywhere within the ring structure or side chains.

UI = D011246

 

Pregnancy

MS = The condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body, after union of an ovum and spermatozoon. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = IM for articles on normal pregn, NIM as check tag; policy: Manual 18.4+, 28.17+; in children or adolescents, see note under PREGNANCY IN ADOLESCENCE; pregn despite use of contraceptives is PREGNANCY + contraceptive term with no qualif; check tag FEMALE also; molar pregn = HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; surrogate pregnancy = SURROGATE MOTHERS; heterotopic pregnancy: see note under PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN

UI = D011247

 

Pregnancy Complications

MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.

AN = pregn in a dis or a dis in pregn; coord IM with dis (IM); /surg: consider also OBSTETRIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; do not use for heterotopic pregn: see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL

UI = D011248

 

Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular

MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.

AN = coord IM with specific cardiovasc dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; hemorrh during pregn goes here, not PREGN COMPL HEMATOL; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL CARDIOVASC

UI = D011249

 

Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic

MS = The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease. The hematologic disorder may be of the cells or coagulation elements of the blood but does not refer to deficiencies or excesses of various substances in the blood, such as hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. It may precede or follow conception and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or fetus.

AN = for disord of formed elements or coag processes of blood in pregn, not for excess or defic of substances in the blood (as HYPOKALEMIA + PREGN COMPL, not PREGN COMPL HEMATOL); coord IM with specific hematologic dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; hemorrh during pregn goes under PREGNANCY COMPL CARDIOVASC, not here; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL HEMATOL

UI = D011250

 

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

MS = Infections occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of an infectious disease.

AN = bact, fungal or viral infect: note also PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, PARASITIC; coord IM with specific infectious dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL INFECT

UI = D011251

 

Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic

MS = Neoplasms occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of a neoplastic disease.

AN = coord IM with specific histol type (IM) + precoord organ/neopl term (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL NEOPL

UI = D011252

 

Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic

MS = Parasitic diseases occurring during the course of pregnancy, or pregnancy during the course of a parasitic disease. Some of the more commonly co-occurring infections are amebiasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis.

AN = coord IM with specific parasitic dis (IM); check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 18.4.7; DF: PREGN COMPL PARASITIC

UI = D015597

 

Pregnancy in Adolescence

MS = Pregnancy in humans under 19.

AN = pregn as a physiol, social, cultural, psychol probl in adolesc; IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; includes pregn in children under 13; check tags HUMAN; FEMALE; PREGNANCY & ADOLESCENT if 13-18 yrs old or CHILD if under 13; do not confuse with PREGNANCY (IM) + ADOLESCENT (NIM) where ADOLESCENT is picked up as a check tag among other age groups in the article; DF: PREGN IN ADOLESCENCE

UI = D011253

 

Pregnancy in Diabetics

MS = Previously diagnosed diabetics that become pregnant. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance induced by pregnancy but resolved at the end of pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL).

AN = refers to DIABETES MELLITUS, not DIABETES INSIPIDUS; do not confuse with DIABETES, GESTATIONAL where pregn causes diabetes while in PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS a diabetic becomes pregnant; coord IM with specific diabetes precoord (IM) if pertinent; DF: PREGN IN DIABETES

UI = D011254

 

Pregnancy Maintenance

MS = Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy.

AN = physiol mechanisms sustaining pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN MAINTENANCE

UI = D011255

 

Pregnancy Outcome

MS = Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

AN = refers to normal or complicated pregn or birth; GEN or unspecified: prefer specific outcome; DF: PREGN OUTCOME

UI = D011256

 

Pregnancy Proteins

MS = Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the placenta during pregnancy. They may be either pregnancy specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy associated (always present during pregnancy, but may also be present in individuals undergoing estrogen therapy, taking oral contraceptives or in patients with certain malignancies.)

AN = proteins produced by organs or placenta of pregn females, in small amts in non-pregn females, in women under estrogen ther or taking oral contraceptives or in women with certain cancers; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PREGN PROTEINS

UI = D011257

 

Pregnancy Rate

MS = Ratio of the number of conceptions that occur during a period to the mean number of women of reproductive age. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

AN = no. of conceptions during a given period in relation to no. of women of reprod age; check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE; no qualif; DF: PREGN RATE

UI = D018873

 

Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal

MS = Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.

AN = abortion of 1 or more embryos or fetus to improve outcome for remaining embryos or fetuses in multiple pregn; DF: PREGN REDUCTION MULTIFETAL

UI = D018607

 

Pregnancy Tests

MS = Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.

AN = human & animal; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TESTS

UI = D011258

 

Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic

AN = human & animal; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TESTS IMMUNOL

UI = D011259

 

Pregnancy Toxemias

MS = Pregnancy-induced hypertensive states, including EPH gestosis when edema and proteinuria accompany hypertension. Other hypertensive disorders that develop during pregnancy or the puerperium are pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, either of which may be superimposed upon chronic hypertensive vascular or renal disease.

AN = pregn-induced hypertensive states; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TOXEMIAS

UI = D011260

 

Pregnancy Trimester, First

MS = Period of pregnancy from the first day of the last normal menstrual period through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.

AN = human only; 14 weeks (98 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER FIRST

UI = D011261

 

Pregnancy Trimester, Second

MS = Period of pregnancy from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.

AN = human only; 15-28 weeks (99-196 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER SECOND

UI = D011262

 

Pregnancy Trimester, Third

MS = Period of pregnancy from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.

AN = human only; 29-42 weeks (197-294 days); avoid as IM: usually NIM coord; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; "at term": consider better LABOR; DF: PREGN TRIMESTER THIRD

UI = D011263

 

Pregnancy Trimesters

MS = The three periods of three months each in the normal pregnancy.

AN = human only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; trimesters are indexed only when the point of the article or substantively discussed: they are not sought out routinely nor indexed when merely mentioned; DF: PREGN TRIMESTERS

UI = D011264

 

Pregnancy Zone Proteins

MS = Glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of an alpha 2-globulin. They are found in small amounts in normal human plasma but in much larger volume in the plasma of pregnant women. These proteins have also been found in increased amounts in individuals undergoing estrogen therapy and are sometimes produced ectopically by tumors of non-placental origin. Pregnancy zone proteins are believed to be of maternal rather than placental origin.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: PREGN ZONE PROTEINS

UI = D011265

 

Pregnancy, Abdominal

MS = A type of ectopic pregnancy in which the embryo implants in the abdominal cavity instead of the uterine endometrium.

AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic or combined uterine & abdom pregn: see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN ABDOMINAL

UI = D011269

 

Pregnancy, Animal

AN = IM for articles on normal animal pregn but check also tag PREGNANCY; for NIM animal pregnancy do not index PREGNANCY, ANIMAL: merely check tag PREGNANCY; when IM, qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE also; Manual 18.4.6; DF: PREGN ANIMAL

UI = D011270

 

Pregnancy, Ectopic

MS = A potentially life-threatening condition in which the embryo implants outside the uterine endometrial cavity. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the fallopian tube (PREGNANCY, TUBAL), but they can be in the uterine cornua, cervix, ovary, and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).

AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic = PREGNANCY (IM) + PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC or its specifics (IM) + site (NIM); DF: PREGN ECTOPIC

UI = D011271

 

Pregnancy, High-Risk

MS = Pregnancy in which the mother and/or fetus are at greater than normal risk of morbidity or mortality. Causes include lack of adequate prenatal care, previous obstetrical history, pre-existing maternal disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and multiple gestation, as well as advanced maternal age.

AN = mother or fetus at risk; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN HIGH RISK

UI = D018566

 

Pregnancy, Multiple

MS = The condition of bearing two or more fetuses simultaneously. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = human & animal; this is the mother: TWINS; TRIPLETS; etc. is the offspring; specify TWINS, etc. NIM if pertinent; in ref to animals, do not use PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE for animals naturally having litters; consider LITTER SIZE; IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; not for "heterotopic pregnancy": see note at PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; Manual 28.17.4, 34.14; DF: PREGN MULTIPLE

UI = D011272

 

Pregnancy, Prolonged

MS = Pregnancy continuing beyond the normal duration; in humans, usually beyond 294 days after the beginning of the last menses. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = IM; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN PROLONGED

UI = D011273

 

Pregnancy, Tubal

MS = The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine embryo implantation occurs in the fallopian tube (FALLOPIAN TUBES), usually in the ampullary region where fertilization occurs.

AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; heterotopic or combined uterine & tubal pregn: see note on PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC; DF: PREGN TUBAL

UI = D011274

 

Pregnancy, Unwanted

MS = Pregnancy, usually accidental or unplanned, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

AN = unplanned pregnancy = PREGNANCY, not PREGNANCY, UNWANTED; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: PREGN UNWANTED

UI = D011275

 

Pregnancy-Associated alpha-Plasma Protein

MS = An alpha 2-macroglobulin, molecular weight approximately 750,000 now believed to be a pregnancy-specific protein. Its plasma levels increase steadily during the second trimester and continue to rise until the end of gestation.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011266

 

Pregnancy-Associated beta-Plasma Protein

MS = A beta-globulin now believed to be a pregnancy-specific protein. Its plasma levels increase steadily during pregnancy until the end of gestation.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011267

 

Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoprotein

MS = A glycoprotein with the electrophoretic mobility of a beta-1 globulin. It is produced by the placental trophoblast and secreted into the maternal bloodstream during pregnancy. It can be detected 18 days after ovulation and its concentration in plasma rises steadily until, at the end of gestation, it reaches 200 mg/ml. It has been proposed as a measure of placental function for fertility control and is a candidate for an early pregnancy test.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011268

 

Pregnanediol

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011276

 

Pregnanediones

MS = Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.

UI = D011277

 

Pregnanes

MS = Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.

AN = do not confuse with PREGNENES

UI = D011278

 

Pregnanetriol

UI = D011279

 

Pregnanolone

MS = A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.

AN = do not confuse with PREGNENOLONE

UI = D011280

 

Pregnant Women

MS = Human females who are pregnant, as cultural, psychological, or sociological entities.

AN = IM as psychol or social entity; NIM as check tag

UI = D037841

 

Pregnatrienes

MS = Pregnane derivatives containing three double bonds in the ring structures.

UI = D011281

 

Pregnenediones

MS = Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.

UI = D011282

 

Pregnenes

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.

AN = do not confuse with PREGNANES

UI = D011283

 

Pregnenolone

AN = a progestational hormones; do not confuse with PREGNANOLONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011284

 

Pregnenolone Carbonitrile

MS = A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.

AN = DF: PCN

UI = D011285

 

Preimplantation Diagnosis

MS = Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the ovum, zygote, or blastocyst prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.

AN = preimplant refers to ovum implant; check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D019836

 

Preimplantation Phase

MS = The time period between fertilization and implantation.

AN = human & animal; check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL & FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D011286

 

Prejudice

MS = A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence.

AN = no qualif; coord IM with object of prejudice (IM)

UI = D011287

 

Prekallikrein

MS = A plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. Plasma that is deficient in prekallikrein has been found to be abnormal in thromboplastin formation, kinin generation, evolution of a permeability globulin, and plasmin formation. The absence of prekallikrein in plasma leads to Fletcher factor deficiency, a congenital disease.

UI = D011288

 

Preleukemia

MS = Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.

AN = do not use /compl for develop into leukemia

UI = D011289

 

Premarital Examinations

AN = IM; DF: PREMARITAL EXAM

UI = D011291

 

Premedication

MS = Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION.

AN = coord IM with specific drug /ther use (IM); includes anti-anxiety medication; does not include antibiotic premedication ( = ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS)

UI = D011292

 

Premenopause

MS = The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place with advancing age (usually between the age of late thirty and early fifty) resulting in cessation of menses.

UI = D017697

 

Premenstrual Syndrome

MS = A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they dimish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

UI = D011293

 

Prenalterol

MS = A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute cardiac failure, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, shock, and reducing orthostatic hypotension in the Shy-Drager syndrome.

UI = D011294

 

Prenatal Care

MS = Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.

AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D011295

 

Prenatal Diagnosis

MS = Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth.

AN = check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; if a fetal dis is discussed, coord IM with FETAL DISEASES (IM) or FETAL DISEASES (IM) + specific dis in the fetus (IM)

UI = D011296

 

Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects

MS = Delayed effects on offspring of maternal or fetal prenatal exposure to drugs, radiation and other physical agents, manipulation, nutrition, stress, etc.

AN = restrict to maternal & fetal: do not use for paternal (index probably under FATHERS (NIM)); includes prenatal exposure to "drugs, radiation & other phys agents, manipulation, nutrition, stress, etc."; note MATERNAL EXPOSURE & PATERNAL EXPOSURE are available for environ exposure of mother or father; IM; no qualif; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D011297

 

Prenatal Nutrition

MS = Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.

UI = D039401

 

Prenazone

MS = A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)

UI = D011298

 

Prenylamine

MS = A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)

UI = D011299

 

Preoperative Care

MS = Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

AN = preop use of antibiotics for prev of infect: index under ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS & not here; DF: PREOP CARE

UI = D011300

 

Preoptic Area

MS = Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm.

UI = D011301

 

Prepaid Health Plans

MS = Contracts between an insurer and a subscriber or a group of subscribers whereby a specified set of health benefits is provided in return for a periodic premium.

UI = D017061

 

Prephenate Dehydratase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate with the elimination of water and carbon dioxide. In the enteric bacteria this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. EC 4.2.1.51.

AN = do not confuse with PREPHENATE DEHYDROGENASE

UI = D011302

 

Prephenate Dehydrogenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the presence of NAD. In the enteric bacteria, this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. EC 1.3.1.12.

AN = do not confuse with PREPHENATE DEHYDRATASE

UI = D011303

 

Presbycusis

MS = Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.

UI = D011304

 

Presbyopia

MS = The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.

UI = D011305

 

Prescription Fees

MS = The charge levied on the consumer for drugs or therapy prescribed under written order of a physician or other health professional.

AN = for drug & non-drug prescriptions; costs to the patient or 3d-party payer: do not confuse with DRUG COSTS, which are costs to a health care facility or organiz

UI = D011306

 

Prescriptions, Drug

MS = Directions written for the preparation and adminstration of a drug.

AN = do not confuse the concept of "prescription" with the drug prescribed; probably GEN only, irrespective of specific drug prescribed ( = probably /admin & dosage); do not confuse with DRUG COMPOUNDING: prescribing is by the MD, cpding is by the pharmacist or drug co.; drug formulation is CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL

UI = D011307

 

Prescriptions, Non-Drug

MS = Written directions for the preparation, administration, or application of a non-drug remedy. This includes prescriptions for corrective lenses, self-help and orthopedic devices, and physical therapy and rehabilitation measures.

UI = D011308

 

Preservation, Biological

AN = BLOOD PRESERVATION; ORGAN PRESERVATION and TISSUE PRESERVATION are also available; CRYOPRESERVATION is also available; DF: PRESERVATION BIOL

UI = D011309

 

Preservatives, Pharmaceutical

MS = Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include antibiotics and antioxidants.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: PRESERVATIVES PHARM

UI = D011310

 

Pressoreceptors

MS = Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

AN = mechanoreceptors of the vasomotor system; DF: PRESSORECEPT

UI = D011311

 

Pressure

AN = NIM; spinal or cerebrospinal fluid pressure = CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; pressure within heart ventricles = VENTRICULAR PRESSURE

UI = D011312

 

Presumed Consent

MS = An institutional policy of granting authority to health personnel to perform procedures on patients or to remove organs from cadavers for transplantation unless an objection is registered by family members or by the patient prior to death. This also includes emergency care of minors without prior parental consent.

UI = D019724

 

Presynaptic Terminals

MS = The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

AN = distal terminations of axons: note X ref; A 11 qualif except /cytol

UI = D017729

 

Prevalence

MS = The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; total number of cases, new & old: do not confuse with INCIDENCE, total number of new cases; read MeSH definitions; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015995

 

Preventive Dentistry

MS = The branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; spec concerned with prev of tooth & mouth dis: do not confuse with TOOTH DISEASES /prev or MOUTH DISEASES /prev; see note under DENTAL CARE; for "see your dentist twice a year"; do not confuse with DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS (see note there) or ORAL HYGIENE (see note there)

UI = D011313

 

Preventive Health Services

MS = Services designed for promotion of health and prevention of disease.

AN = IM; DF: PREV HEALTH SERV

UI = D011314

 

Preventive Medicine

MS = A medical specialty primarily concerned with prevention of disease and the promotion and preservation of health in the individual.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; for specific disease, use /prev: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.58; primary prev = PRIMARY PREVENTION, secondary prev = diag & ther, tertiary prev = REHABILITATION; DF: PREV MED

UI = D011315

 

Preventive Psychiatry

MS = A discipline concerned with the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS /prev or specific ment disord /prev or with MENTAL HEALTH

UI = D011316

 

Prevotella

MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.

AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM); named for the French microbiologist A. R. Prévot, pioneer in anaerobic microbiol

UI = D018720

 

Prevotella intermedia

MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth.

AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018713

 

Prevotella melaninogenica

MS = A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium has been isolated from the mouth, urine, feces, and infections of the mouth, soft tissue, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and intestinal tract. It is pathogenic, but usually in association with other kinds of organisms.

AN = infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D001443

 

Priapism

MS = Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = persistent penile erection

UI = D011317

 

Price Lists [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of lists giving the prices of items for sale, including drugs, equipment, books, etc. Price lists are less detailed than catalogs and not as long.

AN = publication type only

UI = D019525

 

Prilocaine

MS = A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p165)

UI = D011318

 

Primaquine

MS = An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopia, 30th ed, p404)

UI = D011319

 

Primary Health Care

MS = Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)

AN = IM

UI = D011320

 

Primary Nursing Care

MS = The primary responsibility of one nurse for the planning, evaluation, and care of a patient throughout the course of illness, convalescence, and recovery.

UI = D011321

 

Primary Prevention

MS = Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease.

UI = D011322

 

Primate Diseases

MS = Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.

AN = animal only, not man; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific primate heading /abnorm or /inj; don't forget also PRIMATES (NIM) if no specific primate is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: PRIMATE DIS

UI = D018419

 

Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1

MS = A species in the family DELTARETROVIRUS comprising strains of different host species but arising from the same geographic origin. They include HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.

AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent

UI = D030261

 

Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2

MS = A species in the family DELTARETROVIRUS, comprising strains from different host species but arising from the same geographic origin. They include HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 and SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2.

AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent

UI = D030263

 

Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3

MS = A species of DELTARETROVIRUS comprising one strain: Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3.

AN = infection: coord IM with DELTARETROVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) if pertinent

UI = D030282

 

Primates

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific family, subfamily or genus; IM; qualif permitted; only human primate is HOMINIDAE

UI = D011323

 

Primed In Situ Labeling

MS = A technique that labels specific sequences in whole chromosomes by in situ DNA chain elongation or PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

UI = D020401

 

Primidone

MS = An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. Adverse effects are reported to be more frequent than with PHENOBARBITAL. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p309)

UI = D011324

 

Primula

MS = A plant genus of the family PRIMULACEAE. It can cause CONTACT DERMATITIS. SAPONINS have been identified in the root.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031825

 

Primulaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Primulales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The flowers have both stamens and pistil, and the fruits are capsules.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029623

 

Prince Edward Island

MS = An island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence constituting a province of Canada in the eastern part of the country. It is very irregular in shape with many deep inlets. Its capital is Charlottetown. Discovered by the French in 1534 and originally named Ile Saint-Jean, it was renamed in 1799 in honor of Prince Edward, fourth son of George III and future father of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p981 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p433)

AN = a province of eastern Canada

UI = D011325

 

Principal Component Analysis

MS = Mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components.

UI = D025341

 

Principle-Based Ethics

MS = An approach to ethics that focuses on theories of the importance of general principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and justice.

UI = D028662

 

Printers' Marks

UI = D011326

 

Printing

AN = IM

UI = D011327

 

Prion Diseases

MS = A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal PRIONS. These diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. In humans, these conditions generally feature DEMENTIA, ATAXIA, and a fatal outcome. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. The older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional SLOW VIRUS DISEASES. (From Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13363-83)

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics

UI = D017096

 

Prions

MS = Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.

AN = /pathogen permitted

UI = D011328

 

Prisoners

AN = differentiate from CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY; X ref HOSTAGES: coord with VIOLENCE only if particularly discussed

UI = D011329

 

Prisons

MS = Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.

AN = specify geog

UI = D011330

 

Pristinamycin

MS = An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces pristinaspiralis. It is a mixture of compounds from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A: pristinamycin IIA and IIB(STREPTOGRAMIN A) and from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B: pristinamycin IA(STREPTOGRAMIN B), pristinamycin IB, pristinamycin IC.

UI = D025762

 

Privacy

MS = The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)

AN = a civil right to freedom from intrusion in one's private affairs; note X ref, a Federal statute; privacy of patient data or records: index under CONFIDENTIALITY

UI = D018907

 

Private Practice

MS = Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice.

UI = D011331

 

Private Sector

MS = That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests.

AN = IM; specify nature of private endeavor (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D017149

 

Privatization

MS = Process of shifting publicly controlled services and/or facilities to the private sector.

AN = med or non-med services or facilities

UI = D011332

 

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

MS = A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin.

AN = a protein precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011333

 

Proactive Inhibition

MS = The state or process hypothesized to account for poorer learning rate for elements later in a series as compared to the learning rate for elements coming earlier in a series.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011334

 

Proadifen

MS = An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011335

 

Probability

MS = The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.

AN = IM for probability as a statist concept; NIM as coord for relative frequency of occur of specific dis, physiol response, etc.; see note under RISK & RISK FACTORS; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM)

UI = D011336

 

Probability Learning

MS = Usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011337

 

Probability Theory

MS = The branch of mathematics dealing with the purely logical properties of probability. Its theorems underlie most statistical methods. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

AN = no qualif

UI = D011338

 

Probenecid

MS = The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

UI = D011339

 

Probiotics

MS = Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)

AN = coordinate with specific microorganism

UI = D019936

 

Problem Solving

MS = A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.

AN = human & animal

UI = D011340

 

Problem-Based Learning

MS = Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.

AN = a teaching method in the curriculum: do not confuse with PROBLEM-SOLVING, a type of learning

UI = D018794

 

Problems and Exercises [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of collections of practice questions and drills, generally for instructional or review use.

UI = D020497

 

Probucol

MS = A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

UI = D011341

 

Procainamide

MS = A derivative of PROCAINE with less CNS action.

UI = D011342

 

Procaine

MS = A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

UI = D011343

 

Procarbazine

MS = An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.

UI = D011344

 

Procaterol

MS = A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is a potent bronchodilator that may be administered orally or by aerosol inhalation.

UI = D017265

 

Process Assessment (Health Care)

MS = An evaluation procedure that focuses on how care is delivered, based on the premise that there are standards of performance for activities undertaken in delivering patient care, in which the specific actions taken, events occurring, and human interactions are compared with accepted standards.

AN = note category; process only: for outcome assessment with process assessment, OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE) is available; DF: PROCESS ASSESS

UI = D017064

 

Procetofen

MS = An antilipemic agent which reduces both cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Synonyms: LF 178; Lipantyl.

UI = D011345

 

Prochlorales

MS = An order of GRAM-NEGATIVE OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA containing both chlorophylls a and b, but lacking phycobilins. There are two genera: PROCHLORON and PROCHLOROTHRIX.

AN = an order of gram-neg oxygenic photosyn bact

UI = D019689

 

Prochloron

MS = A genus of PROCHLORALES containing unicellular, spherical bacteria without a mucilaginous sheath. They are found almost exclusively as extracellular symbionts of colonial ascidians on subtropical or tropical marine shores. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = a genus of bact order Prochlorales

UI = D019691

 

Prochlorothrix

MS = A genus of PROCHLORALES occurring in unbranched chains of indefinite length and containing both chlorophylls a and b. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

AN = a genus of bact order Prochlorales

UI = D019692

 

Prochlorperazine

MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause extrapyramidal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612)

UI = D011346

 

Procollagen

MS = A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal ends of the polypeptide chains.

AN = coord IM with specific collagen (IM) if pertinent

UI = D011347

 

Procollagen N-Endopeptidase

MS = An extracellular endopeptidase which excises a block of peptides at the amino terminal, nonhelical region of the procollagen molecule with the formation of collagen. Absence or deficiency of the enzyme causes accumulation of procollagen which results in the inherited connective tissue disorder--dermatosparaxis. EC 3.4.24.14.

UI = D011348

 

Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase

MS = A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of peptidyllysine, usually in protocollagen, to peptidylhydroxylysine. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of the cosubstrate 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.4.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D008240

 

Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase

MS = A mixed-function oxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of a prolyl-glycyl-containing-peptide, usually in protocollagen, to a hydroxyprolylglycyl-containing-peptide. The enzyme utilizes molecular oxygen with a concomitant oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoglutarate to succinate. EC 1.14.11.2.

UI = D011393

 

Proctitis

UI = D011349

 

Proctocolectomy, Restorative

MS = A surgical procedure involving the excision of the COLON and RECTUM and the formation of an ILEOANAL RESERVOIR (pouch). In patients with intestinal diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, this procedure avoids the need for an OSTOMY by allowing for transanal defecation.

UI = D016737

 

Proctocolitis

MS = Inflammation of the rectum and colon.

AN = note X ref RECTOCOLITIS but available also are RECTOCOLITIS, HEMORRHAGIC see COLITIS, ULCERATIVE & RECTOCOLITIS, ULCERATIVE see COLITIS, ULCERATIVE

UI = D011350

 

Proctoscopes

MS = Endoscopes for visual examination of the rectum and anus.

UI = D020700

 

Proctoscopy

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the rectum.

UI = D011351

 

Procyclidine

MS = A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.

AN = a central muscle relaxant

UI = D011352

 

Prodigiosin

MS = 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.

AN = an antibiotic from Serratia marcescens & others; do not confuse with PRODIGIOZAN, another antibiotic from same source; /biosyn permitted if by micro-organism

UI = D011353

 

Prodigiozan

MS = A polysaccharide extracted from Serratia marcescens and other bacteria. It activates enzymatic activity of macrophages and stimulates phagocytic processes.

AN = Do not confuse with PRODIGIOSIN, an antibiotic from same source

UI = D011354

 

Prodrugs

MS = A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.

AN = "a cpd that on admin must undergo chem conversion by metab processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug"; D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug (IM)

UI = D011355

 

Product Labeling

MS = Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions, hazards, warnings, and other relevant information.

UI = D011356

 

Product Line Management

MS = Management control systems for structuring health care delivery strategies around case types, as in DRGs, or specific clinical services.

AN = restrict to Cat N: not for drug industry: read MeSH definition

UI = D011357

 

Product Packaging

MS = Form in which product is processed or wrapped and labeled. (From POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991) PRODUCT LABELING is also available.

AN = includes containers, packaging methods, packaging materials; IM; coord with specific product (IM); FOOD PACKAGING & DRUG PACKAGING are also available

UI = D019064

 

Product Surveillance, Postmarketing

MS = Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.

AN = not restricted to drugs; surveillance after release for general sale

UI = D011358

 

Proestrus

MS = A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.

AN = non-primate mammals only

UI = D011359

 

Professional Autonomy

MS = The quality or state of being independent and self-directing, especially in making decisions, enabling professionals to exercise judgment as they see fit during the performance of their jobs.

UI = D017009

 

Professional Competence

MS = The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.

AN = competence in any profession or discipline: differentiate from CLINICAL COMPETENCE which is restricted to competence in professional activities directly related to patient care

UI = D011361

 

Professional Corporations

MS = Legally authorized corporations owned and managed by one or more professionals (medical, dental, legal) in which the income is ascribed primarily to the professional activities of the owners or stockholders.

AN = coord IM with PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, MEDICAL or PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, DENTAL (IM) for med or dent profess corp

UI = D011362

 

Professional Impairment

MS = The inability of a health professional to provide proper professional care of patients due to his or her physical and/or mental disability.

AN = for impairment see note on PHYSICIAN IMPAIRMENT; coord IM with specific impairment (IM) + specific profession (IM)

UI = D011363

 

Professional Misconduct

MS = Violation of laws, regulations, or professional standards.

AN = coord IM with profession (IM); SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT is also available

UI = D028743

 

Professional Practice

MS = The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.

AN = /econ permitted but consider many specific economics terms available; do not confuse with PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS: see note there

UI = D011364

 

Professional Practice Location

MS = Geographic area in which a professional person practices; includes primarily physicians and dentists.

UI = D011365

 

Professional Review Organizations

MS = Organizations representing designated geographic areas which have contracts under the PRO program to review the medical necessity, appropriateness, quality, and cost-effectiveness of care received by Medicare beneficiaries. Peer Review Improvement Act, PL 97-248, 1982.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D011366

 

Professional Role

MS = The expected function of a member of a particular profession.

UI = D024382

 

Professional Staff Committees

MS = Committees of professional personnel who have responsibility for determining policies, procedures, and controls related to professional matters in health facilities.

UI = D011367

 

Professional-Family Relations

MS = The interactions between the professional person and the family.

AN = no qualif; DF: PROFESSIONAL FAMILY RELAT

UI = D011368

 

Professional-Patient Relations

MS = Interactions between health personnel and patients.

AN = no qualif; DF: PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELAT

UI = D011369

 

Proflavine

MS = 3,6-Diaminoacridine. Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.

AN = an anti-infective

UI = D011370

 

Progeria

MS = An abnormal congenital condition characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature greying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.

UI = D011371

 

Progestational Hormones

MS = A class of sex hormones associated with certain changes in the uterus and vagina during the menstrual cycle. They are necessary for the development of mammary tissue and for the maintenance of pregnancy.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not use /analogs; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES, SYNTHETIC

UI = D011372

 

Progestational Hormones, Synthetic

MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that possess progestational activity, but differ in structure from naturally occurring progestational hormones.

AN = oral contraceptives; do not confuse with PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES /chem syn; DF: PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES SYN

UI = D011373

 

Progesterone

MS = The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011374

 

Progesterone Reductase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.

UI = D011375

 

Progesterone-Binding Globulin

MS = A glycoprotein migrating as alpha 1-globulin, molecular weight 70,000 to 120,000. The protein, which is present in increased amounts in the plasma during pregnancy, binds mainly progesterone, with other steroids including testosterone competing weakly.

AN = an alpha-globulin; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011376

 

Proglumide

MS = A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.

UI = D011377

 

Prognathism

MS = A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = abnormal protrusion of mandible; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; consider also MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS III

UI = D011378

 

Prognosis

MS = A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

AN = almost never IM; IM only when GEN; NIM with progn of specific dis /diag (IM); Manual 19.8.22; despite category, do not restrict to diagnosis: progn after ther or surg is PROGNOSIS (NIM)

UI = D011379

 

Program Development

MS = The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).

AN = coord IM with specific subject (IM); not for computer programs

UI = D016730

 

Program Evaluation

MS = Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.

AN = do not confuse with terms indented under QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE

UI = D015397

 

Programmed Instruction

MS = Instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (ERIC, Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1996).

AN = IM

UI = D011380

 

Programmed Instruction [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of sequenced self-correction texts.

UI = D020498

 

Programming Languages

MS = Specific languages used to prepare computer programs.

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D011381

 

Programming, Linear

MS = A technique of operations research for solving certain kinds of problems involving many variables where a best value or set of best values is to be found. It is most likely to be feasible when the quantity to be optimized, sometimes called the objective function, can be stated as a mathematical expression in terms of the various activities within the system, and when this expression is simply proportional to the measure of the activities, i.e., is linear, and when all the restrictions are also linear. It is different from computer programming, although problems using linear programming techniques may be programmed on a computer.

AN = IM

UI = D011382

 

Programs [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of lists of the events, pieces, performers, speakers, etc., of an entertainment, ceremony, or the like. (From: Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloging, 2d ed)

AN = publication type only

UI = D019542

 

Progressive Patient Care

MS = Organization of medical and nursing care according to the degree of illness and care requirements in the hospital. The elements are intensive care, intermediate care, self-care, long-term care, and organized home care.

AN = IM

UI = D011383

 

Proinsulin

MS = A precursor of insulin, with a molecular weight of 8,000 to 10,000. It has minimum hormonal activity and is converted to insulin by removal of the connecting C peptide, leaving the two (A and B)-chain, active insulin molecule. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = an insulin precursor; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011384

 

Projection

MS = A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011385

 

Projective Techniques

MS = Techniques whereby personality attributes are revealed through the subject's responses to relatively unstructured, ambiguous, or vague stimuli. These responses represent projections of the subject's own fears and needs.

UI = D011386

 

Prokaryotic Cells

MS = Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

AN = GEN: prefer BACTERIA or specific bact; A 11 qualif with discretion

UI = D011387

 

Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-1

MS = The smallest of the three prokaryotic initiation factors with a molecular size of approximately 8 kD. It binds near the A-site of the 30S subunit of RIBOSOMES and may play a role in preventing premature addition of aminoacyl-tRNA-linked PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR TU to the ribosome during PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION.

UI = D039861

 

Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-2

MS = The largest of the three prokaryotic initiation factors with a molecular size of approximately 80 kD. It functions in the transcription initiation process by promoting the binding of formylmethionine-tRNA to the P-site of the 30S ribosome and by preventing the incorrect binding of elongator tRNA to the translation initiation site.

UI = D039881

 

Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-3

MS = A prokaryotic initiation factor that plays a role in recycling of ribosomal subunits for a new round of translational initiation. It binds to 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and stimulates the dissociation of vacant 70S RIBOSOMES. It may also be involved in the preferential binding of initiator tRNA to the 30S initiation complex.

UI = D039665

 

Prokaryotic Initiation Factors

MS = Peptide initiation factors from prokaryotic organisms. Only three factors are needed for translation initiation in prokaryotic organisms, which occurs by a far simpler process than in PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION of eukaryotic organisms.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D039662

 

Prolactin

MS = A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

AN = /blood: consider also HYPERPROLACTINEMIA

UI = D011388

 

Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Hormone

MS = A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of PROLACTIN.

AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PRIH

UI = D011389

 

Prolactin-Releasing Hormone

MS = A polypeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of prolactin in the pituitary gland.

AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PRH

UI = D011390

 

Prolactinoma

MS = A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.

AN = coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D015175

 

Prolapse

MS = The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.

AN = GEN or unspecified but almost never IM; coord with organ/dis precoord (IM)

UI = D011391

 

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

MS = Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

AN = a nuclear protein; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018809

 

Proline

MS = A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted

UI = D011392

 

Proline Oxidase

MS = The first enzyme of the proline degradative pathway. It catalyzes the oxidation of proline to pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in the presence of oxygen and water. The action is not reversible. The specific activity of proline oxidase increases with age. EC 1.5.3.-.

UI = D011394

 

Proline-Directed Protein Kinases

MS = A subclass of protein serine-threonine kinases that phosphorylate proteins on a SERINE or THREONINE residue that is immediately preceding a PROLINE residue.

UI = D038461

 

Promazine

MS = A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.

UI = D011395

 

Promedol

MS = A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.

UI = D011396

 

Promegestone

MS = A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.

AN = D25-26

UI = D011397

 

Promethazine

MS = A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.

UI = D011398

 

Promethium

MS = Promethium. A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, atomic number 61, and atomic weight 147. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.

AN = naturally radioactive; a rare earth metal; IM

UI = D011399

 

Prometryne

MS = A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = an herbicide

UI = D011400

 

Promoter Regions (Genetics)

MS = DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

AN = DF: PROMOTER REGIONS

UI = D011401

 

Pronase

MS = A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.

UI = D011402

 

Pronation

MS = Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward or when applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints, (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).

AN = refers to foot or forearm; do not confuse with PRONE POSITION

UI = D011403

 

Prone Position

MS = The posture of an individual lying face down.

AN = almost never IM; do not confuse with PRONATION, a movement of the foot or forearm

UI = D016684

 

Propafenone

MS = An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated.

UI = D011405

 

Propaganda

MS = The deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause. (POPLINE Thesaurus 1991)

AN = no qualif

UI = D011406

 

Propane

UI = D011407

 

Propanediol Dehydratase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde. EC 4.2.1.28.

UI = D011408

 

Propanidid

MS = An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

UI = D011410

 

Propanil

MS = A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.

UI = D011411

 

Propanolamines

MS = AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

UI = D011412

 

Propanols

MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).

UI = D020005

 

Propantheline

MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.

UI = D011413

 

Properdin

MS = Non-immunoglobulin gamma globulin component of the alternative complement pathway (COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It complexes with C3b and stabilizes alternate pathway C3 convertase. (Dorland, 28th ed)

UI = D011414

 

Prophages

MS = Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

AN = coord IM with specific bacteriophage (IM)

UI = D039002

 

Prophase

MS = The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles.

AN = 1st phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D011418

 

Propidium

MS = Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011419

 

Propiolactone

MS = Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.

UI = D011420

 

Propionates

UI = D011422

 

Propionibacteriaceae

MS = A family of gram-positive bacteria found in dairy products or in the intestinal tracts of animals.

AN = in dairy products or intestinal tracts of animals

UI = D011423

 

Propionibacterium

MS = A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose cells occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps resembling letters of the Chinese alphabet. Its organisms are found in cheese and dairy products as well as on human skin and can occasionally cause soft tissue infections.

AN = in dairy products; DF: PROPIONIBACT

UI = D011424

 

Propionibacterium acnes

MS = A bacteria isolated from normal skin, intestinal contents, wounds, blood, pus, and soft tissue abscesses. It is a common contaminant of clinical specimens, presumably from the skin of patients or attendants.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: PROPIONIBACT ACNES

UI = D011425

 

Propionic Acids

MS = 3-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

AN = propionic acidemia: index PROPIONIC ACIDS /blood (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

UI = D011426

 

Propiophenones

UI = D011427

 

Proplast

MS = Polymer of polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon filaments; porous biocompatible material used in orofacial and middle ear reconstruction and as coating for metal implants.

AN = a polymer used in reconstruct surg; D25-26 qualif

UI = D011428

 

Propofol

MS = An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206)

UI = D015742

 

Propolis

MS = A resinous substance obtained from beehives that is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. It is a heterogeneous mixture of many substances.

UI = D011429

 

Proportional Hazards Models

MS = Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific subject /statist (IM); no qualif

UI = D016016

 

Propoxur

MS = A carbamate insecticide.

UI = D001074

 

Propoxycaine

MS = A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)

UI = D011430

 

Propoxyphene

MS = A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.

UI = D011431

 

Propranolol

MS = A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety.

UI = D011433

 

Proprioception

MS = The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth.

UI = D011434

 

Propyl Gallate

MS = Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.

UI = D011435

 

Propylamines

UI = D011437

 

Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard

MS = An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011438

 

Propylene Glycol

MS = A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.

AN = PROPYLENE GLYCOLS is also available

UI = D019946

 

Propylene Glycols

MS = Derivatives of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol). They are used as humectants and solvents in pharmaceutical preparations.

AN = PROPYLENE GLYCOL is also available

UI = D011409

 

Propyliodone

MS = Radiopaque medium usually in oil; used in bronchography.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011440

 

Propylthiouracil

MS = A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)

AN = a thyroid antag

UI = D011441

 

Proscillaridin

MS = A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).

UI = D011442

 

Prosencephalon

MS = The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON.

AN = comprises the DIENCEPHALON & TELENCEPHALON

UI = D016548

 

Prosopagnosia

MS = The inability to recognize a familiar face or to learn to recognize new faces. This visual agnosia is most often associated with lesions involving the junctional regions between the temporal and occipital lobes. The majority of cases are associated with bilateral lesions, however unilateral damage to the right occipito-temporal cortex has also been associated with this condition. (From Cortex 1995 Jun;31(2):317-29)

UI = D020238

 

Prosopis

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of prosopis gum.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029862

 

Prospective Payment Assessment Commission

MS = The commission charged with evaluating issues and factors which affect the implementation of the PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM.

AN = specify geog; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D011444

 

Prospective Payment System

MS = A system wherein reimbursement rates are set, for a given period of time, prior to the circumstances giving rise to actual reimbursement claims.

AN = specify geog

UI = D011445

 

Prospective Studies

MS = Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011446

 

Prospectuses [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of advertisements separately printed and distributed by a publisher to describe and solicit orders for a recent or forthcoming publication. In the case of books, they may include sample pages. (From: ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

AN = publication type only; for prospectuses as a subject, index under main heading ADVERTISING

UI = D019527

 

Prospidium

MS = An antineoplastic dispiropiperazine derivative.

UI = D011447

 

Prostaglandin Antagonists

MS = Compounds that inhibit the action of prostaglandins.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted if by living organism; DF: PG ANTAG

UI = D011448

 

Prostaglandin D2

MS = The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PGD2

UI = D015230

 

Prostaglandin Endoperoxides

MS = Precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. They are physiologically active compounds, having effect on vascular and airway smooth muscles, platelet aggregation, etc.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PG ENDOPEROXIDES

UI = D011449

 

Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic

MS = Synthetic compounds that are analogs of the naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides and that mimic their pharmacologic and physiologic activities. They are usually more stable than the naturally occurring compounds.

AN = coord IM with specific syn prostaglandin (NIM); DF: PG ENDOPEROXIDES SYN

UI = D011450

 

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase

MS = An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from the appropriate unsaturated fatty acid, molecular oxygen, and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.14.99.1.

AN = /antag = CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIBITORS; DF: PG SYNTHASE

UI = D011451

 

Prostaglandins

MS = A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC

UI = D011453

 

Prostaglandins A

MS = (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE; PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19-hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues.

AN = /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS A, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGA

UI = D011454

 

Prostaglandins A, Synthetic

MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandin A that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGA.

AN = DF: PGA SYN

UI = D011455

 

Prostaglandins B

MS = Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC: DF: PGB

UI = D011456

 

Prostaglandins D

MS = Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGD

UI = D011457

 

Prostaglandins E

MS = (11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS E, SYNTHETIC: DF: PGE

UI = D011458

 

Prostaglandins E, Synthetic

MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins E that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGE.

AN = DF: PGE SYN

UI = D011459

 

Prostaglandins F

MS = (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDINS F, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGF

UI = D011460

 

Prostaglandins F, Synthetic

MS = Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.

AN = DF: PGF SYN

UI = D011461

 

Prostaglandins G

MS = A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin G2.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGG

UI = D011462

 

Prostaglandins H

MS = A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin H2.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; for analogs, coord NIM with PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC (IM); /chem syn permitted: do not convert to PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES, SYNTHETIC; DF: PGH

UI = D011463

 

Prostaglandins, Synthetic

MS = Compounds obtained by chemical synthesis that are analogs or derivatives of naturally occurring prostaglandins and that have similar activity.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; for synthetic prostaglandins not precoord, coord specific non-synthetic (natural) prostaglandin term (NIM) + PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC (IM); DF: PG SYN

UI = D011465

 

Prostanoic Acids

MS = 2-Octylcyclopentaneheptanoic acids. The family of saturated carbon-20 cyclic fatty acids that represent the parent compounds of the prostaglandins.

AN = do not confuse with "prostenoic acids"; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011466

 

Prostate

MS = A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.

AN = adenoma, hyperplasia & hypertrophy = PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; /surg: probably PROSTATECTOMY; inflammation = PROSTATITIS; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (a serine proteinase) is available: do not confuse with prostate-specific acid phosphatase ( = PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE)

UI = D011467

 

Prostate-Specific Antigen

MS = A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

AN = do not confuse with prostate-specific acid phosphatase ( = PROSTATE + ACID PHOSPHATASE)

UI = D017430

 

Prostatectomy

MS = Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE).

UI = D011468

 

Prostatic Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = PROSTATITIS

UI = D011469

 

Prostatic Hyperplasia

MS = Enlargement or overgrowth of the PROSTATE gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells.

AN = note category: non-neoplastic despite X refs ADENOMA, PROSTATIC & PROSTATIC ADENOMA

UI = D011470

 

Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia

MS = A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPL

UI = D019048

 

Prostatic Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the prostate.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note PROSTATIC ADENOMA see PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA is also available

UI = D011471

 

Prostatic Secretory Proteins

MS = Proteins secreted by the prostate gland. The major secretory proteins from the human prostate gland include PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and prostate-specific protein-94.

UI = D029584

 

Prostatitis

MS = Inflammation of the prostate. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of prostate

UI = D011472

 

Prostheses and Implants

MS = Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with prosthetic or implant material (IM or NIM); adv eff: consider PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; BIOPROSTHESIS is also available

UI = D019736

 

Prosthesis Coloring

MS = Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.

AN = coord IM with specific prosthesis (IM) or DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN (IM)

UI = D017797

 

Prosthesis Design

MS = The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.

AN = NIM; coord with specific prosth (IM) or specific techn /instrum (IM)

UI = D011474

 

Prosthesis Failure

MS = Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.

AN = restrict to non-dent prostheses: dent prostheses of all types = DENTAL RESTORATION FAILURE (see MeSH definition there); coord IM or NIM with specific prosthesis with no qualif (IM)

UI = D011475

 

Prosthesis Fitting

MS = The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)

AN = NIM; coord with specific prosthesis with no qualif (IM)

UI = D017755

 

Prosthesis Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.

UI = D019919

 

Prosthesis-Related Infections

MS = Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).

AN = coord IM with specific infect (IM) + specific prosthesis /adv eff (IM), as EYE, ARTIFICIAL /adv eff; infect by biofilm: coord IM with BIOFILMS (IM) but see note there; DF: PROSTHESIS RELAT INFECT

UI = D016459

 

Prosthodontics

MS = A dental specialty concerned with the restoration and maintenance of oral function by the replacement of missing teeth and structures by artificial devices or prostheses.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D011476

 

Prostitution

MS = The practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations for money.

AN = IM

UI = D011477

 

Protactinium

MS = Protactinium. A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

UI = D011478

 

Protamine Kinase

MS = An aspect of protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP. EC 2.7.1.70.

UI = D006656

 

Protamines

MS = A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)

AN = heparin antag

UI = D011479

 

Proteaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Proteales, subclass Rosidae class Magnoliopsida. Cluster roots, bottlebrush-like clusters of rootlets which form in response to poor soil, are common in this family.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D039105

 

Protease Inhibitors

MS = Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

AN = DF: PROTEASE INHIB

UI = D011480

 

Protective Agents

MS = Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.

AN = GEN: prefer specific groups of protective agents; D25-26 qualif

UI = D020011

 

Protective Clothing

MS = Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards.

UI = D011481

 

Protective Devices

MS = Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities.

AN = for personal protection

UI = D011482

 

Proteidae

MS = The Proteidae family of permanently larval aquatic salamanders. It consists of two living genera - Necturus (mudpuppy) of the eastern United States and Proteus (the European olm).

AN = note category: a family of aquatic salamanders; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D011483

 

Protein Array Analysis

MS = Ligand-binding assays that measure protein-protein, protein-small molecule or protein-nucleic acid interactions using a very large set of capturing molecules, i.e., those attached separately on the solid support, to measure the presence or interaction of target molecules in the sample.

UI = D040081

 

Protein Binding

MS = The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

AN = NIM; restrict to the chem or metab binding mechanism; coord NIM with substance being bound /metab (IM) + specific protein /metab (IM); do not use with RECEPTORS terms unless the substance bound to the receptor is a protein & the binding mechanism is discussed; do not confuse with BINDING PROTEINS see CARRIER PROTEINS

UI = D011485

 

Protein C

MS = A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.

UI = D011486

 

Protein C Deficiency

MS = An absence or deficiency in PROTEIN C which leads to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. It is associated with an increased risk of severe or premature thrombosis. (Stedman's Med. Dict., 26th ed.)

AN = DF: PROTEIN C DEFIC

UI = D020151

 

Protein C Inhibitor

MS = A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and able to inhibit activated protein C, thrombin, kallikrein, and other SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.

AN = a plasminogen inactivator & serine proteinase inhib; DF: PROTEIN C INHIB

UI = D018046

 

Protein Conformation

MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein; peptide conformation = PEPTIDES or specific peptide (IM) + PROTEIN CONFORMATION (NIM); index protein architecture here or under its specifics

UI = D011487

 

Protein D-Aspartate-L-Isoaspartate Methyltransferase

MS = A PROTEIN O-METHYLTRANSFERASE that recognizes and catalyzes the methyl esterification of ISOASPARTIC ACID and D-ASPARTIC ACID residues in peptides and proteins. It initiates the repair of proteins damaged by the spontaneous decomposition of normal L-aspartic acid and L-asparagine residues.

UI = D026601

 

Protein Deficiency

MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)

AN = deficiency of dietary protein, not genetic defic of specific proteins; consider also PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION; DF: PROTEIN DEFIC

UI = D011488

 

Protein Denaturation

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM)

UI = D011489

 

Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. Insulin is one of its substrates. EC 1.8.4.2.

UI = D011490

 

Protein Disulfide-Isomerase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of disulfide bonds within proteins during folding. It is a monomer identical to one of the subunits of PROCOLLAGEN-PROLINE DIOXYGENASE. (From Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.3.4.1.

UI = D019704

 

Protein Engineering

MS = Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENSIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

UI = D015202

 

Protein Folding

MS = A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesized and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed.

AN = the process "involved in the formation of proteins"; no qualif; see also all indentions under PROTEIN STRUCTURE

UI = D017510

 

Protein Footprinting

MS = A method for determining points of contact between interacting proteins or binding sites of proteins to nucleic acids. Protein footprinting utilizes a protein cutting reagent or protease. Protein cleavage is inhibited where the proteins, or nucleic acids and protein, contact each other. After completion of the cutting reaction, the remaining peptide fragments are analyzed by electrophoresis.

UI = D023302

 

Protein Hybridization

MS = The formation of a protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains from separate and different polypeptide chains.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM)

UI = D011491

 

Protein Hydrolysates

AN = a ther agent & nutrient: do not confuse with the hydrolysis of proteins ( = PROTEINS + HYDROLYSIS (NIM))

UI = D011492

 

Protein Interaction Mapping

MS = Methods for determining interaction between proteins.

UI = D025941

 

Protein Isoforms

MS = Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); for enzymes use ISOENZYMES

UI = D020033

 

Protein Isoprenylation

MS = A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol.

AN = a post-translational protein change

UI = D017368

 

Protein Kinase C

MS = An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

UI = D011493

 

Protein Kinases

MS = A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37.

UI = D011494

 

Protein Methyltransferases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine acts as the methylating agent. EC 2.1.1.

AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011496

 

Protein O-Methyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. EC 2.1.1.-.

AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASES; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011497

 

Protein p16

MS = A gene product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member the INK4 family - inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is P14ARF PROTEIN. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.

UI = D019941

 

Protein p34cdc2

MS = Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of p34cdc2 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated. Protein p34cdc2, the product of the cdc2 gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, should not be confused with the unrelated product of the CDC2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that forms the large subunit of DNA polymerase III.

AN = a maturation-promoting factor; cdc refers to "cell division cycle"; do not confuse with protein CDC2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: see MeSH definition

UI = D016203

 

Protein p53

MS = Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control cell proliferation. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukemia, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer.

AN = a nuclear protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016159

 

Protein Precursors

AN = IM; coord with specific protein (IM)

UI = D011498

 

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

MS = Any of various enzymically catalyzed post-translational modifications of peptides or proteins in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation, hydroxylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, glycosylation, oxidation-reduction, degradation and lysis, peptide bond formation, and changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

AN = coord IM with specific protein /metab (IM); DF: PROTEIN PROC POST

UI = D011499

 

Protein Renaturation

MS = The reconstitution of a protein's activity following denaturation.

UI = D020673

 

Protein S

MS = The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated PROTEIN C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S; (PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY); can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis.

AN = a blood protein; an anticoagulant

UI = D017293

 

Protein S Deficiency

MS = An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein S antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PROTEIN S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated PROTEIN C (also a vitamin K-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein C deficiency. Treatment with heparin for acute thrombotic processes is usually followed by maintenance administration of coumarin drugs for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1511; Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p1523)

AN = a blood protein disord causing thromboses; DF: PROTEIN S DEFIC

UI = D018455

 

Protein Sorting Signals

MS = Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

UI = D021382

 

Protein Splicing

MS = Excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (inteins) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins). Protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein.

UI = D019154

 

Protein Structure, Quaternary

MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

AN = for multimeric proteins; for the 3-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain use PROTEIN CONFORMATION

UI = D020836

 

Protein Structure, Secondary

MS = The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein; DF: PROTEIN STRUCT SECOND

UI = D017433

 

Protein Structure, Tertiary

MS = The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

AN = IM general; coord NIM with specific protein (IM); PROTEIN MOTIFS see MOTIFS, AMINO ACID is available

UI = D017434

 

Protein Subunits

MS = Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

UI = D021122

 

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

MS = Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.

AN = enzyme inhib; DF: PROTEIN SYN INHIB

UI = D011500

 

Protein Transport

MS = The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

AN = coord NIM with specific protein/metab (IM) or /pharmacokin (IM)

UI = D021381

 

Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield N-mono- and N,N-dimethylarginine. This enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen. EC 2.1.1.23.

UI = D011484

 

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

MS = The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.

AN = consider also KWASHIORKOR

UI = D011502

 

Protein-Losing Enteropathies

MS = A series of gastrointestinal disorders which share in common the excessive loss of protein, mainly albumin, across the gut wall. They occur in the stomach (Menetrier disease), as well as the small bowel (intestinal lymphangiectases, assorted inflammatory states). They are also occasionally associated with congestive heart failure (again a small bowel protein loss).

UI = D011504

 

Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase

MS = An enzyme oxidizing peptidyl-lysyl-peptide in the presence of water & molecular oxygen to yield peptidyl-allysyl-peptide plus ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.4.3.13.

UI = D008249

 

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

UI = D017346

 

Protein-Tyrosine Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112.

UI = D011505

 

Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase

MS = An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. EC 3.1.3.48.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D017027

 

Proteins

MS = Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein.

AN = GEN only: prefer specific proteins or specific precoord organ /proteins (EYE PROTEINS, etc.) or microbial proteins (BACTERIAL PROTEINS, etc.) & others; /biosyn: consider also PEPTIDE CHAIN INITIATION & related terms in Cat G5; DIETARY PROTEINS is also available; primary protein structure = AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; protein structure referring to protein architecture = PROTEIN CONFORMATION or its specifics: PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY, PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY, or PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY

UI = D011506

 

Proteinuria

MS = The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

AN = EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under PROTEINURIA unless it is particularly discussed

UI = D011507

 

Proteobacteria

MS = A class of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.

AN = DF: PROTEOBACT

UI = D020560

 

Proteochondroitin Sulfates

MS = Proteoglycans found in cartilage. They consist of several chondroitin sulfate molecules linked to protein(s) by neutral sugar linkage regions.

UI = D011508

 

Proteoglycans

MS = Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

AN = polysaccharides

UI = D011509

 

Proteolipids

MS = Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.

AN = do not confuse with LIPOPROTEINS

UI = D011510

 

Proteome

MS = The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.

AN = coord with precoord organism protein + organism

UI = D020543

 

Proteomics

MS = The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

UI = D040901

 

Protestantism

MS = The name given to all Christian denominations, sects, or groups rising out of the Reformation. Protestant churches generally agree that the principle of authority should be the Scriptures rather than the institutional church or the pope. (from W.L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, 1999)

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D033303

 

Proteus

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, as well as in manure, soil, and polluted waters. Its species are pathogenic, causing urinary tract infections and are also considered secondary invaders, causing septic lesions at other sites of the body.

AN = GEN; infection = PROTEUS INFECTIONS

UI = D011511

 

Proteus Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PROTEUS.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; GEN; coord IM with various species (IM)

UI = D011512

 

Proteus mirabilis

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is frequently isolated from clinical specimens. Its most common site of infection is the urinary tract.

AN = infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D011513

 

Proteus Syndrome

MS = Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas, lipomas, lymphangiomas, epidermal nevi, macrocephaly, cranial hyperostoses, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not neurofibromatosis, a disorder with similar characteristics.

AN = hamartomas & multiple abnorm; "Proteus" refers to the sea god in Greek mythol who could assume many forms; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D016715

 

Proteus vulgaris

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.

AN = infection: coord IM with PROTEUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D011514

 

Prothionamide

MS = Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.

UI = D011515

 

Prothrombin

MS = A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.

AN = a blood coag factor; an enzyme precursor

UI = D011516

 

Prothrombin Time

MS = Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins.

UI = D011517

 

Protirelin

MS = A tripeptide hormone that originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of thyrotropin from the pituitary gland. In humans, it also acts as a prolactin-releasing factor. It is also a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: TRH

UI = D013973

 

Proto-Oncogene Protein c-kit

MS = A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis.

UI = D019009

 

Proto-Oncogene Protein c-met

MS = A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor for HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR. It consists of an extracellular alpha chain which is disulfide-linked to the transmembrane beta chain. The cytoplasmic portion contains the catalytic domain and critical sites for the regulation of kinase activity. Mutations of the gene for PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-MET are associated with papillary renal carcinoma and other neoplasia.

AN = DF: C MET PROTEIN

UI = D019859

 

Proto-Oncogene Protein p21(ras)

MS = Cellular protein encoded by the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras genes. The protein has GTPase activity and is involved in signal transduction as a monomeric GTP-Binding protein. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D016283

 

Proto-Oncogene Protein pp60(c-src)

MS = Membrane-associated tyrosine-specific kinase encoded by the c-src genes. It has an important role in cellular growth control. Truncation of carboxy-terminal residues in pp60(c-src) leads to pp60(v-src) which has the ability to transform cells. This kinase pp60 c-src should not be confused with csk, also known as c-src kinase.

AN = an src-family kinase; DF: note short X refs

UI = D016392

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

MS = Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D011518

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl

MS = Non-receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the c-abl gene. They are distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. c-Abl plays a role in normal hematopoiesis especially of the myeloid lineage. Oncogenic transformation of c-abl arises when specific N-terminal amino acids are deleted, releasing the kinase from negative regulation.

UI = D016315

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2

MS = Membrane proteins encoded by the bcl-2 genes and serving as a potent inhibitor of cell death by apoptosis. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and nuclear membrane sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019253

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos

MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; not for c-fos 39 ( = C-FOS-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS P39 see PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN); DF: note short X refs

UI = D016760

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun

MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs

UI = D016755

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos

MS = Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs

UI = D017231

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb

MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the myb gene (GENES, MYB). They are expressed in a wide variety of cells including thymocytes and lymphocytes, and regulate cell differentiation. Overexpression of myb is associated with autoimmune diseases and malignancies.

UI = D020598

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc

MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X refs

UI = D016271

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf

MS = A class of serine-threonine kinases involved in cellular SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Included in this class are the proto-oncogene proteins raf and mil (mil is the avian homologue of raf1). Raf is a component of a signal transduction pathway leading to increased gene expression through the c-Jun DNA binding site, AP1.

UI = D019908

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-rel

MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the rel gene (GENES, REL). They are expressed predominately in hematopoietic cells and may play a role in lymphocyte differentiation. Rel frequently combines with other related proteins (NF-KAPPA B, I-kappa B, relA) to form heterodimers that regulate transcription. Rearrangement or overexpression of c-rel can cause tumorigenesis.

UI = D020569

 

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis

MS = Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene (GENES, SIS). c-sis proteins make up the B chain of PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR. Overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis.

UI = D020574

 

Proto-Oncogenes

MS = Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.

AN = "normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes"

UI = D011519

 

Protocatechuate-3,4-Dioxygenase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of protocatechuate to 3-carboxy-cis-cis-muconate in the presence of molecular oxygen. It contains ferric ion. EC 1.13.11.3.

UI = D011520

 

Protochlorophyllide

MS = A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.

AN = a chlorophyll

UI = D011521

 

Proton Pumps

MS = Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE.

UI = D017494

 

Proton-Motive Force

MS = Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

UI = D018892

 

Proton-Phosphate Symporters

MS = Proteins that cotransport hydrogen ions and phosphate ions across cellular membranes.

UI = D028081

 

Proton-Translocating ATPases

MS = Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with H(+)-K(+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE see H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE; DF: H ATPASE

UI = D006180

 

Protons

MS = Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

AN = elementary particles; IM

UI = D011522

 

Protoplasts

AN = A 11 qualif

UI = D011523

 

Protoporphyrins

MS = Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.

AN = porphyrins

UI = D011524

 

Prototheca

MS = An achlorophyllous mutant of the green alga Chlorella. It is found in decayed matter, water, sewage and soil and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various vertebrates including man. It infects the skin, lymph nodes, eye, myocardium, kidney, muscle, and bovine mammary gland.

AN = a pathogenic mutant of green alga CHLORELLA; infection by Prototheca: coord IM with INFECTION (NIM) + precoord organ/dis or organ/infection term (IM)

UI = D011525

 

Protoveratrines

MS = Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.

UI = D011526

 

Protozoa

MS = A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: SARCOMASTIGOPHORA; Labyrinthomorpha, APICOMPLEXA; MICROSPORA; Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and CILIOPHORA.

AN = GEN; avoid: prefer specifics; infection = PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D011527

 

Protozoan Infections

MS = Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS

UI = D011528

 

Protozoan Infections, Animal

MS = Infections with unicellular organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.

AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions or specific protozoan infect /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; DF: PROTOZOAN INFECT ANIMAL

UI = D011529

 

Protozoan Proteins

MS = Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the protozoon; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific protozoon (IM)

UI = D015800

 

Protozoan Vaccines

MS = Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.

AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /immunol (IM)

UI = D016052

 

Protriptyline

MS = Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.

UI = D011530

 

Proventriculus

MS = A thin-walled, glandular stomach found in birds. It precedes the gizzard.

AN = avian only; non-avian: use DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM)

UI = D011531

 

Providencia

MS = Gram-negative rods isolated from human urine and feces.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D011532

 

Provider-Sponsored Organizations

MS = Entities sponsored by local hospitals, physician groups, and other licensed providers which are affiliated through common ownership or control and share financial risk whose purpose is to deliver health care services.

UI = D020400

 

Proviruses

MS = Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

AN = coord IM with specific virus (IM)

UI = D011533

 

Proxy

MS = A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney.

UI = D019727

 

PrP 27-30 Protein

MS = Protease-resistant core of PrPSC, the abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS). PrP 27-30 is produced by limited proteolysis of the N-terminus of PrPSc.

AN = protease-resistant core of PRPSC proteins; PRP stands for Prion Protein; /pathogen permitted

UI = D018622

 

PrPC Proteins

MS = Normal cellular isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. PrPC are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. Posttranslational modification of PrPC into PrPSC leads to infectivity.

AN = PrPC stands for PRion Protein Cellular; do not confuse with PRPSC PROTEINS which are scrapie prions; /pathogen permitted; DF: PRPC

UI = D018621

 

PrPSc Proteins

MS = Abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion protein (PRPC PROTEINS). PrPSc are disease-specific proteins seen in certain human and animal neurodegenerative diseases (PRION DISEASES).

AN = prion proteins; PrPSc stands for PRion Protein SCrapie; do not confuse with PRPC PROTEINS; /pathogen permitted; DF: PRPSC

UI = D018620

 

Prune Belly Syndrome

MS = A syndrome characterized by abdominal wall musculature deficiency, cryptorchism, and urinary tract abnormalities. The syndrome derives its name from its characteristic distended abdomen with wrinkled skin.

AN = a syndrome of multiple abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D011535

 

Prunella

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. Members contain TRITERPENES. Heal all is another common name.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031347

 

Prunus

MS = A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of edible fruits such as apricot, plum, peach, cherry, and almond.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027861

 

Prurigo

MS = A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = itchy skin eruptions

UI = D011536

 

Pruritus

MS = An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

AN = /drug ther: consider also ANTIPRURITICS

UI = D011537

 

Pruritus Ani

MS = Intense chronic itching in the anal area.

AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis

UI = D011538

 

Pruritus Vulvae

MS = Intense itching of the external female genitals.

AN = note spelling: -itus, not -itis

UI = D011539

 

Prussian Blue Reaction

MS = The reaction of potassium ferrocyanide with ferric iron to yield a dark blue precipitate at the sites of the ferric iron. Used to determine ferric iron in tissues, particularly in the diagnosis of disorders of iron metabolism.

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D011540

 

Pseudallescheria

MS = Ascomycetous fungi, family Microascaceae, order Microascales, commonly found in the soil. They are causative agents of mycetoma, maduromycosis, and other infections in humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with probably MADUROMYCOSIS or other mycosis (IM)

UI = D011541

 

Pseudarthrosis

MS = A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a type of ununited fract; do not index under FRACTURES, UNUNITED unless particularly discussed

UI = D011542

 

Pseudoalteromonas

MS = A genus of GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA of marine origin. Many species were formerly classified under ALTEROMONAS.

UI = D031161

 

Pseudobulbar Palsy

MS = A syndrome characterized by DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, dysphonia, impairment of voluntary movements of tongue and facial muscles, and emotional lability. This condition is caused by diseases that affect the motor fibers that travel from the cerebral cortex to the lower BRAIN STEM (i.e., corticobulbar tracts); including MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)

UI = D020828

 

Pseudocholinesterase

MS = An aspect of cholinesterases.

AN = /antag = CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS (IM) + PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE (NIM with no qualif)

UI = D011543

 

Pseudocowpox virus

MS = A species of PARAPOXVIRUS causing a pox-like disease on udders of cows that may spread to milkers.

AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D010285

 

Pseudogenes

MS = Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.

UI = D011544

 

Pseudohermaphroditism

MS = A condition in which the gonads are of one sex but one or more contradictions exist in the morphologic criteria of sex. Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal female with partial masculinization. Male pseudohermaphroditism is a form in which the affected individual is a genetic and gonadal male with incomplete masculinization. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tag will be genetic sex, not sex of patient as presented

UI = D011545

 

Pseudohypoaldosteronism

MS = A hereditary disorder characterized by salt wasting and growth retardation, presenting in infancy as high levels of urinary sodium despite hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperreninemia, and elevated aldosterone levels. The mode of inheritance is probably autosomal dominant, affecting electrolyte secretion in the kidney tubule.

UI = D011546

 

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

MS = A hereditary condition clinically resembling HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, but caused by failure of response to rather than deficiency of parathyroid hormones. It is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, and is commonly associated with short stature, obesity, short metacarpals, and ectopic calcification. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a metab bone dis; do not confuse with PSEUDOPSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM

UI = D011547

 

Pseudolymphoma

MS = A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/dis (IM)

UI = D019310

 

Pseudomonadaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens.

UI = D011548

 

Pseudomonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

AN = infection = PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS

UI = D011549

 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

AN = infection = PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS & do not bother to coord with Ps. aerug. unless pertinent

UI = D011550

 

Pseudomonas fluorescens

MS = A species of nonpathogenic fluorescent bacteria found in feces, sewage, soil, and water, and which liquefy gelatin.

UI = D011551

 

Pseudomonas Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.

AN = gram-neg bact infect; see note under PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

UI = D011552

 

Pseudomonas Phages

MS = Viruses whose host is Pseudomonas. A frequently encountered Pseudomonas phage is BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.

AN = coord IM with specific Pseudomonas (NIM)

UI = D017105

 

Pseudomonas putida

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and water as well as clinical specimens. Occasionally it is an opportunistic pathogen.

AN = infection: coord IM with PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016958

 

Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

MS = A condition characterized by poorly-circumscribed gelatinous masses filled with malignant mucin-secreting cells. Forty-five percent of pseudomyxomas arise from the ovary, usually in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (CYSTADENOCARCINOMA, MUCINOUS), which has prognostic significance. Pseudomyxoma peritonei must be differentiated from mucinous spillage into the peritoneum by a benign mucocele of the appendix. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = neoplastic; accumulation of mucoid matter in peritoneal cavity: see MeSH definition; coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D011553

 

Pseudophakia

MS = Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.

AN = do not confuse with PSEUDOAPHAKIA see CATARACT

UI = D019591

 

Pseudopodia

MS = A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.

UI = D011554

 

Pseudopregnancy

MS = An acyclic state that resembles PREGNANCY in that there is no ovarian cycle, ESTROUS CYCLE, or MENSTRUAL CYCLE. Unlike pregnancy, there is no EMBRYO IMPLANTATION. Pseudopregnancy can be experimentally induced to form DECIDUOMA in the UTERUS.

AN = do NOT check tag PREGNANCY

UI = D011555

 

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

MS = A genetically related form of PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM characterized by the same features except for the abnormal response to parathyroid hormone.

AN = do not confuse with PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM of which it is an incomplete form

UI = D011556

 

Pseudorabies

MS = A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals.

UI = D011557

 

Pseudorabies Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PSEUDORABIES (Aujeszky's disease), a herpesvirus of swine and other animals.

UI = D022421

 

Pseudotsuga

MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are coniferous evergreen trees with long, flat, spirally arranged needles that grow directly from the branch.

AN = note X ref: FIR TREE see ABIES is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028224

 

Pseudotumor Cerebri

MS = A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).

AN = note category: non-neopl

UI = D011559

 

Pseudouridine

AN = /biosyn permitted for micro-organisms

UI = D011560

 

Pseudowintera

MS = A plant genus of the family WINTERACEAE. Members contain polygodial.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032425

 

Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum

MS = A rare, progressive inherited disorder resulting from extensive basophilic degeneration of elastic tissue, usually presenting after puberty and involving the skin, eye, and cardiovascular system. Characteristic manifestations are small, circumscribed yellowish patches at sites of considerable movement of the skin, ANGIOID STREAKS in the retina, and a tendency towards hemorrhage and arterial insufficiency.

AN = skin & other abnorm; in titles & translations use diacrit: Grönblad

UI = D011561

 

Psidium

MS = A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE that bears an edible fruit and contains guavin B and quercetin glycosides.

AN = X ref GUAVA: PINEAPPLE GUAVA see FEIJOA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031647

 

Psilocybine

MS = The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D011562

 

Psittacines

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer PARAKEETS & PARROTS; includes also macaws; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D011563

 

Psoas Abscess

MS = Abscess of the PSOAS MUSCLES resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal.

AN = for coord read note on ABSCESS

UI = D016659

 

Psoas Muscles

MS = A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology.

AN = IM for anat & site of dis; NIM in studies on muscle tissue & fibers; infection = probably PSOAS ABSCESS; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D016658

 

Psoralea

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of psoralen (FICUSIN).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029907

 

Psoralens

MS = Linear furanocoumarins which are found in many PLANTS, especially UMBELLIFERAE and RUTACEAE, as well as PSORALEA from which they were originally discovered. They can intercalate DNA and, in an UV-initiated reaction of the furan portion, alkylate PYRIMIDINES, resulting in PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS.

AN = dermatol agents; do not confuse with the specific drug PSORALEN see FICUSIN; do not index here for psoralens in PUVA THERAPY unless particularly discussed

UI = D011564

 

Psoriasis

MS = A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.

AN = a papulosquamous skin dis; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC is also available

UI = D011565

 

Psoroptidae

MS = Family of parasitic MITES, in the superfamily Sarcoptoidea, order Astigmata. Genera include Psoroptes and Chorioptes.

AN = infestation: coord IM with MITE INFESTATIONS (IM)

UI = D040042

 

Psychiatric Aides

MS = Persons who assist in the routine care of psychiatric persons, usually under the supervision of the nursing department.

AN = coord IM with HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC or PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL (IM or NIM) if pertinent

UI = D011566

 

Psychiatric Department, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for the organization and administration of psychiatric services.

AN = orderlies & ward attendants go under PSYCHIATRIC AIDES; DF: PSYCHIATR DEP

UI = D011567

 

Psychiatric Nursing

MS = A specialty concerned with the application of psychiatric principles in caring for the mentally ill. It also includes the nursing care provided the mentally ill patient.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D011568

 

Psychiatric Somatic Therapies

MS = The biologic treatment of mental disorders (e.g., ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY), in contrast with psychotherapy. (Stone, American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988, p159)

AN = "biol treatment of ment disord"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHIATRIC SOMATIC THER

UI = D013000

 

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

MS = Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.

AN = DF: PSR SCALES

UI = D011569

 

Psychiatry

MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS

UI = D011570

 

Psychoacoustics

MS = The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D011571

 

Psychoanalysis

MS = The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996).

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; as ther = PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

UI = D011572

 

Psychoanalytic Interpretation

MS = Utilization of Freudian theories to explain various psychologic aspects of art, literature, biographical material, etc.

AN = IM; no qualif; differentiate from PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY in that the theory is on a more universal level

UI = D011573

 

Psychoanalytic Theory

MS = Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.

AN = IM; no qualif; /hist = PSYCHOANALYSIS /hist; differentiate from PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION in that the theory is on a more universal, less subjective level

UI = D011574

 

Psychoanalytic Therapy

MS = A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.

AN = a psychother technique; DF: PSYCHOANAL THER

UI = D011575

 

Psychodidae

MS = Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D011576

 

Psychodrama

MS = Primarily a technique of group psychotherapy which involves a structure, directed, and dramatized acting out of the patient's personal and emotional problems.

AN = a group psychother technique

UI = D011577

 

Psycholinguistics

MS = A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; coord with specific linguistic & psychol concepts (IM); NIM coord, no qualif

UI = D011578

 

Psychological Phenomena and Processes

MS = Mechanisms and underlying psychological principles of mental processes and their applications.

AN = not used for indexing; DF: PSYCHOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use

UI = D011579

 

Psychological Techniques

MS = Methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral, personality, and mental disorders.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHOL TECHNIQUES

UI = D011580

 

Psychological Tests

MS = Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.

AN = DF: PSYCHOL TESTS

UI = D011581

 

Psychological Theory

MS = Principles applied to the analysis and explanation of psychological or behavioral phenomena.

AN = no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL THEORY

UI = D011582

 

Psychological Warfare

MS = The manipulation of psychological influences, primarily concerned with morale, to strengthen the ability of one's own country and weaken the enemy.

AN = no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL WARFARE

UI = D011583

 

Psychology

MS = The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; prefer /psychol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.59; NIM for "psychological aspects of" terms not in Cat C, E1-6 & F3: no qualif; as NIM: Manual 27.10 DF: PSYCHOL

UI = D011584

 

Psychology, Applied

MS = The science which utilizes psychologic principles to derive more effective means in dealing with practical problems.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL APPLIED

UI = D011585

 

Psychology, Clinical

MS = The branch of psychology concerned with psychological methods of recognizing and treating behavior disorders.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL CLIN

UI = D011586

 

Psychology, Comparative

MS = The branch of psychology concerned with similarities or differences in the behavior of different animal species or of different races or peoples.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; do not check COMPARATIVE STUDY for as a field it is not a substitute for a comparison of two or more psychol concepts ( = COMPARATIVE STUDY tag): Manual 18.13.4; DF: PSYCHOL COMPARATIVE

UI = D011587

 

Psychology, Educational

MS = The branch of psychology concerned with psychological aspects of teaching and the formal learning process in school.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL EDUC

UI = D011588

 

Psychology, Experimental

MS = The branch of psychology which seeks to learn more about the fundamental causes of behavior by studying various psychologic phenomena in controlled experimental situations.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; avoid as NIM coord; DF: PSYCHOL EXPER

UI = D011589

 

Psychology, Industrial

MS = The branch of applied psychology concerned with the application of psychologic principles and methods to industrial problems including selection and training of workers, working conditions, etc.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL INDUST

UI = D011590

 

Psychology, Medical

MS = A branch of psychology in which there is collaboration between psychologists and physicians in the management of medical problems. It differs from clinical psychology, which is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of behavior disorders.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PSYCHOL MED

UI = D011591

 

Psychology, Military

MS = The branch of applied psychology concerned with psychological aspects of selection, assignment, training, morale, etc., of Armed Forces personnel.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; consider also MILITARY PERSONNEL /psychol; DF: PSYCHOL MILITARY

UI = D011592

 

Psychology, Social

MS = The branch of psychology concerned with the effects of group membership upon the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of an individual.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; DF: PSYCHOL SOCIAL

UI = D011593

 

Psychometrics

MS = Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM coord: no qualif; includes statist analysis of psychol tests, validation, applic of statist theory or formulae to psychol

UI = D011594

 

Psychomotor Agitation

MS = A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.

AN = do not confuse X ref AKATHISIA with AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED: see note there

UI = D011595

 

Psychomotor Disorders

MS = Abnormalities of motor function that are associated with organic and non-organic cognitive disorders.

UI = D011596

 

Psychomotor Performance

MS = The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

UI = D011597

 

Psychoneuroimmunology

MS = The field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. Neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses.

AN = SPEC: IM; SPEC qualif; relation of brain, behavior & immune system; prefer specific terms with /physiol or /immunol; avoid as NIM coord & use no qualif; DF: PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOL

UI = D011598

 

Psychopathology

MS = The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; do not confuse with MENTAL DISORDERS: Manual 27.14; DF: PSYCHOPATHOL

UI = D011599

 

Psychopharmacology

MS = The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 27.13: relation to PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; DF: PSYCHOPHARMACOL

UI = D011600

 

Psychophysics

MS = The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.

AN = SPEC: IM, SPEC qualif; NIM coord, no qualif; PSYCHOACOUSTICS is also available

UI = D011601

 

Psychophysiologic Disorders

MS = A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under autonomic nervous system control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)

AN = differentiate from PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE which is the field; coord IM with specific dis /psychol (IM); Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOPHYSIOL DIS

UI = D011602

 

Psychophysiology

MS = The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; NIM as coord but use /physiol with F1 & F2 terms & /psychol with C & F3 terms; no qualif when NIM coord; do not confuse X ref MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) with MIND-BODY RELATIONS (METAPHYSICS): see MeSH definition & note there; Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOPHYSIOL

UI = D011603

 

Psychoses, Alcoholic

MS = A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.

UI = D011604

 

Psychoses, Substance-Induced

MS = Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.

AN = PSYCHOSES, ALCOHOLIC is available

UI = D011605

 

Psychosexual Development

MS = The stages of development of the psychological aspects of sexuality from birth to adulthood; i.e., oral, anal, genital, and latent periods.

UI = D011606

 

Psychosine

MS = An intermediate in the biosynthesis of cerebrosides. It is formed by reaction of sphingosine with UDP-galactose and then itself reacts with fatty acid-Coenzyme A to form the cerebroside.

UI = D011609

 

Psychosocial Deprivation

MS = The absence of appropriate stimuli in the physical or social environment which are necessary for the emotional, social, and intellectual development of the individual.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011610

 

Psychosomatic Medicine

MS = A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; differentiate from PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS, the patient; MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) see PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY is available; also Manual 27.12; DF: PSYCHOSOMATIC MED

UI = D011611

 

Psychosurgery

MS = Treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes.

AN = coord IM with specific lobe /surg (NIM); DF: PSYCHOSURG

UI = D011612

 

Psychotherapeutic Processes

MS = Experiential, attitudinal, emotional, or behavioral phenomena occurring during the course of treatment. They apply to the patient or therapist (i.e., nurse, doctor, etc.) individually or to their interaction. (American Psychological Association: Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: PSYCHOTHER PROCESSES

UI = D013811

 

Psychotherapy

MS = A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.

AN = SPEC qualif

UI = D011613

 

Psychotherapy, Brief

MS = Any form of psychotherapy designed to produce therapeutic change within a minimal amount of time, generally not more than 20 sessions.

AN = DF: PSYCHOTHER BRIEF

UI = D011614

 

Psychotherapy, Group

MS = A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.

AN = differentiate from multiple: group = more than one patient, multiple = more than one therapist; DF: PSYCHOTHER GROUP

UI = D011615

 

Psychotherapy, Multiple

MS = The use of more than one therapist at one time in individual or group psychotherapy.

AN = differentiate from group: multiple = more than one therapist, group = more than one patient; DF: PSYCHOTHER MULTIPLE

UI = D011616

 

Psychotherapy, Rational-Emotive

MS = The replacement of illogical and unrealistic ideas with more realistic and adaptive ones through direct intervention and confrontation by the therapist.

AN = DF: PSYCHOTHER RATIONAL

UI = D011617

 

Psychotic Disorders

MS = Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

AN = puerperal psychoses = PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM) + PUERPERAL DISORDERS (IM); psychoses or psychotic disord in children = CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE

UI = D011618

 

Psychotria

MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain psychotridine and brachycerine (indole alkaloids).

AN = PSYCHOTRIA IPECACUANHA see CEPHAELIS IPECACUANHA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032069

 

Psychotropic Drugs

MS = A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; relation to PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: Manual 27.13

UI = D011619

 

Psyllium

MS = Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.

AN = drug only; plant source is PLANTAGO

UI = D011620

 

Pteridaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta (FERNS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029625

 

Pteridines

UI = D011621

 

Pteridium

MS = A plant genus of the family DENNSTAEDTIACEAE. Members contain ptaquiloside, braxin A1, and braxin B. The name is similar to brake fern (PTERIS).

AN = do not confuse X ref FERN, BRACKEN with FERN BRAKE see PTERIS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032498

 

Pterins

UI = D011622

 

Pteris

MS = A plant genus of the family PTERIDACEAE. Members contain entkaurane DITERPENES. The name is similar to bracken fern (PTERIDIUM).

AN = do not X ref confuse FERN, BRAKE with FERN, BRACKEN see PTERIDIUM; PTERIS AQUILINA and PTERIS ESCULENTUM see PTERIDIUM are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032495

 

Pterocarpans

MS = A group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes which can be formed from ISOFLAVONES by coupling of the B ring to the 4-one position. Members include medicarpin, phaseolin, and pisatin which are found in FABACEAE.

UI = D036343

 

Pterocarpus

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain TRITERPENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035721

 

Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids

MS = Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.

AN = folic acid deriv; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D011624

 

Pterygium

MS = An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a conjunctival dis, not a structure; pterygium of other organs: index under specific organ /abnorm

UI = D011625

 

Pterygoid Muscles

MS = Two of the masticatory muscles: the internal, or medial, pterygoid muscle and external, or lateral, pterygoid muscle. Action of the former is closing the jaws and that of the latter is opening the jaws, protruding the mandible, and moving the mandible from side to side.

AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent

UI = D011626

 

Puberty

AN = human only: for animal use AGING; GROWTH or SEX MATURATION; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY

UI = D011627

 

Puberty, Delayed

MS = Unusually late sexual maturity.

AN = human only

UI = D011628

 

Puberty, Precocious

MS = Unusually early sexual maturity.

AN = human only

UI = D011629

 

Pubic Bone

UI = D011630

 

Pubic Symphysis

UI = D011631

 

Public Assistance

MS = Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs.

AN = specify geog

UI = D011632

 

Public Facilities

MS = An area of recreation or hygiene for use by the public.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D011633

 

Public Health

MS = Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; a venerable hist & modern concept of the health & health problems of "the public": do not confuse with NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS

UI = D011634

 

Public Health Administration

MS = Management of public health organizations or agencies.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PUBLIC HEALTH ADMIN

UI = D011635

 

Public Health Dentistry

MS = A dental specialty concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of oral health through promoting organized dental health programs at a community, state, or federal level.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: PUBLIC HEALTH DENT

UI = D011636

 

Public Health Informatics

MS = The systematic application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research, and learning. It is the discipline that integrates public health with information technology. The development of this field and dissemination of informatics knowledge and expertise to public health professionals is the key to unlocking the potential of information systems to improve the health of the nation. (www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/phi2001.html)

UI = D040442

 

Public Health Nursing

MS = The field of nursing focusing on the health of the community through educational and preventive programs, as well as providing treatment and diagnostic services.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D011637

 

Public Health Practice

MS = The activities and endeavors of the public health services in a community on any level.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D015980

 

Public Housing

MS = Housing subsidized by tax funds, usually intended for low income persons or families.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D011638

 

Public Opinion

MS = The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning.

AN = no qualif

UI = D011639

 

Public Policy

MS = A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.

AN = no qualif; specify state or country or other body if pertinent

UI = D011640

 

Public Relations

MS = Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc.

AN = DF: PUBLIC RELAT

UI = D011641

 

Public Sector

MS = The area of a nation's economy that is tax-supported and under government control.

AN = IM; specify nature of public endeavor (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D017150

 

Publication Bias

MS = The influence of study results on the chances of publication and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc.

AN = IM; coord with basis for bias (e.g., FALSE-POSITIVE RESULTS) or milieu (e.g., CLINICAL TRIALS) if pertinent (IM or NIM)

UI = D017594

 

Publications

MS = Copies of a work or document distributed to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending. (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p181)

AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics; the published material itself: differentiate from PUBLISHING, the industry

UI = D011642

 

Published Erratum [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of an acknowledgment of an error, issued by a publisher, editor, or author. It customarily cites the source where the error occurred, giving complete bibliographic data for retrieval. In the case of books and monographs, author, title, imprint, paging, and other helpful references will be given; in the case of journal articles, the author, title, paging, and journal reference will be shown. An erratum notice is variously cited as Errata or Corrigenda.

AN = publication type only for indexed errata or corrigenda; notice of erratum appears in titles of original articles & translations as "published erratum appears in" (Manual section 38); see also Publication Type CORRECTED AND REPUBLISHED ARTICLE

UI = D016425

 

Publishing

MS = "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.

AN = the industry & the dissemination of knowledge & research; printing & disseminating textual material: do not confuse with WRITING (the act, profession or product) or with AUTHORSHIP (identity as author); med publishing: do not coord with MEDICINE; RETRACTION OF PUBLICATION is also available

UI = D011643

 

PubMed

MS = A component of the Web-based search and retrieval system Entrez. Its purpose is to provide access to the biomedical literature in MEDLINE and other life science journals. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE.

AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D039781

 

Pueraria

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE a common weed of the southeast US. There has been folk use for alcoholism and liver protection. It contains puerarin, kakkalide, daidzein (isoflavonoids), and kudzusaponins (oleanene-type triterpene glycosides).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029908

 

Puerperal Disorders

MS = Disorders or diseases associated with the six-to-eight-week period immediately following LABOR, OBSTETRIC and delivery.

AN = check the tag FEMALE; puerperal psychoses: coord IM with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM)

UI = D011644

 

Puerperal Infection

MS = An infection occurring in the puerperium or postpartum period.

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific infect (IM); check the tag FEMALE

UI = D011645

 

Puerperium

MS = Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks.

AN = human & animal; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; check the tag FEMALE: Manual 18.4.3; puerperal psychoses = PUERPERAL DISORDERS (IM) + PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (IM); "postpartum amenorrhea" is indexed under PUERPERIUM (IM) + AMENORRHEA (IM) & not LACTATION unless lactation is particularly discussed

UI = D011646

 

Puerto Rico

MS = An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is San Juan. It is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the United States. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. It belonged to Spain until ceded to the United States in 1898. It became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. Columbus named the island San Juan for St. John's Day, the Monday he arrived, and the bay Puerto Rico, rich harbor. The island became Puerto Rico officially in 1932. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p987 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p436)

AN = an island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies; for Puerto Rico as a geog entity (as in epidemiol articles) & for Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico; for Puerto Ricans living in the United States as an ethnic group, coord PUERTO RICO /ethnol (NIM) + HISPANIC AMERICANS (IM)

UI = D011647

 

Pulmonaria

MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029685

 

Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine

MS = A contagious, neoplastic, pulmonary disease of sheep characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pneumocytes and epithelial cells of the lung. It is caused by OVINE PULMONARY ADENOCARCINOMA VIRUS.

AN = caused by a retrovirus; don't forget also SHEEP (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: PULM ADENOMATOSIS OVINE

UI = D011648

 

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

MS = A chronic lung disease characterized by dyspnea, productive cough, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, and hemoptysis, and by the filling of the distal alveoli with a bland, eosinophilic, proteinaceous material that prevents ventilation of affected areas. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = DF: PULM ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS

UI = D011649

 

Pulmonary Alveoli

MS = Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.

AN = DF: PULM ALVEOLI

UI = D011650

 

Pulmonary Artery

MS = The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

AN = DF: PULM ARTERY

UI = D011651

 

Pulmonary Atresia

MS = Congenital absence of the normal valvular orifice into the pulmonary artery. This condition is characterized by cardiomegaly, reduced pulmonary vascularity, and right ventricular atrophy. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PULM ATRESIA

UI = D018633

 

Pulmonary Blastoma

MS = A malignant neoplasm of the lung composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells (i.e., blast forms) with little or virtually no stroma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018202

 

Pulmonary Circulation

MS = The circulation of blood through the lungs.

AN = consider also LUNG /blood supply; DF: PULM CIRC

UI = D011652

 

Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity

MS = The amount of a gas, usually oxygen or carbon dioxide, taken up by pulmonary capillary blood per minute per unit of average oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood.

AN = DF: PULM DIFFUSING CAPAC

UI = D011653

 

Pulmonary Disease (Specialty)

MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the respiratory system. It is especially concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and defects of the lungs and bronchial tree.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; do not confuse with LUNG DISEASES (Cat C); DF: PULM DIS SPEC

UI = D015272

 

Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

MS = A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.

AN = LUNG DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE is also available

UI = D029424

 

Pulmonary Edema

AN = includes congestion; X ref WET LUNG: in shock, consider also SHOCK LUNG see RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; DF: PULM EDEMA

UI = D011654

 

Pulmonary Embolism

MS = Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches.

AN = includes thrombosis, thromboembolism & infarct; DF: PULM EMBOLISM

UI = D011655

 

Pulmonary Emphysema

MS = A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by anatomic alterations of the lungs, such as the enlargement of airspaces and destruction of alveolar walls.

AN = in cattle is probably EMPHYSEMA, ACUTE BOVINE PULMONARY see PNEUMONIA, ATYPICAL INTERSTITIAL, OF CATTLE; DF: PULM EMPHYSEMA

UI = D011656

 

Pulmonary Eosinophilia

MS = A disease characterized by pulmonary infiltrations of eosinophils and blood eosinophilia.

AN = pulm infiltrations of eosinophils; do not confuse X ref LOEFFLER SYNDROME with LOEFFLER'S ENDOCARDITIS see HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME; DF: PULM EOSINOPHILIA

UI = D011657

 

Pulmonary Fibrosis

MS = Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure.

AN = an interstitial lung dis; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; DF: PULM FIBROSIS

UI = D011658

 

Pulmonary Gas Exchange

MS = The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.

AN = do not coord with OXYGEN or CARBON DIOXIDE unless particularly discussed; DF: PULM GAS EXCHANGE

UI = D011659

 

Pulmonary Heart Disease

AN = DF: PULM HEART DIS

UI = D011660

 

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

MS = Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.

AN = mechanoreceptors in bronchi & bronchioles; DF: PULM STRETCH RECEPT

UI = D011661

 

Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis

MS = Stenosis of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) with or without involvement of the pulmonary valve. It is usually associated with a defect in the interventricular septum.

AN = do not confuse with PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS; if secondary to idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, coordinate with CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; DF: PULM SUBVALV STENOSIS

UI = D011662

 

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A

MS = An abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens, resulting in their opsinization. It also stimulates MACROPHAGES to undergo PHAGOCYTOSIS of microorganisms. Surfactant protein A contains a N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins.

AN = see SCR for species-specific terms; DF: SP-A PROTEIN

UI = D037662

 

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B

MS = A pulmonary surfactant associated-protein that plays an essential role in alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. Inherited deficiency of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B is one cause of RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.

UI = D037701

 

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein C

MS = A pulmonary surfactant associated protein that plays a role in alveolar stability by lowering the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. It is a membrane-bound protein that constitutes 1-2% of the pulmonary surfactant mass. Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C is one of the most hydrophobic peptides yet isolated and contains an alpha-helical domain with a central poly-valine segment that binds to phospholipid bilayers.

AN = DF: SP-C PROTEIN

UI = D037721

 

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D

MS = An abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens and enhances their opsinization and killing by phagocytic cells. Surfactant protein D contains a N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins.

AN = DF: SP-D

UI = D037663

 

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins

MS = Proteins found in the LUNG that act as PUMONARY SURFACTANTS.

UI = D037661

 

Pulmonary Surfactants

MS = Substances and drugs that lower the SURFACE TENSION of the mucoid layer lining the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.

AN = DF: PULM SURFACTANTS

UI = D011663

 

Pulmonary Surgical Procedures

MS = Surgery performed on the lung.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also LUNG /surg & LUNG DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific lung dis; DF: PULM SURG PROCEDURES

UI = D013510

 

Pulmonary Valve

MS = A valve situated at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle.

AN = dis: coord IM with HEART VALVE DISEASES (NIM) but note specific pulm valve dis; DF: PULM VALVE

UI = D011664

 

Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency

MS = Backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, owing to imperfect functioning of the pulmonary valve.

AN = imperfect closing of valve; DF: PULM VALVE INSUFFICIENCY

UI = D011665

 

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

AN = do not confuse with PULMONARY SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS; atresia = PULMONARY ATRESIA; DF: PULM VALVE STENOSIS

UI = D011666

 

Pulmonary Veins

MS = The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

AN = DF: PULM VEINS

UI = D011667

 

Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease

MS = Obstruction of the small- and medium-sized pulmonary veins by fibrous proliferation of the intima and media or by thrombosis or a combination of both.

AN = pulm vein blockage; DF: PVOD

UI = D011668

 

Pulmonary Ventilation

MS = The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute.

AN = MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY VENTILATION & VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO are also available; DF: PULM VENTILATION

UI = D012123

 

Pulmonary Wedge Pressure

MS = The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a catheter in a small pulmonary artery; believed to reflect the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries.

AN = DF: PULM WEDGE PRESSURE

UI = D011669

 

Pulpectomy

AN = removal of pulp from pulp chamber & root canal: differentiate from PULPOTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011670

 

Pulpitis

MS = Inflammation of the dental pulp, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of dent pulp

UI = D011671

 

Pulpotomy

AN = removal of coronal portion of pulp: differentiate from PULPECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011672

 

Pulsatile Flow

MS = Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a vessel or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow. The quality of blood flow, whether smooth (laminar) or pulsatile, is important to the integrity of the tissues being artificially perfused by various heart assist devices or in regional perfusion.

AN = hematol or non-hematol application

UI = D011673

 

Pulsatilla

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain cernuosides and other oleanane and hederagenin saponins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031946

 

Pulse

MS = The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.

AN = do not add PULSE (NIM) for PULSE PRESSURE see BLOOD PRESSURE unless particularly discussed; Oriental taking of pulses = PULSE + appropriate acupuncture or Oriental medicine terms; ELECTROMAGNETICS; and FABACEAE are also available

UI = D011674

 

Pulse Radiolysis

MS = Use of a pulse of X-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination.

AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM

UI = D011675

 

Pulse Therapy, Drug

MS = Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.

AN = coord NIM with drug /admin (IM); DF: PULSE THER DRUG

UI = D020551

 

Pulvinar

MS = Large mass of nuclei forming the most caudal portion of the thalamus and overhanging the geniculate bodies and the dorsolateral surface of the midbrain. It is divided into four parts: the lateral, medial, inferior, and oral pulvinar nuclei.

UI = D020649

 

Pulvinus

MS = A group of cells at the base of a leaf in certain plants that, by rapidly losing water, brings about changes in the position of the leaves. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

AN = at base of a leaf: from the Latin for cushion; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)

UI = D018516

 

Punched-Card Systems

UI = D011676

 

Punctures

MS = Incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures.

AN = restrict to penetration procedures for diag or ther: do not confuse with traumatic punctures ( = WOUNDS, PENETRATING or specific); do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D011677

 

Punicaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that is a small family with a single genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031826

 

Punishment

MS = The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.

AN = human & animal

UI = D011678

 

Pupa

MS = An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.

AN = NIM; for metamorphosing insects only: do not use /embryol with ref to pupae

UI = D011679

 

Pupil

MS = The aperture in the iris through which light passes.

AN = of eye: do not use for STUDENTS; only contraction & dilation of pupil go here: everything else is probably IRIS; /drug eff: consider also MIOTICS & MYDRIATICS; /physiol: consider also MIOSIS (contraction of pupil) & MYDRIASIS (dilation of pupil)

UI = D011680

 

Pupil Disorders

MS = Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.

AN = see also IRIS DISORDERS

UI = D011681

 

Purchasing, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for the purchasing of supplies and equipment.

UI = D011682

 

Purine Nucleosides

UI = D011684

 

Purine Nucleotides

UI = D011685

 

Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a purine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free purine plus ribose-5-phosphate. EC 2.4.2.1.

UI = D011683

 

Purine-Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific purine /metab (IM) or pyrimidine /metab (IM); DF: PP METAB INBORN ERR

UI = D011686

 

Purines

MS = A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

UI = D011687

 

Purinones

UI = D011688

 

Purkinje Cells

MS = The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.

AN = in cerebellum: do not confuse with PURKINJE FIBERS (heart)

UI = D011689

 

Purkinje Fibers

MS = Modified cardiac muscle fibers composing the terminal portion of the heart conduction system.

AN = in heart: do not confuse with PURKINJE CELLS in cerebellum; false tendons (free-running Purkinje fibers) go here but not with /abnorm

UI = D011690

 

Puromycin

MS = An antibiotic from Streptomyces alboniger that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

UI = D011691

 

Puromycin Aminonucleoside

MS = PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.

UI = D011692

 

Purple Membrane

MS = Functionally and structurally differentiated, purple-pigmented regions of the cytoplasmic membrane of some strains of Halobacterium halobium. The membrane develops under anaerobic conditions and is made almost entirely of the purple pigment BACTERIORHODOPSINS. (From Singleton & Sainsbury Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = purple regions of cytoplasmic membrane of strains of Halobacterium halobium; A 11 qualif except /cytol

UI = D018717

 

Purpura

MS = Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D011693

 

Purpura, Hyperglobulinemic

MS = Purpura seen in many hematological disorders, characterized by an increase in GAMMA-GLOBULINS.

UI = D011694

 

Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch

MS = A form of nonthrombocytopenic purpura due to a hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with a variety of clinical symptoms including urticaria and erythema, arthropathy and arthritis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and renal involvement.

AN = nonthrombopenic: thrombopenic = PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC

UI = D011695

 

Purpura, Thrombocytopenic

MS = Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.

AN = PURPURA, THROMBOCYTOPENIC, IDIOPATHIC & PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC are also available; nonthrombocytopenic = PURPURA, SCHOENLEIN-HENOCH

UI = D011696

 

Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic

MS = Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.

UI = D016553

 

Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic

MS = A disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, bizarre neurological manifestations, azotemia, fever, and thromboses in terminal arterioles and capillaries.

UI = D011697

 

Pursuit, Smooth

MS = Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.

AN = refers to eye movements

UI = D011698

 

Putamen

MS = The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus.

AN = part of the neostriatum

UI = D011699

 

Putaminal Hemorrhage

MS = Bleeding into the PUTAMEN, a BASAL GANGLIA nucleus. This is a relatively common site of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and is associated with chronic HYPERTENSION and lipohyalinosis of small blood vessels in the putamen. Clinical manifestations vary with the size of hemorrhage, but include hemiparesis, headache, and alterations of consciousness.

UI = D020146

 

Putrescine

MS = A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.

UI = D011700

 

Puumala virus

MS = A species of HANTAVIRUS causing nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME. It is found in most of Europe and especially in Finland, along with its carrier rodent, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus).

AN = infection: coord IM with HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (IM)

UI = D029262

 

PUVA Therapy

MS = Photochemotherapy using a psoralen compound as the photosensitizing agent and ultraviolet light type A (UVA).

AN = photochemother with a psoralen cpd & ultraviolet light type A (UVA); IM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord with disease /drug ther (IM); do not index under psoralen cpd or UV angle unless particularly discussed

UI = D011701

 

Pyelitis

MS = Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = = kidney pelvis inflammation

UI = D011702

 

Pyelonephritis

AN = = inflammation of kidney + its pelvis

UI = D011704

 

Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous

MS = An inflammatory condition of the kidney most commonly resulting in a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with stones and infection.

UI = D011705

 

Pygeum

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Bark extract of P. africanum is an ingredient of folk remedies to treat PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031988

 

Pyloric Antrum

AN = NIM; usually merely locational

UI = D011706

 

Pyloric Stenosis

MS = Obstruction of the pyloric canal.

AN = for hypertrophic, coord IM with HYPERTROPHY (NIM)

UI = D011707

 

Pylorus

AN = NIM; usually locational

UI = D011708

 

Pyocins

MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same or related species.

UI = D011709

 

Pyocyanine

MS = Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

UI = D011710

 

Pyoderma

MS = Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).

AN = "any purulent skin dis" but do not make diagnoses: use term of text

UI = D011711

 

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

MS = An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.

AN = severe type of skin ulcer appearing mostly on the legs

UI = D017511

 

Pyracantha

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE widely cultivated as a prickly hedge with bright red berries. Members contain pyracrenic acid (a lupane triterpenoid).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031991

 

Pyramidal Cells

MS = Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

UI = D017966

 

Pyramidal Tracts

MS = Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.

UI = D011712

 

Pyran Copolymer

MS = Copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride that acts as an immunostimulant with antineoplastic and anti-infective properties. It is used in combination with other antineoplastic agents.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011713

 

Pyranocoumarins

MS = A type of COUMARINS with added pyran ring(s).

UI = D039681

 

Pyrans

AN = do not confuse with PYRENES or PYRONES

UI = D011714

 

Pyrantel

MS = A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920)

AN = an antinematodal agent

UI = D011715

 

Pyrantel Pamoate

MS = Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.

UI = D011716

 

Pyrantel Tartrate

MS = Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.

UI = D011717

 

Pyrazinamide

MS = A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.

UI = D011718

 

Pyrazines

AN = do not confuse with PYRIDAZINES

UI = D011719

 

Pyrazoles

AN = includes pyrazolines & pyrazolidines

UI = D011720

 

Pyrenes

MS = A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.

AN = aromatic hydrocarbons; carcinogens; do not confuse with PYRANS or PYRONES

UI = D011721

 

Pyrethrins

MS = The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D011722

 

Pyridazines

AN = do not confuse with PYRAZINES

UI = D011724

 

Pyridines

AN = pyridine nucleotides will probably be NAD or NADP

UI = D011725

 

Pyridinium Compounds

AN = DF: PYRIDINIUM CPDS

UI = D011726

 

Pyridinolcarbamate

MS = A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-emoblytic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)

UI = D011727

 

Pyridones

MS = Pyridine derivatives with one or more keto groups on the ring.

UI = D011728

 

Pyridostigmine Bromide

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.

AN = a cholinesterase inhib

UI = D011729

 

Pyridoxal

MS = The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D011730

 

Pyridoxal Kinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyridoxal in the presence of ATP with the formation of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and ADP. Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and various derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.35.

UI = D011731

 

Pyridoxal Phosphate

MS = This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D011732

 

Pyridoxamine

MS = The 4-aminomethyl form of VITAMIN B 6. During transamination of amino acids, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate.

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D011733

 

Pyridoxaminephosphate Oxidase

MS = An enzyme catalyzing the deamination of pyridoxaminephosphate to pyridoxal phosphate. It is a flavoprotein that also oxidizes pyridoxine-5-phosphate and pyridoxine. EC 1.4.3.5.

UI = D011734

 

Pyridoxic Acid

MS = The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6 (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.

UI = D011735

 

Pyridoxine

MS = The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN B 6 DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D011736

 

Pyrilamine

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.

AN = a histamine H1 antag

UI = D011738

 

Pyrimethamine

MS = One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.

UI = D011739

 

Pyrimidine Dimers

MS = Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ultraviolet irradiation. They consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers stop DNA replication.

AN = stop DNA replication

UI = D011740

 

Pyrimidine Nucleosides

UI = D011741

 

Pyrimidine Nucleotides

UI = D011742

 

Pyrimidines

MS = A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

UI = D011743

 

Pyrimidinones

UI = D011744

 

Pyrithiamine

MS = A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.

AN = a thiamine antag

UI = D011745

 

Pyrithioxin

MS = A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.

UI = D011746

 

Pyrococcus

MS = A genus of strictly anaerobic ultrathermophilic archaea, in the family THERMOCOCCACEAE, occurring in heated seawaters. They exhibit heterotrophic growth at an optimum temperature of 100 degrees C.

AN = a genus of archaea found in heated seawaters; THERMOCOCCUS, found in heated seawater, is also available

UI = D019711

 

Pyrococcus furiosus

MS = A species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. It exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration.

AN = a species of archaea

UI = D020027

 

Pyrogallol

UI = D011748

 

Pyrogens

MS = Substances capable of increasing body temperature; they may be of microbial origin, often polysaccharides and may contaminate distilled water.

AN = /biosyn permitted but be careful; consider also FEVER /chem ind or HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED

UI = D011749

 

Pyroglobulins

MS = Atypical gamma immunoglobulins characterized by their irreversible heat denaturation at 56-degrees C. Pyroprecipitation is inhibited at pH below 3 and above 9. The presence of pyroglobulins in the serum is the cause of pyroglobulinemia. They are frequently present in multiple myeloma and the pyroglobulin precipitate binds complement, reacts with rheumatoid factor, produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, generalized passive anaphylaxis and passive Arthus-type phenomena.

UI = D011750

 

Pyroglutamate Hydrolase

MS = Hydrolyzes pyroglutamic acid in the presence of ATP to glutamate plus ADP and inorganic phosphate. Deficiency leads to pyroglutamic acidurea.

UI = D011752

 

Pyroglutamyl-Peptidase I

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the release of a N-terminal pyroglutamyl group from a polypeptide provided the next residue is not proline. It is inhibited by thiol-blocking reagents and occurs in mammalian tissues, microorganisms, and plants. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.19.3.

UI = D011751

 

Pyroglyphidae

MS = Family of house dust mites, in the superfamily Analgoidea, order Astigmata. They include the genera Dermatophagoides and Euroglyphus.

UI = D039981

 

Pyrola

MS = A plant genus of the family PYROLACEAE. The common name of wintergreen is more often used for GAULTHERIA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031828

 

Pyrolaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031827

 

Pyrones

UI = D011753

 

Pyronine

MS = Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D011754

 

Pyrophosphatases

MS = A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.

UI = D011755

 

Pyrroles

UI = D011758

 

Pyrrolidines

AN = do not confuse with PYRROLIDONES or PYRROLIDINONES

UI = D011759

 

Pyrrolidinones

MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = pyrrolidinediones = SUCCINIMIDES; do not confuse with PYRROLIDINES

UI = D011760

 

Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid

MS = A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.

UI = D011761

 

Pyrroline Carboxylate Reductases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of 1-pyrroline carboxylate to proline in the presence of NAD(P)H. Includes both the 2-oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.1) and the 5-oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.1.2). The former also reduces 1-piperidine-2-carboxylate to pipecolate and the latter also reduces 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate to hydroxyproline.

UI = D011762

 

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

MS = Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use.

AN = an alkaloid from Senecio

UI = D011763

 

Pyrrolnitrin

MS = 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.

AN = an antifungal antibiotic

UI = D011764

 

Pyrularia

MS = A plant genus of the family SANTALACEAE. Members contain thionin toxin, which shouldn't be confused with thionine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032122

 

Pyrus

MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE known for the edible fruit.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031989

 

Pyruvaldehyde

MS = An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.

UI = D011765

 

Pyruvate Carboxylase

MS = A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

UI = D011766

 

Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency Disease

MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by absent or decreased PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE activity, the enzyme that regulates gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Clinical manifestations include lactic acidosis, seizures, respiratory distress, marked psychomotor delay, periodic HYPOGLYCEMIA, and hypotonia. The clinical course may be similar to LEIGH DISEASE. (From Am J Hum Genet 1998 Jun;62(6):1312-9)

UI = D015324

 

Pyruvate Decarboxylase

MS = Catalyzes the decarboxylation of an alpha keto acid to an aldehyde and carbon dioxide. Thiamine pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor. In lower organisms, which ferment glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, the enzyme irreversibly decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde. EC 4.1.1.1.

UI = D011767

 

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)

MS = The E1 component of the multienzyme PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX. It is composed of 2 alpha subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit) and 2 beta subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit).

UI = D030481

 

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase

MS = (Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. A mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate on a specific seryl hydroxyl group of pyruvate dehydrogenase, reactivating the enzyme complex. EC 3.1.3.43.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D011769

 

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

MS = A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE C (LIPOAMIDE), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phoshorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

UI = D011768

 

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease

MS = An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA, SEIZURES, and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.

AN = DF: PDHC DEFIC DIS

UI = D015325

 

Pyruvate Kinase

MS = ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

AN = do not coord L-, R-, M-, M1- or M2-type pyruvate kinase with ISOENZYMES

UI = D011770

 

Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors

MS = Hereditary disorders of pyruvate metabolism. They are difficult to diagnose and describe because pyruvate is a key intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Some inherited metabolic disorders may alter pyruvate metabolism indirectly. Disorders in pyruvate metabolism appear to lead to deficiencies in neurotransmitter synthesis and, consequently, to nervous system disorders.

AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: PYRUVATE METAB INBORN ERR

UI = D015323

 

Pyruvate Oxidase

UI = D011771

 

Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, pyruvate, and orthophosphate to form AMP plus phosphoenolpyruvate plus pyrophosphate. EC 2.7.9.1.

UI = D011772

 

Pyruvates

AN = do not confuse with PYRUVATE see PYRUVIC ACID

UI = D011773

 

Pyruvic Acid

MS = An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = do not confuse X ref PYRUVATE with PYRUVATES

UI = D019289

 

Pyrvinium Compounds

AN = DF: PYRVINIUM CPDS

UI = D011774

 

Pythium

MS = A genus of destructive root-parasitic algae in the family Pythiaceae, order Peronosporales, commonly found in cultivated soils all over the world. Differentiation of zoospores takes place in a vesicle.

AN = an alga belonging to the group OOMYCETES

UI = D011775

 

Pyuria

UI = D011776