Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
M
RETURN TO INDEX Maackia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It contains a hemagglutinin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029901
Macaca
MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
AN = Old World monkey, not ape despite X refs; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D008251
Macaca fascicularis
MS = A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D008252
Macaca mulatta
MS = A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D008253
Macaca nemestrina
MS = A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D008254
Macaca radiata
MS = A species of macaque monkey that mainly inhabits the forest of southern India. They are also called bonnet macaques or bonnet monkeys.
AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)
UI = D008255
Macadamia
MS = A plant genus of the family PROTEACEAE that is the source of edible NUTS.
AN = coord with FOOD if pertinent; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039106
Macao
MS = A Portuguese colony on the island of Macao and adjacent islands off the southeast coast of China.
UI = D008256
Macedonia (Republic)
MS = Formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the Yugoslav section of the region of Macedonia. It was made a constituent republic in the 1946 constitution. It became independent on 8 February 1994 and was recognized as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United States Board on Geographic Names 16 February 1994.
AN = note X refs: do not confuse with MACEDONIA (GREECE) see GREECE or with MACEDONIA, catalogers' geog subhead for the ancient Macedonia of Greek & Roman hist
UI = D018843
Machado-Joseph Disease
MS = A dominantly-inherited ataxia first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, dysarthria, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial fasciculations. Dystonia is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features muscle atrophy and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)
UI = D017827
Machiavellianism
MS = A personality dimension characterized by the manipulation of others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D008257
Maclura
MS = A plant genus of the family MORACEAE. Members contain maclurin, antifungal chalcones, and other compounds.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031624
Macroglobulins
MS = Serum globulins with high molecular weight. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = serum globulins; ALPHA MACROGLOBULINS is also available
UI = D008259
Macroglossia
MS = The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
AN = overlarge tongue, congen or acquired
UI = D008260
Macrolides
MS = A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties.
AN = in ther of dis is likely to be ANTIBIOTICS, MACROLIDE
UI = D018942
Macromolecular Systems
MS = Complexes or cellular systems composed of macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA, polysaccharides, etc.) such as RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, CHROMATIN, MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES and other multimeric proteins.
AN = almost never IM unless GEN only, irrespective of chemical; coord NIM with specific chem (IM); DF: MACROMOL SYSTEMS
UI = D008261
Macrophage Activation
MS = The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.
UI = D008262
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
MS = A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR).
AN = DF: MCSF
UI = D016173
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1
MS = A chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating hematopoiesis. Its two variants, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, are 60% homologous to each other.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D019407
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins
MS = Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of macrophages, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including neutrophils, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. They likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses.
AN = heparin-binding proteins; DF: MACROPHAGE INFLAMM PROTEINS
UI = D019402
Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors
MS = Proteins released by sensitized lymphocytes and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of macrophages away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell.
AN = a lymphokine; /biosyn /physiol permitted; also called MIF; DF: MMIF
UI = D008263
Macrophage-1 Antigen
MS = An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.
UI = D016177
Macrophage-Activating Factors
MS = Factors secreted by stimulated lymphocytes that prime macrophages to become nonspecifically cytotoxic to tumors. They also modulate the expression of macrophage cell surface Ia antigens. One MAF is interferon-gamma (INTERFERON TYPE II). Other factors antigenically distinct from IFN-gamma have also been identified.
AN = a lymphokine; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: MAF
UI = D016215
Macrophages
AN = A 11 qualif; macrophage migration test: index under MACROPHAGES /immunol (IM) + CELL MIGRATION INHIBITION (IM)
UI = D008264
Macrophages, Alveolar
MS = Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.
AN = alveolar refers to pulm alveoli; A 11 qualif
UI = D016676
Macrophages, Peritoneal
MS = Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D017737
Macrostomia
MS = Greatly exaggerated width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of the oral orifice toward the ear. The defect may be unilateral or bilateral. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = overwide mouth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008265
Macula Lutea
MS = An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototopic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = a depression on the retina; macular dis: coord IM with RETINAL DISEASES (IM)
UI = D008266
Macular Degeneration
MS = Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina.
AN = macular refers to macula lutea of retina; includes "macular dystrophy"
UI = D008268
Macular Edema, Cystoid
MS = Macular degeneration characterized by edema and cystic spaces which may lead to a macular depression or hole.
AN = macular refers to macula lutea of retina; a form of MACULAR DEGENERATION
UI = D008269
Madagascar
MS = One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)
AN = the largest of the Indian Ocean Islands; X ref MALAGASY REPUBLIC was its former name
UI = D008270
Madhuca
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE that is the source of mahua oil. Members contain oleanene triterpenoid saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032128
MADS Domain Proteins
MS = A superfamily of proteins that share a highly conserved MADS domain sequence motif. The term MADS refers to the first four members which were MCM1 PROTEIN, AGAMOUS PROTEIN, DEFICIENS PROTEIN and SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR. Many MADS domain proteins have been found in species from all eukaryotic kingdoms. They play an important role in development, especially in plants where they have an important role in flower development.
AN = note X refs; AGAMOUS PROTEIN, ARABIDOPSIS and DEFICIENS PROTEIN are also available
UI = D026161
Madurella
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus that causes MADUROMYCOSIS (mycetoma) in humans. Madurella grisea and M. mycetomatis are the etiological agents.
UI = D020461
Maduromycosis
MS = A disease caused by various fungi (Madurella mycetomi) or actinomycetes (Nocardia brasiliensis). It usually affects the foot, hand, and legs with tissues becoming necrosed and swollen after infection.
AN = caused by various fungi or bacteria; coord with causative organism (IM) or precoord organism/dis (IM) if pertinent
UI = D008271
Mafenide
MS = A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is used as topical anti-infective, especially in burn therapy.
UI = D008272
Magic
MS = Beliefs and practices concerned with producing desired results through supernatural forces or agents as with the manipulation of fetishes or rituals.
AN = IM; consider also WITCHCRAFT
UI = D008273
Magnaporthe
MS = A genus of fungi, in the family Phyllachoraceae, order PHYLLACHORALES, best known for its species M. grisea. The latter is one of the most popular experimental organisms of all fungal plant pathogens.
UI = D020082
Magnesium
MS = A light, silvery, metallic element. It has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. Its salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with oxidative phosphorylation. It is a component of both intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in the urine and feces. Deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = Mg-24; /physiol permitted; Mg-25, 26 = MAGNESIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Mg-20, 21, 23, 27, 28 = MAGNESIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D008274
Magnesium Chloride
MS = Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys.
AN = used as a source of magnesium ions
UI = D015636
Magnesium Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MAGNESIUM CPDS
UI = D017616
Magnesium Deficiency
MS = A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)
AN = DF: MAGNESIUM DEFIC
UI = D008275
Magnesium Hydroxide
MS = An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
UI = D008276
Magnesium Oxide
MS = Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses.
AN = an antacid & cathartic
UI = D008277
Magnesium Silicates
MS = A generic term for a variety of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and magnesium, and may contain hydrogen. Examples include TALC and some kinds of ASBESTOS.
AN = inorganic cpds; TALC & ASBESTOS are examples of magnesium silicates
UI = D017633
Magnesium Sulfate
MS = A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
UI = D008278
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
MS = Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
AN = coord with dis/diag not /radiography; DF: MR ANGIOGR
UI = D018810
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MS = Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY: check text; coord with disease, organ or tissue using pertinent qualifs; DF: MRI
UI = D008279
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine
MS = A type of imaging technique used primarily in the field of cardiology. By coordinating the fast gradient-echo MRI sequence with retrospective ECG-gating, numerous short time frames evenly spaced in the cardiac cycle are produced. These images are laced together in a cinematic display so that wall motion of the ventricles, valve motion, and blood flow patterns in the heart and great vessels can be visualized.
AN = for dis & organ coords see note on MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; DF: MRI CINE or short X ref
UI = D019028
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
MS = Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
AN = index under element or isotope used in performing the NMR spectroscopy only if discussed (probably NIM); do not confuse with MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: check text; coord with disease, organ or tissue using pertinent qualifs; for diag use coord with disease /diag (not /radiogr nor /radionuclide); DF: NMR
UI = D009682
Magnetics
MS = The study of magnetic phenomena and magnetic fields. Magnetism produced by electric currents is ELECTROMAGNETICS.
AN = ELECTROMAGNETICS is also available
UI = D008280
Magnetoencephalography
MS = The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by electroencephalography. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MAGNETOENCEPHALOGR
UI = D015225
Magnolia
MS = A plant genus of the family MAGNOLIACEAE. The germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, and costunolide diepoxide have been isolated from the leaves. Bark contains honokiol and magnolol. Parts are an ingredient of Banxia Houpo Tang.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031566
Magnoliaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are trees and shrubs having an elongated conelike floral axis with fragrant flowers that have six tepals (sepals and petals that are not distinctly different) and many spirally arranged stamens.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029562
Mahonia
MS = A plant genus in the family BERBERIDACEAE. Oregon Grape was discovered in North America and classified by Pursh as a BERBERIS but Nuttall claimed it is different enough to call it a new genus, MAHONIA. Now botanists insist on Berberis while horticulturists stay with this genus. It is a source of BERBERINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028143
Maillard Reaction
MS = One of a group of nonenzymatic reactions in which aldehydes, ketones, or reducing sugars react with amino acids, peptides, or proteins. Food browning reactions, such as those that occur with cooking of meats, and also food deterioration reactions, resulting in decreased nutritional value and color changes, are attributed to this reaction type. The Maillard reaction is studied by scientists in the agriculture, food, nutrition, and carbohydrate chemistry fields.
UI = D015416
Maine
UI = D008281
Mainstreaming (Education)
MS = Most frequently refers to the integration of a physically or mentally disabled child into the regular class of normal peers and provision of the appropriately determined educational program.
AN = DF: MAINSTREAMING
UI = D008282
Maintenance
MS = The upkeep of property or equipment.
AN = "upkeep of property or equipment"; NIM
UI = D008283
Maintenance and Engineering, Hospital
MS = Hospital department whose primary function is the upkeep and supervision of the buildings and grounds and the maintenance of hospital physical plant and equipment which requires engineering expertise.
AN = DF: MAINTENANCE HOSP or MAINTENANCE HOSPITAL
UI = D008284
Maize streak virus
MS = The type species of genus Mastrevirus, family GEMINIVIRIDAE.
UI = D026762
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MS = The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.
AN = DF: MHC
UI = D008285
Malabsorption Syndromes
MS = General term for syndromes of malnutrition due to failure of normal intestinal absorption of nutrients.
AN = form of malnutrition caused by failure of normal intestinal absorp
UI = D008286
Malacoplakia
MS = The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.
UI = D008287
Malaria
MS = A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus PLASMODIUM (P. falciparum (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM); P. vivax (MALARIA, VIVAX); P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia.
AN = GEN or unspecified; specify Plasmodium species IM if possible but note P. falciparum malaria = MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; P. vivax malaria = MALARIA, VIVAX; tertian malaria = MALARIA, VIVAX, quartan malaria: coord IM with PLASMODIUM MALARIAE (IM); malariotherapy = HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED: do not confuse with MALARIA /ther; /drug ther: consider also ANTIMALARIALS
UI = D008288
Malaria Vaccines
MS = Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.
AN = coord IM with specific Plasmodium /immunol (IM)
UI = D017780
Malaria, Avian
MS = Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.
AN = coord with BIRDS (NIM) or specific bird or fowl (IM)
UI = D008289
Malaria, Cerebral
MS = A condition characterized by somnolence or coma in the presence of an acute infection with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM (and rarely other Plasmodium species). Initial clinical manifestations include HEADACHES, SEIZURES, and alterations of mentation followed by a rapid progression to COMA. Pathologic features include cerebral capillaries filled with parasitized erythrocytes and multiple small foci of cortical and subcortical necrosis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p136)
AN = coord IM with Plasmodium species (IM) but do not coord with PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM unless particularly discussed
UI = D016779
Malaria, Falciparum
MS = Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
UI = D016778
Malaria, Vivax
MS = Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.
UI = D016780
Malassezia
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus that causes a variety of skin disorders. Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare) causes TINEA (pityriasis) VERSICOLOR.
AN = infection: coord IM with DERMATOMYCOSES (IM) or TINEA VERSICOLOR (IM)
UI = D008290
Malate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.
UI = D008291
Malate Synthase
MS = An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.2.
UI = D008292
Malates
AN = do not confuse with MALEATES
UI = D008293
Malathion
MS = A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.
UI = D008294
Malawi
MS = A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland. This region was visited by Livingstone in 1859. It became a British protectorate in 1891, part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953, and independent in 1964. It takes its name from the Malavi people whose name means flames, possibly referring to the reflection of the rising sun on Lake Malawi. Its former name Nyasaland is from the Malawi word for lake. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p326, 386)
AN = a republic in southern Africa; X ref NYASALAND was its former name
UI = D008295
Malaysia
MS = A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
AN = a monarchy in southeast Asia; note X refs but Malay Archipelago = INDONESIA; Malaysians are of MONGOLOID RACE unless otherwise specified
UI = D008296
Male
AN = check tag only for male organs, diseases, physiol processes, genetics, etc.; do not confuse with MEN as a social, cultural, political, economic force; Manual 18.9+, 35.6.2 CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D008297
Maleates
AN = do not confuse with MALATES
UI = D008298
Maleic Anhydrides
MS = Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.
UI = D008299
Maleic Hydrazide
MS = 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.
AN = an herbicide
UI = D008300
Maleimides
UI = D008301
Mali
MS = A country in western Africa, east of MAURITANIA and north of SUDAN. Its capital is Bamako. Its earlier names give a clue to its African and overseas connections: 1904-1920 it was known as Upper Senegal-Niger; prior to 1958, as French Sudan; 1958-1960 as the Sudanese Republic and 1959-1960 it joined Senegal in the Mali Federation. It became an independent republic in 1960 but the government is at present in transition. Mali was the name of a former empire, extinct from the 17th century. It may be derived from Malinke, an indigenous people of this region or from a Mandingo word meaning hippopotamus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, p717 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)
AN = a country in western Africa
UI = D008302
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
MS = A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; for cardiac manifest use CARCINOID HEART DISEASE
UI = D008303
Malignant Catarrh
MS = A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.
AN = caused by a herpesvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) but do not index under CATTLE DISEASES
UI = D008304
Malignant Hyperthermia
MS = Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia.
UI = D008305
Malingering
MS = Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty.
UI = D008306
Malleus
MS = The largest of the auditory ossicles, and the one attached to the membrana tympani (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Its club-shaped head articulates with the INCUS.
AN = one of the 3 ear ossicles
UI = D008307
Mallophaga
MS = An order of insects comprising the chewing lice or biting lice, many of which are parasitic on wild birds and domestic fowl and on wild and domestic mammals. Suborders include Amblycera and Ischnocera.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D008308
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
MS = Mucosal tears usually linear and confined to the esophagogastric junction but may be located in the fundus of the stomach or in the distal esophagus. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from these lacerations is often precipitated by retching or vomiting.
AN = mucosal tears at usually esophagogastric junction
UI = D008309
Mallotus Plant
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. Members contain fredelin type TRITERPENES, mallorepine (a cyano-pyridone), and hydrolyzable TANNINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036461
Malocclusion
MS = Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
AN = X ref ANGLE'S CLASSIFICATION: Angle's classes MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS I & MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS II & MALOCCLUSION, ANGLE CLASS III are also available but index Angle's classification in general or unspecified as MALOCCLUSION /class
UI = D008310
Malocclusion, Angle Class I
MS = Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
AN = Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, Amer orthodontist
UI = D008311
Malocclusion, Angle Class II
MS = Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).
AN = Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, Amer orthodontist
UI = D008312
Malocclusion, Angle Class III
MS = Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).
AN = Angle refers to Edward Hartley Angle, Amer orthodontist
UI = D008313
Malonates
UI = D008314
Malondialdehyde
MS = The dialdehyde of malonic acid.
UI = D008315
Malonyl Coenzyme A
MS = A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.
UI = D008316
Malpighiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Polygalales, subclass Rosidae class, Magnoliopsida that are mostly shrubs and small trees. Many of the members contain indole alkaloids.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029581
Malpighian Tubules
MS = Slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. They emerge from the ALIMENTARY CANAL between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut).
AN = in intestines of arthropods; "malpighian" is not capitalized in titles or translations
UI = D008317
Malpractice
MS = Failure of a professional person, a physician or lawyer, to render proper services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = not restricted to med malpractice; coord IM with specialty (IM)
UI = D008318
Malta
MS = An independent state consisting of three islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily. Its capital is Valetta. The major island is Malta, the two smaller islands are Comino and Gozo. It was a Phoenician and Carthaginian colony, captured by the Romans in 218 B.C. It was overrun by Saracens in 870, taken by the Normans in 1090, and subsequently held by the French and later the British who allotted them a dominion government in 1921. It became a crown colony in 1933, achieving independence in 1964. The name possibly comes from a pre-Indoeuropean root mel, high, referring to its rocks, but a more picturesque origin derives the name from the Greek melitta or melissa, honey, with reference to its early fame for its honey production. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p719 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p330)
AN = a state of 3 islands south of Sicily
UI = D008319
Maltose
MS = A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = ISOMALTOSE is available
UI = D008320
Malus
MS = A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of the edible fruit and is cultivated in temperate climates worldwide.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027845
Malva
MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE, order Malvales, subclass Dilleniida. The common name of 'Mallow' may sometimes get confused with other plants.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028501
Malvaceae
MS = The mallow family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members include COTTON, okra (ABELMOSCHUS), HIBISCUS, and CACAO. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are used for several genera of Malvaceae.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019660
Mamillary Bodies
MS = A pair of nuclei and associated gray matter in the interpeduncular space rostral to the posterior perforated substance in the posterior hypothalamus.
UI = D008326
Mammae
AN = animal only; inflammation = MASTITIS or MASTITIS, BOVINE; UDDER refers to ruminants only; for neoplasms use MAMMARY NEOPLASMS: see note there; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL is also available; Manual 24.5+, 24.6+
UI = D008321
Mammals
MS = Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young. It includes three major groups: placentals and marsupials, which are vivparous, and monotremes, which are oviparous. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
AN = avoid: too general: prefer specifics
UI = D008322
Mammaplasty
MS = Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction.
AN = includes augmentation & reduction; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; BREAST IMPLANTS is also available
UI = D016462
Mammary Arteries
MS = Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles and mammary gland.
UI = D008323
Mammary Neoplasms
MS = Tumors of the mammary gland. Their occurrence is uncommon with the exception of the female dog, in which they account for 25% of all neoplasms.
AN = animal only but MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL is also available; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM) + precoord animal/dis term (IM) + specific animal (NIM); do not coord with NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D015674
Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
AN = animal only; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); don't forget also specific animal (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: MAMMARY NEOPL EXPER
UI = D008325
Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
MS = The type species of BETARETROVIRUS commonly latent in mice. It causes mammary adenocarcinoma in a genetically susceptible strain of mice when the appropriate hormonal influences operate.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + (if pertinent) MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
UI = D008324
Mammea
MS = A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE. Members contain xanthones and BENZOPHENONES. The common name of Mamey is also used with POUTERIA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031252
Mammography
MS = Radiographic examination of the breast.
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MAMMOGR
UI = D008327
Man-Machine Systems
MS = A system in which the functions of the man and the machine are interrelated and necessary for the operation of the system.
AN = no qualif; with computers, USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE is also available
UI = D008328
Managed Care Programs
MS = Health insurance plans intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs through a variety of mechanisms, including: economic incentives for physicians and patients to select less costly forms of care; programs for reviewing the medical necessity of specific services; increased beneficiary cost sharing; controls on inpatient admissions and lengths of stay; the establishment of cost-sharing incentives for outpatient surgery; selective contracting with health care providers; and the intensive management of high-cost health care cases. The programs may be provided in a variety of settings, such as HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS and PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS.
AN = specify geog
UI = D008329
Managed Competition
MS = A strategy for purchasing health care in a manner which will obtain maximum value for the price for the purchasers of the health care and the recipients. The concept was developed primarily by Alain Enthoven of Stanford University and promulgated by the Jackson Hole Group. The strategy depends on sponsors for groups of the population to be insured. The sponsor, in some cases a health alliance, acts as an intermediary between the group and competing provider groups (accountable health plans). The competition is price-based among annual premiums for a defined, standardized benefit package. (From Slee and Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993)
AN = restrict to health insurance; do not confuse with MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS
UI = D018854
Management Audit
MS = Management review designed to evaluate efficiency and to identify areas in need of management improvement within the institution in order to ensure effectiveness in meeting organizational goals.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008330
Management Information Systems
MS = Systems designed to provide information primarily concerned with the administrative functions associated with the provision and utilization of services; also includes program planning, etc.
AN = for automated systems do not coord with AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING
UI = D008331
Management Quality Circles
MS = Participation of employees with management as a labor-management team, in decisions pertaining to the operational activities of the organization or industry.
AN = personnel & management as a labor-management team
UI = D008332
Management Service Organizations
MS = Voluntarily-formed groups of healthcare professionals who join for common management servicxes and other benefits such as collective bargaining agreements with reinbursement agents. The physical assets of a practice are controlled by the MSO which also provides billing, collections, and similar services. The practitioner retains control of patient records and management of patient care.
UI = D021661
Mandatory Programs
MS = Programs in which participation is required.
AN = coord with geographical term and type of program if pertinent
UI = D037141
Mandatory Reporting
MS = A legal requirement that designated types of information acquired by professionals or institutions in the course of their work be reported to appropriate authorities.
UI = D019221
Mandatory Testing
MS = Testing or screening required by federal, state, or local law or other agencies for the diagnosis of specified conditions. It is usually limited to specific populations such as categories of health care providers, members of the military, and prisoners or to specific situations such as premarital examinations or donor screening.
AN = for prev of commun dis; IM; coord with specific dis or population group (IM)
UI = D018580
Mandelic Acids
MS = Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid).
AN = a urinary anti-infective
UI = D008333
Mandible
MS = The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
AN = /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; /innerv: consider also MANDIBULAR NERVE
UI = D008334
Mandibular Advancement
MS = Moving a retruded mandible forward to a normal position. It is commonly performed for malocclusion and retrognathia. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
UI = D019186
Mandibular Condyle
MS = The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.
UI = D008335
Mandibular Diseases
UI = D008336
Mandibular Fractures
MS = Fractures of the lower jaw.
UI = D008337
Mandibular Injuries
MS = Injuries to the lower jaw bone.
UI = D008338
Mandibular Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008339
Mandibular Nerve
MS = A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.
AN = a branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008340
Mandibular Prosthesis
MS = A prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the mandible missing or defective as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery.
AN = to replace missing part of mandible: do not use for prosthetic replacement of teeth in mandible ( = DENTAL PROSTHESIS + MANDIBLE)
UI = D008341
Mandibular Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of an appliance for the replacement of areas of the mandible.
UI = D019930
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
MS = A hereditary disorder occurring in two forms: the complete form (Franceschetti's syndrome) is characterized by antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, coloboma of the lower lid, micrognathia and hypoplasia of the zygomatic arches, and microtia. It is transmitted as an autosomal trait. The incomplete form (Treacher Collins syndrome) is characterized by the same anomalies in less pronounced degree. It occurs sporadically, but an autosomal dominant mode of transmission is suspected. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of craniofacial dysostosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008342
Mandragora
MS = Plants of the Mandragora genus in the SOLANACEAE family, including Mandragora officinarum L. and Mandragora vernalis Bertol (sometimes called Atropa mandragora). They contain TROPANES that are anticholinergic (CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS). Mandrake may also refer to PODOPHYLLUM.
AN = do not confuse X ref MANDRAKE, EUROPEAN with MANDRAKE, AMERICAN see PODOPHYLLUM; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D026781
Manduca
MS = A genus of sphinx or hawk moths of the family Sphingidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.
AN = a genus of moth; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D018402
Maneb
MS = Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.
UI = D008344
Manganese
MS = A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
AN = Mn-55; Mn-50-54, 56-58 = MANGANESE (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D008345
Manganese Compounds
MS = Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MANGANESE CPDS
UI = D017895
Manganese Poisoning
MS = Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)
AN = coord IM with specific manganese cpd (IM) if given
UI = D020149
Mangifera
MS = A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE best known for the edible fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031022
Manifest Anxiety Scale
MS = True-false questionnaire made up of items believed to indicate anxiety, in which the subject answers verbally the statement that describes him.
UI = D008347
Manihot
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE that is perennial with conspicuous, almost palmate leaves like those of RICINUS but more deeply parted into five to nine lobes. It is a source of a starch after removal of the cyanogenic glucosides. The common name of Arrowroot is also used with Maranta (MARANTACEAE). The common name of yuca is also used for YUCCA.
AN = ARROWROOT see MARANTACEAE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D002365
Manikins
AN = no qualif
UI = D008348
Manilkara
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE that bears sweet fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032129
Manipulation, Chiropractic
MS = Spinal adjustments made by a chiropractor to relieve pressures on the spinal cord for improvement of health.
AN = do not confuse with CHIROPRACTIC, the specialty
UI = D026882
Manipulation, Orthopedic
MS = The planned and carefully managed manual movement of the musculoskeletal system, extremities, and spine to produce increased motion. The term is sometimes used to denote a precise sequence of movements of a joint to determine the presence of disease or to reduce a dislocation. In the case of fractures, orthopedic manipulation can produce better position and alignment of the fracture. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p264)
UI = D008349
Manipulation, Osteopathic
MS = Musculoskeletal manipulation based on the principles of OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE developed in 1874 by Dr Andrew Taylor Still. It was originally similar to CHIROPRACTIC (MANIPULATION, CHIROPRACTIC) but has become more like FAMILY PRACTICE.
AN = do not confuse with OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE, the specialty
UI = D026301
Manipulation, Spinal
MS = Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.
AN = prefer MANIPULATION, OSTEOPATHIC; MANIPULATION, ORTHOPEDIC; MANIPULATION, CHIROPRACTIC
UI = D020393
Manitoba
MS = A province of Canada, lying between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Ontario. Its capital is Winnipeg. Taking its name from Lake Manitoba, itself named for one of its islands, the name derived from Algonquian Manitou, great spirit. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p724 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p332)
AN = a province of Canada
UI = D008350
Mannans
MS = Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
UI = D008351
Mannheimia
MS = Genus of bacteria in the family PASTEURELLEACEAE, comprising multiple species that do not ferment trehalose. Species include MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA, M. glucosida, M. granulomatis, M. ruminalis, and M. varigena.
AN = infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D031121
Mannheimia haemolytica
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally commensal in the flora of cattle and sheep. But under conditions of physical or physiological stress, it can cause mastitis in sheep and shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC) in cattle. Its former name was Pasteurella haemolytica.
AN = infection: coord IM with PASTEURELLACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) or PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC (IM) if pertinent
UI = D016978
Mannich Bases
MS = Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.
AN = IM general only
UI = D008352
Mannitol
MS = A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
UI = D008353
Mannitol Dehydrogenase
UI = D008354
Mannitol Phosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of mannitol.
UI = D008355
Mannoheptulose
MS = A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.
UI = D008356
Mannomustine
MS = Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.
UI = D008357
Mannose
MS = A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
UI = D008358
Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-mannose-6-phosphate to form D-fructose-6-phosphate, an important step in glycolysis. EC 5.3.1.8.
UI = D008359
Mannose-Binding Lectin
MS = A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.
AN = MANNOSE-BINDING LECTINS is also available; see SCR for species specific terms; analogs & homologs are not MANNOSE-BINDING LECTINS
UI = D037601
Mannose-Binding Lectins
MS = A subclass of lectins that are specific for CARBOHYDRATES that contain MANNOSE.
AN = MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN is also available
UI = D037241
Mannosephosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of mannose.
UI = D008360
Mannosidases
MS = alpha or beta-Mannoside mannohydrolases. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha or beta-D-mannose residues in mannosides. Deficiency of the alpha form can cause mannosidosis.
AN = alpha-mannosidase defic: consider also MANNOSIDOSIS
UI = D008361
Mannosides
MS = Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-mannosides.
UI = D008362
Mannosidosis
MS = Inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in alpha-mannosidase activity that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich substrates. Virtually all patients have psychomotor retardation, facial coarsening, and some degree of dysostosis multiplex. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder.
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate & lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008363
Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase
MS = A group of related enzymes responsible for the endohydrolysis of the di-N-acetylchitobiosyl unit in high-mannose-content glycopeptides and glycoproteins. EC 3.2.1.96.
UI = D017038
Mannosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. The group includes EC 2.4.1.32, EC 2.4.1.48, EC 2.4.1.54, and EC 2.4.1.57.
UI = D008364
Manometry
MS = Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = measurement of pressure of liquids or gases; for measurement of intraocular pressure use TONOMETRY; NIM
UI = D008365
Mansonella
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms are distributed in Central and South America. Characteristics include a smooth cuticle and an enlarged anterior end.
AN = infection = MANSONELLIASIS; coord with specific helminth term (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D008366
Mansonelliasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.
AN = /drug ther: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D008368
Mantodea
MS = An order of insects, comprising a single family (Mantidae), restricted almost entirely to the tropics. Only one species, the praying mantis (Mantis religiosa), is found in temperate habitats.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D020050
Manual Communication
MS = Method of nonverbal communication utilizing hand movements as speech equivalents.
AN = no qualif; SIGN LANGUAGE & NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION are also available
UI = D008369
Manuals
UI = D008370
Manubrium
UI = D008371
Manufactured Materials
MS = Substances and materials manufactured for use in various technologies and industries and for domestic use.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; TN 124
UI = D008420
Manure
MS = Accumulations of solid or liquid animal excreta usually from stables and barnyards with or without litter material. Its chief application is as a fertilizer. (From Webster's 3d ed)
AN = IM; solid or liquid animal excreta with or without litter; includes slurry
UI = D008372
Manuscripts
MS = Compositions written by hand, as one written before the invention or adoption of printing. A manuscript may also refer to a handwritten copy of an ancient author. A manuscript may be handwritten or typewritten as distinguished from a printed copy, especially the copy of a writer's work from which printed copies are made. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = IM; includes books prepared by hand before invention of printing; also handwritten or typescript drafts of pre-print papers, correspondence, diaries, notebooks, memoranda, etc.; check century tag; Manual 33.12: relation to BOOKS
UI = D008373
Manuscripts [Publication Type]
MS = Works prepared by hand including handwritten or typescript drafts of pre-publication papers or works not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies.
UI = D020486
Manuscripts, Medical
AN = see note on MANUSCRIPTS; DF: MANUSCRIPTS MED
UI = D008374
MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
MS = Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).
UI = D020930
MAP Kinase Signaling System
MS = An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.
UI = D020935
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
MS = An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain ammino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a "maple syrup" odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)
UI = D008375
Maprotiline
MS = A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.
UI = D008376
Maps
MS = Representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth, the heavens, or celestial bodies.
AN = avoid: a cataloging term; possibly GEOGRAPHY might apply; no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type MAPS
UI = D008377
Maps [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth. They may be used also in delineating the heavens and celestial bodies. (From Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed, p619)
AN = publication type only; for maps as a subject, index under main heading MAPS
UI = D019532
Marantaceae
MS = A plant family of the order ZINGIBERALES, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida.
AN = X ref ARROWROOT: BRAZILIAN ARROWROOT see MANIHOT is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032426
Marburg Virus Disease
MS = An RNA virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man.
UI = D008379
Marburg-like Viruses
MS = A genus in the family FILOVIRIDAE consisting of one species (Marburg virus) with several strains. The genus shows no antigenic cross-reactivity with EBOLA-LIKE VIRUSES.
AN = infection = MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE
UI = D029024
Marek Disease
MS = A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES. There is lymphoid cell infiltration or lymphomatous tumor formation in the peripheral nerves and gonads, but may also involve visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the eye.
AN = don't forget also BIRDS or POULTRY (NIM) or specific bird or fowl (IM); check tag ANIMAL
UI = D008380
Marek Disease Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent MAREK DISEASE, an avian disease caused by a herpesvirus.
UI = D022501
Marek's Disease-like Viruses
MS = A genus in the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, associated with malignancy in birds.
UI = D025922
Marfan Syndrome
MS = A hereditary disorder of connective tissue characterized by tall stature, elongated extremities, subluxation of the lens, dilatation of the ascending aorta, and "pigeon breast." It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
UI = D008382
Margarine
MS = A butterlike product made of refined vegetable oils, sometimes blended with animal fats, and emulsified usually with water or milk. It is used as a butter substitute. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = a butter substitute
UI = D008383
Marginal Adaptation (Dentistry)
MS = The degree of proximity and interlocking of filling material to the wall of the cavity of a tooth. The term has come to be used synonymously with adaptation at the cavosurface margin. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982; J Dent 1993;21:265-73)
AN = degree of interlocking of a filling to a tooth cavity wall; DF: MARGINAL ADAPTATION
UI = D018772
Marijuana Abuse
MS = The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.
AN = see note on CANNABIS
UI = D002189
Marijuana Smoking
MS = Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from CANNABIS.
AN = consider also MARIJUANA ABUSE
UI = D008385
Marine Biology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; IM; marine = ocean or sea, not inland waterways, lakes, ponds ( = FRESH WATER (IM) + organism (IM) ); DF: MARINE BIOL
UI = D008386
Marine Toxins
MS = Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous fishes. Clupeotoxin, pahutoxin, prymnesin, scombrotoxin go here.
AN = includes toxins from marine flora or fauna; /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with specific source (IM with no qualif); does not include venoms of sea snakes ( = SEA SNAKE VENOMS)
UI = D008387
Marital Status
MS = A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.
AN = a demographic & statist concept: differentiate from MARRIAGE, a sociol & anthropol concept; includes marital state, divorce, widowhood, singleness
UI = D017533
Marital Therapy
MS = A form of psychotherapy involving the husband and wife and directed to improving the marital relationship.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: MARITAL THER
UI = D008388
Marketing
MS = Activity involved in transfer of goods from producer to consumer or in the exchange of services.
AN = MARKETING OF HEALTH SERVICES and SOCIAL MARKETING are also available
UI = D040541
Marketing of Health Services
MS = Application of marketing principles and techniques to maximize the use of health care resources.
AN = DF: MARKETING HEALTH SERV
UI = D008389
Markov Chains
MS = A stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.
AN = no qualif
UI = D008390
Marmota
MS = A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.
AN = a genus of marmots or woodchucks: do not confuse with MARMOSETS see CALLITHRIX, a genus of monkey; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008392
Marriage
MS = The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby men and women are joined together for the purpose of founding a family unit.
AN = a sociol & anthropol concept: differentiate from MARITAL STATUS, a demographic & statist concept; SPOUSES is available for the husband or wife as a person
UI = D008393
Marrubium
MS = A plant genus of the LAMIACEAE family that contains marrubiin (a labdane diterpene). It is known as a traditional medicinal for sore throat.
AN = X ref HOREHOUND: HOREHOUND, BLACK see BALLOTA and HOREHOUND, WATER see LYCOPUS are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027522
Mars
MS = The fourth planet in order from the sun. Its two natural satellites are Deimos and Phobos. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system.
AN = 4th planet from sun with 2 moons; no qualif
UI = D018535
Marsdenia
MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Members contain pregnane glycosides (marsdekoiside & marstomentosides, maryal) and hainaneosides (SAPONINS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031101
Marsupialia
AN = includes bandicoot, koala, phalanger, Tasmanian devil, wallaby, wallaroo & wombat; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008394
Martial Arts
MS = Activities in which participants learn self-defense mainly through the use of hand-to-hand combat. Judo involves throwing an opponent to the ground while karate (which includes kung fu and tae kwon do) involves kicking and punching an opponent.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); Manual 30.15.1
UI = D016139
Martinique
MS = An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling "Madinina" as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)
AN = an island in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies
UI = D008395
Maryland
AN = BALTIMORE is also available
UI = D008396
Masks
MS = Devices that cover the nose and mouth to maintain aseptic conditions or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases. (UMDNS, 1999)
AN = includes surgical masks; GAS MASKS see RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available
UI = D008397
Masochism
MS = Pleasure derived from being physically or psychologically abused, whether inflicted by oneself or by others. Masochism includes sexual masochism.
UI = D008398
Mason-Pfizer monkey virus
MS = A species of BETARETROVIRUS isolated from mammary carcinoma in rhesus monkeys. It appears to have evolved from a recombination between a murine B oncovirus and a primate C oncovirus related to the baboon endogenous virus. Several serologically distinct strains exist. MPMV induces simian AIDS (SAIDS).
AN = infection: coord IM with SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (IM) or if not so specified RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: MPMV
UI = D016093
Mass Behavior
MS = Collective behavior of an aggregate of individuals giving the appearance of unity of attitude, feeling, and motivation.
AN = differentiate from GROUP PROCESSES: mass will probably be on a civil or pathol or mob level; no qualif
UI = D008399
Mass Chest X-Ray
MS = X-ray screening of large groups of persons for diseases of the lung and heart by means of radiography of the chest.
AN = see note under RADIOGRAPHY, THORACIC; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008400
Mass Fragmentography
MS = A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
AN = a type of gas chromatogr & spectrum anal; NIM; DF: GCMS or MASS FRAGMENTOGR
UI = D008401
Mass Immunization
MS = Administration of an antigen to large populations in order to produce an immune response to that antigen.
UI = D032541
Mass Media
MS = Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc.
AN = IM with general reference to NEWSPAPERS; PERIODICALS; RADIO; TELEVISION; MOTION PICTURES; etc., as mass media; do not use as routine coord with the specific: coord only when specific is discussed as a mass medium, as "magazines as mass media"
UI = D008402
Mass Screening
MS = Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
AN = coord with disease/diag or /epidemiol or /prev
UI = D008403
Massachusetts
AN = BOSTON is also available
UI = D008404
Massage
MS = Group of systematic and scientific manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.
AN = do not confuse X ref REFLEXOLOGY with REFLEXOTHERAPY; do not confuse with THERAPEUTIC TOUCH;
UI = D008405
Masseter Muscle
MS = A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws.
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D008406
Mast Cells
MS = Granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Like the BASOPHILS, mast cells contain large amounts of HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. Unlike basophils, mast cells normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. Mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the STEM CELL FACTOR.
AN = MAST-CELL DISEASE see MASTOCYTOSIS is available
UI = D008407
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
MS = A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.
UI = D012515
Mastadenovirus
MS = A genus of ADENOVIRIDAE that infects mammals including humans and causes a wide range of diseases. The type species is Human adenovirus C (see ADENOVIRUSES, HUMAN).
AN = infection: coord IM with ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017921
Mastectomy
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008408
Mastectomy, Extended Radical
MS = Radical mastectomy with removal of the ipsilateral half of the sternum and a portion of ribs two through five with the underlying pleura and the internal mammary lymph nodes.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015410
Mastectomy, Modified Radical
MS = Total mastectomy with axillary node dissection, but with preservation of the pectoral muscles.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015411
Mastectomy, Radical
MS = Removal of the breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and associated skin and subcutaneous tissue.
AN = GEN or unspecified; MASTECTOMY, EXTENDED RADICAL & MASTECTOMY, MODIFIED RADICAL are also available; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015409
Mastectomy, Segmental
MS = Removal of only enough breast tissue to ensure that the margins of the resected surgical specimen are free of tumor.
UI = D015412
Mastectomy, Simple
MS = Removal of only the breast tissue and nipple and a small portion of the overlying skin.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015413
Mastectomy, Subcutaneous
MS = Excision of breast tissue with preservation of overlying skin, nipple, and areola so that breast form may be reconstructed.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015414
Mastication
MS = The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.
UI = D008409
Masticatory Muscles
MS = Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = GEN: prefer specific; /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D008410
Mastigophora
MS = A subphylum of flagellate protozoa. It contains two classes: PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA and ZOOMASTIGOPHORA.
AN = a subphylum of protozoa; infection = MASTIGOPHORA INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D008412
Mastigophora Infections
MS = Infections with protozoa of the subphylum MASTIGOPHORA.
AN = protozoan infect; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D016772
Mastitis
MS = Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland.
AN = inflamm of breast or mammary tissue; cystic mastitis = FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST & do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
UI = D008413
Mastitis, Bovine
AN = inflamm of udder in cows; don't forget also CATTLE (NIM) & check tags ANIMAL & FEMALE
UI = D008414
Mastocytoma
MS = A solid tumor consisting of a dense infiltration of MAST CELLS. It is generally benign.
AN = unifocal lesion only; multi-focal lesions use MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS
UI = D034801
Mastocytosis
MS = A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by the abnormal increase of MAST CELLS in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMAS).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D008415
Mastocytosis, Cutaneous
MS = Skin lesions due to abnormal infiltration of MAST CELLS. Cutaneous mastocytosis is confined to the skin without the involvement of other tissues or organs, and is mostly found in children.
AN = MACULOPAPULAR CUTANEOUS MASTOCYTOSIS see URTICARIA PIGMENTOSA is also available
UI = D034701
Mastocytosis, Systemic
MS = A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.
UI = D034721
Mastoid
AN = inflammation = MASTOIDITIS; fractures: coord MASTOID /inj (IM) + SKULL FRACTURES (IM)
UI = D008416
Mastoiditis
MS = Inflammation of the cavity and air cells in the mastoid part of the temporal bone.
UI = D008417
Masturbation
MS = Sexual stimulation or gratification of the self.
AN = human & animal
UI = D008418
Matched-Pair Analysis
MS = A type of analysis in which subjects in a study group and a comparison group are made comparable with respect to extraneous factors by individually pairing study subjects with the comparison group subjects (e.g., age-matched controls).
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM) + matched parameter (e.g. age, sex, physiol state) (IM or NIM); no qualif
UI = D016555
Materia Medica
MS = Materials or substances used in the composition of traditional medical remedies. The use of this term in MeSH was formerly restricted to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine, but it can also refer to homeopathic remedies. Nosodes are specific types of homeopathic remedies prepared from causal agents or disease products.
AN = prefer the more specific PHYTOTHERAPY or HOMEOPATHY; coord IM with specific substance IM; for use in therapy coord /ther use (IM) with substance /ther use (IM) if permitted + disease /*drug ther (IM); do not capitalize Chinese names of various substances in titles or translations
UI = D008419
Materials Management, Hospital
MS = The management of all procurement, distribution, and storage of equipment and supplies, as well as logistics management including laundry, processing of reusables, etc.
UI = D008421
Materials Testing
MS = The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for implants, prostheses, sutures, adhesives, etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, and efficacy.
UI = D008422
Maternal Age
AN = no qualif; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4
UI = D008423
Maternal Age 35 and over
MS = Pregnancy in women 35 or more years of age. It is used for normal pregnancies and for problems of pregnancy occurring in a woman's late reproductive years. These include effects on the mother's physical and mental health as well as risks of perinatal mortality and fetal abnormality.
AN = no qualif; relation to PREGNANCY: Manual 28.17.4; DF: MATERNAL AGE 35
UI = D008424
Maternal Behavior
MS = The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother.
AN = human & animal; /drug eff permitted only if the drug affects the mother's behavior: do not use for eff of a drug on the offspring after admin of drug to pregn mother
UI = D008425
Maternal Deprivation
MS = Prolonged separation of the offspring from the mother.
AN = human & animal
UI = D008426
Maternal Exposure
MS = Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
AN = restrict to exposure to environ or environ factors
UI = D018811
Maternal Health Services
MS = Organized services to provide health care to expectant and nursing mothers.
AN = specify geog; check also tags HUMAN; FEMALE & PREGNANCY; DF: MATERNAL HEALTH SERV
UI = D008427
Maternal Mortality
MS = Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population.
AN = a largely statistical concept, not for individual maternal deaths; IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /mortal (IM); specify geog if pertinent
UI = D008428
Maternal Nutrition
MS = Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.
AN = PRENATAL NUTRITION is also available
UI = D039382
Maternal Welfare
MS = Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the mother.
AN = specify geog
UI = D008429
Maternal-Child Health Centers
MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to mothers and children.
AN = check also tag CHILD or specific
UI = D008430
Maternal-Child Nursing
MS = The nursing specialty that deals with the care of women throughout their pregnancy and childbirth and the care of their newborn children.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; nurs of pregnant women & their newborn infants: do not confuse with PEDIATRIC NURSING, nurs of only infants & children; NEONATAL NURSING & OBSTETRICAL NURSING are available; check also tags PREGNANCY & INFANT, NEWBORN; DF: MATERNAL CHILD NURS
UI = D016389
Maternal-Fetal Exchange
MS = Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood through the placental barrier. It excludes microbial or viral transmission.
AN = exchange of substances through placental barrier; excludes microbial or viral transm; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; note that FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION (Cat C) & IMMUNITY, MATERNALLY-ACQUIRED (Cat G) exist
UI = D008431
Maternal-Fetal Relations
MS = The bond or lack thereof between a pregnant woman and her FETUS.
UI = D033261
Mathematical Computing
MS = Computer-assisted interpretation and analysis of various mathematical functions related to a particular problem.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D008432
Mathematics
AN = NIM; includes arithmetic, geometry, calculus; differentiate from STATISTICS
UI = D008433
Matricaria
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. M. chamomilla appears similar to Anthemis but this flower disk is conical and hollow and lacks chaffy bract scales and the odor is weaker. The common name of 'manzanilla' is confused with other meanings of the word. 'Matricaria chamomilla sensu' is classified by some as Tripleurospermum perforata. Other plants with similar common names include CHAMAEMELUM; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM and ANTHEMIS.
AN = X refs: distinguish from related plants with similar common names; check text and MeSH; for Matricaria parthenium use TANACETUM; MATRICARIA PERFORATA see TRIPLEUROSPERMUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031168
Matrilysin
MS = The smallest member of the MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES. It plays a role in tumor progression. EC 3.4.24.23.
UI = D020783
Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins
MS = Proteins that bind to the matrix attachment regions of DNA.
UI = D036961
Matrix Bands
MS = Devices which provide an artificial temporary wall, or matrix, used in filling a prepared cavity.
UI = D008434
Matrix Metalloproteinases
MS = A family of zinc-dependent METALLOENDOPROTEINASES that are involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components. EC 3.4.24.-.
AN = /antag is permitted but TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES is available; check MeSH for specific matrix metalloproteinases
UI = D020782
Maturation-Promoting Factor
MS = Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.
AN = a protein kinase; /drug eff permitted; DF: MPF
UI = D016200
Mauritania
MS = A republic in western Africa, southwest of ALGERIA and west of MALI. Its capital is Nouakchott. Its coast was opened by the Portuguese in the 15th century. Although recognized as in the French sphere from 1817, it did not become a French colony until 1921. It gained independence in 1960. Mauritania takes its name from the Moors, either from the Greek mauros, dark, with reference to their skin or from the Punic mahurim or mauharin, western, with reference to the geographical area of North Africa that they occupied. It should not be confused with the ancient country of Mauretania in northern Africa, although both share a common derivation for their names. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p742 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p361)
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse with the ancient country Mauretania
UI = D008435
Mauritius
MS = One of the Indian Ocean Islands, east of Madagascar. Its capital is Port Louis. It was discovered by the Portugese in 1505, occupied by the Dutch 1598-1710, held by the French 1715-1810 when the British captured it, formally ceded to the British in 1814, and became independent in 1968. It was named by the Dutch in honor of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (1567-1625). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p742 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p341)
AN = one of the Indian Ocean Islands
UI = D008436
Maus Elberfeld virus
MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, usually causing an inapparent intestinal infection in mice. A small number of mice may show signs of flaccid paralysis.
AN = do not confuse X ref MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS with THEILER'S MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); DF: ENCEPH VIRUS MURINE
UI = D004680
Maxilla
AN = the upper jaw only; check text for loose use of "maxillary" to mean "jaw", not precisely MAXILLA; /blood supply: consider also MAXILLARY ARTERY; /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; /inj: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES; /innerv: consider also MAXILLARY NERVE
UI = D008437
Maxillary Artery
MS = A branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary).
UI = D008438
Maxillary Diseases
AN = must be of the MAXILLA, not for "jaws" ( = JAW DISEASES)
UI = D008439
Maxillary Fractures
MS = Fractures of the upper jaw.
AN = must be of the MAXILLA, not for "jaws" ( = JAW FRACTURES)
UI = D008440
Maxillary Neoplasms
MS = Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.
AN = must be of the MAXILLA, not for "jaws" ( = JAW NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008441
Maxillary Nerve
MS = The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.
AN = a branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008442
Maxillary Sinus
MS = One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.
AN = inflammation or sinusitis = MAXILLARY SINUSITIS; fractures: coord MAXILLARY SINUS /inj (IM) + MAXILLARY FRACTURES (IM)
UI = D008443
Maxillary Sinus Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms or tumors of the maxillary sinus. The majority of paranasal sinus neoplasms arise here. They develop silently when confined to the sinus and produce symptoms on extension through the walls.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D008444
Maxillary Sinusitis
MS = Inflammation of the maxillary sinus. In most cases it is the result of infection by the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; and STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. This condition may be acute or chronic.
UI = D015523
Maxillofacial Abnormalities
MS = Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the maxilla and face or facial bones.
AN = GEN or unspecified & involving both the maxilla & the face: not a substitute for MAXILLA /abnorm or FACE /abnorm or FACIAL BONES /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MAXILLOFACIAL ABNORM
UI = D019767
Maxillofacial Development
MS = The process of growth and differentiation of the jaws and face.
AN = long face syndrome does not go here: index under FACIAL BONES /abnorm (IM) + MALOCCLUSION or specific type (IM) + SYNDROME (NIM)
UI = D008445
Maxillofacial Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries involving the face and jaw (either upper, lower, or both).
AN = GEN or unspecified & involving both a jaw & the face: not a substitute for MANDIBULAR INJURIES or MAXILLA /inj or FACIAL INJURIES or FACIAL BONES /inj
UI = D008446
Maxillofacial Prosthesis
MS = A prosthetic appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face, missing as a result of deformity, disease, injury, or surgery. When the prosthesis replaces portions of the mandible only, it is referred to as MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS.
AN = maxillo- here may be either jaw but MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS is also available; not for outer ear replacements ( = EAR, EXTERNAL (IM) + PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS (IM) ) or nose replacements ( = NOSE (IM) + PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS (IM) )
UI = D008447
Maxillofacial Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of an appliance for the replacement of areas of the maxilla, mandible, and face. When only portions of the mandible are replaced, it is referred to as MANDIBULAR PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION.
UI = D019931
Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate
MS = Measurement of rate of airflow during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 202-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL MIDEXPIRATORY FLOW RATE; (MMFR); DF: MEFR
UI = D008448
Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves
MS = Curves depicting maximal expiratory flow in liters/second at each point of lung inflation (expressed in liters or percentage of forced vital capacity) during a forced vital capacity determination. Common abbreviation is MEFV.
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE; (MEFR); DF: MEFV
UI = D008449
Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate
MS = Measurement of rate of airflow over the middle half of a forced vital capacity determination (from the 25 percent level to the 75 percent level). Common abbreviations are MMFR and FEF 25%-75%.
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE; (MEFR); DF: MMFR
UI = D008450
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation
MS = Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds. Common abbreviations are MVV and MBC.
AN = NIM; DF: MVV
UI = D008451
Maximum Allowable Concentration
MS = The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
AN = NIM; no qualif; coord NIM with specific drug or substance (IM without qualif); DF: MPEL
UI = D008452
Maximum Tolerated Dose
MS = The highest dose of a biologically active agent given during a chronic study that will not reduce longevity from effects other than carcinogenicity. (from Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
UI = D020714
Maytansine
MS = An ansa macrolide isolated from the East African shrubs Maytenus serrata and M. buchananii. It has antineoplastic activity, probably due to its inhibition of DNA synthesis.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D008453
Maytenus
MS = A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029755
Maze Learning
MS = Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)
AN = human & animal
UI = D018782
Mazindol
MS = Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.
UI = D008454
MCM1 Protein
MS = A sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that plays an essential role as a global regulator of yeast cell cycle control. It contains a MADS-box domain within the N-terminal 56 amino acids. It is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.
UI = D026341
McN-A-343
MS = A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.
AN = McN stands for McNeil (a pharmaceut co)
UI = D008455
Measles
MS = A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the reticuloendothelial system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = caused by a morbillivirus; do not confuse X ref RUBEOLA with RUBELLA (German measles); French for measles = rougeole (not rubéole which = RUBELLA), Ital for measles = rosolia (not rubeola which = RUBELLA); Span for measles = sarampi (not rubeola which = RUBELLA)
UI = D008457
Measles Vaccine
MS = A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D008458
Measles virus
MS = The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.
AN = "morbilli virus" sometimes refers to the MEASLES VIRUS & sometimes to the genus Morbillivirus: check text; infection = MEASLES
UI = D008459
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
MS = A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.
UI = D022542
Meat
MS = The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
AN = IM; coord with animal source of meat (NIM), as beef = MEAT (IM) + CATTLE (NIM), pork = MEAT (IM) + SWINE (NIM): Manual 31.7; canned meat = MEAT (IM) + source (NIM) + FOOD PRESERVATION (IM); note MEAT PRODUCTS; FISH PRODUCTS & POULTRY PRODUCTS are available: see notes there
UI = D008460
Meat Products
MS = Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).
AN = "derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal" (e.g., sausage, scrapple) but for canned meat see note on MEAT; coord IM with animal source (NIM)
UI = D008461
Meat-Packing Industry
MS = The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MEAT PACKING INDUST
UI = D008462
Mebendazole
MS = A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite.
UI = D008463
Mecamylamine
MS = A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.
UI = D008464
Mechanics
MS = The branch of physics which deals with the motions of material bodies, including kinematics, dynamics, and statics. When the laws of mechanics are applied to living structures, as to the locomotor system, it is referred to as BIOMECHANICS. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = for materials, machines & other inanimate objects; for structures in living bodies index under BIOMECHANICS; GEN; prefer specifics; IM for principle of physics, NIM as coord for object described (IM)
UI = D019563
Mechanoreceptors
MS = Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include HAIR CELLS, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.
AN = DF: MECHANORECEPT
UI = D008465
Mechanotransduction, Cellular
MS = The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.
UI = D040542
Mechlorethamine
MS = A vesicant and necrotizing irritant destructive to mucous membranes. It was formerly used as a war gas. The hydrochloride is used as an antineoplastic in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas. It causes severe gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.
UI = D008466
Meckel's Diverticulum
MS = An occasional sacculation or appendage of the ileum, derived from an unobliterated yolk stalk. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = ileal abnorm; use only Cat C qualif; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; Meckel's diverticulitis: coord IM with DIVERTICULITIS (IM)
UI = D008467
Meclizine
MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.
UI = D008468
Meclofenamic Acid
MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.
UI = D008469
Meclofenoxate
MS = A drug composed of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and parachlorphenoxyacetic acid (PCPA).
UI = D002504
Meconium
MS = The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the intestinal glands, BILE PIGMENTS, FATTY ACIDS, AMNIOTIC FLUID, and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.
AN = check the tag INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D008470
Meconium Aspiration
MS = Syndrome caused by sucking of thick meconium into the lungs, usually by term or post-term infants (often small for gestational age) either in utero or with first breath. The resultant small airway obstruction may produce respiratory distress, tachypnea, cyanosis, pneumothorax, and/or pneumomediastinum.
AN = sucking of meconium into lungs in utero or at birth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008471
Medazepam
MS = A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.
UI = D008472
Medetomidine
MS = An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.
UI = D020926
Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee
MS = The ligament that travels from the medial epicondyle of the FEMUR to the medial margin and medial surface of the TIBIA. The medial meniscus is attached to its deep surface.
AN = an artic ligament between tibia & femur: do not confuse with PATELLAR LIGAMENT, between patella & tibia
UI = D017888
Medial Forebrain Bundle
MS = A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.
UI = D008474
Median Eminence
MS = Raised area on the infundibular hypothalamus at the floor of the third ventricle of the brain which contains the primary capillary network of the hypophyseal portal system.
UI = D008473
Median Nerve
MS = A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.
AN = dis = MEDIAN NEUROPATHY (IM); neopl = MEDIAN NEUROPATHY (IM) + PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008475
Median Neuropathy
MS = Disease involving the median nerve, from its origin at the BRACHIAL PLEXUS to its termination in the hand. Clinical features include weakness of wrist and finger flexion, forearm pronation, thenar abduction, and loss of sensation over the lateral palm, first three fingers, and radial half of the ring finger. Common sites of injury include the elbow, where the nerve passes through the two heads of the pronator teres muscle (pronator syndrome) and in the carpal tunnel (CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME).
AN = pronator nerve syndrome: coord (IM) with NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES
UI = D020423
Mediastinal Cyst
MS = Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.
AN = non-neoplastic; simple mediastinal cysts commonly adjacent to pericardium; note X refs: do not coord pericardial, thoracic, thymic or tracheal cysts with respective organs or organ/dis precoord: index only under MEDIASTINAL CYST
UI = D008476
Mediastinal Diseases
MS = Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.
AN = inflamm dis = MEDIASTINITIS
UI = D008477
Mediastinal Emphysema
MS = Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.
AN = do not confuse with radiogr pneumomediastinum ( = PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM, DIAGNOSTIC)
UI = D008478
Mediastinal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008479
Mediastinitis
MS = Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.
UI = D008480
Mediastinoscopes
MS = Endoscopes for examining tissue of the anterior superior mediastinum.
UI = D020707
Mediastinoscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the anterior superior mediastinum of the thorax.
UI = D008481
Mediastinum
AN = radiogr is probably PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM, DIAGNOSTIC; inflammation = MEDIASTINITIS
UI = D008482
Medicago
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is distinct from Sweet Clover (MELILOTUS), from Bush Clover (LESPEDEZA), and from Red Clover (TRIFOLIUM).
AN = note X ref CLOVER: BUSH CLOVER see LESPEDEZA, SWEET CLOVER see MELILOTUS and RED CLOVER see TRIFOLIUM are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029902
Medicago sativa
MS = A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for animal feed.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D000455
Medicaid
MS = Federal program, created by Public Law 89-97, Title XIX, a 1965 amendment to the Social Security Act, administered by the states, that provides health care benefits to indigent and medically indigent persons.
AN = specify geog; Public Law 89-97
UI = D008484
Medical Assistance
MS = Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients.
AN = specify geog; DF: MED ASSISTANCE
UI = D008483
Medical Audit
MS = A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of medical care.
AN = DF: MED AUDIT
UI = D008485
Medical Errors
MS = Errors or mistakes committed by health professionals which result in harm to the patient. They include errors in diagnosis (DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS), errors in the administration of drugs and other medications (MEDICATION ERRORS), errors in the performance of surgical procedures, in the use of other types of therapy, in the use of equipment, and in the interpretation of laboratory findings. Medical errors are differentiated from MALPRACTICE in that the former are regarded as honest mistakes or accidents while the latter is the result of negligence, reprehensible ignorance, or criminal intent.
AN = IM; coord with specific dis or procedure (IM); do not confuse with MALPRACTICE: read MeSH definition; DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS & MEDICATION ERRORS are also available; DF: MED ERR
UI = D019300
Medical Futility
MS = The absence of a useful purpose or useful result in a diagnostic procedure or therapeutic intervention. The situation of a patient whose condition will not be improved by treatment or instances in which treatment preserves permanent unconsciousness or cannot end dependence on intensive medical care. (From Ann Intern Med 1990 Jun 15;112(12):949)
AN = DF: MED FUTILITY
UI = D018447
Medical History Taking
AN = DF: MED HIST TAKING
UI = D008487
Medical Illustration
MS = The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods.
AN = MODELS, ANATOMIC is also available; anatomical atlases go here (IM) + ANATOMY, ARTISTIC (IM) if general; if specific coord IM with specific subject illustrated (IM) + illus medium (IM or NIM); DF: MED ILLUSTRATION
UI = D008488
Medical Indigency
MS = The condition in which individuals are financially unable to access adequate medical care without depriving themselves and their dependents of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials of living.
AN = DF: MED INDIGENCY
UI = D008489
Medical Informatics
MS = The field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of medical data through the application of computers to various aspects of health care and medicine.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MED INFORMATICS
UI = D008490
Medical Informatics Applications
MS = Automated systems applied to the patient care process including diagnosis, therapy, and systems of communicating medical data within the health care setting.
AN = no qualif; DF: MED INFORMATICS APPLICATIONS
UI = D008491
Medical Informatics Computing
MS = Precise procedural mathematical and logical operations utilized in the study of medical information pertaining to health care.
AN = IM; DF: MED INFORMATICS COMPUTING
UI = D008492
Medical Missions, Official
MS = Travel by a group of physicians to a foreign country for the purpose of making a special study or of undertaking a special project of a short-term duration; not to be confused with MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES which covers permanent medical establishments and personnel maintained by religious organizations.
AN = do not confuse with MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES; DF: MED MISSIONS OFFICIAL
UI = D008493
Medical Office Buildings
MS = Office and laboratory facilities constructed for the use of physicians and other health personnel.
AN = DF: MED OFFICE BUILDINGS
UI = D008494
Medical Oncology
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; RADIATION ONCOLOGY is also available; DF: MED ONCOL
UI = D008495
Medical Receptionists
MS = Individuals who receive patients in a medical office.
UI = D008496
Medical Record Administrators
MS = Individuals professionally qualified in the management of patients' records. Duties may include planning, designing, and managing systems for patient administrative and clinical data, as well as patient medical records. The concept includes medical record technicians.
AN = includes med rec librarians & med rec technicians
UI = D008497
Medical Record Linkage
MS = The creation and maintenance of medical and vital records in multiple institutions in a manner that will facilitate the combined use of the records of identified individuals.
AN = records in multiple institutions for combined use of a patient's records; IM; DF: MED RECORD LINKAGE
UI = D008498
Medical Records
MS = Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses.
AN = vet records = RECORDS (IM) + VETERINARY MEDICINE (IM); case reports as a form of medical presentation goes here or specific RECORDS term (IM); FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL, also available, is probably NIM when coord; DF: MED RECORDS
UI = D008499
Medical Records Department, Hospital
MS = Hospital department responsible for the creating, care, storage and retrieval of medical records. It also provides statistical information for the medical and administrative staff.
AN = DF: MED REC DEP
UI = D008500
Medical Records Systems, Computerized
MS = Computer-based systems for input, storage, display, retrieval, and printing of information contained in a patient's medical record.
AN = DF: AUTOMATED MED RECORDS
UI = D016347
Medical Records, Problem-Oriented
MS = A system of record keeping in which a list of the patient's problems is made and all history, physical findings, laboratory data, etc. pertinent to each problem are placed under that heading.
AN = DF: POMR
UI = D008501
Medical Savings Accounts
MS = Tax-exempt trusts or custodial accounts established by individuals with financial institutions for saving money for future medical expenses.
UI = D020402
Medical Secretaries
MS = Individuals responsible for various duties pertaining to the medical office routine.
UI = D008502
Medical Staff
MS = Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency.
AN = other than in hosp; in hosp = MEDICAL STAFF, HOSPITAL; coord IM with med milieu (IM)
UI = D008503
Medical Staff Privileges
MS = Those rights or activities which are specific to members of the institution's medical staff, including the right to admit private patients.
AN = DF: MED STAFF PRIVILEGES
UI = D008504
Medical Staff, Hospital
MS = Professional medical personnel approved to provide care to patients in a hospital.
AN = hosp only: non-hosp med staff = MEDICAL STAFF; X ref REGISTRARS, HOSPITAL refers to British hosp; DF: MED STAFF HOSP
UI = D008505
Medical Waste
MS = Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures.
AN = note next heading; DENTAL WASTE is also available; DF: MED WASTE
UI = D008506
Medical Waste Disposal
MS = Management, removal, and elimination of biologic, infectious, pathologic, and dental waste. The concept includes blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special control and handling. Disposal may take place where the waste is generated or elsewhere.
AN = disposal of dental waste: coord IM with DENTAL WASTE (IM)
UI = D017744
Medically Underserved Area
MS = A geographic location which has insufficient health resources (manpower and/or facilities) to meet the medical needs of the resident population.
AN = no qualif; specify geog; DF: MED UNDERSERV AREA
UI = D008507
Medically Uninsured
MS = Individuals or groups with no or inadequate health insurance coverage. Those falling into this category usually comprise three primary groups: the medically indigent (MEDICAL INDIGENCY); those whose clinical condition makes them medically uninsurable; and the working uninsured.
AN = uninsured or underinsured; DF: MED UNINSURED
UI = D017057
Medicare
MS = Federal program, created by Public Law 89-97, Title XVIII-Health Insurance for the Aged, a 1965 amendment to the Social Security Act, that provides health insurance benefits to persons over the age of 65 and others eligible for Social Security benefits. It consists of two separate but coordinated programs: hospital insurance (MEDICARE PART A) and supplementary medical insurance (MEDICARE PART B). (Hospital Administration Terminology, AHA, 2d ed and A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, US House of Representatives, 1976)
AN = U.S. only: for Canada & Australia index under NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS + country; specify geog; Public Law 89-97
UI = D006278
Medicare Assignment
MS = Concept referring to the standardized fees for services rendered by health care providers, e.g., laboratories and physicians, and reimbursement for those services under Medicare Part B. It includes acceptance by the physician.
AN = specify geog if possible
UI = D015442
Medicare Part A
MS = The compulsory portion of Medicare that is known as the Hospital Insurance Program. All persons 65 years and older who are entitled to benefits under the Old Age, Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance Program or railroad retirement, persons under the age of 65 who have been eligible for disability for more than two years, and insured workers (and their dependents) requiring renal dialysis or kidney transplantation are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A.
AN = specify state if given; DF: MEDICARE A
UI = D016344
Medicare Part B
MS = The voluntary portion of Medicare, known as the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program, that includes physician's services, home health care, medical services, outpatient hospital services, and laboratory, pathology, and radiology services. All persons entitled to Medicare Part A may enroll in Medicare Part B on a monthly premium basis.
AN = specify state if given; DF: MEDICARE B
UI = D016345
Medicare Part C
MS = The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 establishes a Medicare+Choice program under part C of Title XVIII, Section 4001, of the Social Security Act. Under this program, an eligible individual may elect to receive Medicare benefits through enrollment in a Medicare+Choice plan. Beneficiaries may choose to use private pay options, establish medical savings accounts, use managed care plans, or join provider-sponsored plans.
AN = specify state if given; DF: MEDICARE C
UI = D020398
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
MS = The Commission was created by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 under Title XVIII. It is specifically charged to review the effect of Medicare+Choice under Medicare Part C and to review payment policies under Parts A and B. It is also generally charged to evaluate the effect of prospective payment policies and their impact on health care delivery in the US. The former Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC) and the Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC) were merged to form MEDPAC.
AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D020406
Medication Errors
MS = Errors in prescribing, dispensing, or administering medication with the result that the patient fails to receive the correct drug or the indicated proper drug dosage.
AN = IM; coord with specific dis /drug ther (IM) & specific drug /ther use (IM); DF: MEDICATION ERR
UI = D008508
Medication Systems
MS = Overall systems, traditional or automated, to provide medication to patients.
AN = an organizational concept in patient care for providing medication; do not confuse with DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS for admin of a drug to a patient or animal for "controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site"; MEDICATION SYSTEMS, HOSPITAL is also available
UI = D008509
Medication Systems, Hospital
MS = Overall systems, traditional or automated, to provide medication to patients in hospitals. Elements of the system are: handling the physician's order, transcription of the order by nurse and/or pharmacist, filling the medication order, transfer to the nursing unit, and administration to the patient.
AN = see MeSH definition & note on MEDICATION SYSTEMS; DF: MEDICATION SYSTEMS HOSP
UI = D008510
Medicine
MS = The art and science of preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health.
AN = medicine only as a field, profession or discipline: differentiate from DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE where the patient is emphasized (see MeSH definition there); very general; avoid; it is divided broadly into experimental medicine ( = RESEARCH) & CLINICAL MEDICINE, a specialty devoted to the diag & management of human patients; /legislation & jurisprudence = LEGISLATION, MEDICAL or JURISPRUDENCE or FORENSIC MEDICINE; legal med = FORENSIC MEDICINE or JURISPRUDENCE
UI = D008511
Medicine Chests
MS = Boxes in which physicians kept their drugs and other medications, medical instruments and supplies, manuals, etc. As a carrying case or convenient storage receptable, or a kind of portable pharmacy, the medicine chest was indispensable to the itinerant physician. The chest was usually larger and sturdier than a doctor's kit or bag.
AN = do not confuse with the modern medicine cabinet: read MeSH definition; may be used for doctor's bags; often in hist contexts so check hist tags; DF: MED CHESTS
UI = D019026
Medicine in Art
AN = no qualif; coord IM with med aspect (IM) + specific art heading (IM); DF: MED ART
UI = D008512
Medicine in Literature
AN = no qualif; coord IM with med aspect (IM) + specific lit heading (IM) + literary type if pertinent (as POETRY; DRAMA, etc.) (IM); DF: MED LIT
UI = D008513
Medicine, African Traditional
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.
AN = IM; not medicine in Africa ( = MEDICINE + AFRICA); apply policy of Manual 32.13 to this term; apply TN J/29-36 on Chinese plants to indexing of African plants where applicable; specify geog; DF: MED AFRICAN TRADITIONAL
UI = D016488
Medicine, Arabic
AN = is not medicine in Arab countries ( = MEDICINE + specific country); no qualif; Manual 32.13; Avicenna (also called Ibn Sina) is indexed as Avicenna in field 15 + check tags BIOGRAPHY + HISTORY OF MEDICINE, MEDIEVAL: TN 12; DF: MED ARABIC
UI = D008514
Medicine, Ayurvedic
MS = The traditional Hindu system of medicine which is based on customs, beliefs, and practices of the Hindu culture. Ayurveda means "the science of Life": veda - science, ayur - life.
AN = Manual 32.13; DF: MED AYURVEDIC
UI = D008515
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Chinese culture.
AN = is not medicine in China ( = MEDICINE + CHINA); Manual 32.13; medicinal plants in Chinese med: consider DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; index differentiation of signs & symptoms (bianzheng shizhi) under MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL (IM) + DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL (IM); Oriental taking of pulses = PULSE + appropriate acupuncture or Oriental medicine terms; DF: MED CHINESE TRADITIONAL
UI = D008516
Medicine, Herbal
MS = The study of medicines derived from botanical sources.
AN = SPEC only; do not confuse with PHYTOTHERAPY
UI = D029001
Medicine, Kampo
MS = System of herbal medicine practiced in Japan by both herbalists and practitioners of modern medicine. Kampo originated in China and is based on Chinese herbal medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).
AN = coord with DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL or MATERIA MEDICA if pertinent; MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL is also available
UI = D020835
Medicine, Oriental Traditional
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the customs, beliefs and practices of the Oriental people.
AN = do not use for "medicine in the Orient" ( = MEDICINE (IM) + country); specify Oriental country; Manual 32.13; Oriental taking of pulses = PULSE + appropriate acupuncture or Oriental medicine terms; DF: MED ORIENTAL TRADITIONAL
UI = D008518
Medicine, Tibetan Traditional
MS = A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Tibetan culture.
UI = D038861
Medicine, Traditional
MS = Systems of medicine based on cultural beliefs and practices handed down from generation to generation. The concept includes mystical and magical rituals, herbal therapy, and other treatments which may not be explained by modern medicine.
AN = IM; includes medicine among aborigines & other primitive cultures & folk medicine among non-primitive cultures; specify geog; DF: MED TRADITIONAL
UI = D008519
Medicine, Unani
MS = A modified Greco-Arabic medical system flourishing today as unani medicine. It was the product of Arab physicians and scholars captivated by Greek philosophy, science, and medicine. It is practiced today in India and Pakistan, largely as a type of herbal medicine. (From Magner, A History of Medicine, 1992, p136)
AN = a type of Arabic & herbal med common in India & Pakistan; specify geog only if relevant; do not capitalize unani in titles & translations; DF: MED UNANI
UI = D019367
Medigoxin
MS = A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE).
UI = D008520
Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus
MS = The largest of the medial nuclei of the thalamus. It makes extensive connections with most of the other thalamic nuclei.
UI = D020645
Meditation
MS = A state of consciousness in which the individual eliminates environmental stimuli from awareness so that the mind can focus on a single thing, producing a state of relaxation and relief from stress. A wide variety of techniques are used to clear the mind of stressful outside interferences. It includes meditation therapy. (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)
AN = a relaxation technique
UI = D019122
Mediterranean Islands
MS = Scattered islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The chief islands are the Balearic Islands (belong to Spain; Majorca and Minorca are among these), Corsica (belongs to France), Crete (belongs to Greece), CYPRUS (a republic), the Cyclades, Dodecanese and Ionian Islands (belong to Greece), MALTA (a republic), Sardinia and SICILY (belong to Italy). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p747)
AN = CYPRUS, MALTA & SICILY are available; for Corsica, coord with FRANCE; for Crete, coord with GREECE
UI = D008521
Mediterranean Region
MS = The MEDITERRANEAN SEA, the MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS, and the countries bordering on the sea collectively.
AN = the countries & people of the region in general or unspecified; prefer specific islands or countries
UI = D019083
Mediterranean Sea
AN = no qualif
UI = D008522
MEDLARS
MS = A computerized biomedical bibliographic storage and retrieval system operated by the National Library of Medicine. From it a monthly and cumulated Index Medicus is generated and through it the online system, MEDLINE, as well as many other databases, is operated.
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D008523
MEDLINE
MS = An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine.
AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D016239
Medrogestone
MS = 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
UI = D008524
Medroxyprogesterone
MS = (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
UI = D008525
Medroxyprogesterone 17-Acetate
MS = A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.
UI = D017258
Medulla Oblongata
UI = D008526
Medulloblastoma
MS = A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)
AN = coord IM with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D008527
Meeting Abstracts [Publication Type]
MS = For individual abstracts of presentations at meetings, congresses, conferences, symposia, colloquia, seminars, workshops, round tables, and other professional gatherings.
AN = publication type only; for abstracts of presentations at various types of meetings: not for designating abstracts accompanying journal articles; for abstract as a subject, index under main heading ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING
UI = D016416
Mefenamic Acid
MS = A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.
UI = D008528
Mefloquine
MS = A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.
UI = D015767
Mefruside
MS = A diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the kidney, increases sodium chloride excretion, but may not spare potassium. It inhibits carbonic anhydrases and may increase the blood uric acid level.
UI = D008529
Megacins
MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by mutant strains of Bacillus megaterium. They are protein or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.
UI = D008530
Megacolon
MS = Pathological enlargement of the colon.
AN = note MEGACOLON, TOXIC is also available
UI = D008531
Megacolon, Toxic
MS = Acute dilatation of the colon associated with amebic or ulcerative colitis. The dilatation may precede perforation of the colon. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = assoc with ulcerative colitis
UI = D008532
Megakaryocytes
MS = Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D008533
Megaloblasts
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D008534
Megestrol
MS = 17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
UI = D008535
Megestrol Acetate
MS = Megestrol acetate is a progestogen with actions and uses similar to those of the progestogens in general. It also has anti-androgenic properties. It is given by mouth in the palliative treatment or as an adjunct to other therapy in endometrial carcinoma and in breast cancer. Megestrol acetate has been approved to treat anorexia and cachexia. (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
UI = D019290
Meglumine
MS = 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.
UI = D008536
Meglutol
MS = An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
UI = D015093
Meibomian Glands
MS = The sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and CONJUNCTIVA.
AN = dis: coord IM with EYELID DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with EYELID NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D008537
Meige Syndrome
MS = A syndrome characterized by orofacial DYSTONIA; including BLEPHAROSPASM; forceful jaw opening; lip retraction; platysma muscle spasm; and tongue protrusion. It primarily affects older adults, with an incidence peak in the seventh decade of life. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p108)
AN = note X refs: do not confuse with Meige Syndrome of familial lymphedema ( = MILROY'S DISEASE see LYMPHEDEMA) nor with MEIGS' SYNDROME
UI = D008538
Meigs' Syndrome
MS = Ascites and hydrothorax associated with ovarian fibroma or other pelvic tumors.
AN = ovarian tumor with ascites & pleural effusion; note apostrophe: s' , not 's; do not confuse with MEIGE SYNDROME; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D008539
Meiosis
MS = A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species.
AN = NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; not for bacteria or viruses; do not confuse with MIOSIS, constriction of the pupil
UI = D008540
Mekong Valley
MS = The geographic area of the Mekong Valley in general or when the specific country or countries are not indicated. Usually includes Cambodia, Indochina, and Laos.
UI = D008541
Melaleuca
MS = A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. M. alternifolia foliage is a source of TEA TREE OIL. The common name of tea tree also refers to LEPTOSPERMUM or KUNZEA. M. vindifolia is a source of niaouli oil. M. cajuputi and M. leucadendra are sources of cajuput oil.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031650
Melanesia
MS = The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
AN = a group of islands northeast of Australia; includes, in addition to indentions & X refs, Norfolk Island; Melanesians are of Negroid race unless otherwise specified
UI = D008542
Melanins
MS = Pigments causing darkness in skin, hair, feathers, etc. They are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.
AN = pigments in skin, hair, feathers; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D008543
Melanocytes
MS = Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called MELANOSOMES; MELANOPHORES are larger cells which do not exist in mammals.
AN = do not confuse with MELANOPHORES
UI = D008544
Melanoma
MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); MELANOMA, EXPERIMENTAL is also available
UI = D008545
Melanoma, Amelanotic
MS = An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D018328
Melanoma, Experimental
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); DF: MELANOMA EXPER
UI = D008546
Melanophores
MS = Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.
AN = do not confuse with MELANOCYTES
UI = D008547
Melanosis
MS = Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.
AN = for neurocutaneous melanosis, coord with NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES
UI = D008548
Melanosomes
MS = Melanin-containing organelles found in melanocytes and melanophores.
UI = D020460
Melarsoprol
MS = Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.
UI = D008549
MELAS Syndrome
MS = A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)
AN = DF: MELAS
UI = D017241
Melastomataceae
MS = A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida composed of tropical plants with parallel-nerved leaves.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035322
Melatonin
MS = A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.
UI = D008550
Melena
MS = Black, tarry feces containing digested blood.
UI = D008551
Melengestrol Acetate
MS = A progestational hormone with reported glucocorticoid and antineoplastic activity.
AN = a synthetic progestational hormone
UI = D008552
Melia
MS = A plant genus of the family MELIACEAE. Members contain meliavolkinin, melianin C and limonoids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031585
Melia azedarach
MS = A plant species of the genus MELIA, family MELIACEAE, which is toxic to insects (INSECTICIDES, BOTANICAL). The name is very similar to Melia azadirachta (AZADIRACHTA).
AN = MELIA AZEDARACH see AZADIRACHTA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031586
Meliaceae
MS = The mahogany plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029582
Melibiose
MS = A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.
UI = D008553
Melilotus
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
AN = note X ref SWEET CLOVER: see CLOVER see MEDICAGO, BUSH CLOVER see LESPEDEZA and RED CLOVER see TRIFOLIUM are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029903
Melioidosis
MS = A disease of humans and animals that resembles GLANDERS. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia, and bacteremia.
AN = caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei; in India, Malay & Indonesia
UI = D008554
Melissa
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. The common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for MONARDA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031334
Melitten
MS = Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera); it contains 62 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes. Synonyms: melittin; melliten.
AN = a bee venom; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS
UI = D008555
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
MS = An idiopathic syndrome characterized by one or more of the following; recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue (lingua plicata). The onset is usually in childhood and relapses are common. Cheilitis granulomatosa is a monosymptomatic variant of this condition. (Dermatol Clin 1996 Apr;14(2):371-9; Magalini & Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 4th ed, p531)
UI = D008556
Melorheostosis
MS = A form of osteosclerosis or hyperostosis extending in a linear track through one of the long bones of an extremity, and consisting of proliferated ivory-like new bone. "Melo-" is from the Greek, limb and "-rheostosis" refers to streaks (rheo- from the Greek, flow), in the bones. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of osteosclerosis
UI = D008557
Melphalan
MS = An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.
AN = a nitrogen mustard cpd
UI = D008558
Memantine
MS = AMANTADINE derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent.
UI = D008559
Membrane Fluidity
MS = The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.
AN = IM; permitted with artif membranes
UI = D008560
Membrane Fusion
MS = The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.
UI = D008561
Membrane Glycoproteins
MS = Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.
UI = D008562
Membrane Lipids
MS = Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D008563
Membrane Microdomains
MS = Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.
UI = D021962
Membrane Potentials
MS = Ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltage-dependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes.
AN = NIM; coord with organ /physiol (IM)
UI = D008564
Membrane Proteins
MS = Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D008565
Membrane Transport Proteins
MS = Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLIOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.
UI = D026901
Membranes
MS = Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.
AN = almost never IM: usually NIM coord with organ or tissue IM
UI = D008566
Membranes, Artificial
MS = Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis, monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological membranes. These membranes are also used in the process of guided tissue regeneration.
AN = IM; no qualif
UI = D008567
Memory
MS = Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
AN = human & animal
UI = D008568
Memory Disorders
MS = Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.
UI = D008569
Memory, Short-Term
MS = Temporary storage of information for a few seconds to hours, as opposed to long-term memory which refers to material stored for days, years, or a lifetime.
UI = D008570
Men
MS = Human adult males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.
AN = for men only as a cultural, social, sociol, polit, economic force; do not confuse with MALE for disease, organs, physiol, genetics, etc.; check tags HUMAN & MALE; Manual 18.9.6, 34.12; do not use for mankind: see note on Man under PRIMATES
UI = D008571
Menarche
AN = qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY
UI = D008572
Mendelevium
MS = Mendelevium. A man-made radioactive element of the actinide family with atomic symbol Md, atomic number 101, and atomic weight 258.
AN = man-made radioactive element; IM
UI = D008573
Mengovirus
MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, isolated from rodents and lagomorphs and occasionally causing febrile illness in man.
AN = a strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS; Mengo is in Uganda; infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D008574
Meniere's Disease
MS = A disease of the inner ear characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss often accompanied by fullness in the affected ear. ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS (swelling of the endolymph-containing structures) is the main pathologic finding.
AN = an inner ear dis; spell with one accent (Menière's) in translations; note see related
UI = D008575
Meningeal Arteries
MS = Arteries which supply the dura mater.
UI = D008576
Meningeal Neoplasms
MS = Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); for intracranial or spinal meningioma, see note on MENINGIOMA; intradural extramedullary neopl do not go here: index under SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS & do not try to locate "intradural" or "extramedullary"; meningeal leukemia does not go here: index under MENINGES /pathol (IM) + LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION (IM) (see note there) + specific type of leukemia (IM) if relevant
UI = D008577
Meninges
AN = inflammation = MENINGITIS & its specifics
UI = D008578
Meningioma
MS = A relatively common neoplasm of the central nervous system that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and spinal canal. They tend to present in the fourth to sixth decades of life with signs indicative of a slowly progressive mass lesion. Specific clinical manifestations depend on the location of the tumor, but may include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, cranial neuropathies, ataxia, and other focal neurologic signs. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
AN = benign or malignant; coord IM with MENINGEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) but not with BRAIN NEOPLASMS nor SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS for intracranial or spinal meningioma unless site is particularly discussed
UI = D008579
Meningism
MS = A condition characterized by neck stiffness, headache, and other symptoms suggestive of meningeal irritation, but without actual inflammation of the meninges (MENINGITIS). Spinal fluid pressure may be elevated but spinal fluid is normal. (DeJong, The Neurologic Examination, 4th ed, p673)
UI = D008580
Meningitis
MS = Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (e.g., carcinomatous meningitis), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; for pachymeningitis (DURA MATER) or leptomeningitis (ARACHNOIDITIS or PIA MATER) do not specify meninx unless particularly discussed; purulent, suppurative or pyogenic: do not coord with SUPPURATION (NIM) unless particularly discussed
UI = D008581
Meningitis, Aseptic
MS = A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
AN = coord IM with specific cause (IM) if pertinent
UI = D008582
Meningitis, Bacterial
MS = Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots. The type of causative organism varies with age and clinical status (e.g., post-operative, immunodeficient, or post-traumatic states). Clinical manifestations include the acute onset of fever, stiff neck, altered mentation, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits. Death may occur within 24 hours of disease onset. Pathologic features include a purulent exudate in the subarachnoid space, and diffuse inflammation of neural and vascular structures. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, pp1-5)
AN = coord IM with specific bacterial infection (IM) but note indentions here
UI = D016920
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
MS = Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
UI = D016919
Meningitis, Escherichia coli
MS = A form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS in association with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. In premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to ANOREXIA; VOMITING; lethargy; or respiratory distress. Full-term infants may have as additional features FEVER; SEIZURES; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)
AN = DF: MENINGITIS E COLI
UI = D020814
Meningitis, Fungal
MS = Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
AN = coord IM with specific fungus (IM) or specific fungal disease (IM)
UI = D016921
Meningitis, Haemophilus
MS = BACTERIAL INFECTIONS of the nervous system caused by HAEMOPHILUS organisms, and marked by prominent inflammation of the meninges. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults. Clinical manifestations include fever; nuchal rigidity; PHOTOPHOBIA; SEIZURES; HEARING LOSS; SENSORINEURONAL; COMA; and cerebrovascular thrombosis. The organism tends to enter the central nervous system following infections of adjacent structures, including the middle ear (see also OTITIS MEDIA), sinuses, and pharynx. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp396-7)
AN = coord IM with Haemophilus species if available
UI = D008583
Meningitis, Listeria
MS = Inflammation of the meninges caused by LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES infection, usually occuring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, altered mentation, HEADACHE, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and SEIZURES. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)
AN = do not coord with LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES unless organism is particularly discussed
UI = D008584
Meningitis, Meningococcal
MS = A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)
AN = do not coord with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS unless organism is particularly discussed but coord with specific serogroup (IM) if given
UI = D008585
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
MS = An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)
AN = do not coord with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE unless organism is particularly discussed
UI = D008586
Meningitis, Viral
MS = Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)
AN = coord IM with specific virus dis (IM)
UI = D008587
Meningocele
MS = A congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column.
AN = meningoencephalocele: coord IM with ENCEPHALOCELE (IM)
UI = D008588
Meningococcal Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
AN = MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL is also available; coord IM with specific Neisseria meningitidis serogroup (IM) if given; DF: MENINGOCOCCAL INFECT
UI = D008589
Meningococcal Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
UI = D022401
Meningoencephalitis
MS = An inflammatory process involving the brain (ENCEPHALITIS) and meninges (MENINGITIS), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions.
AN = coord IM with precoord or specific infection term (IM) or other cause (IM); DF: MENINGOENCEPH
UI = D008590
Meningomyelocele
MS = Congenital, or rarely acquired, herniation of meningeal and spinal cord tissue through a bony defect in the vertebral column. The majority of these defects occur in the lumbosacral region. Clinical features include PARAPLEGIA, loss of sensation in the lower body, and incontinence. This condition may be associated with the ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp35-6)
UI = D008591
Menisci, Tibial
MS = The interarticular fibrocartilages of the superior surface of the tibia.
UI = D008592
Menispermaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members are mostly vines and shrubs and they contain isoquinoline alkaloids, some of which have been used as arrow poisons.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029583
Menispermum
MS = A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain dauricine and other ALKALOIDS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031603
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome
MS = An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)
UI = D007706
Menogaril
MS = A semisynthetic anthracycline antibiotic (ANTIBIOTICS, ANTHRACYCLINE) with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.
UI = D017290
Menopause
MS = The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses is usually defined by 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.
AN = PREMENOPAUSE and POSTMENOPAUSE are available
UI = D008593
Menopause, Premature
MS = Premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is the result of OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases, OVARIECTOMY, RADIATION, chemicals, and chromosomal abnormalities.
UI = D008594
Menorrhagia
MS = Excessive menstrual flow.
UI = D008595
Menotropins
MS = Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.
UI = D008596
Menstrual Cycle
MS = The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY, the ovaries, and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.
AN = human & other primates only; for non-primates use ESTROUS CYCLE; do not confuse with MENSTRUATION
UI = D008597
Menstruation
MS = The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus.
AN = human & other primates only; non-primates = ESTRUS; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; /drug eff: consider also MENSTRUATION-INDUCING AGENTS; do not confuse with MENSTRUAL CYCLE
UI = D008598
Menstruation Disturbances
MS = Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.
AN = human only; GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; note X refs
UI = D008599
Menstruation-Inducing Agents
MS = Chemical compounds that induce menstruation either through direct action on the reproductive organs or through indirect action by relieving another condition of which amenorrhea is a secondary result. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = consider also MENSTRUATION /drug eff
UI = D008600
Mental Competency
MS = The ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which the individual is engaged. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed).
AN = in mental retard or organic or psychiat mental disord; coord IM with concomitant disord /psychol (IM); competency to consent: coord IM with INFORMED CONSENT (IM)
UI = D016743
Mental Disorders
MS = Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
UI = D001523
Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood
MS = Those psychiatric disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These disorders can also be first diagnosed during other life stages.
AN = Not used for indexing; do not use for diagnosis of a specific disorder in a child DF: MENTAL DIS DIAG CHILD CATALOG: do not use
UI = D019952
Mental Fatigue
MS = Fatigue arising in consequence of mental effort.
UI = D005222
Mental Healing
MS = The use of mind to cure disease, particularly physical illness.
AN = do not confuse X ref SPIRITUAL HEALING with SPIRITUALISM
UI = D008602
Mental Health
MS = The state wherein the person is well adjusted.
AN = no qualif
UI = D008603
Mental Health Associations
MS = Voluntary organizations which support educational programs and research in psychiatry with the objective of the promotion of mental health. An early association in the United States was founded as the National Committee for Mental Hygiene in 1909, became the Mental Health Association in 1976 and later the National Mental Health Association in 1980. State and local mental health associations in this country are chartered by the national organization and affiliated with it.
AN = specify geog; DF: MENTAL HEALTH ASSOC
UI = D008604
Mental Health Services
MS = Organized services to provide mental health care.
AN = COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES & specifics are also available; Public Laws 89-105 & 89-164; DF: MENTAL HEALTH SERV
UI = D008605
Mental Processes
MS = Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.
UI = D008606
Mental Recall
MS = The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.
UI = D011939
Mental Retardation
MS = Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual is mentally retarded. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline mentally retarded range. Scores below 67 are in the retarded range. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
AN = use Cat C qualif; /rehabil permitted: do not equate with EDUCATION OF MENTALLY RETARDED
UI = D008607
Mental Retardation, X-Linked
MS = A class of genetic disorders resulting in mental retardation that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or abberations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).
UI = D038901
Mental Status Schedule
MS = Standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions.
UI = D008609
Mentally Disabled Persons
MS = Persons diagnosed as having significantly lower than average intelligence and considerable problems in adapting to everyday life or lacking independence in regard to activities of daily living.
UI = D019989
Mentally Ill Persons
MS = Persons with psychiatric illnesses or diseases, particularly psychotic and severe mood disorders.
UI = D028642
Mentha
MS = Mentha is a genus of the mint family (LAMIACEAE). It is known for species having characteristic flavor and aroma.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027541
Mentha piperita
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is the source of peppermint oil.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036142
Mentha pulegium
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains pulegone. Do not confuse with 'American false pennyroyal' (HEDEOMA).
AN = American False Pennyroyal = HEDEOMA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031335
Mentha spicata
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE having characteristic flavor.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031337
Menthol
MS = An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically.
UI = D008610
Mentors
MS = Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations.
UI = D008611
Menu Planning
AN = domestic, commercial, institutional, hosp, etc.
UI = D008612
Mepartricin
MS = Polyene macrolide antibiotic with unknown composition. It is obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens. It is used as an antifungal agent, an antiprotozoal agent, and in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
UI = D008613
Meperidine
MS = A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.
UI = D008614
Mephenesin
MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.
UI = D008615
Mephentermine
MS = A sympathomimetic agent with mainly indirect effects on adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain blood pressure in hypotensive states, for example, following spinal anesthesia. Although the central stimulant effects of mephentermine are much less than those of amphetamine, its use may lead to amphetamine-type dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1248)
UI = D008616
Mephenytoin
MS = An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.
UI = D008617
Mephobarbital
MS = A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in epilepsy, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.
AN = a sedative; do not confuse with mephebarbital
UI = D008618
Mepivacaine
MS = A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)
UI = D008619
Meprobamate
MS = A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and also for the short-term management of insomnia but has largely been susperseded by the benzodiazepines. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)
AN = Equanil & Miltown go here
UI = D008620
Meptazinol
MS = A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.
UI = D008621
Merbromin
MS = A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.
UI = D008622
Mercaptoethanol
UI = D008623
Mercaptoethylamines
UI = D008624
Mercaptopropionylglycine
MS = Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of glycine used in treatment of liver diseases, as a detoxicant and in therapy of myopia.
UI = D008625
Mercuribenzoates
MS = Mercury-containing benzoic acid derivatives.
UI = D008626
Mercuric Chloride
MS = Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.
AN = a local anti-infective
UI = D008627
Mercury
MS = A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
AN = Hg-202
UI = D008628
Mercury (Planet)
MS = The first planet in order from the sun. It has no known natural satellites. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system.
AN = 1st planet from sun with no moons; no qualif
UI = D018537
Mercury Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MERCURY CPDS
UI = D017669
Mercury Isotopes
MS = Stable mercury atoms that have the same atomic number as the element mercury, but differ in atomic weight. Hg-196, 198-201, and 204 are stable mercury isotopes.
AN = Hg-196,198-201,204; NIM
UI = D008629
Mercury Poisoning
AN = GEN only: consider also /pois with specific mercury terms; occup mercury pois: coord IM with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES (IM) but not also ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE (see note there)
UI = D008630
Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System
MS = Neurologic disorders associated with exposure to inorganic and organic forms of MERCURY. Acute intoxication may be associated with gastrointestinal disturbances, mental status changes, and PARAPARESIS. Chronic exposure to inorganic mercury usually occurs in industrial workers, and manifests as mental confusion, prominent behavioral changes (including psychosis), DYSKINESIAS, and NEURITIS. Alkyl mercury poisoning may occur through ingestion of contaminated seafood or grain, and its characteristic features include POLYNEUROPATHY; ATAXIA; vision loss; NYSTAGMUS; and DEAFNESS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch20, pp10-15)
AN = coord IM with specific mercury cpd (IM) if given
UI = D020262
Mercury Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes.
AN = Hg-185-195, 197, 203, 205, 206; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D008631
Meridians
MS = Classical loci in acupuncture. They are main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of passages, through which vital energy circulates and along which acupoints (ACUPUNCTURE POINTS) are distributed. The meridians are a series of 14 lines upon which more than 400 acupoints are located on the body. (The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary, p. 359; Dr. Wu Lancheng, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing)
AN = classical loci in acupuncture; not for meridians in ophthalmology: index under OPTICS (IM) + EYE; CORNEA; VISUAL FIELD or other applicable ophthalmol term (IM)
UI = D016740
Meristem
MS = A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = coord with specific plant
UI = D018519
Merkel Cells
MS = Modified epidermal cells located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute, such as the fingertips. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber. Do not confuse with Merkel's corpuscle which is a combination of a neuron and and epidermal cell.
UI = D018862
Mermithoidea
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order ENOPLIDA. Characteristics include a reduced alimentary tract and the presence of a trophosome. Its organisms can be present in the human intestine through ingestion of unwashed or contaminated raw vegetables.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection (probably accidental through food contam): coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D008632
Merozoite Surface Protein 1
MS = A surface protein found on Plasmodium species which induces a T-cell response. The antigen is polymorphic, sharing amino acid sequence homology among PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; and PLASMODIUM YOELII.
AN = coord IM with specific PLASMODIUM species
UI = D020066
MERRF Syndrome
MS = A mitochondrial encephalomyopathy characterized clinically by a mixed seizure disorder, myoclonus, progressive ataxia, spasticity, and a mild myopathy. Dysarthria, optic atrophy, growth retardation, deafness, and dementia may also occur. This condition tends to present in childhood and to be transmitted via maternal lineage. Muscle biopsies reveal ragged-red fibers and respiratory chain enzymatic defects. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p986)
AN = DF: MERRF
UI = D017243
Mersalyl
MS = A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.
UI = D008634
Mesalamine
MS = An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in inflammatory bowel disease. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)
UI = D019804
Mescaline
MS = Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.
AN = a peyote alkaloid from Mexican cactus called mescal
UI = D008635
Mesembryanthemum
MS = A plant genus of the family AIZOACEAE. It is a native of Africa and widely planted for erosion control to stabilize soil along roadsides and beaches.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035723
Mesencephalon
UI = D008636
Mesenchymoma
MS = A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D008637
Mesenteric Arteries
MS = Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer MESENTERIC ARTERY, INFERIOR or MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR; occlusion or obstruction: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM); embolism or thrombosis: index under MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + EMBOLISM or THROMBOSIS (IM) + MESENTERIC ARTERIES (NIM); duodenal compression by superior mesenteric artery = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME
UI = D008638
Mesenteric Artery, Inferior
MS = The artery supplying nearly all the left half of the transverse colon, the whole of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the greater part of the rectum. It is smaller than the superior mesenteric artery (MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR) and arises from the aorta above its bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.
AN = disease is usually MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION but coord IM with MESENTERIC ARTERY, INFERIOR (NIM); embolism or thrombosis: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + EMBOLISM or THOMBOSIS (IM)
UI = D017537
Mesenteric Artery, Superior
MS = A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
AN = disease is usually MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION but coord IM with MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR (NIM); embolism or thrombosis: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + EMBOLISM or THROMBOSIS (IM); duodenal compression by this artery = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME
UI = D017538
Mesenteric Cyst
MS = A congenital cyst of the abdomen, present in the MESENTERY, which may be of lymphatic or WOLFFIAN DUCT origin.
AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D008639
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
MS = Inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
AN = coord IM with specific infection (IM)
UI = D008640
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
MS = Obstruction of the flow in the mesenteric circulation by atherosclerosis, emboli or thrombi, stenosis, trauma, and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as periarteritis nodosa and thromboangiitis obliterans. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)
AN = obstruct of external or internal origin; coord IM with MESENTERIC ARTERIES (NIM) or MESENTERIC VEINS (NIM); embolism or thrombosis: see notes under MESENTERIC ARTERIES & MESENTERIC VEINS; coord IM with target organ losing its blood supply (COLON /blood supply, JEJUNUM /blood supply) (IM or NIM) only if particularly discussed; do not confuse with SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME (duodenal compression BY the superior mesenteric artery, not OF)
UI = D008641
Mesenteric Veins
MS = Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
AN = occlusion or obstruction: coord NIM with MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM); venous thrombosis: index under MESENTERIC VASCULAR OCCLUSION (IM) + THROMBOSIS (IM) (not THROMBOPHLEBITIS - see note there) + MESENTERIC VEINS (NIM)
UI = D008642
Mesentery
MS = A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the ABDOMINAL WALL and conveys their blood vessels and nerves.
AN = avoid /blood supply: prefer MESENTERIC ARTERIES or MESENTERIC VEINS but for mesenteric circulation use SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION; diseases: coord IM with PERITONEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D008643
Mesial Movement of Teeth
AN = use Cat C qualif
UI = D008644
Mesna
MS = A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.
UI = D015080
Mesocestoides
MS = A genus of tapeworm, containing several species, found as adults in birds and mammals. The larvae or cysticercoid stage develop in invertebrates. Human infection has been reported and is probably acquired from eating inadequately cooked meat of animals infected with the second larval stage known as the tetrahythridium.
AN = infection: coord IM with CESTODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D008645
Mesocolon
MS = The fold of peritoneum by which the COLON is attached to the posterior ABDOMINAL WALL.
AN = diseases: coord IM with PERITONEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D008646
Mesocricetus
MS = A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check HAMSTERS
UI = D008647
Mesoderm
MS = The middle germ layer of the embryo.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D008648
Mesonephroma
MS = A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D008649
Mesonephros
MS = The excretory organ of the embryo, collective Wolffian tubules, which forms the urogenital fold from which the reproductive organs develop. The mesonephros is the permanent kidney in fish and amphibians, but atrophies in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
UI = D008650
Mesons
MS = Short-lived elementary particles found in cosmic radiation or produced from nuclear disintegration. Their mass is between that of protons and electrons and they can be negative, positive, or neutral. pi-Mesons (pions) are heavier than mu-mesons (muons) and are proposed for cancer radiotherapy because their capture and disintegration by matter produces powerful, but short-lived, secondary radiation.
AN = elementary particles; IM
UI = D008651
Mesoporphyrins
MS = Porphyrins with four methyl, two ethyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.
UI = D008652
Mesoridazine
MS = A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.
UI = D008653
Mesothelioma
MS = A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D008654
Mesothelioma, Cystic
MS = A peritoneal mesothelioma affecting mainly young females and producing cysts of variable size and number lined by a single layer of benign mesothelial cells. The disease follows a benign course and is compatible with a normal life expectancy, requiring occasionally partial excision or decompression for relief of pain or other symptoms. Malignant potential is exceptional. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1345)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PERITONEAL NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018261
Mesterolone
MS = 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.
AN = an anabolic steroid
UI = D008655
Mestranol
MS = (17 alpha)-3-Methoxy-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yn-17-ol. The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated before it becomes biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination oral contraceptives. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1058)
AN = estrogen component of many oral contraceptives
UI = D008656
Mesylates
MS = Organic salts or esters of methanesulfonic acid.
UI = D008698
Meta-Analysis
MS = A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.
AN = IM for articles & books on meta-analysis as a type of study design: do not confuse with Publication Type META-ANALYSIS; no qualif; DF: META ANAL
UI = D015201
Meta-Analysis [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of studies using a quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc. It is often an overview of clinical trials. It is usually called a meta-analysis by the author or sponsoring body and should be differentiated from reviews of literature.
AN = publication type only; for meta-analyses as a subject or research method, index under main heading META-ANALYSIS; Manual 26.26.6.1
UI = D017418
Metabolic Clearance Rate
MS = Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.
AN = NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); not for metab rate: read restricted MeSH definition
UI = D008657
Metabolic Detoxication, Drug
MS = Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.
AN = NIM with specific drug /pharmacokin (IM); for reduction of pharmacol activ of both toxic and non-toxic agents; DF: METAB DETOX DRUG
UI = D008658
Metabolic Diseases
MS = Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; TN 194: differentiate from DEFICIENCY DISEASES; DF: METAB DIS
UI = D008659
Metabolic Syndrome X
MS = A multifaceted syndrome characterized by the clustering of INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA. It is often associated with dyslipidemia (HYPERLIPIDEMIA), esential hypertension, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT) and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. (from Can J Cardiol 2000; 16(6) 779-89)
AN = do not confuse with SYNDROME X
UI = D024821
Metabolism
MS = The sum of chemical changes that occur within the tissues of an organism consisting of anabolism (BIOSYNTHESIS) and catabolism; the buildup and breakdown of molecules for utilization by the body.
AN = GEN only as the metabolic process irrespective of substance; prefer /metab with organs, organisms, diseases, substances: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.44, 19.10+; DF: METAB
UI = D008660
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
MS = Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.
AN = GEN: prefer specific types; differentiate from DEFICIENCY DISEASES; DF: METAB INBORN ERR
UI = D008661
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
MS = The articulation between a metacarpal bone and a phalanx.
AN = primates only
UI = D008662
Metacarpus
AN = not restricted to primates
UI = D008663
Metal Ceramic Alloys
MS = The fusion of ceramics (porcelain) to an alloy of two or more metals for use in restorative and prosthodontic dentistry. Examples of metal alloys employed include cobalt-chromium, gold-palladium, gold-platinum-palladium, and nickel-based alloys.
AN = a dental alloy; D25-26 qualif; specify metals (IM or NIM) if particularly discussed
UI = D016876
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific metal /metab (IM); DF: METAL METAB INBORN ERR
UI = D008664
Metalloendopeptidases
MS = ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal, normally zinc, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal chelators. EC 3.4.24.
UI = D008666
Metalloporphyrins
MS = Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.
AN = pigments (porphyrins) "combined with a metal ion"; iron porphyrins = HEME or HEMIN, magnesium porphyrins = CHLOROPHYLL
UI = D008665
Metalloproteins
MS = Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = coord IM with specific metal (IM)
UI = D008667
Metallothionein
MS = A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D008668
Metallurgy
MS = The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; note X ref HEAVY INDUSTRIES for iron, steel, etc., industries; in dent lit, the working & manipulation of metals for orthodontic or prosthodontic appliances is probably DENTAL SOLDERING but if not soldering, coord specific appliance (IM) + METALLURGY (NIM)
UI = D008669
Metals
MS = Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = GEN only: prefer specific metal groups or specific metals; allergic reactions to metals is probably DERMATITIS, CONTACT, not DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY
UI = D008670
Metals, Alkali
MS = Metals that constitute group 1(formerly group Ia) of the periodic table. They are the most strongly electropositive of the metals. Note that HYDROGEN is not considered an alkali metal even though it falls under the group 1 heading in the periodic table.
AN = do not confuse with METALS, ALKALINE EARTH; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D008672
Metals, Alkaline Earth
MS = Metals that constitute the group 2 (formerly group IIa) of the periodic table.
AN = do not confuse with METALS, ALKALI; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D008673
Metals, Heavy
MS = Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D019216
Metals, Light
MS = Metals with low specific gravity, typically smaller than 5, characterized by a single valence (1, 2, or 3), a simple spectrum, strong electromotive force (positive), and colorless compounds. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D019565
Metals, Rare Earth
MS = A group of elements that include SCANDIUM, YTTRIUM; and the LANTHANOID SERIES ELEMENTS. Historically, the rare earth metals got their name from the fact that they were never found in their pure elemental form, but as an oxide. In addition they were very difficult to purify. They are not truly rare and comprise about 25% of the metals in the earth's crust.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D008674
Metamorphosis, Biological
AN = Manual 22.5; DF: METAMORPHOSIS BIOL
UI = D008675
Metanephrine
MS = Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.
UI = D008676
Metaphase
MS = The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation.
AN = 2d phase of cell div; NIM specific cell when merely test cell; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms
UI = D008677
Metaphor
MS = The application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. Medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the State, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (From Med Secoli Arte Sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)
AN = IM; coord with object of comparison (IM)
UI = D019365
Metaphysics
MS = The branch of philosophy that treats of first principles, including ontology (the nature of existence or being) and cosmology (the origin and structure of the universe). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = only /hist
UI = D008678
Metaplasia
MS = A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
AN = NIM; coord with organ /pathol (IM)
UI = D008679
Metapneumovirus
MS = A genus of the subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE, containing one species: Turkey rhinotracheitis virus. Virons lack hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
AN = infection: coord IM with PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D029121
Metaraminol
MS = An adrenergic agonist that acts predominantly at alpha adrenergic receptors and also stimulates the release of norepinephrine. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of hypotension.
UI = D008680
Metastrongyloidea
MS = A superfamily of nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA. Characteristics include a fluid-filled outer layer of cuticle and a reduced mouth and bursa.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D008681
Metatarsal Bones
MS = The five long bones of the METATARSUS articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the TOES (phalanges) distally.
AN = the 5 bones of the foot; do not confuse with METATARSUS, the anat area
UI = D008682
Metatarsalgia
MS = Pain in the region of the METATARSUS. It can include pain in the METATARSAL BONES, METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT, and/or intermetatarsal joints (TARSAL JOINTS).
AN = coord with pertinent metatarsal term
UI = D037061
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
MS = The articulation between a metatarsal bone (METATARSAL BONES) and a phalanx.
AN = primates only
UI = D008683
Metatarsus
MS = The part of the foot between the tarsa and the TOES.
AN = not restricted to primates; METATARSUS refers to the anat area, METATARSAL BONES is available for the bones
UI = D008684
Metencephalon
MS = The anterior part of the rhombencephalon, comprising the CEREBELLUM and the PONS. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020540
Meteoroids
MS = Any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. Meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = no qualif
UI = D019110
Meteorological Factors
MS = The atmospheric phenomena which pertain to climate and weather.
AN = no qualif; DF: METEOROL FACTORS
UI = D008685
Metered Dose Inhalers
MS = A medical device used to ensure the proper amount of medication is delivered for inhalation. Usually, it is a small aerosol canister placed in a plastic holder. When the canister is pressed, a calibrated amount of drug is released.
AN = do not confuse X ref SPACER INHALERS with INHALATION SPACERS
UI = D036501
Metergoline
MS = A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE therapy.
UI = D008711
Metestrus
MS = The period following ESTRUS during which the phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in which pregnancy or pseudopregnancy does not occur.
AN = non-primate mammals only
UI = D008686
Metformin
MS = A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
AN = a hypoglycemic
UI = D008687
Methacholine Chloride
MS = A quarternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolysed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)
UI = D016210
Methacholine Compounds
MS = A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).
AN = ganglionic stimulants; DF: METHACHOLINE CPDS
UI = D008688
Methacrylates
MS = Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.
UI = D008689
Methacycline
MS = A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.
UI = D008690
Methadone
MS = A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. It also has a depressant action on the cough center and may be given to control intractable cough associated with terminal lung cancer. Methadone is also used as part of the treatment of dependence on opioid drugs, although prolonged use of methadone itself may result in dependence. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)
AN = with disease term, use /rehabil rather than /drug ther
UI = D008691
Methadyl Acetate
MS = A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action. It is used mainly in the treatment of narcotic dependence.
UI = D008692
Methallibure
MS = A dithiobiurea compound with anti-gonadotropic activity.
UI = D008693
Methamphetamine
MS = A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.
AN = a CNS stimulant; smokable crystal methamphetamine, called "ice" by drug abusers, goes here
UI = D008694
Methandriol
MS = A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)
UI = D008695
Methandrostenolone
MS = A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)
UI = D008696
Methane
MS = The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = /biosyn permitted if by living matter
UI = D008697
Methanobacteriaceae
MS = A family of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped METHANOBACTERIALES. Cell membranes are composed mainly of polyisoprenoid hydrocarbons ether-linked to glycerol. Its organisms are found in anaerobic habitats throughout nature.
AN = a family of methanogens found throughout nature
UI = D017013
Methanobacteriales
MS = An order of anaerobic, coccoid to rod-shaped methanogens, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. They are nonmotile, do not catabolize carbohydrates, proteinaceous material, or organic compounds other than formate or carbon monoxide, and are widely distributed in nature.
AN = an order of methanogens found throughout nature
UI = D017012
Methanobacterium
MS = A genus of anaerobic, rod-shaped METHANOBACTERIACAE. Its organisms are nonmotile and use ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. These methanogens are found in aquatic sediments, soil, sewage, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals.
AN = a genus of methanogens found throughout nature & in gastrointestinal tract of animals: do not confuse with plural see ref METHANOBACTERIA see METHANOGENS; DF: METHANOBACT
UI = D017014
Methanococcaceae
MS = A family of anaerobic METHANOCOCCALES whose organisms are motile by means of flagella. These methanogens use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor.
AN = a family of methanogens
UI = D017016
Methanococcales
MS = An order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. They are pseudosarcina, coccoid or sheathed rod-shaped and catabolize methyl groups. The cell wall is composed of protein. The order includes one family, METHANOCOCCACEAE. (From Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, 1989)
AN = an order of methanogens
UI = D017015
Methanococcus
MS = A genus of anaerobic coccoid METHANOCOCCACEAE whose organisms are motile by means of polar tufts of flagella. These methanogens are found in salt marshes, marine and estuarine sediments, and the intestinal tract of animals.
AN = a genus of methanogens found in aquatic environments & in animal intestine
UI = D017017
Methanogens
MS = Common name of organisms requiring completely anaerobic conditions for growth and producing methane gas as a catabolic product. Methanogens are found in the bovine stomach, swamp mud, and other environments in which oxygen is not present. There are four taxonomic orders: METHANOBACTERIALES; METHANOCOCCALES; METHANOMICROBIALES; and METHANOSARCINALES.
AN = note category; do not confuse X ref METHANOBACTERIA (a group name) with METHANOBACTERIUM, the genus; GEN: avoid; prefer specifics
UI = D008699
Methanol
MS = A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.
AN = for wood alcohol
UI = D000432
Methanomicrobiaceae
MS = A family of anaerobic METHANOMICROBIALES whose cells are coccoid to straight or slightly curved rods. There are three genera: Methanogenium, Methanomicrobium, and METHANOSPIRILLUM.
AN = a family of anaerobic methanogens
UI = D019638
Methanomicrobiales
MS = An order of anaerobic, highly specialized methanogens, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. Its organisms are nonmotile or motile, with cells occurring as coccoid bodies, pseudosarcina, or rods. They are widely distributed in nature.
AN = an order of anaerobic methanogens found throughout nature
UI = D017018
Methanosarcina
MS = A genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped METHANOSARCINALES whose organisms are nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. These archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. Organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments.
AN = a genus of methanogens found in aquatic environments
UI = D017020
Methanosarcina barkeri
MS = A species of halophilic archaea whose organisms are nonmotile. Habitats include freshwater and marine mud, animal-waste lagoons, and the rumens of ungulates.
AN = a gram-pos methanogen found in mud & ungulate rumens
UI = D017021
Methanosarcinaceae
MS = A family of anaerobic METHANOSARCINALES whose cells are mesophilic or thermophilic and appear as irregular spheroid bodies or sheathed rods. These methanogens are found in any anaerobic environment including aquatic sediments, anaerobic sewage digesters and gastrointestinal tracts. There are four genera: METHANOSARCINA, Methanolobus, Methanothrix, and Methanococcoides.
AN = a family of methanogens "found in any anaerobic environment"
UI = D017019
Methanosarcinales
MS = An order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA.
AN = an order of anaerobic methanogens of the kingdom of Euryarchaeota, of the domain Archaea
UI = D019640
Methanospirillum
MS = A genus of anaerobic rod-shaped METHANOMICROBIACEAE whose organisms are progressively motile by means of polar, tufted flagella. These methanogens have been isolated from sewage-sludge and pear waste digesters as well as marine and non-marine habitats.
AN = a genus of anaerobic methanogens
UI = D019639
Methapyrilene
MS = Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.
UI = D008701
Methaqualone
MS = A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)
UI = D008702
Methazolamide
MS = A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
AN = a carbonic anhydrase inhib
UI = D008704
Methemalbumin
MS = A 1:1 molar complex of heme or hematin and albumin formed after the dissociation of methemoglobin into heme or hematin and globin in plasma. This complex, which imparts a coffee-brown color to plasma, occurs in hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorders. Its presence in plasma is used as a test to differentiate between hemorrhagic and edematous pancreatitis.
AN = a serum albumin
UI = D008705
Methemoglobin
UI = D008706
Methemoglobin Reductase
MS = An erythrocyte enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of methemoglobin (ferrihemoglobin) to hemoglobin (ferrohemoglobin). Deficiency produces the inherited disease familial methemoglobinemia. In the absence of methemoglobin, the enzyme can also reduce methylene blue.
AN = /defic: consider also METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
UI = D008707
Methemoglobinemia
MS = The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = presence of methemoglobin in blood
UI = D008708
Methenamine
MS = An antibacterial agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its antibacterial action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173)
UI = D008709
Methenolone
MS = A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.
UI = D008710
Methicillin
MS = One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to penicillinase but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.
UI = D008712
Methicillin Resistance
MS = Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.
UI = D016106
Methimazole
MS = A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
UI = D008713
Methiocarb
MS = Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008714
Methionine
MS = A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals.
AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D008715
Methionine Adenosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. EC 2.5.1.6.
UI = D008716
Methionine Sulfoximine
UI = D008717
Methionine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.
UI = D008718
Methiothepin
MS = A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.
UI = D008719
Methisazone
MS = An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.
UI = D008720
Methocarbamol
MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206)
UI = D008721
Methods
AN = no qualif; prefer /methods (Manual 19.7+), with correct category but do not index /methods routinely: the method should be discussed substantively; never IM; policy: Manual 19.8.45, 26.3.7+
UI = D008722
Methohexital
MS = An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.
UI = D008723
Methomyl
MS = A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008724
Methonium Compounds
MS = Compounds containing polymethylene bis-trimethylammonium cations. Members of this group frequently act as ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular depolarizing agents.
AN = DF: METHONIUM CPDS
UI = D008725
Methoprene
MS = Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.
UI = D008726
Methotrexate
MS = An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
UI = D008727
Methotrimeprazine
MS = A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)
UI = D008728
Methoxamine
MS = An alpha-adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction. It has little if any direct effect on the central nervous system.
AN = do not confuse with methoxyamine
UI = D008729
Methoxsalen
MS = A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.
AN = do not index here for use in PUVA THERAPY unless particularly discussed
UI = D008730
Methoxychlor
MS = An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008731
Methoxydimethyltryptamines
MS = Compounds that contain the biogenic monoamine tryptamine and are substituted with one methoxy group and two methyl groups. Members of this group include several potent serotonergic hallucinogens found in several unrelated plants, skins of certain toads, and in mammalian brains. They are possibly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D008732
Methoxyflurane
MS = An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
UI = D008733
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
MS = Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.
UI = D008734
Methyclothiazide
MS = A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)
UI = D008736
Methyl Chloride
MS = A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)
AN = do not confuse with METHYLENE CHLORIDE
UI = D008737
Methyl Ethers
MS = A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.
UI = D008738
Methyl Green
MS = Used as a biological stain and for the dyeing and printing of textiles. Usually compounded with zinc chloride.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008739
Methyl Methanesulfonate
MS = An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.
UI = D008741
Methyl N-Butyl Ketone
MS = An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. Synonym: MBK.
UI = D008742
Methyl Parathion
MS = The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008743
Methylamines
UI = D008744
Methylation
MS = Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic methylation: coord NIM with METHYLTRANSFERASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific methyltransferase (IM); DNA METHYLATION is also available
UI = D008745
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate
MS = The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008746
Methylcellulose
MS = Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.
AN = used in pharm & cosmetic indust; also a cathartic
UI = D008747
Methylcholanthrene
MS = A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.
AN = a carcinogen; NIM; D25-26 qualif; in exper cancer studies usually no qualif
UI = D008748
Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene
MS = A very potent liver carcinogen.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
UI = D008749
Methyldopa
MS = An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.
UI = D008750
Methylene Blue
MS = A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
UI = D008751
Methylene Chloride
MS = A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.
AN = do not confuse with METHYL CHLORIDE
UI = D008752
Methylenebis(chloroaniline)
MS = Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008753
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase
MS = Catalyzes the oxidation of methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. Includes EC 1.5.1.15 which uses NAD+. EC 1.5.1.5.
UI = D008754
Methylergonovine
MS = A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D008755
Methylgalactosides
UI = D008756
Methylglucosides
AN = do not confuse with METHYLGLYCOSIDES
UI = D008757
Methylglycosides
AN = do not confuse with METHYLGLUCOSIDES
UI = D008759
Methylguanidine
MS = A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.
UI = D008760
Methylhistamines
MS = Histamine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups. Many of these are agonists for the H1, H2, or both histamine receptors.
UI = D008761
Methylhistidines
MS = Histidine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups.
UI = D008762
Methylhydrazines
MS = Hydrazines substituted by one or more methyl groups in any position.
UI = D008763
Methylmalonic Acid
MS = A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D008764
Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA by transfer of the carbonyl group. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. A block in this enzymatic conversion leads to the metabolic disease, methylmalonic aciduria. EC 5.4.99.2.
AN = /defic: consider also METHYLMALONIC ACID /urine (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)
UI = D008765
Methylmannosides
MS = Mannosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with methyl alcohol. They include both alpha- and beta-methylmannosides.
UI = D008766
Methylmercury Compounds
MS = Organic compounds in which mercury is attached to a methyl group.
AN = DF: METHYLMERCURY CPDS
UI = D008767
Methylmethacrylate
MS = The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.
AN = POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE is available
UI = D020366
Methylmethacrylates
MS = The methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008768
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine
MS = A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: MNNG
UI = D008769
Methylnitrosourea
MS = A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008770
Methylobacillus
MS = A genus of short, aerobic, gram-negative rods which are obligate methylotrophs, growing on one-carbon compounds other than methane. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020631
Methylobacterium
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic rods occurring singly or occasionally in rosettes. Members of this genus are usually motile and are isolated from soil, dust, fresh water, lake sediments, leaf surfaces, rice, air, and hospital environments. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: METHYLOBACT
UI = D020580
Methylobacterium extorquens
MS = A species of METHYLOBACTERIUM which can utilize acetate, ethanol, or methylamine as a sole carbon source. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = DF: METHYLOBACT EXTORQUENS
UI = D020601
Methylococcaceae
MS = A family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria utilizing only one-carbon organic compounds and isolated from in soil and water.
UI = D008772
Methylococcus
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, spherical cells usually occurring in pairs. The resting stage is considered a cyst. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020618
Methylococcus capsulatus
MS = A species of METHYLOCOCCUS which forms capsules and is capable of autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020619
Methylomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, straight, curved, or branched rods which are motile by a single polar flagellum. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020620
Methylophilus
MS = A genus of straight or slightly curved gram-negative rods occurring singly or in pairs and isolated from sludge, mud, and river and pond water. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020629
Methylophilus methylotrophus
MS = A species of METHYLOPHILUS which is motile by single flagella. In addition to growth on methanol as a sole carbon source, growth also occurs on glucose. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020630
Methylosinus
MS = A genus of gram-negative rods which form exospores and are obligate methanotrophs.
UI = D020581
Methylosinus trichosporium
MS = A species of METHYLOSINUS which is capable of degrading trichloroethylene and other organic pollutants.
UI = D020602
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate
MS = Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008773
Methylphenidate
MS = A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
UI = D008774
Methylprednisolone
MS = A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
UI = D008775
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate
MS = A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.
UI = D008776
Methyltestosterone
MS = A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).
UI = D008777
Methylthioinosine
MS = 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.
UI = D008778
Methylthiouracil
MS = A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
UI = D008779
Methyltransferases
MS = A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
UI = D008780
Methyltyrosines
MS = A group of compounds that are methyl derivatives of the amino acid TYROSINE.
UI = D008781
Methylurea Compounds
MS = Urea compounds which are substituted with one or more methyl groups.
AN = DF: METHYLUREA CPDS
UI = D008782
Methysergide
MS = An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.
UI = D008784
Metiamide
MS = A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.
UI = D008785
Metipranolol
MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.
UI = D014290
Metmyoglobin
MS = Myoglobin which is in the oxidized ferric or hemin form. The oxidation causes a change in color from red to brown.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /urine = METMYOGLOBIN /urine (IM) + MYOGLOBINURIA (IM)
UI = D008786
Metoclopramide
MS = A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
UI = D008787
Metolazone
MS = A potent, long acting diuretic useful in chronic renal disease. It also tends to lower blood pressure and increase potassium loss.
UI = D008788
Metoprolol
MS = A selective adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It's binding to plasma albumin is weaker than alprenolol and it may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias.
UI = D008790
Metrial Gland
MS = Collection of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develop during pregnancy in certain species of animals.
AN = female; animal only
UI = D008791
Metribolone
MS = A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.
UI = D015741
Metric System
UI = D008792
Metrizamide
MS = A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.
UI = D008793
Metrizoate
MS = A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.
UI = D008794
Metronidazole
MS = An antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as a treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
UI = D008795
Metrorrhagia
MS = Uterine bleeding, usually irregular or acyclic, between periods.
UI = D008796
Metyrapone
MS = An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11 BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.
UI = D008797
Mevalonic Acid
UI = D008798
Mevinphos
MS = An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008799
Mexican Americans
MS = Persons living in the United States of Mexican descent.
AN = IM; specify geog
UI = D017058
Mexico
AN = part of No. Amer., not So. Amer. nor Cent. Amer.; Indians of Mexico are indexed under MEXICO + INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN: do not confuse with INDIANS, CENTRAL AMERICAN
UI = D008800
Mexiletine
MS = Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.
UI = D008801
Mezlocillin
MS = Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.
UI = D008802
Mianserin
MS = A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.
UI = D008803
Mibefradil
MS = A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.
UI = D020748
Mice
MS = The common name for the species Mus musculus.
AN = = MUS MUSCULUS or MUS DOMESTICUS only: for other species note MUS see MURIDAE; check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D008804
Mice Minute Virus
MS = The type species of PARVOVIRUS prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias.
AN = a mouse parvovirus; infection: coord IM with PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D008915
Mice, Biozzi
MS = A strain of mice bred specifically as high or low antibody responders.
UI = D038602
Mice, Congenic
MS = Mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus.
AN = NIM when exper animal; check tag MICE
UI = D020297
Mice, Inbred A
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008805
Mice, Inbred AKR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008806
Mice, Inbred BALB C
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008807
Mice, Inbred C3H
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008809
Mice, Inbred C57BL
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008810
Mice, Inbred CBA
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008808
Mice, Inbred CFTR
MS = A strain of mice widely studied as a model for cystic fibrosis. These mice are generated from embryonic stem cells in which the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene is inactivated by gene targeting. As a result, all mice have one copy of this altered gene in all their tissues. Mice homozygous for the disrupted gene exhibit many features common to young cystic fibrosis patients, including failure to thrive, meconium ileus, and alteration of mucous and serous glands.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; used a model for cystic fibrosis; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D018181
Mice, Inbred DBA
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008811
Mice, Inbred HRS
MS = Homozygous, permanently near-hairless mice which lose their hair at about 10 days of age.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref MICE, HAIRLESS with MICE, NUDE; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008812
Mice, Inbred ICR
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008813
Mice, Inbred mdx
MS = A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous mutation (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein dystrophin, have high serum levels of muscle enzymes, and possess histological lesions similar to human muscular dystrophy. The histological features, linkage, and map position of mdx make these mice a worthy animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE
UI = D018101
Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
MS = A mouse substrain that is genetically predisposed to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome, which has been found to be clinically similar to the human disease. It has been determined that this mouse strain carries a mutation in the fas gene. Also, the MRL/lpr is a useful model to study behavioral and cognitive deficits found in autoimmune diseases and the efficacy of immunosuppressive agents.
AN = a strain predisposed to develop of systemic lupus erythematosus; MRL stands for "Murphy-Roths Lymphoma", lpr stands for "LymphoPRoliferative"; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE; in titles & translations use lpr (the letter l), not 1pr (the figure one)
UI = D019463
Mice, Inbred NOD
MS = A strain of non-obese diabetic mice developed in Japan that has been widely studied as a model for T-cell-dependent autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which insulitis is a major histopathologic feature, and in which genetic susceptibility is strongly MHC-linked.
AN = a model for DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN-DEPENDENT, the most likely type of exper diabetes mellitus, not DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL (see MeSH definition); NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE
UI = D016688
Mice, Inbred NZB
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008814
Mice, Inbred SENCAR
MS = Mice selectively bred for hypersusceptibility to two-stage chemical skin carcinogenesis. They are also hypersusceptible to UV radiation tumorigenesis with single high-dose, but not chronic low-dose, exposures. SENCAR (SENsitive to CARcinogenesis) mice are used in research as an animal model for tumor production.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; SENCAR stands for SENsitive to CARcinogenesis
UI = D018632
Mice, Inbred Strains
MS = Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; Manual 22.36
UI = D008815
Mice, Jimpy
MS = Myelin-deficient mutants which are from the inbred Tabby-Jimpy strain.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008816
Mice, Knockout
MS = Mice whose genome contains a gene whose function has been disrupted, or "knocked-out". A common method of producing disabled genes using recombinant DNA technology is by inserting an antibiotic resistance gene into the normal DNA sequence of a clone of the gene being studied. This disrupts the gene's action, thereby preventing it from making an active protein product. Cells in which this transfer is successful are then injected into mouse embryos, producing chimeric mice. These mice are bred to yield a strain in which all the cells contain the knocked-out gene. Knockout mice are used as animal models for various diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, and are helping to clarify the functions of the genes studied within the fields of immunology, cancer genetics, and developmental biology.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check MICE
UI = D018345
Mice, Mutant Strains
MS = Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008817
Mice, Neurologic Mutants
MS = Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; MICE, JIMPY & MICE, QUAKING, both neurol mutants, are available; DF: MICE NEUROL MUTANTS
UI = D008818
Mice, Nude
MS = Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not confuse with MICE, HAIRLESS see MICE, INBRED HRS; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008819
Mice, Obese
MS = Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE; for X ref HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE do not add HYPERGLYCEMIA or OBESITY unless particularly discussed as diseases
UI = D008820
Mice, Quaking
MS = Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene, quaking (qk), associated with disorder in myelin formation and manifested by axial tremors.
AN = NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D008821
Mice, SCID
MS = Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
AN = SCID stands for "Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency"; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag MICE
UI = D016513
Mice, Transgenic
MS = Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated egg or embryo.
AN = NIM when exper animal
UI = D008822
Micelles
MS = Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds.
AN = no qualif
UI = D008823
Michigan
UI = D008824
Miconazole
MS = An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.
UI = D008825
Microbial Collagenase
MS = A metalloproteinase which degrades helical regions of native collagen to small fragments. Preferred cleavage is -Gly in the sequence -Pro-Xaa-Gly-Pro-. Six forms (or 2 classes) have been isolated from Clostridium histolyticum that are immunologically cross-reactive but possess different sequences and different specificities. Other variants have been isolated from Bacillus cereus, Empedobacter collagenolyticum, Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa, and species of Vibrio and Streptomyces. EC 3.4.24.3.
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /enzymol (IM or NIM) if pertinent
UI = D003012
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
MS = Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
AN = IM when general; NIM when with specific drug (IM) & specific micro-organisms (IM); note X ref MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION but bactericidal eff of an antimicrobial drug using patient's blood (= SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST + specific drug); PARASITIC SENSITIVITY TESTS is also available
UI = D008826
Microbiologic Phenomena
MS = Physiological processes and activities of microorganisms, including archaea, bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoa, and fungi.
AN = not used for indexing; DF: MICROBIOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use
UI = D008827
Microbiological Techniques
MS = Techniques used in microbiology.
AN = GEN or unspecified; bacteriologic techniques = BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; virologic techniques = VIROLOGY /methods; mycologic techniques = MYCOLOGY /methods; parasitologic techniques = PARASITOLOGY /methods; do not use /util except by MeSH definition: DF: MICROBIOL TECHNIQUES
UI = D008828
Microbiology
MS = The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses.
AN = SPEC only; prefer /microbiol with specific organ, higher animal & disease: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.46; note precoord microbiology terms (AIR MICROBIOLOGY; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; etc); presence of microbes in the blood: coord with the disease /microbiol, not /blood ; DF: MICROBIOL
UI = D008829
Microbodies
MS = Electron-dense cytoplasmic particles bounded by a single membrane, such as PEROXISOMES, GLYOXYSOMES, and glycosomes.
UI = D008830
Microcephaly
MS = Abnormal smallness of the head, usually associated with mental retardation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = abnormally small head; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008831
Microchemistry
MS = The development and use of techniques and equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter.
UI = D008832
Microcirculation
MS = The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network.
AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply; not for lymphatic microcirc ( = LYMPHATIC SYSTEM /physiol); Manual 21.5; DF: MICROCIRC
UI = D008833
Microclimate
MS = The climate of a very small area.
AN = no qualif; refers to climate in a limited geog or environ area, as in a forest or factory
UI = D008834
Micrococcaceae
MS = A family of bacteria ranging from free living and saprophytic to parasitic and pathogenic forms.
UI = D008835
Micrococcal Nuclease
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. It can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.31.1.
AN = DF: STAPH NUCLEASE
UI = D008836
Micrococcus
MS = A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.
AN = found in soil & fresh water & on mammalian skin
UI = D008837
Micrococcus luteus
MS = A species of gram-positive, spherical bacteria whose organisms occur in tetrads and in irregular clusters of tetrads. The primary habitat is mammalian skin.
AN = found on mammalian skin
UI = D016982
Microcomputers
MS = Small computers using LSI (large-scale integration) microprocessor chips as the CPU (central processing unit) and semiconductor memories for compact, inexpensive storage of program instructions and data. They are smaller and less expensive than minicomputers and are usually built into a dedicated system where they are optimized for a particular application. "Microprocessor" may refer to just the CPU or the entire microcomputer.
AN = do not confuse with MINICOMPUTERS
UI = D008838
Microdialysis
MS = A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.
UI = D017551
Microelectrodes
MS = Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = NIM
UI = D008839
Microfibrils
MS = Components of the extracellular matrix consisting primarily of fibrillin. They are essential for the integrity of elastic fibers.
UI = D020894
Microfilament Proteins
MS = Filaments which are composed primarily of actin and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D008840
Microfilaments
MS = The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin.
UI = D008841
Microfilaria
MS = The prelarval stage of Filarioidea in the blood and other tissues of mammals and birds. They are removed from these hosts by blood-sucking insects in which they metamorphose into mature larvae.
AN = coord with specific helminth terms (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent; /drug eff: consider FILARICIDES
UI = D008842
Microfilming
AN = IM
UI = D008843
Microglia
MS = The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
AN = a type of neuroglia; A 11 qualif
UI = D017628
Micrognathism
MS = Unusual or undue smallness of the jaws. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = abnormally small jaw; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008844
Microinjections
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MICROINJECT
UI = D008845
Micromanipulation
MS = The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope that manipulate tiny instruments).
AN = MICROSURGERY; MICROINJECTIONS & other MICRO- procedures are also available
UI = D008846
Micromonospora
MS = A genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms a branched mycelium. It commonly occurs as a saprophytic form in soil and aquatic environments.
AN = in soil; a genus: do not confuse with the family MICROMONOSPORACEAE
UI = D008847
Micromonosporaceae
MS = A family of gram-positive, saprophytic bacteria occurring in soil and aquatic environments.
AN = in soil & water
UI = D008848
Micronesia
MS = The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. Micronesia is from the Greek micro, small + nesos, island, so named because the islands in this group are much smaller than those in MELANESIA. Micronesia is inhabited by a mixed race of Melanesians, Polynesians, and some Malaysians. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)
AN = a group of islands east of the Philippines; includes Christmas Island; of the X ref MARIANA ISLANDS, GUAM is available; PALAU is also available
UI = D008849
Micronuclei
MS = Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D015574
Micronucleus Tests
MS = Induction and quantitative measurement of chromosomal damage leading to the formation of micronuclei in cells which have been exposed to genotoxic agents or ionizing radiation.
AN = NIM
UI = D015162
Micronutrients
MS = Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur.
AN = coord IM with specific micronutrient (IM)
UI = D018977
Microphthalmos
MS = Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.
AN = abnormally small eyeball; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008850
Micropore Filters
AN = includes millipore filters
UI = D008851
Microradiography
MS = Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
AN = NIM; DF: MICRORADIOGR
UI = D008852
MicroRNAs
MS = Small regulatory, ANTISENSE RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length that repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of homologous target RNA. The process by which they are generated is related to the process that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans are a class of miRNAs
UI = D035683
Microsatellite Repeats
MS = A variety of simple di- (DINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS), tri- (TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS), tetra-, and pentanucleotide tandem repeats (usually less than 100 bases long). They are dispersed in the euchromatic arms of most chromosomes.
UI = D018895
Microscopic Angioscopy
MS = The noninvasive microscopic examination of the microcirculation, commonly done in the nailbed or conjunctiva. In addition to the capillaries themselves, observations can be made of passing blood cells or intravenously injected substances. This is not the same as endoscopic examination of blood vessels (ANGIOSCOPY).
UI = D020678
Microscopy
MS = The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye.
AN = do not index here routinely for histol & cytol studies: Manual 26.12+
UI = D008853
Microscopy, Acoustic
MS = A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
UI = D033401
Microscopy, Atomic Force
MS = A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. These deflections produce a topographic map of the sample.
UI = D018625
Microscopy, Confocal
MS = A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.
AN = NIM
UI = D018613
Microscopy, Electron
MS = Visual and photographic microscopy in which electron beams with wavelengths thousands of times shorter than visible light are used in place of light, thereby allowing much greater magnification.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; relation to /ultrastruct: Manual 26.12.1; note X ref TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING TRANSMISSION is also available
UI = D008854
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
MS = Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point, giving the surface image a three-dimensional quality.
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING TRANSMISSION or STEM; if in doubt, follow words of author; MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING is also available
UI = D008855
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission
MS = A type of electron microscopy which scans with an extremely narrow beam that is transmitted through the sample. The detection apparatus produces an image whose brightness depends on the atomic number of the sample. It should not be confused with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON SCANNING nor with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION (see MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 3d ed)
AN = do not confuse with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING nor with MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION see MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; since the techniques have different applications, do not interpret: if in doubt, use words of author; DF: note short X ref
UI = D017348
Microscopy, Fluorescence
MS = Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
AN = NIM
UI = D008856
Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
MS = Flurorescence microscopy utilizing multiple low-energy photons to produce the excitation event of the fluorophore. Multiphoton microscopes have a simplified optical path in the emission side due to the lack of an emission pinhole, which is necessary with normal confocal microscopes. Ultimately this allows spatial isolation of the excitation event, enabling deeper imaging into optically thick tissue, while restricting photobleaching and photoxicity to the area being imaged.
UI = D036641
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
MS = Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.
AN = NIM
UI = D016253
Microscopy, Interference
MS = The science and application of a double-beam transmission interference microscope in which the illuminating light beam is split into two paths. One beam passes throught the specimen while the other beam reflects off a reference mirror before joining and interfering with the other. The observed optical path difference between the two beams can be measured and used to discriminate minute differences in thickness and refraction of non-stained transparent specimens, such as living cells in culture.
UI = D008857
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
MS = A form of interference microscopy in which variations of the refracting index in the object are converted into variations of intensity in the image. This is achieved by the action of a phase plate.
AN = NIM
UI = D008858
Microscopy, Polarization
MS = Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.
AN = NIM
UI = D008859
Microscopy, Scanning Probe
MS = Electron microscopy in which a very sharp probe is employed in close proximity to a surface, exploiting a particular surface-related property. When this property is local topography, the method is atomic force microscopy (MICROSCOPY, ATOMIC FORCE), and when it is local conductivity, the method is scanning tunneling microscopy (MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING).
UI = D020527
Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling
MS = A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a very sharp conducting needle is swept just a few angstroms above the surface of a sample. The tiny tunneling current that flows between the sample and the needle tip is measured, and from this are produced three-dimensional topographs. Due to the poor electron conductivity of most biological samples, thin metal coatings are deposited on the sample.
UI = D016252
Microscopy, Ultraviolet
MS = Microscopy in which the image is formed by ultraviolet radiation and is displayed and recorded by means of photographic film.
AN = NIM
UI = D008860
Microscopy, Video
MS = Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.
AN = NIM
UI = D018715
Microsomes
MS = Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol
UI = D008861
Microsomes, Liver
MS = Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
UI = D008862
Microspectrophotometry
MS = Analytical technique for studying substances present at enzyme concentrations in single cells, in situ, by measuring light absorption. Light from a tungsten strip lamp or xenon arc dispersed by a grating monochromator illuminates the optical system of a microscope. The absorbance of light is measured (in nanometers) by comparing the difference between the image of the sample and a reference image.
AN = a type of spectrum anal; NIM
UI = D015591
Microspheres
MS = Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers.
AN = NIM; no qualif; note X refs: do not coord with LATEX unless particularly discussed; note MICROCAPSULES see CAPSULES: do not coord with MICROSPHERES
UI = D008863
Microspora
MS = A phylum of protozoa comprising minute intracellular parasites with spores of unicellular origin. It has two classes: Rudimicrosporea and MICROSPOREA.
AN = do not confuse with class MICROSPOREA nor with MICROSPORUM, a dermatophyte; note X ref MICROSPORIDIA: index here when author uses "microsporidia" as a general term for the phylum; MICROSPORIDIA, UNCLASSIFIED is also available, see annotation there; infection = MICROSPORIDIOSIS; coord with specific protozoan term (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D016814
Microsporea
MS = A class of parasitic protozoa. Characteristics include spores that are spherical, oval, or tubular in shape and sporoplasm which is uninuclear or binuclear.
AN = do not confuse with protozoan phylum MICROSPORA; infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D016815
Microsporida
MS = An order of parasitic protozoa found mostly in arthropods, fish, and in some vertebrates including humans. It comprises two suborders: Pansporoblastina and APANSPOROBLASTINA.
AN = infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D016816
Microsporidia, Unclassified
MS = Includes newly defined organisms as well as some that will never be classified to the genus and/or species level because of loss of the specimen or other information.
AN = index here if author uses the term microsporidium or "unclassifed microsporidia"; index MICROSPORIDIA see MICROSPORA if author uses "microsporidia" as a general term for the phylum; infection: coord IM with MICROSPORIDIOSIS (IM); coord with specific protozoan term (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent
UI = D021861
Microsporidiosis
MS = Infections with protozoa of the phylum MICROSPORA.
AN = do not confuse with Microsporum infections, one of the DERMATOMYCOSES (see note at MICROSPORUM)
UI = D016881
Microsporum
MS = A mitosporic Oxygenales fungal genus causing various diseases of the skin and hair. The species Microsporum canis produces TINEA CAPITIS and tinea corporis, which usually are acquired from domestic cats and dogs. Teleomorphs includes Arthroderma (Nannizzia). (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th edition, p305)
AN = do not confuse with the protozoan phylum MICROSPORA nor with the protozoan class MICROSPOREA; infection: coord IM with DERMATOMYCOSES (IM) or specific (IM); do not confuse with MICROSPORIDIOSIS
UI = D008864
Microstomia
MS = A congenital defect in which the mouth is unusually small. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = unusually small mouth; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D008865
Microsurgery
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008866
Microtinae
MS = A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of 20 genera. Voles, lemmings, and muskrats are included in this subfamily. They occur nearly world-wide.
AN = note common names as X refs; IM; qualif permitted; for X ref MICE, RED-BACKED & other species commonly called "mouse" but taxonomically MICROTINAE, do not check tag MICE
UI = D003411
Microtomy
MS = The technique of using a microtome to cut thin or ultrathin sections of tissues embedded in a supporting substance. The microtome is an instrument that hold a steel, glass or diamond knife in clamps at an angle to the blocks of prepared tissues, which it cuts in sections of equal thickness.
UI = D008867
Microtubule Proteins
MS = Proteins found in the microtubules.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; TUBULIN is available
UI = D008868
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
MS = High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D008869
Microtubule-Organizing Center
MS = An amorphous region of electron dense material in the cytoplasm from which the MICROTUBULES polymerization is nucleated. The pericentriolar region of the CENTROSOME which surrounds the CENTRIOLES is an example.
AN = DF: MTOC
UI = D022101
Microtubules
MS = Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN.
UI = D008870
Microvilli
MS = Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.
AN = NIM: coord with specific cell /ultrastructure (IM); IM only if point of article irrespective of identity of cell /ultrastructure (NIM); A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D008871
Microviridae
MS = A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria, SPIROPLASMA, BDELLOVIBRIO, and CHLAMYDIA. It contains four genera: MICROVIRUS, Spiromicrovirus, Bdellomicrovirus, and Chlamydiamicrovirus.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol
UI = D017914
Microvirus
MS = A genus of bacteriophages of the family MICROVIRIDAE. The genome consists of isometric single-stranded DNA.
AN = a genus of bacteriophages of the family Microviridae
UI = D017915
Microwaves
MS = That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues.
AN = non-ionizing; IM; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following
UI = D008872
Mid-Atlantic Region
MS = A geographical area of the United States comprising the District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
AN = includes DC, Del, Md, NJ, NY & Pa; specify as needed but use MID-ATLANTIC REGION when text uses the term CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D008873
Midazolam
MS = A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
UI = D008874
Middle Age
AN = age 45-64; IM as psychol, sociol entity: Manual 18.5.12; NIM as check tag; Manual 34.10 for indexing examples
UI = D008875
Middle Cerebral Artery
MS = The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex.
UI = D020768
Middle Ear Ventilation
MS = Ventilation of the middle ear in the treatment of secretory (serous) otitis media, usually by placement of tubes or grommets which pierce the tympanic membrane.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D008876
Middle East
MS = The countries of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
AN = countries from Libya east to Afghanistan, including Turkey
UI = D008877
Middle Lobe Syndrome
MS = Atelectasis of the right middle pulmonary lobe, with chronic pneumonitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = atelectasis of middle lobe of right lung
UI = D008878
Midline Thalamic Nuclei
MS = Small, nonspecific nerve cells scattered in the periventricular gray matter, separating the medial part of the thalamus from the ependyma of the third ventricle. The group includes the paraventricular nucleus, paratenial nucleus, reuniens nucleus, rhomboidal nucleus, and subfascicular nucleus.
UI = D020644
Midodrine
MS = An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of hypotension.
UI = D008879
Midwestern United States
MS = The geographic area of the midwestern region of the United States in general or when the specific state or states are not indicated. The states usually included in this region are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin.
AN = includes Ill, Ind, Iowa, Kans, Ky, Mich, Minn, Missouri, Nebr, Ohio, Okla, N Dakota, S Dakota, Wisc; specify as needed but use MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES when text uses the term; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D015146
Midwifery
MS = The practice of assisting women in childbirth.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; check also tag PREGNANCY
UI = D008880
Mifepristone
MS = A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.
UI = D015735
Migraine
MS = A subtype of vascular headaches characterized by periodic unilateral pulsatile headaches which begin in childhood, adolescence, or early adult life and recur with diminishing frequency during advancing years. The two major subtypes are CLASSIC MIGRAINE (i.e., migraine with aura) and COMMON MIGRAINE (i.e., migraine without aura). Migrainous episodes may be associated with alterations in cerebral blood flow. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p172)
AN = consider also ANALGESICS /ther use
UI = D008881
Mikamycin
MS = An antibiotic complex originally isolated from Streptomyces mitakaenis. It contains two principle ingredients: mikamycin A (STREPTOGRAMIN A) and mikamycin B (STREPTOGRAMIN B)
UI = D025761
Mikania
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain scandenolide (a sesquiterpene lactone) and germacranolides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035742
Mikulicz' Disease
MS = A chronic, benign, and usually painless inflammatory swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands. It is considered by some to include the glandular enlargement associated with other diseases, such as Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, lupus erythematosus, etc.
AN = an inflamm dis of the lacrimal & salivary glands
UI = D008882
Miliaria
MS = A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a sweat gland dis
UI = D008883
Milieu Therapy
MS = A treatment program based on manipulation of the patient's environment by the medical staff. The patient does not participate in planning the treatment regimen.
AN = a form of socioenvir ther; DF: MILIEU THER
UI = D008884
Military Dentistry
MS = The practice of dentistry as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country; DF: MILITARY DENT
UI = D008885
Military Hygiene
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country
UI = D008886
Military Medicine
MS = The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country; Manual 23.6, 28.8, 34.15; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), under US Dept of Defense, goes under SCHOOLS, MEDICAL (IM) + UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: MILITARY MED
UI = D008887
Military Nursing
MS = The practice of nursing in military environments.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify country
UI = D008888
Military Personnel
MS = Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
AN = their physiol & diseases go here: reserve MILITARY MEDICINE for the specialty; includes all uniformed personnel: note X refs; /psychol: consider also the specialties PSYCHOLOGY, MILITARY & MILITARY PSYCHIATRY; specify country; Manual 28.8, 34.15
UI = D008889
Military Psychiatry
MS = Branch of psychiatry concerned with problems related to the prevention, diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of mental or emotional disorders of Armed Forces personnel.
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; not for MENTAL DISORDERS in soldiers, etc.
UI = D008890
Military Science
AN = specify country
UI = D008891
Milk
MS = The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
AN = assume to be cow's milk & do not coord with CATTLE; coord IM with other animal source (NIM), as goat's milk = MILK (IM) + GOATS (NIM); /secret: consider also LACTATION; /adv eff; consider also MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY
UI = D008892
Milk Banks
MS = Centers for acquiring, storing, and distributing human milk.
UI = D017784
Milk Ejection
MS = Reflex in which tactile stimulation of nipples causes release of oxytocin which causes myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary alveoli to contract and expel the milk. Applies to humans and animals.
AN = human & animal
UI = D008893
Milk Hypersensitivity
MS = Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.
AN = coord IM with specific milk product /adv eff (IM) if pertinent; do not confuse with LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, a lactase defic
UI = D016269
Milk Proteins
MS = The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. Immunoglobulins occur in high concentrations in colostrum and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554)
AN = do not use /analogs /defic /physiol
UI = D008894
Milk Sickness
MS = An acute, often fatal disease caused by the ingestion of milk, milk products, or the flesh of cattle or sheep which have a disease known as trembles. It is marked by weakness, anorexia, vomiting, constipation, and sometimes muscular tremors. It is caused by poisoning by white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) and the rayless goldenrod (Haplopappus heterophyllus). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of plant pois: see MeSH definition
UI = D018602
Milk Thistle
MS = The plant Silybum marianum in the family ASTERACEAE containing the bioflavonoid complex SILYMARIN. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. = Carduus marianus L.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D020944
Milk, Human
AN = /secret: consider also LACTATION
UI = D008895
Miller Fisher Syndrome
MS = A variant of the GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME characterized by the acute onset of oculomotor dysfunction, ataxia, and loss of deep tendon reflexes with relative sparing of strength in the extremities and trunk. The ataxia is produced by peripheral sensory nerve dysfunction and not by cerebellar injury. Facial weakness and sensory loss may also occur. The process is mediated by autoantibodies directed against a component of myelin found in peripheral nerves. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1313; Neurology 1987 Sep;37(9):1493-8)
AN = X ref FISHER SYNDROME: do not confuse with the Fisher one-and-a-half syndrome, an eye movement disorder caused by a brain stem lesion
UI = D019846
Millettia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain ISOFLAVONES, some of which show molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activity. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to DERRIS.
AN = X ref PONGAMIA PINNATA: Pongamia unspecified: PONGAMIA see FABACEAE is available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D033641
Milrinone
MS = A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the ionotropic potency of amrinone.
UI = D020105
Mimosa
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains kukulkanin, a CHALCONE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031298
Mimosine
MS = 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.
AN = an antineoplastic
UI = D008898
Mimulus
MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Members contain 6-geranylflavanones and mimulone.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032241
Mimusops
MS = A plant genus of the family SAPOTACEAE. Members contain triterpenoid saponins. Latex from bark incisions is processed into gutta balata.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032130
Mind-Body and Relaxation Techniques
MS = A group of healing methods which emphasize mind-body interactions with intended benefits that include relaxation and emotional well being.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specifics
UI = D026441
Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics)
MS = The relation between the mind and the body in a religious, social, spiritual, behavioral, and metaphysical context. This concept is significant in the field of alternative medicine. It differs from the relationship between physiologic processes and behavior where the emphasis is on the body's physiology ( = PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY).
AN = important in alternative med; do not confuse with MIND-BODY RELATIONS (PHYSIOLOGY) see PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY where emphasis is on physiol; DF: MIND BODY RELAT METAPHYSICS
UI = D019222
Mineral Fibers
MS = Long, pliable, cohesive natural or manufactured filaments of various lengths. They form the structure of some minerals. The medical significance lies in their potential ability to cause various types of PNEUMOCONIOSIS (e.g., ASBESTOSIS) after occupational or environmental exposure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p708)
AN = restrict to minerals; emphasis is on the filamentous structure; IM GEN or unspecified only; coord NIM with specific mineral or material (IM), as asbestos fibers = MINERAL FIBERS (NIM) + ASBESTOS (IM); not for textile fibers ( = TEXTILES or specific textile such as COTTON; WOOL or NYLON); not for fiberglass ( = GLASS); /adv eff: consider also specific pneumoconioses, such as ASBESTOSIS
UI = D019016
Mineral Oil
MS = A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D008899
Mineral Waters
MS = Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases (carbon dioxide).
AN = for drinking, with BALNEOLOGY probably better for bathing in mineral waters
UI = D008900
Mineralocorticoids
MS = A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II.
AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to MINERALOCORTICOIDS, SYNTHETIC
UI = D008901
Mineralocorticoids, Synthetic
MS = Synthetic steroids that mimic the activity of the mineralocorticoids obtained from the adrenal cortex, but differ in structure from the naturally occurring mineralocorticoids.
AN = do not confuse with MINERALOCORTICOIDS /chem syn; DF: MINERALOCORTICOIDS SYN
UI = D008902
Minerals
MS = Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; trace minerals = TRACE ELEMENTS; "bone minerals" = MINERALS (IM) + BONE AND BONES (IM)
UI = D008903
Miniaturization
MS = The design or construction of objects greatly reduced in scale.
UI = D008904
Minicomputers
MS = Small computers that lack the speed, memory capacity, and instructional capability of the full-size computer but usually retain its programmable flexibility. They are larger, faster, and more flexible, powerful, and expensive than microcomputers.
AN = do not confuse with MICROCOMPUTERS; personal computers: index under MICROCOMPUTERS
UI = D008905
Mining
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; coord IM with substance being mined (IM or NIM); COAL MINING is also available
UI = D008906
Minisatellite Repeats
MS = Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive (5-50 repeats) short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences found dispersed throughout the genome and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit. Minisatellite repeats are often called variable number of tandem repeats.
UI = D018598
Mink
MS = Carnivores of genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae. Although widely trapped for commercial purposes, the fur of the European mink is not as valuable as that of the American mink. At present it is found only in the Soviet Union, Finland, eastern Poland, parts of the Balkans, western France, and northern Spain. The American mink, raised mostly commercially, has been introduced into the Soviet Union, and escaped animals have established populations in Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1111-2)
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008907
Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses
MS = Strains of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) discovered in 1976 by Hartley, Wolford, Old, and Rowe and so named because the viruses originally isolated had the capacity to transform cell foci in mink cell cultures. MCF viruses are generated in a multi-step process by recombination with other viral types including AKR, Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
UI = D008908
Minnesota
UI = D008910
Minocycline
MS = A semisynthetic antibiotic effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections.
UI = D008911
Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
MS = Allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. In the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. The most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the H-Y antigen.
UI = D015778
Minor Histocompatibility Loci
MS = Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of histocompatibility antigens other than those encoded by the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. The antigens encoded by these genes are often responsible for graft rejection in cases where histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. The location of some of these loci on the X and Y chromosomes explains why grafts from males to females may be rejected while grafts from females to males are accepted. In the mouse roughly 30 minor histocompatibility loci have been recognized, comprising more than 500 genes.
AN = DF: MHL
UI = D008912
Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens
MS = Endogenous superantigens responsible for inducing strong proliferative responses in T-cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (see LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE TEST, MIXED). They are encoded by mouse mammary tumor viruses that have integrated into the germ line as DNA proviruses (MINOR LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATORY LOCI).
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D016747
Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Loci
MS = Genetic loci responsible for the encoding of minor lymphocyte stimulatory antigens. There are at least two unlinked loci (in the mouse) and they appear to be separate from the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX and MINOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY LOCI. The mouse mammary tumor virus (see MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS, MOUSE) has the ability to integrate into these loci. The antigens induce strong T-cell proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions.
UI = D016744
Minor Planets
MS = Small solar system planetary bodies including asteroids. Most asteroids are found within the gap lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
AN = no qualif
UI = D018543
Minority Groups
MS = A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group.
AN = IM; coord with specific minority group (IM) & geog
UI = D008913
Minors
MS = A person who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded.
AN = check appropriate age check tag; do not routinely add this term; use only when specified by author
UI = D033242
Minoxidil
MS = A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in blood pressure. It is given by mouth in the treatment of severe hypertension unresponsive to other therapy. It is also used topically in the treatment of male-pattern baldness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)
UI = D008914
Miocamycin
MS = A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
UI = D015644
Miosis
MS = Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.
AN = do not confuse with MEIOSIS nor with MITOSIS, both cell division concepts
UI = D015877
Miotics
MS = Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Because the size of the pupil is under the antagonistic control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, drugs affecting either system can cause miosis. Drugs that mimic or potentiate the parasympathetic input to the circular constrictor muscle and drugs that inhibit sympathetic input to the radial dilator muscle tend to contract the pupils. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.
AN = do not confuse with "mitotic"; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PUPIL /drug eff
UI = D008916
Mirabilis
MS = A plant genus of the family NYCTAGINACEAE. Members contain Mirabilis antiviral protein (a ribosome-inactivating protein).
AN = do not confuse with PROTEUS MIRABILIS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039282
Mirex
MS = An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008917
Misonidazole
MS = A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.
UI = D008920
Misoprostol
MS = A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.
UI = D016595
Missions and Missionaries
MS = To be used for articles pertaining to medical activities carried out by personnel in institutions which are administered by a religious organization.
AN = do not confuse with MEDICAL MISSIONS, OFFICIAL; DF: MISSIONS
UI = D008921
Mississippi
UI = D008922
Missouri
UI = D008923
Mistletoe
MS = Parasitic plants that form a bushy growth on branches of host trees which are in the order Santalales. It includes the Christmas mistletoe family (VISCACEAE), the showy mistletoe family (LORANTHACEAE) and the catkin mistletoe family (Eremolepidaceae). The composition of toxins, lectins, tyramine, phenethylamines, and other compounds may be affected by the host.
AN = traditional mistletoe = VISCUM ALBUM; prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D014784
Mite Infestations
MS = Infestations with arthropods of the subclass ACARI, superorder Acariformes.
UI = D008924
Mites
MS = Any arthropod of the subclass ACARI except the TICKS. They are minute animals related to the spiders, usually having transparent or semitransparent bodies. They may be parasitic on humans and domestic animals, producing various irritations of the skin (MITE INFESTATIONS). Many mite species are important to human and veterinary medicine as both parasite and vector. Mites also infest plants.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; infection = MITE INFESTATIONS; for miticides (chemicals killing or controlling mites) index under INSECTICIDES even though mites are not insects; mite vectors = ARACHNID VECTORS (IM) + MITES (IM); mite control: coord IM with TICK CONTROL (IM)
UI = D008925
Mitobronitol
MS = Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.
UI = D008927
Mitochondria
MS = Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord with organ /metab (IM) but not also organ /ultrastruct for metab studies, coord with organ /ultrastruct (IM) for morphol studies: TN 126; mitochondria of vasc or smooth musc tissue goes under MITOCHONDRIA, MUSCLE & do not coord with MUSCLE, SMOOTH or MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR unless particularly discussed & then probably only NIM
UI = D008928
Mitochondria, Heart
MS = The mitochondria of the myocardium.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D008929
Mitochondria, Liver
MS = Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D008930
Mitochondria, Muscle
MS = Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; for skeletal & smooth musc mitochondria; for vasc & smooth musc mitochondria see note on MITOCHONDRIA
UI = D008931
Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases
MS = A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. They facilitate the exchange of ADP and ATP between the cytosol and the mitochondria, thereby linking the subcellular compartments of ATP production to those of ATP utilization.
UI = D000226
Mitochondrial Diseases
MS = Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D028361
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies
MS = A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. These are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific dysfunction if pertinent; DF: MITOCHONDRIAL ENCEPH
UI = D017237
Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
MS = Proteins involved in the transport of specific substances across the membranes of the MITOCHONDRIA.
UI = D033681
Mitochondrial Myopathies
MS = A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NARP syndrome (neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa) = MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHIES + ATAXIA + RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA + SYNDROME
UI = D017240
Mitochondrial Proteins
MS = Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.
UI = D024101
Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases
MS = Proton-translocating ATPases responsible for ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE synthesis in the MITOCHONDRIA. They derive energy from the respiratory chain-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the intermembranous space of the mitochondria.
UI = D025261
Mitochondrial Swelling
MS = Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.
UI = D008933
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
MS = A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.
UI = D020929
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
MS = A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases.
AN = DF: ERKS
UI = D020928
Mitogens
MS = Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with LECTINS, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = chem or drugs inducing mitosis
UI = D008934
Mitoguazone
MS = Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.
UI = D008935
Mitolactol
MS = Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.
UI = D008936
Mitomycin
MS = An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
AN = MITOMYCINS is also available
UI = D016685
Mitomycins
MS = A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.
AN = MITOMYCIN is also available
UI = D008937
Mitosis
MS = A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species.
AN = consider also ANTIMITOTIC AGENTS see ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; do not confuse with MIOSIS, constriction of the pupil
UI = D008938
Mitosporic Fungi
MS = A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = MYCOSES or specific mycosis (IM)
UI = D003904
Mitotane
MS = A derivative of the insecticide DDD that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008939
Mitotic Index
MS = An expression of the number of mitoses found in a stated number of cells.
UI = D008940
Mitotic Spindle Apparatus
MS = An organelle consisting of three components: (1) the astral microtubules, which form around each centrosome and extend to the periphery; (2) the polar microtubules which extend from one spindle pole to the equator; and (3) the kinetochore microtubules, which connect the centromeres of the various chromosomes to either centrosome.
AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted
UI = D008941
Mitoxantrone
MS = An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.
UI = D008942
Mitragyna
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain antimalarial (ANTIMALARIALS) and analgesic (ANALGESICS) indole alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032065
Mitral Valve
MS = The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
AN = atresia: index MITRAL VALVE /abnorm
UI = D008943
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
MS = Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, owing to imperfect functioning of the mitral valve.
AN = imperfect closing of valve
UI = D008944
Mitral Valve Prolapse
MS = Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia.
UI = D008945
Mitral Valve Stenosis
MS = A rheumatic disease causing diffuse thickening of the mitral valve leaflets by fibrous tissue or calcific deposits. (Harrisons' Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1052)
AN = atresia = MITRAL VALVE /abnorm
UI = D008946
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
MS = A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.
AN = disease entity: read definition & do not confuse with CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; DF: MCTD
UI = D008947
Mixed Function Oxygenases
MS = Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
AN = do not confuse with HYDRO-LYASES
UI = D006899
Mixed Tumor, Malignant
MS = A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018198
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal
MS = A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018199
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian
MS = A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)
AN = in titles & translations use diacrit: Müllerian; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018200
MMPI
MS = A personality inventory consisting of statements to be asserted or denied by the individual. The patterns of response are characteristic of certain personality attributes.
UI = D008950
MNSs Blood-Group System
MS = A system of universal human blood group isoantigens with many associated subgroups. The M and N traits are codominant and the S and s traits are probably very closely linked alleles, including the U antigen. This system is most frequently used in paternity studies.
AN = IM; coord with disease /blood (IM), not /immunol nor /genet; TN 230
UI = D008951
Mobile Health Units
MS = Movable facilities in which diagnostic and therapeutic services are provided to the community.
UI = D008952
Mobiluncus
MS = A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis.
AN = mobil- refers to its being motile, -uncus to its curved shape; found in human vagina; infection: coord IM with BACTEROIDACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017904
Mobius Syndrome
MS = A syndrome of congenital facial paralysis, frequently associated with abducens palsy and other congenital abnormalities including lingual palsy, clubfeet, brachial disorders, cognitive deficits, and pectoral muscle defects. Pathologic findings are variable and include brain stem nuclear aplasia, facial nerve aplasia, and facial muscle aplasia, consistent with a multifactorial etiology. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1020)
UI = D020331
Moclobemide
MS = A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.
UI = D020912
Models, Anatomic
MS = Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.
AN = no qualif; note X ref MOULAGES; DF: MODELS ANAT
UI = D008953
Models, Animal
MS = Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.
UI = D023421
Models, Biological
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS BIOL
UI = D008954
Models, Cardiovascular
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; apply TN 128 for relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL
UI = D008955
Models, Chemical
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; TN 37: relation to MODELS, STRUCTURAL; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS CHEM
UI = D008956
Models, Econometric
MS = The application of mathematical formulas and statistical techniques to the testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems.
AN = models of econ theory & for solution of econ problems: a type of MODELS, ECONOMIC; no qualif; apply TN 128 for relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL
UI = D017059
Models, Economic
MS = Statistical models of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as of financial considerations. For the application of statistics to the testing and quantifying of economic theories MODELS, ECONOMETRIC is available.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: application of MODELS, THEORETICAL; MODELS, ECONOMETRIC is also available; DF: MODELS ECON
UI = D018803
Models, Educational
MS = Theoretical models which propose methods of learning or teaching as a basis or adjunct to changes in attitude or behavior. These educational interventions are usually applied in the fields of health and patient education but are not restricted to patient care.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: application of MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS EDUC
UI = D017145
Models, Genetic
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; apply TN 128 for relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS GENET
UI = D008957
Models, Immunological
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition of MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; DF: MODELS IMMUNOL
UI = D018448
Models, Molecular
MS = Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
AN = no qualif; TN 37: relation to MODELS, CHEMICAL; DF: MODELS MOL
UI = D008958
Models, Neurological
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS NEUROL
UI = D008959
Models, Nursing
MS = Theoretical models simulating behavior or activities in nursing, including nursing care, management and economics, theory, assessment, research, and education. Some examples of these models include Orem Self-Care Model, Roy Adaptation Model, and Rogers Life Process Model.
AN = no qualif
UI = D016294
Models, Organizational
MS = Theoretical representations and constructs that describe or explain the structure and hierarchy of relationships and interactions within or between formal organizational entities or informal social groups.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: application of MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS ORGAN
UI = D017146
Models, Psychological
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL; DF: MODELS PSYCHOL
UI = D008960
Models, Statistical
MS = Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
AN = IM; no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to MODELS, THEORETICAL
UI = D015233
Models, Structural
MS = A representation, generally smale in scale, to show the structure, construction, or appearance of something. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = no qualif; TN 37: relation to MODELS, CHEMICAL
UI = D008961
Models, Theoretical
MS = Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
AN = no qualif; TN 128: definition & relation to its specifics; physiol models are indexed under MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; models of social behavior are indexed under MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL
UI = D008962
Modems
MS = Equipment that sends digital information over telephone lines. The term Modem is a short form of the phrase modulator-demodulator.
UI = D003629
Mohs Surgery
MS = A surgical technique used primarily in the treatment of skin neoplasms, especially basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. This procedure is a microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous tumors either after fixation in vivo or after freezing the tissue. Serial examinations of fresh tissue specimens are most frequently done.
AN = note spelling: no apostrophe; named for Dr. F.E. Mohs
UI = D015580
Moire Topography
MS = A method of three-dimensional morphometry in which contour maps are produced from the overlapping interference fringes created when an object is illuminated by beams of coherent light issuing from two different point sources.
AN = in titles & translations spell moiré; DF: MOIRE TOPOGR
UI = D015903
Molar
MS = The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
AN = the most posterior teeth; for grinding; NIM when merely locational
UI = D008963
Molar, Third
MS = The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.
AN = the last tooth, behind the 2d molar; human only; IM
UI = D008964
Molasses
MS = The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
UI = D008965
Moldova
UI = D008966
Mole Rats
MS = Any of several burrowing rodents of the families MURIDAE and Bathyergidae, found in eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. They have short limbs, small eyes with permanently closed lids, and no tail. Three genera Spalax (Muridae), Heterocephalus (Bathyergidae) and Cryptomys (Bathyergidae) are used frequently as experimental animals in biomedical research. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed)
AN = rodents of 2 different taxonomic families; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D019577
Molecular Biology
MS = A discipline concerned with studying biological phenomena in terms of the chemical and physical interactions of molecules.
AN = GEN or SPEC; molecular biology,molecular genetics or biochemical genetics of a disease, biological process or substance: coord, using an appropriate subheading such as / genet / metab or /chem, with the specific genetics term or biochemical term: Manual 28.24.1; DF: MOL BIOL
UI = D008967
Molecular Chaperones
MS = A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of other polypeptides, and in some cases their assembly into oligomeric structures, but which are not components of those final structures. It is believed that chaperone proteins assist polypeptides to self-assemble by inhibiting alternative assembly pathways that produce nonfunctional structures. Some classes of molecular chaperones are the nucleoplasmins, the CHAPERONINS, the HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS 70, and the HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS 90.
AN = a class of proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MOL CHAPERONES
UI = D018832
Molecular Conformation
MS = The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
AN = NIM; do not confuse with MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION; DF: MOL CONFORMATION
UI = D008968
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
MS = MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease. Included are such techniques as IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION of chromosomes for CYTOGENTIC ANALYSIS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS of gene expression patterns in disease states; identification of pathogenic organisms by analysis of species specific DNA sequences; and detection of mutations with PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION).
AN = coord with specific technique
UI = D025202
Molecular Mimicry
MS = The process in which structural properties of an introduced molecule imitate or simulate molecules of the host. Direct mimicry of a molecule enables a viral protein to bind directly to a normal substrate as a substitute for the homologous normal ligand. Immunologic molecular mimicry generally refers to what can be described as antigenic mimicry and is defined by the properties of ANTIBODIES raised against various facets of EPITOPES on the viral protein. (From Immunology Letters 1991 May;28(2):91-9)
UI = D018716
Molecular Motors
MS = Protein based machines that are involved in or cause movement such as the rotary devices (flagellar motor and the F1 ATPase) or the devices whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (myosin, kinesin and dynein motor families).
UI = D020409
Molecular Probe Techniques
MS = The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.
AN = specific probes are indented under MOLECULAR PROBES in Cat D26; DF: MOL PROBE TECHNIQUES
UI = D015336
Molecular Probes
MS = A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization.
AN = usually no qualif; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: MOL PROBES
UI = D015335
Molecular Sequence Data
MS = Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
AN = never IM; coord NIM with BASE SEQUENCE or AMINO ACID SEQUENCE or CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE (NIM) + specific nucleotide or protein or carbohydrate (IM); index here only for base sequences containing 50 or more nucleotides (exclude primers or probes), only for amino acid sequences containing 15 or more amino acids, only for carbohydrate sequences containing 3 or more carbohydrate units (trisaccharides); DF: MOL SEQ DATA
UI = D008969
Molecular Structure
MS = The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
AN = almost never IM; do not confuse with MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BASE SEQUENCE; and CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE are also available; protein architecture = PROTEIN CONFORMATION or its specifics; DF: MOL STRUCT
UI = D015394
Molecular Weight
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; DF: MOL WEIGHT
UI = D008970
Moles
MS = Any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008971
Molindone
MS = An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)
UI = D008972
Mollicutes
MS = A class of gram-negative bacteria consisting of cells bounded by a plasma membrane. Its organisms differ from other bacteria in that they are devoid of cell walls. It contains a single order, MYCOPLASMATALES.
AN = a class of bacteria; mollis = soft, cutis = skin, with ref to its pliable cell boundary; includes the MYCOPLASMATALES
UI = D008973
Molluginaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members contain triterpenoid saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035704
Mollusca
MS = A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Aplacophora, Scaphopoda, Polyplacophora, and Monoplacophora.
AN = as animal & food; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM)
UI = D008974
Molluscacides
MS = Agents destructive to snails and other mollusks.
AN = specify the mollusk if pertinent; eff of molluscacides on mollusks is indexed under each without a qualif: cf TN 111 for eff of insecticides on insects
UI = D008975
Molluscipoxvirus
MS = A genus of POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRIDAE, infecting humans. Transmission is by direct contact among children, by sexual contact among young adults, or by fomites. MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS is the type species.
AN = a genus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae; mollusci- refers to agent of the disease molluscum contagiosum, not to mollusks; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018169
Molluscum Contagiosum
MS = A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a skin dis caused by a poxvirus
UI = D008976
Molluscum contagiosum virus
MS = A species of MOLLUSCIPOXVIRUS causing skin lesions in humans. It is transmitted by direct contact or from non-living reservoirs (fomites), such as books or clothing.
AN = infection = MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
UI = D008977
Mollusk Venoms
MS = Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; coord IM with specific mollusk (IM or NIM)
UI = D008978
Moloney murine leukemia virus
MS = A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)+ TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM) or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
UI = D008979
Moloney murine sarcoma virus
MS = A replication-defective murine sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) isolated from a rhabdomyosarcoma by Moloney in 1966.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
UI = D008980
Molsidomine
MS = A vasodilator that has been used in angina pectoris. Concerns regarding the carcinogenicity or molsidomine have been raised and marketing has been suspended on two occasions. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024)
UI = D008981
Molteno Implants
MS = Devices implanted to control intraocular pressure by allowing aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
UI = D018465
Molting
MS = Casting off feathers, hair, or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in arthropods, skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles, and the shedding of winter coats in birds and mammals.
AN = IM; coord with arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals or specifics (IM)
UI = D018978
Molybdenum
MS = A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a trace element; Mo-98; Mo-92, 94-97, 100 = MOLYBDENUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Mo-88-91, 93, 99, 101-105 = MOLYBDENUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D008982
Molybdoferredoxin
MS = A non-heme iron-sulfur protein isolated from Clostridium pasteurianum and other bacteria. It is a component of NITROGENASE, which is active in nitrogen fixation, and consists of two subunits with molecular weights of 59.5 kD and 50.7 kD, respectively.
AN = from bacteria; a component of nitrogenase
UI = D008983
Momordica
MS = A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE. It is a source of momordin.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029775
Momordica charantia
MS = A plant species of the family CUCURBITACEAE. It is a source of ribosome-inactivating proteins and triterpene glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029777
Monaco
UI = D008984
Monarda
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. The common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for MELISSA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031338
Monascus
MS = A genus in the family Monascaceae, order EUROTIALES. One species, Monascus purpureus, has multiple uses in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL CHINESE).
UI = D032741
Monensin
MS = An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.
UI = D008985
Mongolia
AN = = Outer Mongolia; INNER MONGOLIA is see CHINA
UI = D008986
Mongoloid Race
MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group centers around the Pacific Ocean and includes the Malayan, Northern and Southern Chinese, Mongolian, Siberian, Eskimo, and American Indian.
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent; includes Amer Indians, Chinese, Eskimos, Evenki, Indonesians, Japanese, Koreans, Malayans, Mongolians, Samoyedes, Tibetans, Tungus; Ainus of Japan go under AUSTRALOID RACE; policy on race: Manual 30.6.4-30.6.5.2
UI = D008987
Mongooses
MS = Agile, keen-sighted mammals of Asia and Africa that feed on rodents and snakes. They represent several genera in the family Viverridae.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D008988
Monieziasis
MS = Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.
AN = tapeworm infect; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL; for organism index CESTODA (IM) + MONIEZIASIS (NIM)
UI = D008989
Moniliformis
MS = A genus of roundworms of the phylum Acanthocephala, parasitic in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs and cats. Occasional infection in man produces inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa.
AN = a genus of roundworms; infection: coord IM with HELMINTHIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D008990
Monimiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Laurales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029585
Monitoring, Ambulatory
MS = The use of electronic equipment to observe or record physiologic processes while the patient undergoes normal daily activities.
UI = D018670
Monitoring, Immunologic
MS = Testing of immune status in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, immunoproliferative and immunodeficiency disorders, and autoimmune abnormalities. Changes in immune parameters are of special significance before, during and following organ transplantation. Strategies include measurement of tumor antigen and other markers (often by RADIOIMMUNOASSAY), studies of cellular or humoral immunity in cancer etiology, IMMUNOTHERAPY trials, etc.
AN = determ of immune status of patient in diag & ther: do not confuse X ref IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE with IMMUNOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE, a function of T-lymphocytes; IM GEN only; avoid indexing routinely every word "monitoring" as "monitoring": read MeSH definition; DF: MONITORING IMMUNOL
UI = D015166
Monitoring, Intraoperative
MS = The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
AN = DF: MONITORING INTRAOP
UI = D016343
Monitoring, Physiologic
MS = The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
AN = IM GEN only; avoid indexing routinely word "monitoring": must be "continuous" (see MeSH definition); note see related: there emphasis is on the computer-assisted processing
UI = D008991
Monkey Diseases
MS = Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific monkey dis (IM); coord IM with specific monkey (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under specific monkey heading /abnorm or /inj; does not include diseases of chimpanzees: CHIMPANZEE is an ape, not monkey ( = APE DISEASES: see note there); don't forget also MONKEYS (NIM) if no specific monkey is indexed; also check tag ANIMAL; DF: MONKEY DIS
UI = D008992
Monkeypox virus
MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS causing an epidemic disease among captive primates.
AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D008993
Monoacylglycerol Lipases
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids EC 3.1.1.23.
UI = D008994
Monoamine Oxidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.
UI = D008995
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
MS = A chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. (From Gilman, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p414)
AN = DF: MAO INHIB
UI = D008996
Monobactams
MS = Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. They lack the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
UI = D008997
Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters
MS = A family of proteins involved in the transport of monocarboxylic acids such as LACTIC ACID and PYRUVIC ACID across cellular membranes.
UI = D027501
Monoclonal Gammopathies, Benign
MS = Conditions characterized by the presence of a monoclonal serum (or urine) protein without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia.
AN = a hypergammaglobulinemia
UI = D008998
Monocrotaline
MS = A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.
UI = D016686
Monocrotophos
MS = An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D008999
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
MS = A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for human monocytes and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by leukocytes of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by fibroblasts during tissue injury.
AN = a chemokine; DF: note short X refs
UI = D018932
Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins
MS = Chemokines that are chemoattractants for monocytes. These CC chemokines (cysteines adjacent) number at least three including MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1.
AN = chemokines; MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 is also available
UI = D018945
Monocytes
MS = Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.
AN = A 11 qualif; do not confuse with LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR
UI = D009000
Monocytes, Activated Killer
MS = Monocytes made cytotoxic by ex vivo incubation with cytokines, especially interferon-gamma. AKM cells are used for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer patients.
AN = A 11 qualif; DF: AKM
UI = D016260
Monograph [Publication Type]
MS = Work that is any publication that is not a serial. In cataloging usage, It is usually on a single subject or related subjects and is complete in itself, whether constructed of chapters, sections, or parts. While any article encountered in indexing journals can be, strictly speaking, a monograph, as a publication type, a monograph will refer to a cataloging item.
AN = publication type only; former citation type (Manual section 37); for catalogers only
UI = D016467
Monoiodotyrosine
MS = A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.
UI = D007470
Monokines
MS = Soluble mediators of the immune response that are neither antibodies nor complement. They are produced largely, but not exclusively, by monocytes and macrophages.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D015846
Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins
MS = A subclass of clathrin assembly proteins that occur as monomers.
UI = D034041
Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins
MS = A class of monomeric, low molecular weight (20-25 kDa) GTP-binding proteins that regulate a variety of intracellular processes. The GTP bound form of the protein is active and limited by its inherent GTPase activity, which is controlled by an array of GTPase activators, GDP dissociation inhibitors, and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. EC 3.6.1.-.
UI = D020559
Monomethylhydrazine
MS = Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.
UI = D009002
Mononegavirales
MS = An order comprising four families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genomes. The families are BORNAVIRIDAE; FILOVIRIDAE; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE; and RHABDOVIRIDAE.
AN = infection = MONONEGAVIRALES INFECTIONS
UI = D018096
Mononegavirales Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES. The concept includes FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS, PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS, and RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018701
Mononeuropathies
MS = Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D020422
Monophenol Monooxygenase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.
AN = /defic: consider also ALBINISM
UI = D014442
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
MS = Membrane transport proteins which bind glucose and sodium ions and enter the cell together. The sodium ions are then pumped out of the cell by a sodium potassium ATPase. The rate and extent of the sugar transport depends on the sodium ion concentration. Inhibitors of the monosaccharide transport system are phlorizin, cytochalasin B, and inhibitors of the sodium potassium ATPase system. Insulin increases the rate of monosaccharide transport across the membrane into the cell.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; restrict to glucose or hexose transport proteins
UI = D009004
Monosaccharides
MS = Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D009005
Monosomy
MS = The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.
AN = "one chromosome of a pair is missing"
UI = D009006
Monoterpenes
MS = Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).
UI = D039821
Monotremata
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer ECHIDNA & PLATYPUS; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D009007
Monsters
MS = A fetus or infant with such pronounced developmental anomalies as to be grotesque and usually nonviable. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; fetus in fetu: index under FETUS /abnorm
UI = D009008
Montana
UI = D009009
Montanoa
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Steroidal activity has been observed in animals. Members of this genus contain sesquiterpene lactones such as tomentosin, OXEPINS such as zoapatanol, and kaurene type DITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035924
Monte Carlo Method
MS = In statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. The name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in Monte Carlo. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
AN = a statist method; no qualif
UI = D009010
Monteggia's Fracture
MS = Fracture in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.
AN = ulna fract with radius disloc
UI = D009011
Mood Disorders
MS = Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
AN = human only; do not confuse with AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS: read MeSH definitions & follow text
UI = D019964
Moon
MS = The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.
AN = no qualif; includes lunar cycles, landscape, geography, soil; moon illusion: coord IM with OPTICAL ILLUSIONS (IM)
UI = D016081
Mopidamol
MS = A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.
UI = D009012
Moraceae
MS = The mulberry plant family of the order Urticales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. They have milky latex and small, petalless male or female flowers.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029586
Moral Development
MS = The process by which individuals internalize standards of right and wrong conduct.
UI = D035863
Moral Obligations
MS = Duties that are based in ETHICS, rather than in law.
UI = D028681
Morale
MS = The prevailing temper or spirit of an individual or group in relation to the tasks or functions which are expected.
AN = no qualif
UI = D009013
Morals
MS = Standards of conduct that distinguish right from wrong.
UI = D009014
Morantel
MS = Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.
UI = D009015
Moraxella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria occurring as rods (subgenus Moraxella) or cocci (subgenus Branhamella). Its organisms are parasitic on the mucous membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); note specifics but MORAXELLA KINGAE see KINGELLA KINGAE is available
UI = D009016
Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
MS = Gram-negative aerobic cocci of low virulence that colonize the nasopharynx and occasionally cause MENINGITIS, BACTEREMIA, EMPYEMA, PERICARDITIS, and PNEUMONIA.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D001936
Moraxella (Moraxella) bovis
MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is most frequently isolated from bovine eyes in cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, INFECTIOUS), but also occurs in unaffected eyes and the nasal cavity of cattle.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016955
Morbidity
MS = The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); specify geog if possible
UI = D009017
Morbillivirus
MS = A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where the virions of most members have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species.
AN = "morbilli virus" sometimes refers to the genus Morbillivirus & sometimes to MEASLES VIRUS: check text; infection = MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS
UI = D018103
Morbillivirus Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus MORBILLIVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Infections mainly cause acute disease in their hosts, although in some cases infection is persistent and leads to degenerative conditions.
AN = caused by a member of the Paramyxoviridae family; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018185
Morganella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight rods which are motile by peritrichous flagella. These organisms are chemoorganotrophic and have both a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020596
Morganella morganii
MS = A species of MORGANELLA formerly classified as a Proteus species. It is found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020613
Moricizine
MS = An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.
UI = D016293
Morinda
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain iridoid glycosides and ANTHRAQUINONES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032066
Moringa
MS = A plant genus of the family Moringaceae, order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029587
Moringa oleifera
MS = A plant species of the family Moringaceae, order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae. It is a source of niaziminin and hypotensive thiocarbamate glycosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029588
Moritella
MS = A genus of gram-negative, curved or straight rod-shaped bacteria, in the family ALTEROMONADACEAE. They are chemo-organotrophic, halophilic, and associated with cold marine habitats.
UI = D034221
Morocco
MS = A kingdom in northern Africa, west of ALGERIA. Its capital is Rabat. It was known to the Romans as Mauretania, part of the Carthaginian empire (not to be confused with the modern MAURITANIA, a country of western Africa). Morocco was invaded by the Muslims in the 7th century A.D. It engaged in hostilities with England, France, and Spain from 1662 to 1911. The country gained independence in 1956. The name is from the Arabic marukus, the name of the former capital Marrakech, from a Berber word meaning fortified. The Arabic name for Morocco is al-magrib al-aasa, the far west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p708, 792 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p362)
AN = a kingdom in northern Africa
UI = D009018
Morphinans
UI = D009019
Morphine
MS = The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
AN = /analogs = MORPHINE DERIVATIVES
UI = D009020
Morphine Dependence
MS = Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.
AN = HEROIN DEPENDENCE is also available
UI = D009021
Morphine Derivatives
MS = Analogs or derivatives of morphine.
UI = D009022
Morphogenesis
MS = The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism.
AN = IM GEN only, irrespective of organ or organism; NIM with specific organ or organism /embryol (IM) or /growth (IM); for uni- & multicellular organisms
UI = D009024
Morpholines
UI = D009025
Mortality
MS = All deaths reported in a given population.
AN = a statistical concept, not for individual deaths in case reports ( = FATAL OUTCOME); do not confuse with DEATH, the physiol dying or death; IM GEN only; prefer /mortal with diseases: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.47; specify geog; for human & animal; DF: MORTAL
UI = D009026
Mortierella
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mortierellaceae, order MUCORALES. Its species are abundant in soil and can cause rare infections in humans and animals. Mortierella alpinais is used for production of arachidonic acid.
AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)
UI = D020094
Mortuary Practice
MS = Activities associated with the physical burial of the dead. It excludes cultural practices such as funeral rites.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D009027
Morula
MS = The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the BLASTOMERES, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE), form a compact cell mass.
UI = D009028
Morus
MS = A plant genus of the family MORACEAE that is widely planted for shade.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031625
Mosaic Viruses
MS = Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.
AN = a group of RNA plant viruses; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)
UI = D009029
Mosaicism
MS = The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single zygote, as opposed to chimerism in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.
UI = D009030
Moscow
AN = for pre- & post-1917 Moscow; Manual 36.12
UI = D009031
Mosquito Control
MS = The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
AN = coord IM with specific mosquito (IM) if pertinent
UI = D009032
Mosses
MS = A class of plants within the Bryophyta comprising the mosses, which are found in both damp (including freshwater) and drier situations. Mosses possess erect or prostrate leafless stems, which give rise to leafless stalks bearing capsules. Spores formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990). Many small plants bearing the name moss are in fact not mosses. The "moss" found on the north side of trees is actually the green alga, Pleurococcus (ALGAE, GREEN). Irish moss is really a red alga (ALGAE, RED). Beard lichen (beard moss), Iceland moss, oak moss, and reindeer moss are actually LICHENS. Spanish moss is a common name for both a LICHEN and an air plant of the pineapple family (BROMELIACEAE). Club moss is an evergreen herb of the family LYCOPODIACEAE.
AN = CLUBMOSS see LYCOPODIACEAE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019068
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal
MS = Axons of certain cells in the dentate gyrus. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).
AN = axons in the dentate gyrus: do not confuse with MOSSY FIBERS, CEREBELLAR see NERVE FIBERS
UI = D019599
Mother-Child Relations
MS = Interaction between the mother and the child.
AN = human only; DF: MOTHER CHILD RELAT
UI = D009034
Mothers
MS = Female parents, human or animal.
AN = human & animal; /psychol: consider also MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS; permitted for legal aspects of establishing maternity (as counterpart of PATERNITY); note category: do not confuse with PREGNANCY, a physiol state
UI = D009035
Moths
MS = Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order LEPIDOPTERA.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; don't forget SILKWORMS exists; TN 111 for eff of insecticides
UI = D009036
Motilin
MS = A 22-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 2700) isolated from the duodenum. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.
AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009037
Motion
MS = Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
AN = no qualif; a concept in physics: a bullet shot from a gun is MOTION: differentiate from MOVEMENT, a concept in physiol; see note there
UI = D009038
Motion Perception
MS = The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
AN = TN 129: relation to KINESTHESIS
UI = D009039
Motion Pictures
MS = The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction.
AN = IM; docudrama if a motion picture goes here
UI = D009040
Motion Sickness
MS = Disorder caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. It may include nausea, vomiting and dizziness.
AN = on sea or air or in cars or trains but SPACE MOTION SICKNESS is available
UI = D009041
Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive
MS = Movement of a body part initiated and maintained by a mechanical or electrical device to restore normal range of motion to joints, muscles, or tendons after surgery, prosthesis implantation, contracture flexion, or long immobilization.
AN = a type of exercise ther; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015915
Motivation
MS = Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.
AN = human & animal
UI = D009042
Motor Activity
MS = The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
AN = = movement as associated with behavior: differentiate from MOVEMENT, a physiol process; animal running in exercise wheel goes here (unless better under EXERTION)
UI = D009043
Motor Cortex
MS = Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus.
UI = D009044
Motor Endplate
MS = The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors.
AN = do not confuse with NERVE ENDINGS
UI = D009045
Motor Neuron Disease
MS = Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvment of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D016472
Motor Neurons
MS = Neurons which activate muscle cells.
AN = efferent neurons activating muscle cells; A 11 qualif
UI = D009046
Motor Neurons, Gamma
MS = Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal muscle fibers, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the muscle spindles to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D009047
Motor Skills
MS = Performance of complex motor acts.
UI = D009048
Motor Skills Disorders
MS = Marked impairments in the development of motor coordination such that the impairment interferes with activities of daily living. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
UI = D019957
Motor Vehicles
MS = AUTOMOBILES, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific indentions
UI = D018986
Motorcycles
MS = Two-wheeled, engine-driven vehicles.
AN = MOTORCYCLES are public-road vehicles: OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES is also available
UI = D009049
Mountaineering
MS = A sport involving mountain climbing techniques.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D009051
Mouth
MS = The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
AN = /surg permitted: do not confuse with SURGERY, ORAL, a dental speciality; inflammation = STOMATITIS; mucositis: index under STOMATITIS (IM) + MOUTH MUCOSA (NIM); denture-sore mouth = STOMATITIS, DENTURE (IM) + specific denture term /adv eff (NIM); mouth odors = HALITOSIS
UI = D009055
Mouth Abnormalities
MS = Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the mouth.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D009056
Mouth Breathing
MS = Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.
AN = note category: use all pertinent qualif
UI = D009058
Mouth Diseases
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = STOMATITIS; mucositis: index under STOMATITIS (IM) + MOUTH MUCOSA (NIM)
UI = D009059
Mouth Floor
AN = NIM when merely locational
UI = D009060
Mouth Mucosa
AN = /surg: consider also VESTIBULOPLASTY; mucositis: coord NIM with STOMATITIS (IM)
UI = D009061
Mouth Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D009062
Mouth Protectors
MS = Devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth.
AN = coord IM with specific instrum of relevant subject area (IM) or procedure (IM)
UI = D009064
Mouth Rehabilitation
AN = GEN only; to restore mouth to optimal form & function (filling & replacing teeth, ther of mouth & tooth dis, etc.): prefer specifics in Cat E6
UI = D009065
Mouth, Edentulous
MS = Having teeth in neither the mandible nor the maxilla.
AN = total lack of teeth through disease or extraction; do not confuse with ANODONTIA (congen absence of one or more teeth); differentiate from JAW, EDENTULOUS & JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY (see definitions under JAW, EDENTULOUS)
UI = D009066
Mouthwashes
MS = Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D009067
Movement
MS = The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
AN = the physiol process of an organism in moving one or more parts: do not confuse with LOCOMOTION (see note there) or MOTION, a concept of physics or MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior; animal running in exercise wheel is probably MOTOR ACTIVITY or EXERTION; NIM for microorganisms; movement of cells = CELL MOVEMENT; probably NIM if specific organism is IM; TN 130: definition & examples
UI = D009068
Movement Disorders
MS = Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
AN = see also DYSKINESIAS for manifestations of disease; use MOVEMENT DISORDERS for diseases
UI = D009069
Moxalactam
MS = Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.
UI = D009070
Moxibustion
MS = The burning of a small, thimble sized, smoldering plug or cone of moxa, usually Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort), on the skin at an ACUPUNCTURE point.
AN = coord with dis /ther, not dis /drug ther
UI = D009071
Moxisylyte
MS = An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)
UI = D013948
Moyamoya Disease
MS = A chronic cerebral vasculopathy primarily occurring in childhood and characterized by slowly progressive carotid artery narrowing and occlusion at the base of the brain. An extensive network of anastomoses forms between branches of the carotid arteries, resulting in a characteristic angiographic appearance. The condition may be idiopathic (classic moyamoya disease) or occur in association with ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL; DOWN SYNDROME; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; RADIOTHERAPY induced arterial injury; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; and other diseases. Clinical manifestations include hemiparesis, headache, seizures, and delayed mental development. In older individuals, this disease may present as SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p831; Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997 Oct;99 Suppl 2:S36-8)
UI = D009072
Mozambique
MS = An independent state in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA and east of ZAMBIA, on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa, the town of Mozambique having been a Portuguese trading fort early in the 16th century. Organized as a colony in 1907, it became an overseas province of Portugal in 1951 and became independent in 1975. The name is a Portuguese corruption of the Arabic musa malik: Musa (the name of an early African ruler) + malik (king). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1992, p798 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p365)
AN = a country in southern Africa; X ref PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA was its former name
UI = D009073
MPTP Poisoning
MS = A condition caused by the neurotoxin 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. MPTP causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)
UI = D020267
mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors
MS = Factors the are involved in directing the cleavage and POLYADENYLATION of the of MRNA near the site of the RNA 3' POLYADENYLATION SIGNAL.
UI = D039221
MSH
MS = Peptide hormones secreted by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary that stimulate melanin release and dispersal. Melanocyte-stimulating hormones are also found in the brain where they are presumed to play a signaling role.
AN = X ref explains MSH; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009074
MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone
MS = A hypothalamic tripeptide, enzymatic degradation product of oxytocin, that inhibits the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: MSHRIH
UI = D009075
MSH-Releasing Hormone
MS = A polypeptide hormone which originates in the hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormones in the pituitary gland.
AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: MSHRH
UI = D009076
Mucinoses
MS = Mucoid states characterized by the elevated deposition and accumulation of mucin (mucopolysaccharides) in dermal tissue. The fibroblasts are responsible for the production of acid mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in the ground substance of the connective tissue system. When fibroblasts produce abnormally large quantities of mucopolysaccharides as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin, they accumulate in large amounts in the dermis.
AN = elevated deposition of mucin in skin
UI = D017520
Mucinosis, Follicular
MS = A disease of the pilosebaceous unit, presenting clinically as grouped follicular papules or plaques with associated hair loss. It is caused by mucinous infiltration of tissues, and usually involving the scalp, face, and neck. It may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to mycosis fungoides or reticulosis.
AN = a sebaceous gland dis
UI = D000507
Mucins
MS = A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009077
Mucocele
MS = A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = a type of cyst; non-neoplastic
UI = D009078
Mucociliary Clearance
MS = Rate of ciliary and secretory activity of the respiratory submucosal glands. It is a non-specific host defense mechanism, measurable in vivo by mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers.
AN = of the resp submucosal glands
UI = D009079
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
MS = An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.
AN = DF: MLNS or MCLS
UI = D009080
Mucoepidermoid Tumor
MS = A malignant epithelial tumor of glandular tissue, especially the salivary glands, characterized by acini with mucus-producing cells and by the presence of malignant squamous elements. Most mucoepidermoid tumors are low-grade lesions readily cured by adequate excision. They may appear in any age group. They grow slowly. If high-grade, they behave aggressively, widely infiltrating the salivary gland and producing lymph node and distant metastases. (Dorland, 27th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018298
Mucolipidoses
MS = A group of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by the accumulation of excessive amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides, sphingolipids, and/or glycolipids in visceral and mesenchymal cells. Abnormal amounts of sphingolipids or glycolipids are present in neural tissue. Mental retardation and skeletal changes, most notably dysostosis multiplex, occur frequently. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, pp36-7)
UI = D009081
Mucopolysaccharidoses
MS = Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.
AN = lysosomal storage dis; types I through VII except V are available as main headings: V = MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS V see MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D009083
Mucopolysaccharidosis I
MS = Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler's syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie's syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include dwarfism, hepatosplenomegaly, gargoyle-like facies, corneal clouding, cardiac complications, and noisy breathing. Hunter syndrome (MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS II) and Hurler syndrome were each originally called "gargoylism" because of the coarsness of the facial features of affected individuals.
AN = DF: MPS I
UI = D008059
Mucopolysaccharidosis II
MS = Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.
AN = DF: MPS II
UI = D016532
Mucopolysaccharidosis III
MS = Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS III
UI = D009084
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV
MS = Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS IV
UI = D009085
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI
MS = Mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive chondroitin sulfate B in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. It is caused by a deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B).
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS VI
UI = D009087
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII
MS = Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by excessive dermatan and heparan sulfates in the urine and Hurler-like features. It is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MPS VII
UI = D016538
Mucoproteins
MS = Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight.
AN = includes mucoids & mucopeptides
UI = D009088
Mucor
MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mucoraceae, order Mucorales. It is primarily saprophytic, but may cause MUCORMYCOSIS in man from spores germinating in the lungs.
AN = a zygomycete; infection = MUCORMYCOSIS
UI = D009089
Mucorales
MS = An order of zygomycetous fungi, usually saprophytic, causing damage to food in storage, but which may cause respiratory infection or MUCORMYCOSIS in persons suffering from other debilitating diseases.
AN = infection = MUCORMYCOSIS
UI = D009090
Mucormycosis
MS = Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = fungus dis caused by various MUCORALES
UI = D009091
Mucous Membrane
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; almost never IM: coord NIM with specific organ (IM)
UI = D009092
Mucuna
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is the source of mucuna gum.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031299
Mucus
MS = The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells.
AN = mucus glands: index MUCUS (IM) + EXOCRINE GLANDS (IM)
UI = D009093
Mud Therapy
MS = The therapeutic use of mud in packs or baths taking advantage of the absorptive qualities of the mud. It has been used for rheumatism and skin problems.
AN = includes earth & clay
UI = D009094
Mullerian Ducts
MS = Two ducts of the embryo which empty into the cloaca, and which in the female develop into vagina, uterus and oviducts; in the male they disappear except for the vestigial vagina masculina and the appendix testis.
UI = D009095
Multi-Institutional Systems
MS = Institutional systems consisting of more than one health facility which have cooperative administrative arrangements through merger, affiliation, shared services, or other collective ventures.
AN = IM; coord with institutions or specialty (IM); specify geog
UI = D009096
Multicenter Studies
MS = Controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children.
AN = IM as a method in med research: do not confuse with Publication Type MULTICENTER STUDY; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015337
Multicenter Study [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of a controlled study executed by several cooperating institutions.
AN = publication type only; to designate a controlled study performed by two or more cooperating hosp or services, etc; for multicenter studies as a subject or form of research, index under main heading MULTICENTER STUDIES; specify geog if pertinent; add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT); Manual 26.26.3+
UI = D016448
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
MS = A severe form of dysplasia where the kidney typically appears as a bunch of grapes without a reniform configuration or calyceal drainage system. It occurs in-utero and is the most common form of nongenetic renal cystic disease.
AN = X ref MULTICYSTIC KIDNEY: do not confuse with POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES
UI = D021782
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
MS = A sequence-related subfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that actively transport organic substrates. Although considered organic anion transporters, a subset of proteins in this family have also been shown to convey drug resistance to neutral organic drugs. Their cellular function may have clinical significance for CHEMOTHERAPY in that they transport a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of proteins in this class by NEOPLASMS is considered a possible mechanism in the development of multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although similar in function to P-GLYCOPROTEINS, the proteins in this class share little sequence homology to the p-glycoprotein family of proteins.
UI = D027425
Multienzyme Complexes
MS = Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates; may involve simply a transfer of water molecules of hydrogen atoms or be associated with large supramolecular structures such as mitochondria or ribosomes.
UI = D009097
Multifactorial Inheritance
MS = A phenotypic outcome (physical characteristic or disease predispostion) that is determined by more than one gene. Polygenic refers to those determined by many genes, while oligogenic refers to those determined by a few genes.
UI = D020412
Multigene Family
MS = A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
UI = D005810
Multilingualism
MS = The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = IM; do not coord with a Cat Z term to specify the languages, i.e., French-Italian bilingualism = MULTILINGUALISM only & not also FRANCE & ITALY
UI = D019303
Multimedia
MS = Materials, frequently computer applications, that combine some or all of text, sound, graphics, animation, and video into integrated packages. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)
AN = restrict to a combination of audiovisual aids: do not use for a multiplicity of media such as newspapers, radio, TV
UI = D019212
Multiphasic Screening
MS = The simultaneous use of multiple laboratory procedures for the detection of various diseases. These are usually performed on groups of people.
UI = D009098
Multiple Birth Offspring
MS = The offspring in multiple pregnancies (PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE): TWINS; TRIPLETS; QUADRUPLETS; QUINTUPLETS; etc.
AN = human & animal; these are the offspring (TWINS, etc.): PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE is the mother (see note there); for animals, consider also LITTER SIZE
UI = D009099
Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency
MS = A deficiency in the activities of biotin-dependent enzymes (propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE) due to one of two defects in BIOTIN metabolism. The neonatal form is due to HOLOCARBOXYLASE SYNTHETASE DEFICIENCY. The late-onset form is due to BIOTINIDASE DEFICIENCY.
UI = D009100
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
MS = An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)
AN = coord IM with specific chemical IM or NIM if discussed
UI = D018777
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
MS = A group of autosomal dominant, often overlapping diseases characterized by hyperplasia or neoplasia of more than one endocrine gland, many of which are made up of APUD cells. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; DF: MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPL
UI = D009377
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
MS = A rare syndrome characterized by hyperplasia and/or neoplasms of the pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreatic islets. Hyperparathyroidism occurs in 90% of the cases and is usually the first manifestation of the syndrome. The most frequent pancreatic manifestation is gastrinoma typically leading to Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. The appearance of this condition has been limited to the loss of allelic heterozygosity at the 11q13 locus on the long arm of chromosome 11. Patients overall exhibit long survival times. Chemotherapy is rare and surgical management is generally dependent on the genetic expression in individual patients. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1169-72)
AN = IM; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2a & MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2b are also available; DF: note short X refs
UI = D018761
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a
MS = A type of multiple endocrine neoplasia characterized by a virtually 100% incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, a 50% incidence of pheochromocytoma, and a lesser incidence of parathyroid adenomas associated with hyperparathyroidism. The condition is always transmitted through autosomal dominant inheritance. Genetic testing can identify individuals with the trait in early infancy. Treatment is usually excision of the enlarged parathyroid glands. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp1172-75)
AN = IM; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2b is also available; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018813
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b
MS = A type of multiple endocrine neoplasia occurring as an isolated congenital presentation or as a distinct autosomal dominant disease. It is characterized by the 100% incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma and frequent pheochromocytomas; patients seldom exhibit hyperparathyroidism. It is distinguished from MEN 2a by its characteristic physical appearance resulting from numerous neural defects including mucosal neuromas of the eyelids, lips, and tongue. The neural abnormalities also include widespread neurogangliomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract leading to abnormal gut motility. Treatment usually requires total thyroidectomy following evaluation for the presence of pheochromocytomas.
AN = IM; coord with specific endocrine/neopl precoords (IM) + specific histol type (IM) if pertinent; MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2a is also available; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018814
Multiple Myeloma
MS = A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia.
AN = myeloma unspecified is probably MULTIPLE MYELOMA; solitary myeloma = PLASMACYTOMA
UI = D009101
Multiple Organ Failure
MS = A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
UI = D009102
Multiple Personality Disorder
MS = A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.
UI = D009105
Multiple Sclerosis
MS = An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-RE;MITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
UI = D009103
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
MS = A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
AN = DF: MS CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE
UI = D020528
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
MS = The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)
AN = DF: MS RELAPSING REMITTING
UI = D020529
Multiple System Atrophy
MS = A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)
AN = a specific neurodegenerative syndrome complex; not for atrophy in other systems
UI = D019578
Multiple Trauma
MS = Physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously in several parts of the body.
AN = coord IM with specific inj term or organ/inj IM or NIM if pertinent
UI = D009104
Multipotent Stem Cells
MS = Specialized stem cells that are committed to give rise to cells that have a particular function; examples are MYOBLASTS; MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS; and skin stem cells. (Stem Cells: A Primer [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2000 May [cited 2002 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)
AN = TOTIPOTENT STEM CELLS and PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS are also available
UI = D039902
Multivariate Analysis
MS = A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif
UI = D015999
Mummies
MS = Bodies preserved either by the ancient Egyptian technique or due to chance under favorable climatic conditions.
AN = do not routinely check tags HISTORICAL ARTICLE + ANCIENT: check only when the hist & ancient med aspects are particularly discussed; /pathol: do not bother to coord with PALEOPATHOLOGY
UI = D009106
Mumps
MS = An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = caused by the MUMPS VIRUS, a rubulavirus
UI = D009107
Mumps Vaccine
MS = A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combinatiom vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009108
Mumps virus
MS = The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.
AN = infection = MUMPS
UI = D009109
Munchausen Syndrome
MS = A factitious disorder characterized by habitual presentation for hospital treatment of an apparent acute illness, the patient giving a plausible and dramatic history, all of which is false.
AN = dis symptoms fabricated by a person seeking hospitalization repeatedly; MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY is available
UI = D009110
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
MS = A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of CHILD ABUSE, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care.
AN = dis symptoms fabricated by person other than patient, usually a parent for a child
UI = D016735
Muntjacs
MS = A genus, Muntiacus, of the deer family (Cervidae) comprising six species living in China, Tibet, Nepal, India, the Malay Peninsula, and neighboring island countries. They are usually found in forests and areas of dense vegetation, usually not far from water. They emit a deep barklike sound which gives them the name "barking deer." If they sense a predator they will "bark" for an hour or more. They are hunted for their meat and skins; they thrive in captivity and are found in many zoos. The Indian muntjac is believed to have the lowest chromosome number in mammals and cell lines derived from them figure widely in chromosome and DNA studies. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed., p1366)
AN = species of deer;IM; qualif permitted
UI = D018668
Mupirocin
MS = A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.
AN = do not use /biosyn unless by living matter
UI = D016712
Muramic Acids
MS = Compounds consisting of glucosamine and lactate joined by an ether linkage. They occur naturally as N-acetyl derivatives in peptidoglycan, the characteristic polysaccharide composing bacterial cell walls. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D009112
Muramidase
MS = A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
AN = an anti-infective glycoside hydrolase
UI = D009113
Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase
MS = Enzyme produced by Streptomyces strain R61 which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent cell-wall peptidoglycan. EC 3.4.17.8.
UI = D002267
Murexide
MS = 5,5'-Nitrilodibarbituric acid ammonium derivative. Used as an indicator for complexometric titrations.
AN = an indicator; D25-26 qualif
UI = D009114
Muridae
MS = A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus and Rattus, from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are HESPEROMYINAE (New World mice and rats), Cricetinae, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, MICROTINAE (Arvicolinae), GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, Murinae (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.
AN = a family of rodents including both Old World & New World mice & rats; see note on MICE & RATS; IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref BANDICOOT RATS with bandicoot ( = MARSUPIALIA); do not check tags MICE or RATS for MURIDAE or any X ref below
UI = D009115
Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
MS = Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.
AN = caused by a retrovirus; don't forget also MICE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: note short X ref
UI = D016183
Murine hepatitis virus
MS = A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).
AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); since formerly called murine hepatitis virus & causing hepatitis in mice, coord IM with HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM) if pertinent
UI = D006517
Murine pneumonia virus
MS = A species of the genus PNEUMOVIRUS causing pneumonia in mice.
AN = infection: coord IM with PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; index also PNEUMONIA, VIRAL if pertinent
UI = D029122
Muromegalovirus
MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, causing infection involving several organs in mice and rats. Murid herpesvirus is the type species.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018146
Muromonab-CD3
MS = Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing peripheral T-cell depletion and modulation of the T-cell receptor complex (CD3/Ti). This biochemically purified IMMUNOGLOBULIN G is obtained through the fusion of mouse myeloma cells to lymphocytes from immunized animals to produce hybridomas that secrete specific antibodies to the T3 (CD3) antigens of human T-lymphocytes. It is often used as an immunosuppressive agent in transplantation.
AN = a monoclonal antibody & immunosuppressant; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for biosyn; /ther use: coord disease with /ther, not /drug ther; DF: OKT3
UI = D016853
Murraya
MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain murrayanine, koenine, isomahanine, kwangsine, siamenol, murrayafoline A, murrayaquinone A and other cytotoxic carbazolequinones.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032101
Musa
MS = A plant genus of the family Musaceae, order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida.
AN = Plantain, the banana-like fruit and green plantain flour go here; the medicinal herb referred to by the common name plantain probably goes under PLANTAGO; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028521
Musaceae
MS = A plant family of the order ZINGIBERALES, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida best known for banana (MUSA). The slender false trunk, formed by leaf sheaths of the spirally arranged leaves, may rise to 15 metres (50 feet). There is a crown of large leaves at the top.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028522
Muscarine
MS = A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.
AN = /biosyn if permitted by plant; do not confuse with the dye muscarine
UI = D009116
Muscarinic Agonists
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MUSCARINIC AGON or MUSCARINIC AG
UI = D018721
Muscarinic Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC), thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetycholine or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system. Antagonists that discriminate among the various muscarinic receptor subtypes and might allow better control of peripheral and central actions are under development.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: MUSCARINIC ANTAG
UI = D018727
Muscidae
MS = A family of the order DIPTERA with over 700 species. Important species that may be mechanical vectors of disease include Musca domesticus (HOUSEFLIES), Musca autumnalis (face fly), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), Haematobia irritans (horn fly) and Fannia spp.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; note MUSCA DOMESTICA see HOUSEFLIES
UI = D009117
Muscimol
MS = Neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from Amanita muscaria and A. phalloides and also obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. It is a potent agonist at GABA-A receptors and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.
UI = D009118
Muscle Cells
MS = Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (MUSCLE FIBERS), cardiac (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC), and smooth (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called MYOBLASTS.
AN = prefer specifics
UI = D032342
Muscle Contraction
MS = A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
AN = do not use for HEART or MYOCARDIUM ( = MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION) or UTERUS ( = UTERINE CONTRACTION)
UI = D009119
Muscle Cramp
MS = A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)
UI = D009120
Muscle Denervation
MS = The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
AN = coord with specific muscle /innerv; NIM when a study technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009121
Muscle Development
MS = Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.
AN = coord with specific muscle term if pertinent
UI = D024510
Muscle Fatigue
MS = A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.
AN = note category
UI = D018763
Muscle Fibers
MS = Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of skeletal muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.
AN = MUSCLE FIBERS, FAST-TWITCH & MUSCLE FIBERS, SLOW-TWITCH are also available
UI = D018485
Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch
MS = Skeletal muscle fibers having high myofibrillar ATPase activity, high glycolytic enzyme activities, and an intermediate glycogen content which produce a fast twitch. There are two types. Fast fatigable fibers, also called white fibers, have a low myoglobin content, and a small mitochondrial content, and fatigue rapidly due to their limited glycogen content and low capacity for oxidative metabolism. Fast fatigue-resistant fibers, also called red fibers, have a large mitochondrial content and a high myoglobin content, related to their resistance to fatigue. (From Best, Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p100)
UI = D018656
Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch
MS = Skeletal muscle fibers having low myofibrillar ATPase activity, low glycogen content, and high myoglobin content, high mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activities, and an intermediate mitochondrial content which produce a slow twitch and are fatigue-resistant. (From Best, Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p101)
UI = D018657
Muscle Hypertonia
MS = Abnormal increase in skeletal or smooth muscle tone. Skeletal muscle hypertonicity may be associated with PYRAMIDAL TRACT lesions or BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
AN = coord IM with specific muscle/physiopathol (IM) if available
UI = D009122
Muscle Hypotonia
MS = A diminution of the skeletal muscle tone marked by a diminished resistance to passive stretching.
UI = D009123
Muscle Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.
AN = neopl located in muscles: do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE, neopl composed of muscle tissue; coord IM with specific muscle (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); DF: MUSCLE NEOPL
UI = D019042
Muscle Proteins
MS = The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; for contractile proteins in muscle, index only under MUSCLE PROTEINS or specifics & not also under CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
UI = D009124
Muscle Relaxants, Central
MS = A heterogeneous group of drugs used to produce muscle relaxation, excepting the neuromuscular blocking agents. They have their primary clinical and therapeutic uses in the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. They have been used also for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis. (From Smith and Reynard, Texbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p358)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; refers to skeletal muscle relaxants only: smooth muscle relaxants = PARASYMPATHOLYTICS
UI = D009125
Muscle Relaxation
MS = That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
AN = do not use as coord for relaxation of cardiac muscle ( = MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION)
UI = D009126
Muscle Rigidity
MS = Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)
UI = D009127
Muscle Spasticity
MS = A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)
AN = skeletal muscle only; note category: not physiological; spastic paralysis: coord NIM with PARALYSIS (IM); spasticity in cerebral palsy: coord NIM with CEREBRAL PALSY only if musc spasticity is especially discussed
UI = D009128
Muscle Spindles
MS = Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex (REFLEX, STRETCH).
UI = D009470
Muscle Tonus
MS = The state of activity or tension of a muscle beyond that related to its physical properties, that is, its active resistance to stretch. In skeletal muscle, tonus is dependent upon efferent innervation. (Stedman, 25th ed)
UI = D009129
Muscle Weakness
MS = A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)
AN = GEN or unspecified as a clin state or clin manifest: specific musc or neuromusc dis of which this is a manifest are also available; do not confuse "myasthenia" (my-, muscle + asthenia, weakness) in foreign titles with "muscle weakness": it is more likely to refer to MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; do not confuse with MUSCLE HYPOTONIA or MUSCLE FATIGUE
UI = D018908
Muscle, Skeletal
MS = Striated muscles having fibers connected at either or both extremities with the bony framework of the body. These are found in appendicular and axial muscles. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D018482
Muscle, Smooth
MS = Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = coord IM with specific organ (NIM & then only if pertinent); /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D009130
Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
MS = The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
AN = coord IM with specific vein or artery (NIM & then only if pertinent); /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D009131
Muscles
MS = Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
AN = Manual 21.8; as tissue: Manual 21.9, 21.52; unspecified as smooth or striated; MUSCLES, SKELETAL and MUSCLE, SMOOTH and their indentions are available; /innerv: consider also NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION & MUSCLE DENERVATION; /surg: consider also SURGICAL FLAPS but see note there; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent; inflammation = MYOSITIS
UI = D009132
Muscular Atrophy
MS = Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.
AN = MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL is also available
UI = D009133
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
MS = A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
AN = MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL, INFANTILE see SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD is also available
UI = D009134
Muscular Diseases
MS = Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL) and smooth muscle (MUSCLE, SMOOTH).
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; inflamm dis = MYOSITIS. /congen: consider also Myopathies, Structural, Congenital & its indentions
UI = D009135
Muscular Disorders, Atrophic
MS = Disorders characterized by an abnormal reduction in muscle volume due to a decrease in the size or number of muscle fibers. Atrophy may result from diseases intrinsic to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY) or secondary to PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES that impair innervation to muscle tissue (e.g., MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL).
UI = D020966
Muscular Dystrophies
MS = A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles (MUSCLE, SKELETAL).
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; do not confuse with MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
UI = D009136
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
AN = exper or vet but do not use /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D009137
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
MS = An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)
UI = D020388
Muscular Dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss
MS = An X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy that may present in children or adults. The disease is characterized by a clinical triad: (1) CONTRACTURE of the elbows, ACHILLES TENDON, and posterior cervical muscles; (2) slowly progressive muscle atrophy and weakness; and (3) a cardiomyopathy usually presenting as an atrioventricular block (HEART BLOCK). The weakness initially affects the upper arm and chest muscles, followed by pelvic and leg muscle paresis. Sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC) may occur as the result of the cardiac conduction defect. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1419; Curr Opin Neurol 1997;10(5):421-425)
UI = D020389
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral
MS = An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicuaris oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)
UI = D020391
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal
MS = An autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by DYSPHAGIA and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. Mutations in the gene for POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN II have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular distrophy.
AN = /vet: coord with MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, ANIMAL
UI = D039141
Musculocutaneous Nerve
MS = A major nerve of the upper extremity. The fibers of the musculocutaneous nerve originate in the lower cervical spinal cord (usually C5 to C7), travel via the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to the upper arm, elbow, and forearm.
AN = dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl
UI = D009138
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
MS = Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: MUSCULOSKELETAL ABNORM
UI = D009139
Musculoskeletal Diseases
MS = Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
AN = GEN: prefer MUSCULAR DISEASES & BONE DISEASES or specifics
UI = D009140
Musculoskeletal Manipulations
MS = Various manipulations of body tissues, muscles and bones by hands or equipment to improve health and circulation, relieve fatigue, promote healing.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D026201
Musculoskeletal Physiology
MS = Functions and activities of the bones and muscles as a musculoskeletal unit or individually.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM /physiol, MUSCLES /physiol & BONE AND BONES /physiol or /physiol with specific muscle & bone terms; DF: MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOL
UI = D009142
Musculoskeletal System
MS = The MUSCLES, bones (BONE AND BONES), and CARTILAGE of the body.
AN = GEN; must be both musculo + skeletal, otherwise prefer BONE AND BONES or MUSCLES; avoid qualif: try to use qualif with specific bone or muscle term
UI = D009141
Musculoskeletal, Neural, and Ocular Physiology
MS = Activities and functions of the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, and the eye and their parts.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D009143
Museums
AN = medical museums: do not coord with MEDICINE
UI = D009144
Mushroom Bodies
MS = Prominent lobed neuropils found in ANNELIDA and all ARTHROPODS except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory.
UI = D024521
Mushroom Poisoning
MS = Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.
AN = = pois by mushroom toxins; TN 133: relation to food pois from canned mushrooms
UI = D009145
Music
AN = music as ther = MUSIC THERAPY
UI = D009146
Music Therapy
MS = The use of music as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of neurological, mental, or behavioral disorders.
AN = DF: MUSIC THER
UI = D009147
Mussels
MS = Marine bivalve mollusks especially of the genus Mytilus or freshwater bivalve mollusks, especially the genera Unio and Anodonta. The edible mussel is Mytilus edulis.
AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D009148
Mustard
MS = Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted and for foliage or animal feed. It was formerly used as an emetic, counter-irritant, and carminative.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D009149
Mustard Compounds
MS = Strong alkylating and immunosuppressive agents whose biological activity is based on the presence of bis(2-chloroethyl)- groups. Although otherwise structurally diverse, the compounds have in common the capacity to contribute alkyl groups to DNA. They are generally highly toxic but include among their number many widely used and effective antineoplastic agents.
AN = DF: MUSTARD CPDS
UI = D009150
Mustard Gas
MS = Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D009151
Mutagenesis
MS = Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
UI = D016296
Mutagenesis, Insertional
MS = Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA can be inserted into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene. Insertion of the provirus can cause mutations by interrupting coding sequences or regulatory elements, or cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
AN = selected qualif from Cat G & Cat E
UI = D016254
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
MS = Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by in vitro induction directed at a specific site in a DNA molecule. The most common method involves use of a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide mutant which can hybridize with the DNA target molecule. The resulting mismatch-carrying DNA duplex may then be transfected into a bacterial cell line and the mutant strands recovered.
AN = selected qualif from Cat G & Cat E
UI = D016297
Mutagenicity Tests
MS = Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
AN = NIM
UI = D009152
Mutagens
MS = Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
AN = consider also MUTATION
UI = D009153
Mutation
MS = Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
AN = drug-induced mutation = MUTATION (IM) + specific drug with pertinent qualif (IM); radiation-induced mutation = MUTATION (IM) + RADIATION EFFECTS or specific rad term (IM); /drug eff & /rad eff permitted only for eff of drugs or eff of rad on an already mutated organism or after mutation but read text carefully
UI = D009154
Mutation, Missense
MS = A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
UI = D020125
Mutism
MS = The inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. This may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES or MENTAL DISORDERS. Organic mutism may be associated with damage to the FRONTAL LOBE; BRAIN STEM; THALAMUS; and CEREBELLUM. Selective mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. Kussmal aphasia refers to mutism in psychosis. (From Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1994; 62(9):337-44)
UI = D009155
Muzolimine
MS = A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.
UI = D009156
Myanmar
MS = A republic of southeast Asia, northwest of Thailand, long familiar as Burma. Its capital is Yangon, formerly Rangoon. Inhabited by people of Mongolian stock and probably of Tibetan origin, by the 3d century A.D. it was settled by Hindus. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the British during the 19th century. Made a crown colony of Great Britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. In 1989 it became Myanmar. The name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the Burmese people themselves. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p192 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p367)
AN = capital Rangoon became Yangon when Burma became Myanmar in 1989.
UI = D002052
Myasthenia Gravis
MS = A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles. Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors damage the motor endplate portion of the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, impairing the transmission of impulses to skeletal muscles. Clinical manifestations may include diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles. THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1459)
AN = "myasthenia" unqualified in foreign titles is more often MYASTHENIA GRAVIS than MUSCLE WEAKNESS but check text; congen consider MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES, CONGENITAL or specifics
UI = D009157
Myasthenia Gravis, Experimental Autoimmune
MS = Any autoimmune animal disease model used in the study of MYASTHENIA GRAVIS. Injection with purified neuromuscular junction acetylcholine receptor (AChR) (see RECEPTORS, CHOLINERGIC) components results in a myasthenic syndrome that has acute and chronic phases. The motor endplate pathology, loss of acetylcholine receptors, presence of circulating anti-AChR antibodies, and electrophysiologic changes make this condition virtually identical to human myasthenia gravis. Passive transfer of AChR antibodies or lymphocytes from afflicted animals to normals induces passive transfer experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch 54, p3)
UI = D020720
Myasthenia Gravis, Neonatal
MS = A disorder of neuromuscular transmission that occurs in a minority of newborns born to women with myasthenia gravis. Clinical features are usually present at birth or develop in the first 3 days of life and consist of hypotonia and impaired respiratory, suck, and swallowing abilities. This condition is associated with the passive transfer of acetylcholine receptor antibodies through the placenta. In the majority of infants the myasthenic weakness resolves (i.e., transient neonatal myasthenia gravis) although this disorder may rarely continue beyond the neonatal period (i.e., persistent neonatal myasthenia gravis). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p823; Neurology 1997 Jan;48(1):50-4)
UI = D020941
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital
MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)
AN = do not confuse with MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, NEONATAL, a transient condition seen in neonates born to myasthenic mothers
UI = D020294
Mycelium
MS = The body of a fungus which is made up of HYPHAE.
AN = coord with specific fungus
UI = D025282
Mycobacillin
MS = A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic isolated from culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis that acts as an antifungal agent.
AN = an antifungal peptide antibiotic
UI = D009158
Mycobacteria, Atypical
MS = So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. buruli (see M. ULCERANS), M. CHELONAE, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. FORTUITUM, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX), M. KANSASII, M. MARINUM, M. obuense, M. SCROFULACEUM, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ULCERANS, M. XENOPI.
AN = note X refs and specific indentions; infection = MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL; DF: MYCOBACT ATYPICAL
UI = D009170
Mycobacteriaceae
MS = A family of gram-positive bacteria found in soil and dairy products and as parasites on animals and man. Several are important pathogens.
UI = D009159
Mycobacteriophages
MS = Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
AN = IM; specify species of Mycobacterium if possible (IM or NIM)
UI = D009160
Mycobacterium
MS = A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection = MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS; M. paratuberc = MYCOBACTERIUM (IM) + PARATUBERCULOSIS (IM); DF: MYCOBACT
UI = D009161
Mycobacterium avium
MS = A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
AN = infection in birds = TUBERCULOSIS, AVIAN; infection in other animals = TUBERCULOSIS /vet (IM) + MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM (IM); DF: MYCOBACT AVIUM
UI = D009162
Mycobacterium avium Complex
MS = A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
AN = infection = MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INTRACELLULARE INFECTION; index also appropriate TUBERCULOSIS term for tuberculosis in animals caused by this organism; DF: MYCOBACT AVIUM COMPLEX or short X ref
UI = D015269
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
MS = A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
AN = DF: MAI INFECT
UI = D015270
Mycobacterium bovis
MS = The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
AN = = M. tuberc. bovis; infection = TUBERCULOSIS, BOVINE if in cattle, TUBERCULOSIS /vet (IM) + MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS (IM) if in other animals; DF: MYCOBACT BOVIS or short X ref
UI = D009163
Mycobacterium chelonae
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. It causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT CHELONAE
UI = D016926
Mycobacterium fortuitum
MS = A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. It has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT FORTUITUM
UI = D019907
Mycobacterium haemophilum
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes granulomatous or ulcerating skin lesions in immunosuppressed persons. This organism owes its name to its requirement for growth of high levels of iron, conveniently supplied as blood, heme, or ferric ammonium citrate.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: MYCOBACT HAEMOPHILUM
UI = D018393
Mycobacterium Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN; consider also TUBERCULOSIS; DF: MYCOBACT INFECT
UI = D009164
Mycobacterium Infections, Atypical
MS = Infections with so called atypical mycobacteria (tuberculoid bacilli): M. kansasii (Kansas), M. marinum, M. SCROFULACEUM, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. CHELONAE.
AN = see MYCOBACTERIUM, ATYPICAL for a list of atypical Mycobact or MeSH definition here; DF: MYCOBACT INFECT ATYPICAL
UI = D009165
Mycobacterium kansasii
MS = A slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. The incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT KANSASII
UI = D019909
Mycobacterium leprae
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
AN = infection = LEPROSY; /drug eff: consider also LEPROSTATIC AGENTS; DF: MYCOBACT LEPRAE
UI = D009166
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
MS = The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
AN = rat leprosy bacillus; infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: MYCOBACT LEPRAEMURIUM
UI = D009167
Mycobacterium marinum
MS = A moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. It is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT MARINUM
UI = D019910
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria non-pathogenic for humans. It is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (see PARATUBERCULOSIS).
AN = non-pathogenic for humans; infection = PARATUBERCULOSIS; DF: MYCOBACT PARATUBERC
UI = D016927
Mycobacterium phlei
MS = A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.
AN = in soil, dust & plants; DF: MYCOBACT PHLEI
UI = D009168
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
MS = A non-tuberculous mycobacterium causing cervical lymphadenitis in children. It very rarely causes pulmonary disease, and is believed to be non-pathogenic in animals.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT SCROFULACEUM
UI = D015359
Mycobacterium smegmatis
MS = A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of MYCOBACTERIUM originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT SMEGMATIS
UI = D020102
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
MS = A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces tuberculosis in man, other primates, dogs, and some animals which have contact with man. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
AN = infection = TUBERCULOSIS; /drug eff: consider also ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; DF: M TUBERC
UI = D009169
Mycobacterium ulcerans
MS = A slow-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that causes chronic skin lesions in humans (Buruli ulcer). (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT ULCERANS
UI = D019911
Mycobacterium xenopi
MS = A slow-growing, scotochromogenic species occurring usually harmlessly in human secretions but occasionally associated with chronic pulmonary disease. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOBACTERIUM INFECTIONS, ATYPICAL (IM); DF: MYCOBACT XENOPI
UI = D019912
Mycolic Acids
UI = D009171
Mycological Typing Techniques
MS = Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
AN = NIM; coord with fungus /class (IM); DF: MYCOL TYPING TECHNIQUES
UI = D016533
Mycology
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: MYCOL
UI = D009172
Mycophenolic Acid
MS = An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
UI = D009173
Mycoplasma
MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds.
AN = infection = MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS
UI = D009174
Mycoplasma fermentans
MS = A species of the genus MYCOPLASMA, originally isolated infrequently from the lower genital tract of humans, and possessing uncertain pathogenicity. The incognitus strain of M. fermentans has been identified in necrotizing lesions of multiple organs from AIDS and non-AIDS patients dying of an acute influenza-like disease.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016858
Mycoplasma hominis
MS = A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D019535
Mycoplasma Infections
MS = Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D009175
Mycoplasma mycoides
MS = The etiological agent of contagious pleuropneumonia (PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CONTAGIOUS) of cattle and goats.
AN = causes pleuropneumonia in cattle & goats; infection: coord IM with PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CONTAGIOUS (IM)
UI = D009176
Mycoplasma penetrans
MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. This organism shows remarkable pathobiologic properties: it adheres to cell surfaces, deeply penetrates into the cell, and strongly adsorbs human red blood cells and human CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes. M. penetrans was first isolated from the urogenital tract of patients with AIDS and high frequencies of antibodies to it are seen in HIV-infected patients.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018661
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
MS = Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of non-viral primary atypical pneumonia in man.
AN = do not confuse with MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA, the dis; infection = PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA
UI = D009177
Mycoplasmataceae
MS = A family of gram-negative, non-motile bacteria from human and animal sources. One saprophytic species is known.
AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOPLASMATALES INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D009178
Mycoplasmatales
MS = An order of highly pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria including both pathogenic and saprophytic species.
AN = infection = MYCOPLASMATALES INFECTIONS
UI = D009179
Mycoplasmatales Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the order MYCOPLASMATALES.
AN = gram-neg bact infect
UI = D009180
Mycorrhizae
MS = Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
AN = coord with specific plant and specific fungus if pertinent
UI = D038821
Mycoses
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; of skin = DERMATOMYCOSES; /drug ther: consider also ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
UI = D009181
Mycosis Fungoides
MS = A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected.
AN = a type of malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D009182
Mycotoxicosis
MS = Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).
AN = "caused by ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin)"
UI = D015651
Mycotoxins
MS = Toxic compounds produced by fungi (mushrooms).
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS
UI = D009183
Mydriasis
MS = Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.
AN = pathol dilation of the pupils; do not use for state after admin of mydriatics ( = PUPIL /drug eff) but MYDRIATICS is available
UI = D015878
Mydriatics
MS = Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics. The latter cause cycloplegia or paralysis of accommodation at high doses and may precipitate glaucoma. Mydriatics are used in eye diseases and to facilitate eye examination.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also PUPIL /drug eff; for CYCLOPLEGICS consider also CILIARY BODY /drug eff
UI = D009184
Myelin Basic Proteins
MS = A group of 7 proteins produced from a single gene by alternate splicing found in central and peripheral nervous system myelin. The major basic protein (MBP) has long been of interest because it is the antigen, that, when injected into an animal, elicits a cellular immune response that produces the CNS autoimmune disease called experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ALLERGIC). In the peripheral nervous system, myelin basic protein 18.5 kD is often referred to as the P1 protein. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p130, 133)
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; note X ref: do not index under ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ALLERGIC unless the disease is discussed; DF: ENCEPH BASIC PROTEINS
UI = D004676
Myelin P0 Protein
MS = A protein that accounts for more than half of the peripheral nervous system myelin protein. The extracellular domain of this protein is believed to engage in adhesive interactions and thus hold the myelin membrane compact. It can behave as a homophilic adhesion molecule through interactions with its extracellular domains. (From J Cell Biol 1994;126(4):1089-97)
AN = 0 in P0 is the digit, not the letter O; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018993
Myelin P2 Protein
MS = A positively charged protein found in peripheral nervous system myelin. Sensitive immunological techniques have demonstrated that P2 is expressed in small amounts of central nervous system myelin sheaths of some species. It is an antigen for experimental allergic neuritis (NEURITIS, EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC), the peripheral nervous system counterpart of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p133)
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018996
Myelin Proteins
MS = Proteins found in the myelin sheath. The major proteins of central nervous system myelin include: MYELIN PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN; MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS; and MYELIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN. The major proteins of peripheral nervous system myelin include: MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS (myelin P1 protein and MYELIN P2 PROTEIN); MYELIN P0 PROTEIN; and MYELIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; not a synonym for MYELIN see MYELIN SHEATH; do not routinely coord with MYELIN SHEATH unless this is particularly discussed; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D009185
Myelin Proteolipid Protein
MS = A myelin protein that is the major component of the organic solvent extractable lipoprotein complexes of whole brain. It has been the subject of much study because of its unusual physical properties. It remains soluble in chloroform even after essentially all of its bound lipids have been removed. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 4th ed, p122)
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018991
Myelin Sheath
MS = The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.
AN = X ref MYELIN is the substance of the myelin sheath: do not confuse with MYELIN BASIC PROTEINS; myelination: index under MYELIN SHEATH /physiol
UI = D009186
Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein
MS = A myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. It has a structure that is similar to members of the Ig superfamily that participate in cell adhesion. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p132)
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018992
Myelinolysis, Central Pontine
MS = A demyelinating condition affecting the PONS and characterized clinically by an acute progressive QUADRIPLEGIA; DYSARTHRIA; DYSPHAGIA; and alterations of consciousness. Pathologic features include prominent demyelination in the central PONS with sparing of axons and neurons. This condition is usually associated with systemic disorders such as HYPONATREMIA; chronic ALCOHOLISM; LIVER FAILURE; severe BURNS; malignant NEOPLASMS; hemorrhagic PANCREATITIS; HEMODIALYSIS; and SEPSIS. The rapid medical correction of hyponatremia has been cited as a cause of this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1125-6)
UI = D017590
Myelitis
MS = Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
AN = do not confuse with inflamm of the bone marrow ( = OSTEOMYELITIS); SMON (subacute-myelo-optico-neuropathy) is indexed here + OPTIC NEURITIS + SYNDROME; coord IM with specific cause (IM) if pertinent
UI = D009187
Myelitis, Transverse
MS = Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
AN = post-vaccinal or postinfectious inflammation of the spinal cord only goes here, in central nervous system or brain see X refs at ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED
UI = D009188
Myeloablative Agonists
MS = Agents that destroy bone marrow activity. They are used to prepare patients for bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.
AN = "agents that destroy bone marrow activity" in prep for bone marrow or stem cell transpl; DF: MYELOABLATIVE AG
UI = D019653
Myeloblastosis Virus, Avian
MS = A species of ALPHARETROVIRUS causing anemia in fowl.
AN = infection: coord IM with AVIAN LEUKOSIS (IM)
UI = D009189
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
MS = Conditions in which the bone marrow shows qualitative and quantitative changes suggestive of a preleukemic process, but having a chronic course that does not necessarily terminate as acute leukemia.
AN = myelo- here = bone marrow, not spinal cord
UI = D009190
Myelofibrosis
MS = Replacement of the bone marrow by fibrous tissue, occurring in association with a myeloproliferative disorder or secondary to another, unrelated condition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = myelo- here = bone marrow, not spinal cord: note X refs
UI = D009191
Myelography
MS = X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
AN = myelo- here = spinal cord, not bone marrow; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MYELOGR
UI = D009192
Myeloid Cells
MS = Cells which include the MONOCYTES and the GRANULOCYTES.
UI = D022423
Myeloid Metaplasia
MS = The occurrence of myeloid tissue in extramedullary sites. Specifically it is a syndrome characterized by splenomegaly, anemia, the presence of nucleated erythrocytes and immature granulocytes in the circulating blood, and extramedullary hemoatopoiesis in the liver and spleen. The primary form is also known as agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, myelosclerosis, and myelofibrosis. The secondary or symptomatic form may be associated with various diseases, including carcinomatosis, tuberculosis, leukemia, and polycythemia vera. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = myeloid here = bone marrow, not spinal cord
UI = D009193
Myeloid Progenitor Cells
MS = One of the two stem cells derived from HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS - the other being the lymphoid progenitor cell. Derived from these myeloid progenitor cells are the ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS and the MYELOID CELLS; (MONOCYTES and GRANULOCYTES).
UI = D023461
Myelolipoma
MS = A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018209
Myeloma Proteins
AN = paraproteins
UI = D009194
Myelopoiesis
MS = Formation of MYELOID CELLS from the pluripotent HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS in the BONE MARROW via myeloid stem cells. Myelopoiesis generally refers to the production of leukocytes in blood, such as MONOCYTES and GRANULOCYTES. This process also produces precusor cells for MACROPHAGE and DENDRITIC CELLS found in the lymphoid tissue.
UI = D038042
Myeloproliferative Disorders
MS = Disorders in which one or more stimuli cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential.
AN = myelo- here = bone marrow, not spinal cord; GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D009196
Myenteric Plexus
MS = One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)
AN = a neural network in the enteric nerv syst
UI = D009197
Myiasis
MS = The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae.
AN = infestation by fly maggots
UI = D009198
myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of myo-inositol-1-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of NAD. EC 5.5.1.4.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D007296
Myoblasts
MS = Embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that develop from the MESODERM. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE).
AN = prefer specifics
UI = D032446
Myoblasts, Cardiac
MS = Precursor cells destined to differentiate into cardiac myocytes (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC).
UI = D032386
Myoblasts, Skeletal
MS = Precursor cells destined to differentiate into skeletal myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL).
UI = D032448
Myoblasts, Smooth Muscle
MS = Precursor cells destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes (MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE).
UI = D032390
Myocardial Contraction
MS = Contractile activity of the heart.
AN = inotropic action of drugs = MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION /drug eff (IM) + drug with /pharmacol (IM) + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for positive inotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for negative but note that INOTROPIC AGENTS, POSITIVE CARDIAC see CARDIOTONIC AGENTS is available; for chronotropic action see note on HEART RATE; relaxation of cardiac muscle: do not add MUSCLE RELAXATION
UI = D009200
Myocardial Depressant Factor
MS = A low molecular weight peptide of about 800-1000 having a negative inotropic effect. It is released into the circulation during experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis, severe ischemia, and postoligemic shock.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse with MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSANTS (see ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS)
UI = D009201
Myocardial Diseases
MS = Diseases of the myocardium.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; for infections of the myocardium, coord here (IM) with infection term (IM), not with HEART DISEASES
UI = D009202
Myocardial Infarction
MS = Gross necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not coord with ACUTE DISEASE for "acute infarct"; DF: MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
UI = D009203
Myocardial Ischemia
MS = A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
AN = = defic of myocard blood supply; may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
UI = D017202
Myocardial Reperfusion
MS = Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
AN = note category: a technique; /adv eff permitted but consider also MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY
UI = D015425
Myocardial Reperfusion Injury
MS = Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from REPERFUSION to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion.
UI = D015428
Myocardial Revascularization
MS = The restoration of blood supply to the myocardium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009204
Myocardial Stunning
MS = Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity. It occurs frequently, both in the experimental laboratory and in clinical medicine. Since stunned myocardium occurs adjacent to necrotic tissue after prolonged coronary occlusion, many myocardial infarcts may be a mixture of necrotic and stunned tissue. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 1992, p1176)
AN = a type of myocardial ischemia, often caused by myocardial reperfusion
UI = D017682
Myocarditis
MS = Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = inflamm of walls of heart
UI = D009205
Myocardium
MS = The muscle tissue of the HEART composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle.
AN = the heart as tissue, differentiated from the heart as a pump ( = HEART); Manual 21.48; ischemia = MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; inflammation = MYOCARDITIS
UI = D009206
Myoclonic Cerebellar Dyssynergia
MS = A condition marked by progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA combined with MYOCLONUS usually presenting in the third decade of life or later. Additional clinical features may include generalized and focal SEIZURES, spasticity, and DYSKINESIAS. Autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance have been reported. Pathologically, the dentate nucleus and brachium conjunctivum of the CEREBELLUM are atrophic, with variable involvement of the spinal cord, cerebellar cortex, and basal ganglia. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1991, Ch37, pp60-1)
AN = do not confuse X ref RAMSAY HUNT CEREBELLAR SYNDROME with RAMSAY HUNT AURICULAR SYNDROME see HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS or RAMSAY HUNT PARALYSIS SYNDROME see PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS
UI = D002527
Myoclonic Epilepsies, Progressive
MS = A heterogeneous group of primarily familial disorders characterized by myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, ataxia, progressive intellectual deterioration, and neuronal degeneration. These include LAFORA DISEASE; MERRF SYNDROME; NEURONAL CEROID-LIPOFUSCINOSIS; sialidosis (see MUCOLIPIDOSES), and UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME.
UI = D020191
Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile
MS = A disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), and generalized major motor seizures (see EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). The myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. Seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p323)
UI = D020190
Myoclonus
MS = Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS DISEASES (e.g., EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3).
AN = for "myoclonic seizure" consider MYOCLONUS or EPILEPSY, MYOCLONIC or SPASMS, INFANTILE; NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME is also available
UI = D009207
Myocytes, Cardiac
MS = Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).
UI = D032383
Myocytes, Smooth Muscle
MS = Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).
UI = D032389
MyoD Protein
MS = A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell.
AN = a myogenic regulatory factor controlling myogenesis
UI = D017570
Myoelectric Complex, Migrating
MS = Bursts of depolarization that move from the stomach to the ileocecal valve at regular frequency during the interdigestive period. The complex and its accompanying motor activity periodically cleanse the bowel of interdigestive secretion and debris in preparation for the next meal.
UI = D016065
Myoepithelioma
MS = A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009208
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
MS = Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.
AN = do not confuse with MYOFASCIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT see TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME
UI = D009209
Myofibrils
MS = Highly organized bundles of actin (=ACTINS), MYOSINS, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism.
AN = does not include muscle fibers ( = MUSCLE FIBERS or specific)
UI = D009210
Myofibromatosis
MS = A condition characterized by multiple formations of myofibromas (LEIOMYOMA).
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018224
Myofunctional Therapy
MS = Training of the orofacial musculature, including modification of habits, in edentulous conditions, malocclusion, or temporomandibular joint disorders. (Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D020247
Myogenic Regulatory Factors
MS = A family of muscle-specific transcription factors which bind to DNA in control regions and thus regulate myogenesis. All members of this family contain a conserved helix-loop-helix motif which is homologous to the myc family proteins. These factors are only found in skeletal muscle. Members include the myoD protein (MYOD PROTEIN); MYOGENIN; myf-5, and myf-6 (also called MRF4 or herculin).
AN = muscle-specific transcription factors; DF: MYOGENIC REG FACTORS
UI = D018006
Myogenin
MS = A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types.
AN = a myogenic regulatory factor controlling myogenesis
UI = D018008
Myoglobin
MS = A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group.
AN = a hemeprotein & muscle protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D009211
Myoglobinuria
AN = myoglobinuria in rhabdomyolysis: index under RHABDOMYOLYSIS (IM) + MYOGLOBINURIA (NIM) only if myoglobinuria is particularly discussed
UI = D009212
Myography
MS = The recording of muscular movements. The apparatus is called a myograph, the record or tracing, a myogram. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: MYOGR
UI = D009213
Myokymia
MS = Successive and rapid contractions of motor units associated with chronic nerve injury. The discharges arise from the peripheral aspects of regenerating nerves, and clinically impart a nearly continuous undulation of the body surface overlying the muscle. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1491)
AN = consider also FASCICULATION; for continuous myokymia use ISAACS SYNDROME
UI = D020385
Myoma
MS = A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = uterine = LEIOMYOMA + UTERINE NEOPLASMS; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009214
Myometrium
MS = The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.
AN = /growth: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; /embryol: coord with MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT if pertinent
UI = D009215
Myopathies, Nemaline
MS = A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)
UI = D017696
Myopathies, Structural, Congenital
MS = A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the early onset of hypotonia, developmental delay of motor skills, non-progressive weakness. Each of these disorders is associated with a specific histologic muscle fiber abnormality.
UI = D020914
Myopathy, Central Core
MS = An inherited congenital myopathic condition characterized by weakness and hypotonia in infancy and delayed motor development. Muscle biopsy reveals a condensation of myofibrils and myofibrillar material in the central portion of each muscle fiber. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1452)
UI = D020512
Myopia
MS = A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = refractive error: note X ref
UI = D009216
Myoporaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Scrophulariales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031642
Myoporum
MS = A plant genus of the family MYOPORACEAE. Members contain dehydrongaione, deisopropylngaione, dehydromyodesmone and other furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils. It is the source of Ngaio oil and ngaione.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031643
Myosarcoma
MS = A general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009217
Myosin Heavy Chains
MS = The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kD and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS.
UI = D018995
Myosin Light Chains
MS = The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KD and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.
UI = D018994
Myosin Subfragments
MS = Parts of the myosin molecule resulting from cleavage by proteolytic enzymes (PAPAIN, TRYPSIN, or CHYMOTRYPSIN) at well-localized regions. Study of these isolated fragments helps to delineate the functional roles of different parts of myosin. Two of the most common subfragments are myosin S-1 and myosin S-2. S-1 contains the heads of the heavy chains plus the light chains and S-2 contains part of the double-stranded, alpha-helical, heavy chain tail (myosin rod).
UI = D015879
Myosin Type I
MS = A subclass of myosins found generally associated with actin-rich membrane structures such as filopodia. Members of the myosin type I family are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. The heavy chains of myosin type I lack coiled-coil forming sequences in their tails and therefore do not dimerize.
UI = D024461
Myosin Type II
MS = The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D024462
Myosin Type III
MS = A subclass of myosins originally found in the photoreceptor of DROSOPHILA. The heavy chains can occur as two alternatively spliced isoforms of 132 and 174 KD. The amino terminal of myosin type III is highly unusual in that it contains a protein kinase domain which may be an important component of the visual process.
UI = D025102
Myosin Type IV
MS = A subclass of myosin found in ACANTHAMOEBA. It is a non-filamentous myosin containing a single 180 KD myosin heavy chain.
UI = D025121
Myosin Type V
MS = A subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. It is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. The heavy chains of myosin V contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances.
AN = do not confuse with MYOSIN V1 and MYOSIN V3 see VENTRICULAR MYOSINS
UI = D024701
Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase
MS = An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and calmodulin. The 20-kD light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. EC 2.7.1.117.
AN = DF: MLCK
UI = D009219
Myosins
MS = A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyse MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are are involve in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D009218
Myositis
MS = Inflammation of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL). Infectious, autoimmune, and paraneoplastic processes represent some of the more common conditions that may be associated with myositis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed., pp 1402-13)
AN = DERMATOMYOSITIS & POLYMYOSITIS are also available
UI = D009220
Myositis Ossificans
MS = A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.
AN = myositis with bony deposits or muscle ossification
UI = D009221
Myositis, Inclusion Body
MS = Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)
AN = do not coord with INCLUSION BODIES but coord with INCLUSION BODIES, VIRAL if relevant (IM or NIM)
UI = D018979
Myotonia
MS = Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.
UI = D009222
Myotonia Congenita
MS = A dominantly inherited muscle disease that begins in early childhood and is characterized by severe myotonia (delayed relaxation of a muscle) after forceful voluntary contractions. Muscular hypertrophy is common and myotonia may impair ambulation and other movements. Myotonia typically becomes less severe with repetitive voluntary contractions of the affected muscles. Generalized myotonia (of Becker) is an autosomal recessive variant of myotonia congenita that may feature more severe myotonia and muscle wasting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1476-7; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch53, p18)
UI = D009224
Myotonic Disorders
MS = Diseases characterized by MYOTONIA, which may be inherited or acquired. Myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition. These disorders may be associated with abnormal muscle SODIUM CHANNEL and CHLORIDE CHANNELS. MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY and MYOTONIA CONGENITA represent two relatively common forms of this disorder. Proximal myotonic myopathy often presents with myotonia and muscle pain in early adulthood and later in life thigh muscle weakness and cataracts develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1392)
UI = D020967
Myotonic Dystrophy
MS = An autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder which usually presents in early adulthood, characterized by progressive muscular atrophy (most frequently involving the hands, forearms, and face), myotonia, frontal baldness, lenticular opacities, and testicular atrophy. Cardiac conduction abnormalities, diaphragmatic weakness, and mild mental retardation may also occur. Congenital myotonic dystrophy is a severe form of this disorder, characterized by neonatal MUSCLE HYPOTONIA, feeding difficulties, respiratory muscle weakness, and an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1423-5; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch16, pp16-7)
AN = do not confuse with MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
UI = D009223
Myoviridae
MS = A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by complex contractile tails.
AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol or specific Archaea /virol
UI = D017900
Myrica
MS = A plant genus of the family MYRICACEAE. Members contain myricanol. The common name of bayberry is similar to the name barberry which is used for BERBERIS and MAHONIA.
AN = X ref BOG MYRTLE: MYRTLE see MYRTUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031641
Myricaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Myricales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are trees and shrubs having aromatic leaves that often have yellow glandular dots on the surface. Single-seeded fruits are often covered with waxy granules, bumps, or layers. The flowers are small, greenish, and inconspicuous.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029590
Myringoplasty
MS = Surgical restoration of a perforated tympanic membrane by grafting. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
AN = for repair of tympanic membrane perf; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D009225
Myristates
MS = Salts and esters of the 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--myristic acid.
UI = D009226
Myristic Acid
MS = A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occuring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D019814
Myristic Acids
MS = 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D009227
Myristica fragrans
MS = A plant species in the MYRISTICACEAE family. The seed is used as a spice and used for antimicrobial and psychoactive effects. Myristicin, SAFROLE, and methyleugenol are key components.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; for food coord with SPICES; Manual 26.29
UI = D026323
Myristicaceae
MS = A family of flowering plants in the order Magnoliales. Many of the species are tropical and have fragrant wood and leaves.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D026324
Myroxylon
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of aromatic resinous balsams (Balsam of Tolu and Balsam of Peru) used in perfumery and as a constituent in cough syrups and lozenge.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029904
Myrsinaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Primulales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029591
Myrtaceae
MS = The myrtle plant family of the order Myrtales. It includes several aromatic medicinal plants such as EUCALYPTUS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027822
Myrtus
MS = A plant genus of the family MYRTACEAE. Members contain PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS (LECTINS).
AN = X ref MYRTLE: BOG MYRTLE see MYRICA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031651
Mysticism
MS = A philosophy based upon spiritual intuition that is believed to transcend ordinary sensory experiences or understanding.
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D009228
Mythology
MS = A body of stories, the origins of which may be unknown or forgotten, that serve to explain practices, beliefs, institutions or natural phenomena. Mythology includes legends and folk tales. It may refer to classical mythology or to a body of modern thought and modern life. (From Webster's 1st ed)
AN = classical or modern; includes legends & folk tales; med mythology: do not coord with MEDICINE; DF: MYTHOL
UI = D009229
Myxedema
MS = A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is CRETINISM.
AN = caused by hypothyroidism; pretibial = MYXEDEMA (IM) + LEG DERMATOSES (IM)
UI = D009230
Myxococcaceae
MS = A family of MYXOCOCCALES found in soils. The cells are slender rods that are straight to slightly tapered.
AN = a family of gliding bacteria found in soil
UI = D016939
Myxococcales
MS = An order of rod-shaped, gram-negative gliding bacteria found in soil, water, and decomposing matter.
AN = an order of gliding bacteria found in soil, water & decaying matter
UI = D009231
Myxococcus
MS = A genus of gliding bacteria that are common inhabitants on tree bark and decomposing vegetation. The cells are slender rods with tapering ends.
UI = D016940
Myxococcus xanthus
MS = A species of gliding bacteria found on soil as well as in surface fresh water and coastal seawater.
UI = D016941
Myxoma
MS = A benign neoplasm derived from connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix, thereby resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue. It occurs frequently intramuscularly where it may be mistaken for a sarcoma. It appears also in the jaws and the skin. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D009232
Myxoma virus
MS = The type species of LEPORIPOXVIRUS causing infectious myxomatosis, a severe generalized disease, in rabbits. Tumors are not always present.
AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) or index if pertinent under MYXOMATOSIS, INFECTIOUS instead
UI = D009233
Myxomatosis, Infectious
AN = caused by a poxvirus; usually animal; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D009234
Myxomycetes
MS = A division of organisms that exist vegetatively as complex mobile plasmodia, reproduce by means of spores, and have complex life cycles. They are now classed as protozoa but formerly were considered fungi.
AN = protozoa, formerly considered fungi
UI = D009235
Myxosarcoma
MS = A sarcoma, usually a liposarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, with an abundant component of myxoid tissue resembling primitive mesenchyme containing connective tissue mucin. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); myxosarcoma of breast = PHYLLODES TUMOR
UI = D009236