Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
H
RETURN TO INDEX H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase
MS = An enzyme isolated from the gastric mucosa that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of hydrogen and potassium ions across the cell wall. EC 3.6.1.36.
AN = do not confuse X ref H(+)-K(+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE with PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES; DF: H K ATPASE
UI = D017506
H-2 Antigens
MS = The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.
AN = mouse only
UI = D006183
H-Reflex
MS = A monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve, particularly the tibial nerve, with an electric shock.
UI = D006181
H-Y Antigen
MS = A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.
AN = mammals only
UI = D006182
Habenula
MS = A small protuberance at the dorsal, posterior corner of the wall of the third ventricle, adjacent to the dorsal thalamus and pineal body. It contains the habenular nuclei and is a major part of the epithalamus. (From Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed, p121)
UI = D019262
Habits
MS = Acquired or learned responses which are regularly manifested.
AN = no qualif; do not use for "drug habit" ( = SUBSTANCE ABUSE or SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE) nor for "smoking habit" ( = SMOKING or TOBACCO USE DISORDER)
UI = D006184
Habituation (Psychophysiology)
MS = The disappearance of responsiveness to accustomed stimulation. It does not include drug habituation.
AN = DF: HABITUATION
UI = D006185
Haemonchiasis
MS = Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.
AN = nematode infect
UI = D006188
Haemonchus
MS = A genus of parasitic nematode worms which infest the duodenum and stomach of domestic and wild herbivores, which ingest it with the grasses (POACEAE) they eat. Infestation of man is accidental.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection = HAEMONCHIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D006189
Haemophilus
MS = A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile.
AN = use this spelling in translations; infection = HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS but check text for species & index by instructions on species
UI = D006190
Haemophilus ducreyi
MS = A species of HAEMOPHILUS that appears to be the pathogen or causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease, CHANCROID.
AN = infection = CHANCROID
UI = D006191
Haemophilus Infections
MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; check text for species & index by instructions on species; MENINGITIS, HAEMOPHILUS is also available
UI = D006192
Haemophilus influenzae
MS = A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.
AN = infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM); vaccine = HAEMOPHILUS VACCINES
UI = D006193
Haemophilus influenzae type b
MS = A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis.
AN = infection: coord IM with HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS (IM) or MENINGITIS, HAEMOPHILUS (IM); vaccine = HAEMOPHILUS VACCINES
UI = D019741
Haemophilus Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
AN = note X ref HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE VACCINES: restrict to vaccine against H. influenzae so do not coord with HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
UI = D018073
Haemosporida
MS = An order of heteroxenous protozoa in which the macrogamete and microgamont develop independently. A conoid is usually absent.
AN = an order of protozoa to which Plasmodium belongs
UI = D016787
Hafnia
MS = A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020595
Hafnia alvei
MS = The type species for the genus HAFNIA. It is distinguished from other biochemically similar bacteria by its lack of acid production on media containing sucrose. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D020611
Hafnium
MS = Hafnium. A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = Hf-180; Hf-176-179 = HAFNIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Hf-168-175, 181-183 = HAFNIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D006195
Hagfishes
MS = Common name for a family of eel-shaped jawless fishes (Myxinidae), the only genus in the order MYXINIFORMES. They are not true vertebrates.
UI = D006196
Hair
MS = A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.
AN = abnormally pulling at one's hair = TRICHOTILLOMANIA; HAIR FOLLICLE is available
UI = D006197
Hair Cells
MS = Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
AN = mechanoreceptors in the cochlea: nothing to do with HAIR; use for hair cells unspecified but HAIR CELLS, INNER & HAIR CELLS, OUTER & HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR are available
UI = D006198
Hair Cells, Inner
MS = Bulbous cells that are medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.
AN = see note on HAIR CELLS
UI = D006199
Hair Cells, Outer
MS = Mechanoreceptors in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea.
AN = see note on HAIR CELLS
UI = D018072
Hair Cells, Vestibular
MS = Mechanoreceptors located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediate the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE to the brain stem.
AN = mechanoreceptors in the ear; see note on HAIR CELLS
UI = D018069
Hair Color
MS = Color of hair or fur.
AN = natural color of human hair or animal fur; do not use for color of hair after dyeing
UI = D006200
Hair Diseases
MS = Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; dis of hair follicles: coord IM with HAIR FOLLICLES (IM) but FOLLICULITIS is also available
UI = D006201
Hair Dyes
MS = Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006202
Hair Follicle
MS = A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.
AN = dis = HAIR FOLLICLE (IM) + HAIR DISEASES (NIM); inflammation = FOLLICULITIS
UI = D018859
Hair Preparations
MS = Hair grooming and cleansing aids or other products meant for topical application to hair, usually human. They include sprays, bleaches, conditioners, rinses, shampoos, nutrient lotions, etc.
AN = D25-26 qualif; HAIR DYES is also available
UI = D006203
Hair Removal
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006204
Haiti
MS = A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
AN = with the Dominican Republic = Hispaniola, a hist name for the island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies
UI = D006205
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
MS = Rare, autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS, generalized OSTEOPOROSIS, and skull deformations.
UI = D031845
Halcinonide
MS = A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of dermatitis, eczema, or psoriasis. It may cause skin irritation.
UI = D006206
Half-Life
MS = The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.
AN = almost never IM; no qualif; may refer to radioactivity, metabolized substances or cells
UI = D006207
Halfway Houses
MS = Specialized residences for persons who do not require full hospitalization, and are not well enough to function completely within the community without professional supervision, protection and support.
AN = IM
UI = D006208
Halitosis
MS = An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.
UI = D006209
Hallermann's Syndrome
MS = An oculomandibulofacial syndrome principally characterized by dyscephaly (usually brachycephaly), parrot nose, mandibular hypoplasia, proportionate nanism, hypotrichosis, bilateral congenital cataracts, and microphthalmia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a form of craniofacial dysostosis with other abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006210
Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome
MS = A rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. Clinical manifestations include progressive MUSCLE SPASTICITY; hyperreflexia; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; DYSTONIA; DYSARTHRIA; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. Pathologic examination reveals neuronal atrophy in the globus pallidus and iron deposition in blood vessels and perivascular spaces. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p972; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)
AN = DF: HALLERVORDEN SPATZ DIS
UI = D006211
Hallucinations
MS = Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.
AN = /chem ind: consider also HALLUCINOGENS
UI = D006212
Hallucinogens
MS = Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also HALLUCINATIONS /chem ind
UI = D006213
Hallux
AN = primates only
UI = D006214
Hallux Limitus
MS = A bony proliferation and articular degeneration of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT that is characterized by pain and a progressive decrease in the dorsiflexion range of motion.
UI = D020857
Hallux Rigidus
MS = A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (see OSTEOARTHRITIS) of the METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion.
UI = D020859
Hallux Valgus
MS = Lateral displacement of the great toe, producing deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence.
AN = note category: lateral displacement of big toe
UI = D006215
Haloarcula
MS = A genus of HALOBACTERIACEAE distinguished from other genera in the family by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. Haloarcula are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salterns, and saline soils.
AN = a genus of archaea "found in neutral saline environments"
UI = D019613
Haloarcula marismortui
MS = A species of halophilic archaea distinguished by its production of acid from sugar. This species was previously called Halobacterium marismortui.
AN = a species of halophilic archaea; marismortui is Latin for Dead Sea
UI = D019614
Halobacteriaceae
MS = A family of extremely halophilic archaea found in environments with high salt concentrations, such as salt lakes, evaporated brines, or salted fish. Halobacteriaceae are either obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes and are divided into six genera: HALOARCULA, HALOBACTERIUM, HALOCOCCUS, HALOFERAX, NATRONOBACTERIUM, and NATRONOCOCCUS.
AN = a family of Halobacteriales "found in environments with high salt concentrations"
UI = D006216
Halobacteriales
MS = An order of extremely halophilic archaea, in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. They occur ubiquitously in nature where the salt concentration is high, and are chemoorganotrophic, using amino acids or carbohydrates as a carbon source.
AN = an order of the kingdom of Euryarchaeota, of the domain Archaea
UI = D016931
Halobacterium
MS = A genus of HALOBACTERIACEAE whose growth requires a high concentration of salt. Binary fission is by constriction.
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae found in salt waters & brines; DF: HALOBACT
UI = D006217
Halobacterium halobium
MS = Formerly a species of HALOBACTERIUM and now considered a strain of HALOBACTERIUM SALINARUM. It is found in heavily salted protein materials and salt lakes and forms a PURPLE MEMBRANE under anaerobic conditions.
AN = DF: HALOBACT HALOBIUM
UI = D016932
Halobacterium salinarum
MS = A species of halophilic archaea found in salt lakes. Some strains form a PURPLE MEMBRANE under anaerobic conditions.
AN = DF: HALOBACT SALINARUM
UI = D019617
Halococcus
MS = A genus of extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE with coccoid cells occurring singly or as pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters. They are found in neutral salt lakes, marine salterns, saline soils and seawater.
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae, extremely halophilic
UI = D019625
Halofenate
MS = An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.
UI = D006218
Haloferax
MS = A genus of extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which are chemoheterotropic and strictly aerobic. They are found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes (especially the Dead Sea) and marine salterns.
AN = a genus of Halobacteriaceae, extremely halophilic
UI = D019621
Haloferax mediterranei
MS = A species of halophilic archaea found in the Mediterranean Sea. It produces bacteriocins active against a range of other halobacteria.
AN = a species of Haloferax of the family Halobacteriaceae
UI = D019623
Haloferax volcanii
MS = A species of halophilic archaea found in the Dead Sea.
AN = a species of Haloferax found in the Dead Sea; volcanii refers to B.E. Volcani, discoverer of life in the Dead Sea
UI = D019622
Halogens
MS = A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements that form group 17 (formerly group VIIa) of the periodic table.
UI = D006219
Halomonas
MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped or pleomorphic bacteria which are halotolerant. Members of this genus are capable of growth in sodium chloride concentrations of up to 20% or more. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020632
Haloperidol
MS = A drug that is used primarily to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, ballism, and Tourette's syndrome (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in mental retardation and the chorea of Huntington's disease. It is a potent antiemetic and is effective in the treatment of intractable hiccups. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
UI = D006220
Halorhodopsins
MS = Light driven chloride ion pumps that are ubiquitously found in halophilic archaea (HALOBACTERIALES).
UI = D025602
Halothane
MS = A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
UI = D006221
Hamamelidaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Hamamelidales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; specify Plant Components; for /Chem coord with D tree compound and/or Preparation; for therap. coordinate with PLANT PREPARATION or children and Diseases and PHYTOTHERAPY
UI = D029201
Hamamelis
MS = A plant genus of the family Hamamelidaceae, order Hamamelidales. It is known for the astringent (ASTRINGENTS) extract of leaves and bark used in over the counter preparations. This should not be confused with the similar named Hamelia genus (RUBIACEAE).
AN = do not confuse with HAMELIA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029501
Hamartoma
MS = A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with precoord organ/diseases term (IM)
UI = D006222
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple
MS = A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Papules of the face and oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesion. Other changes occur in the skin, in the thyroid, the breast, the gastrointestinal system, and the nervous system.
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D006223
Hamelia
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE that has a name very similar to another plant genus, HAMAMELIS.
AN = do not confuse with HAMAMELIS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032063
Hammer Toe Syndrome
MS = A condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS of the FOOT. The syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, EXOSTOSIS, HYPEROSTOSIS, interdigital heloma, or contracted toe.
UI = D037801
Hamsters
MS = A common name used to describe a subfamily of the Muridae. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D006224
Hand
AN = primates only; /inj = HAND INJURIES; skin dis of hand = HAND DERMATOSES: see note there
UI = D006225
Hand Deformities
MS = Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand.
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics
UI = D006226
Hand Deformities, Acquired
MS = Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.
AN = deformity of bone, joint, muscle, etc.
UI = D006227
Hand Deformities, Congenital
MS = Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand occurring at or before birth.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006228
Hand Dermatoses
AN = GEN & as coord for specific skin diseases of the hand but not as coord for neoplasms on the hand (use neopl coords (IM) with HAND (IM)); consider synonym for dermatitis of hand & do not add DERMATITIS unless one of the specific DERMATITIS terms in MeSH
UI = D006229
Hand Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the hand.
AN = consider also METACARPUS /inj; FINGER INJURIES is also available
UI = D006230
Hand Strength
MS = Force exerted when gripping or grasping.
UI = D018737
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
MS = A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
AN = do not confuse with FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE caused by a picornavirus; DF: HAND FOOT MOUTH DIS
UI = D006232
Hand-Schueller-Christian Syndrome
MS = Disseminated, chronic form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. It may exhibit the classic triad of exophthalmos, diabetes insipidus, and bone destruction.
AN = a form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
UI = D006231
Handbooks [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of concise reference works in which facts and information pertaining to a certain subject or field are arranged for ready reference and consultation rather than for continuous reading and study.
UI = D020479
Handling (Psychology)
MS = Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of "gentling" or "mothering".
AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: HANDLING
UI = D006234
Handwashing
MS = The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms.
UI = D006235
Handwriting
AN = no qualif; handwriting "disorders" goes here with no coord for disord
UI = D006236
Hantaan virus
MS = The type species of the genus HANTAVIRUS infecting the rodent Apodemus agrarius and humans who come in contact with it. It causes syndromes of hemorrhagic fever associated with vascular and especially renal pathology.
AN = infection: coord IM with HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME (IM)
UI = D018063
Hantavirus
MS = A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE causing HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. HANTAAN VIRUS is the type species.
AN = infection = HANTAVIRUS INFECTIONS or specifics
UI = D006476
Hantavirus Infections
MS = Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018778
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
MS = Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the Muerto Canyon virus whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.
AN = causes resp failure; DF: HANTAVIRUS PULM SYNDROME
UI = D018804
Haploidy
MS = The number of chromosomes in the gametes, which is half the number normally found in somatic cells. Symbol: N.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006238
Haplopappus
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Many of the member species have been reclassified to other genera such as Machaeranthera, Isocoma, Ericameria, etc.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031206
Haplorhini
MS = A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), PONGIDAE (great apes), TARSIIDAE (tarsiers), and HOMINIDAE (humans).
AN = note X refs; many Old World & New World monkey families & genera are available: prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; only human anthropoid is HOMINIDAE; diseases of monkey families & genera: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM); Manual 22.28+
UI = D000882
Haplotypes
MS = The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
UI = D006239
Happiness
MS = Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy.
AN = no qualif; includes "joy"
UI = D006240
Haptens
MS = Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.
UI = D006241
Haptoglobins
MS = Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.
AN = alpha-globulins; acute phase proteins
UI = D006242
Harderian Gland
MS = A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
AN = animal only; accessory lacrimal gland
UI = D006243
Hardness
AN = almost never IM
UI = D006244
Hardness Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D006245
Hares
MS = The genus Lepus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Hares are born above ground, fully furred, and with their eyes and ears open. In contrast with RABBITS, hares have 24 chromosome pairs.
AN = do not confuse with BELGIAN HARE see RABBITS
UI = D034621
Harm Reduction
MS = The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.
UI = D040261
Harmaline
MS = Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. A CNS stimulant acting as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
AN = do not confuse with HARMINE
UI = D006246
Harmine
MS = Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic Parkinson disease in the 1920's.
AN = do not confuse with HARMIDINE or HARMALINE
UI = D006247
Harpagophytum
MS = A plant genus of the family PEDALIACEAE. Members contain harpagoside and are the source of extract WS 1531.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031684
Harringtonines
MS = Substances isolated from the seeds of Cephalotaxus harringtonia, var. drupacea. They are esters of the alkaloid cephalotaxine and may be effective as antineoplastic agents.
AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant
UI = D006248
Hartmannella
MS = A genus of free-living amoebae found in fresh water. The cysts usually pass harmlessly through the intestinal tract of man and may thus be found in feces. Occasionally, these organisms cause respiratory tract infections or generalized fatal meningoencephalitis.
AN = found in fresh water; infection: coord IM with AMEBIASIS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D006249
Hartnup Disease
MS = A disorder of amino acid transport characterized by the childhood (or rarely adult) onset of photosensitive dermatitis and intermittent neurologic symptoms. Ataxia, personality changes, migraine headaches, and photophobia may occur periodically. The disorder results from impaired sodium-dependent transport of neutral amino acids across the brush border membrane of the small intestine and renal tubular epithelium. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp59-60)
UI = D006250
Harvey murine sarcoma virus
MS = A replication-defective mouse sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, MURINE) first described by J.J. Harvey in 1964.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + SARCOMA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)
UI = D006251
Hate
MS = An enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006252
Haversian System
MS = A circular structural unit of bone tissue. It consists of a central hole, the Haversian canal through which blood vessels run, surrounded by concentric rings, called lamellae.
UI = D006253
Hawaii
MS = A group of islands in Polynesia, in the north central Pacific Ocean, comprising eight major and 114 minor islands, largely volcanic and coral. Its capital is Honolulu. It was first reached by Polynesians about 500 A.D. It was discovered and named the Sandwich Islands in 1778 by Captain Cook. The islands were united under the rule of King Kamehameha 1795-1819 and requested annexation to the United States in 1893 when a provisional government was set up. Hawaii was established as a territory in 1900 and admitted as a state in 1959. The name is from the Polynesian Owhyhii, place of the gods, with reference to the two volcanoes Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, regarded as the abode of the gods. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p493 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p2330
AN = an island group in Polynesia; Hawaii is also the name of the largest island in the group
UI = D006254
Hay Fever
MS = A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens.
AN = may be caused by grasses (POACEAE), various types of pollen, etc.; note X ref: do not confuse with RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, NONSEASONAL
UI = D006255
Hazardous Substances
MS = Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances.
AN = note category: do not confuse with HAZARDOUS WASTE; "includes safe handling, transport & storage"
UI = D015386
Hazardous Waste
MS = Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here.
AN = note category: do not confuse with HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
UI = D006256
Head
AN = usually NIM as site; soft parts = FACE, bony parts = SKULL; prefer specific indentions; /anat: consider also CEPHALOMETRY (living skull) & CRANIOMETRY (dead skull); /inj = CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA but consider also SKULL & FACIAL BONES & specifics under each with /inj; TN 96: relation to "skull injuries"; HEAD-DOWN TILT is available for space, surg & physiol aspects of this position
UI = D006257
Head and Neck Neoplasms
MS = Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
AN = soft tissue neopls only; GEN: prefer FACIAL NEOPLASMS, & other specific organ/neopl terms pertinent to the soft tissues of the head & neck; coord IM with histol type of neopl if possible; DF: HEAD NEOPLASMS or HEAD NEOPL
UI = D006258
Head Injuries, Closed
MS = Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
AN = usually GEN or unspecified; coord with BRAIN INJURIES, TRAUMATIC only if both are discussed
UI = D016489
Head Injuries, Penetrating
MS = Head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. These may result from gunshot wounds (WOUNDS, GUNSHOT), stab wounds (WOUNDS, STAB), and other forms of trauma.
UI = D020197
Head Movements
MS = Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.
AN = note HEAD BANGING see STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR
UI = D019416
Head Protective Devices
MS = Personal devices for protection of heads from impact, penetration from falling and flying objects, and from limited electric shock and burn.
UI = D006260
Head-Down Tilt
MS = Posture while lying with the head lower than the rest of the body. Extended time in this position is associated with temporary physiologic disturbances.
AN = not restricted to space flight; /adv eff /physiol permitted
UI = D018475
Headache
MS = Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as HEADACHE DISORDERS (e.g., MIGRAINE).
AN = HEADACHE DISORDERS; MIGRAINE; VASCULAR HEADACHE; CLUSTER HEADACHE & TENSION HEADACHE are also available but do not diagnose: use word of text; /drug ther: consider also ANALGESICS /ther use
UI = D006261
Headache Disorders
MS = Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches (see HEADACHE). Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., VASCULAR HEADACHE, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., CLUSTER HEADACHE, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache).
UI = D020773
Health
MS = The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of disease.
UI = D006262
Health Behavior
MS = Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.
UI = D015438
Health Benefit Plans, Employee
MS = Health insurance plans for employees, and generally including their dependents, usually on a cost-sharing basis with the employer paying a percentage of the premium.
AN = specify geog if possible
UI = D006264
Health Care Coalitions
MS = Voluntary groups of people representing diverse interests in the community such as hospitals, businesses, physicians, and insurers, with the principal objective to improve health care cost effectiveness.
UI = D006265
Health Care Costs
MS = The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from HEALTH EXPENDITURES, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.
AN = actual cost of providing care: do not confuse with HEALTH EXPENDITURES (the amount paid for the service) or with FEES AND CHARGES (the amount charged regardless of cost); do not confuse with COST OF ILLNESS which is a personal cost (psychol, social, etc.) as well as a monetary cost for services
UI = D017048
Health Care Economics and Organizations
MS = The economic aspects of health care, its planning, and delivery. It includes government agencies and organizations in the private sector.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D004472
Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms
MS = Methods and techniques used in evaluating the quality of health care, its planning, and delivery.
AN = not used for indexing
UI = D017531
Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services
MS = The services provided in the delivery of health care, associated facilities in health care, and attendant manpower required or available.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D005159
Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation
MS = The concept concerned with all aspects of the quality, accessibility, and appraisal of health care and health care delivery.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D017530
Health Care Rationing
MS = Planning for the equitable allocation, apportionment, or distribution of available health resources.
UI = D015276
Health Care Reform
MS = Innovation and improvement of the health care system by reappraisal, amendment of services, and removal of faults and abuses in providing and distributing health services to patients. It includes a re-alignment of health services and health insurance to maximum demographic elements (the unemployed, indigent, uninsured, elderly, inner cities, rural areas) with reference to coverage, hospitalization, pricing and cost containment, insurers' and employers' costs, pre-existing medical conditions, prescribed drugs, equipment, and services.
AN = not restricted to US; specify state or country
UI = D018166
Health Care Sector
MS = Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products.
UI = D019981
Health Care Surveys
MS = Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
AN = do not confuse with HEALTH SURVEYS: health care surveys are on health services provided, health surveys are on health statist; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D019538
Health Education
MS = Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.
AN = educ of general public or individuals; educ of patients in & outside hosp = PATIENT EDUCATION
UI = D006266
Health Education, Dental
MS = Education which increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of dental health on a personal or community basis.
AN = DF: HEALTH EDUC DENT
UI = D006267
Health Educators
MS = Professionals who plan, organize and direct health education programs for the individual, groups and the community.
UI = D040441
Health Expenditures
MS = The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (HEALTH CARE COSTS) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers.
AN = amount spent for health care: do not confuse with HEALTH CARE COSTS (actual costs of providing care) or with FEES AND CHARGES (amount charged regardless of cost)
UI = D005102
Health Facilities
MS = Institutions which provide medical or health-related services.
AN = IM
UI = D006268
Health Facilities, Proprietary
MS = Health care institutions operated by private groups or corporations for a profit.
AN = "operated by private groups or corporations for a profit"
UI = D006269
Health Facility Administrators
MS = Managerial personnel responsible for implementing policy and directing the activities of health care facilities such as nursing homes.
UI = D006270
Health Facility Closure
MS = The closing of any health facility, e.g., health centers, residential facilities, and hospitals.
UI = D006271
Health Facility Environment
MS = Physical surroundings or conditions of a hospital or other health facility and influence of these factors on patients and staff.
AN = DF: HEALTH FACILITY ENVIR
UI = D006272
Health Facility Merger
MS = The combining of administrative and organizational resources of two or more health care facilities.
UI = D006273
Health Facility Moving
MS = The relocation of health care institutions or units thereof. The concept includes equipment relocation.
UI = D006274
Health Facility Planning
MS = Areawide planning for health care institutions on the basis of projected consumer need.
AN = differentiate from FACILITY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
UI = D006275
Health Facility Size
MS = The physical space or dimensions of a facility. Size may be indicated by bed capacity.
AN = note X ref
UI = D006276
Health Fairs
MS = Community health education events focused on prevention of disease and promotion of health through audiovisual exhibits.
UI = D006277
Health Food
MS = A non-medical term defined by the lay public as a food that has little or no preservatives, which has not undergone major processing, enrichment or refinement and which may be grown without pesticides. Health foods have been attributed with the ability to prevent the development of diseases, slow the aging process, and prolong life. (from Segan, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = coord IM with specific food or type of food (IM)
UI = D019123
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
MS = Public Law 104-91, enacted in 1996, is designed to protect health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs. HIPAA has separate provisions for the large and small group markets, and the individual market. HIPAA amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code to provide improved portability and continuity of health insurance coverage, extending earlier provisions under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 ("COBRA").
AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM) CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D020408
Health Maintenance Organizations
MS = Organized systems for providing comprehensive prepaid health care that have five basic attributes: (1) provide care in a defined geographic area; (2) provide or ensure delivery of an agreed-upon set of basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services; (3) provide care to a voluntarily enrolled group of persons; (4) require their enrollees to use the services of designated providers; and (5) receive reimbursement through a predetermined, fixed, periodic prepayment made by the enrollee without regard to the degree of services provided. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D006279
Health Manpower
MS = The availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.
AN = = availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL: do not confuse with the HEALTH PERSONNEL themselves, the persons in the field of health care & delivery; GEN only: prefer /manpower with specific headings; when GEN & IM, /educ = HEALTH OCCUPATIONS /educ or HEALTH PERSONNEL /educ; DF: HEALTH MAN
UI = D006280
Health Occupations
MS = Professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. For occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is available.
AN = the occup themselves: do not confuse with OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (see note there); SPEC: SPEC qualif; ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is also available; for health aides try HEALTH MANPOWER or ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL or PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS; DF: HEALTH OCCUP
UI = D006281
Health Personnel
MS = Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)
AN = persons working in the field of health: do not confuse with HEALTH MANPOWER, the availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL
UI = D006282
Health Physics
MS = The science concerned with problems of radiation protection relevant to reducing or preventing radiation exposure, and the effects of ionizing radiation on humans and their environment.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; physics or phys principles in the field of med = specific med term (IM) + PHYSICS (NIM) or specific phys principle (IM), as "The physics of brachytherapy" = BRACHYTHERAPY (IM) + PHYSICS (NIM)
UI = D006283
Health Plan Implementation
MS = Those actions designed to carry out recommendations pertaining to health plans or programs.
AN = specify geog
UI = D006284
Health Planning
MS = Planning for needed health and/or welfare services and facilities.
AN = specify geog & add UNITED STATES (NIM) for X ref STATE HEALTH PLANNING, UNITED STATES
UI = D006285
Health Planning Councils
MS = Organized groups serving in advisory capacities related to health planning activities.
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog
UI = D006286
Health Planning Guidelines
MS = Recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. These may be mandated by PL93-641 and issued by the Department of Health and Human Services for use by state and local planning agencies.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006287
Health Planning Organizations
MS = Organizations involved in all aspects of health planning activities.
AN = specify geog
UI = D006288
Health Planning Support
MS = Financial resources provided for activities related to health planning and development.
AN = IM
UI = D006289
Health Planning Technical Assistance
MS = The provision of expert assistance in developing health planning programs, plans as technical materials, etc., as requested by Health Systems Agencies or other health planning organizations.
UI = D006290
Health Policy
MS = Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.
AN = specify state or country or other body if pertinent
UI = D006291
Health Priorities
MS = Preferentially rated health-related activities or functions to be used in establishing health planning goals. This may refer specifically to PL93-641.
UI = D006292
Health Promotion
MS = Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.
AN = IM
UI = D006293
Health Resorts
AN = sanatoria & sanitaria (often used interchangeably) can go here but consider also HOSPITALS, SPECIAL
UI = D006294
Health Resources
MS = Available manpower, facilities, revenue, equipment, and supplies to produce requisite health care and services.
AN = specify geog
UI = D006295
Health Services
MS = Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HEALTH SERV
UI = D006296
Health Services Accessibility
MS = The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
AN = specify geog; DF: HEALTH SERV ACCESS
UI = D006297
Health Services Administration
MS = The organization and administration of health services dedicated to the delivery of health care.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific health serv with /organ (for /organization & administration); DF: HEALTH SERV ADMIN
UI = D006298
Health Services for the Aged
MS = Services for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the aged and the maintenance of health in the elderly.
AN = coord IM with specific serv (IM or NIM) if pertinent; check also tag AGED; DF: HEALTH SERV AGED
UI = D006299
Health Services Misuse
MS = Excessive or unnecessary utilization of health services by patients or physicians.
AN = misuse, overuse or abuse by patient or physician; DF: HEALTH SERV MISUSE
UI = D006300
Health Services Needs and Demand
MS = Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.
AN = specify geog; DF: HEALTH SERV NEEDS
UI = D006301
Health Services Research
MS = The integration of epidemiologic, sociological, economic, and other analytic sciences in the study of health services. Health services research is usually concerned with relationships between need, demand, supply, use, and outcome of health services. The aim of the research is evaluation, particularly in terms of structure, process, output, and outcome. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
AN = IM; DF: HEALTH SERV RESEARCH
UI = D006302
Health Services, Indigenous
MS = Health care provided to specific cultural or tribal peoples which incorporates local customs, beliefs, and taboos.
AN = "health care provided to specific cultural or tribal peoples which incorporates local customs, beliefs & taboos"; specify ethnic group (IM) + geog; DF: HEALTH SERV INDIGENOUS
UI = D006303
Health Status
MS = The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006304
Health Status Indicators
MS = The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006305
Health Surveys
MS = A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
AN = do not confuse with HEALTH CARE SURVEYS: health surveys are on health statist, health care surveys are on health services provided; no qualif; TN 97: misuse of "surveys"; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D006306
Health Systems Agencies
MS = Health planning and resources development agencies which function in each health service area of the United States (PL 93-641).
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog & add UNITED STATES also
UI = D006307
Health Systems Plans
MS = Statements of goals for the delivery of health services pertaining to the Health Systems Agency service area, established under PL 93-641, and consistent with national guidelines for health planning.
AN = Public Law 93-641; specify geog & add UNITED STATES also
UI = D006308
Health Transition
MS = Demographic and epidemiologic changes that have occurred in the last five decades in many developing countries and that are characterized by major growth in the number and proportion of middle-aged and elderly persons and in the frequency of the diseases that occur in these age groups. The health transition is the result of efforts to improve maternal and child health via primary care and outreach services and such efforts have been responsible for a decrease in the birth rate; reduced maternal mortality; improved preventive services; reduced infant mortality, and the increased life expectancy that defines the transition. (From Ann Intern Med 1992 Mar 15;116(6):499-504)
AN = demogr & epidemiol changes in health picture in a population
UI = D019456
Healthy People Programs
MS = Healthy People Programs are a set of health objectives to be used by governments, commmunities, professional organizations, and others to help develop programs to improve health. It builds on initiatives pursued over the past two decades begining with the 1979 Surgeon General's Report, Healthy People, Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives, and Healthy People 2010. These established national health objectives and served as the basis for the development of state and community plans. These are administered by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP). Similar programs are conducted by other national governments.
AN = specify geog if pertinent
UI = D040361
Healthy Worker Effect
MS = Phenomenon of workers' usually exhibiting overall death rates lower than those of the general population due to the fact that the severely ill and disabled are ordinarily excluded from employment.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015989
Hearing
MS = The sensation of sound.
AN = differentiate from AUDITORY PERCEPTION: aud percept takes place in the brain, hearing takes place in the ear: TN 98; PSYCHOACOUSTICS is also available; AMERICAN SPEECH-LANGUAGE-HEARING ASSOCIATION is available
UI = D006309
Hearing Aids
MS = Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)
AN = "hearing aid" is correct translation for "prothèse auditive", not "auditory prosthesis" unless you mean COCHLEAR IMPLANT
UI = D006310
Hearing Disorders
MS = Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also DEAFNESS and HEARING LOSS and its indentations
UI = D006311
Hearing Impaired Persons
MS = Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.
UI = D019986
Hearing Loss
MS = A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D034381
Hearing Loss, Bilateral
MS = Partial hearing loss in both ears.
AN = differentiate from DEAFNESS, total hearing loss in both ears
UI = D006312
Hearing Loss, Central
MS = Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
AN = coord IM with VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES (IM) for hearing loss due to cochlear nerve dis
UI = D006313
Hearing Loss, Conductive
MS = Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES (OTOSCLEROSIS).
AN = MIXED CONDUCTIVE-SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS see HEARING DISORDERS is available
UI = D006314
Hearing Loss, Functional
MS = Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.
UI = D006315
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
MS = Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
UI = D006316
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
MS = Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
UI = D006317
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
MS = Hearing loss resulting from damage to the sensorineural elements of the COCHLEA which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
AN = HEARING LOSS, MIXED CONDUCTIVE-SENSORINEURAL see HEARING DISORDERS is available
UI = D006319
Hearing Loss, Sudden
MS = Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.
UI = D003639
Hearing Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D006320
Heart
MS = The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
AN = heart as pump, not tissue (MYOCARDIUM); qualif permitted: /anat /drug eff /embryol (FETAL HEART also exists) /growth /innerv (HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM also exists) /microbiol /parasitol /physiol (see also ATRIAL FUNCTION & VENTRICULAR FUNCTION & their specifics; see also MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION & its specifics) /physiopathol /rad eff /radiogr (do not confuse with ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY) /radionuclide /virol; /blood supply = CORONARY VESSELS but consider also CORONARY CIRCULATION; /drug eff: consider also MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSANTS see ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS & CARDIOTONIC AGENTS; /transpl = HEART TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; /ultrasonogr = ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY or ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER; inotropism: INOTROPISM, CARDIAC see MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION & INOTROPIC AGENTS, POSITIVE CARDIAC are available but see MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION note; chronotropism: see HEART RATE note; DIASTOLE & SYSTOLE are also available; heart-lung prep: index HEART /physiol (probably NIM); Manual 21.48+; carditis = MYOCARDITIS; mural thrombosis: index HEART DIS (IM) + THROMBOSIS (IM)
UI = D006321
Heart Aneurysm
MS = An aneurysmal dilatation of a portion of the wall of the ventricle, usually the left, or, rarely, a saccular protrusion through it (false aneurysm of the heart). It is usually consequent to myocardial infarction but other causes such as bacterial endocarditis or trauma have been described. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = of myocardium only: not for CORONARY ANEURYSM
UI = D006322
Heart Arrest
MS = Cessation of the heart beat.
UI = D006323
Heart Arrest, Induced
MS = Arrest of the contraction of the myocardium by the use of cardioplegic chemical compounds (CARDIOPLEGIC SOLUTIONS) or of cold during heart surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p269)
AN = note category: a technique, not a disease; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED unless this is particularly discussed
UI = D006324
Heart Atrium
MS = The upper right and left chambers of the heart.
AN = NIM: Manual 21.51
UI = D006325
Heart Auscultation
MS = Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; /instrum: STETHOSCOPES is also available
UI = D006326
Heart Block
MS = Impairment of conduction in heart excitation. It is often applied specifically to atrioventricular heart block. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a type of arrhythmia
UI = D006327
Heart Bypass, Left
MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the pulmonary veins directly to the aorta, avoiding the left atrium and the left ventricle (Dorland, 27th ed). This is a temporary procedure usually performed to assist other surgical procedures.
AN = temporary, a form of extracorp circ diverting blood from left atrium: differentiate from HEART BYPASS, RIGHT, a permanent form of heart surg, & from CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS, another type of extracorp circ diverting blood from right atrium
UI = D018611
Heart Bypass, Right
MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance to the right atrium directly to the pulmonary arteries, avoiding the right atrium and right ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). This a permanent procedure often performed to bypass a congenitally deformed right atrium or right ventricle.
AN = a form of heart surg; permanent: differentiate from HEART BYPASS, LEFT, temporary, a form of extracorp circ, & from CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS, another type of extracorp circ
UI = D018610
Heart Catheterization
MS = Procedure which includes placement of catheter, recording of intracardiac and intravascular pressure, obtaining blood samples for chemical analysis, and cardiac output measurement, etc. Specific angiographic injection techniques are also involved.
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HEART CATH
UI = D006328
Heart Conduction System
MS = An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle and having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
AN = disord = ARRHYTHMIA or HEART BLOCK & their specifics
UI = D006329
Heart Defects, Congenital
MS = Imperfections or malformations of the heart, existing at birth.
AN = GEN only; do not use as coord for specific term /abnorm; cyanotic defects probably go here but do not also index under CYANOSIS unless especially discussed
UI = D006330
Heart Diseases
AN = usually dis of function: differentiate from MYOCARDIAL DISEASES, dis of myocardial tissue (see note there); cyanotic heart dis is probably HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL & not CYANOSIS unless especially discussed; parasitic dis of the heart: coord PARASITIC DISEASES or specific parasitic dis (IM) with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES; heart dis, unspecified or specific, with rheumatic fever is probably RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE: see note there
UI = D006331
Heart Failure, Congestive
MS = A complication of HEART DISEASES. Defective cardiac filling and/or impaired contraction and emptying, resulting in the heart's inability to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the needs of the body tissues or to be able to do so only with an elevated filling pressure. (from Braunwald, Heart Disease, 5th ed)
AN = "scompenso di cuore" is "heart decompensation" in Italian; do not confuse with CARDIOMYOPATHY, CONGESTIVE; heart failure that is not congestive is CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
UI = D006333
Heart Function Tests
AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted
UI = D006334
Heart Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
AN = coord IM with specific part of heart /inj (NIM)
UI = D006335
Heart Massage
MS = Rhythmic compression of the heart by pressure applied manually over the sternum (closed heart massage) or directly to the heart through an opening in the chest wall (open heart massage). It is done to reinstate and maintain circulation. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006336
Heart Murmurs
MS = Abnormal heart sounds heard during auscultation caused by alterations in the flow of blood into a chamber, through a valve, or by a valve opening or closing abnormally. They are classified by the time of occurrence during the cardiac cycle, the duration, and the intensity of the sound on a scale of I to V.
AN = do not confuse with HEART SOUNDS, a physiol concept; /etiol: coord with specific heart valve disease (IM)
UI = D006337
Heart Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with specific site in heart (NIM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D006338
Heart Rate
AN = TN 99: relation to "bradycardia" & "tachycardia"; policy: Manual 23.27+; chronotropic action of drugs = HEART RATE /drug eff (IM) + drug with /pharmacol (IM) + STIMULATION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for positive chronotropic action & DEPRESSION, CHEMICAL (NIM) for negative; for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
UI = D006339
Heart Rate, Fetal
MS = The heart rate of the fetus. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
AN = mammals only
UI = D006340
Heart Rupture
MS = Laceration or tearing of the walls of the heart, of the interatrial or interventricular septum, of the papillary muscles or chordae tendineae, or of any of the valves of the heart. Rupture may be due to a variety of pathological entities, however, the majority are secondary to myocardial infarction (HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION).
AN = rupt of any part of heart as result of heart pathol: do not confuse with HEART RUPTURE, TRAUMATIC see HEART INJURIES; coord IM with specific part (IM) if pertinent but VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE is available; usually caused by myocard infarct ( = HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION)
UI = D006341
Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction
MS = Rupture of the heart after myocardial infarction.
AN = do not coord with MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION unless specifically discussed
UI = D006342
Heart Septal Defects
MS = Defects in the cardiac septa, resulting in abnormal communications between the opposite chambers of the heart.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006343
Heart Septal Defects, Atrial
MS = Defects in the septum between the atria of the heart, due to failure of fusion between either the septum secundum or the septum primum and the endocardial cushions.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006344
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
MS = Congenital defects in the septum between the cardiac ventricles, most often due to failure of the bulbar septum to completely close the interventricular foramen.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006345
Heart Septum
MS = The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.
AN = /abnorm = HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS or its specifics; heart septal dis: coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM)
UI = D006346
Heart Sounds
MS = The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of systole and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the atria; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling but is rarely audible in the normal heart. The physiological concept of HEART SOUNDS is differentiated from the pathological HEART MURMURS.
AN = note category: do not confuse with HEART MURMURS, a disease concept
UI = D006347
Heart Transplantation
MS = The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION is also available
UI = D016027
Heart Valve Diseases
MS = Diseases caused by or resulting in abnormal functioning of heart valves.
AN = coord IM with specific valve (IM)
UI = D006349
Heart Valve Prolapse
MS = Displacement of the valves of the heart.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific valve prolapse
UI = D016127
Heart Valve Prosthesis
MS = A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
AN = coord IM with specific valve (IM); for bioprostheses coord IM with BIOPROSTHESIS (IM) & do not specify source of biol material unless especially discussed
UI = D006350
Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation
MS = Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
UI = D019918
Heart Valves
MS = Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D006351
Heart Ventricle
MS = The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right pumps venous blood into the lungs and the left pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
AN = NIM: Manual 21.51; /physiol: consider also VENTRICULAR FUNCTION & specifics; /radionuclide permitted but consider also RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY; ventric hypertrophy = HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR or HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR; false ventric tendons: index under PURKINJE FIBERS but see note there; PAPILLARY MUSCLES & CHORDAE TENDINEAE are available but read MeSH definitions
UI = D006352
Heart, Artificial
MS = A pumping mechanism that duplicates the output, rate, and blood pressure of the natural heart. It may replace the function of the entire heart or a portion of it, and may be an intracorporeal, extracorporeal, or paracorporeal heart. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = pump replacing whole or part of heart: do not confuse with HEART-LUNG MACHINE (external to heart); /psychol permitted
UI = D006354
Heart-Assist Devices
MS = Small pumps, often implantable, designed for temporarily assisting the heart, usually the left ventricle, to pump blood; they consist of a pumping chamber and a power source, which may be partially or totally external to the body and activated by electromagnetic motors; the devices are used after myocardial infarction or to wean the repaired heart from the heart-lung machine after open-heart surgery.
UI = D006353
Heart-Lung Machine
MS = Apparatus that provides mechanical circulatory support during open-heart surgery, by passing the heart to facilitate surgery on the organ. The basic function of the machine is to oxygenate the body's venous supply of blood and then pump it back into the arterial system. The machine also provides intracardiac suction, filtration, and temperature control. Some of the more important components of these machines include pumps, oxygenators, temperature regulators, and filters. (UMDNS, 1999)
AN = external: do not confuse with HEART, ARTIFICIAL (pump replacing whole or part of heart)
UI = D006355
Heart-Lung Transplantation
MS = The simultaneous, or near simultaneous, transference of heart and lungs from one human or animal to another.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed
UI = D016041
Heartburn
MS = Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.
UI = D006356
Heartwater Disease
MS = A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.
UI = D006357
Heat
MS = The form of energy and the sensation of an increase in temperature. Its interest in medicine is largely with reference to its physiological effects, its therapeutic use, and its use in procedures in physics and physical chemistry.
AN = differentiate from HEATING (the environment); /ther use: consider also HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; HEAT /adv eff: consider also HEAT STRESS DISORDERS & its specifics
UI = D006358
Heat Exhaustion
MS = An effect of excessive exposure to heat occurring commonly among workers in furnace rooms, foundries, etc., although it may occur from exposure to the sun's heat (SUNSTROKE). It is marked by subnormal temperature, with dizziness, headache, nausea, and sometimes delirium and/or collapse. It is distinguished from HEAT STROKE, in which the body temperature may be dangerously elevated. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = subnormal body temp: do not confuse with HEAT STROKE where body temp is dangerously high; SUNSTROKE is also available
UI = D006359
Heat Stress Disorders
MS = A group of conditions due to overexposure to or overexertion in excess environmental temperature. It includes heat cramps, which are non-emergent and treated by salt replacement; HEAT EXHAUSTION, which is more serious, treated with fluid and salt replacement; and HEAT STROKE, a condition most commonly affecting extremes of age, especially the elderly, accompanied by convulsions, delusions, or coma and treated with cooling the body and replacement of fluids and salts. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HEAT STRESS DIS
UI = D018882
Heat Stroke
MS = Overexposure to heat or overexertion most common in old age or infancy but especially in the elderly, accompanied by convulsions, delusions, or coma. It is treated by cooling the body and replacing fluids and salts. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992, p282)
AN = a heat stress disorder where body temp is dangerously high: differentiate from HEAT EXHAUSTION where body temp is subnormal; SUNSTROKE is also available
UI = D018883
Heat-Shock Proteins
MS = Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not use /analogs
UI = D006360
Heat-Shock Proteins 70
MS = A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in both prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotic cells. There is evidence that these proteins can interact with polypeptides during a variety of assembly processes in such a way as to prevent the formation of nonfunctional structures.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not use /analogs; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018840
Heat-Shock Proteins 90
MS = A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES whose members act in the mechanism of signal transduction by steroid receptors.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted; do not use /analogs; DF: note short X ref
UI = D018841
Heat-Shock Response
MS = A constellation of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive heat and other environmental stresses. Responses include synthesis of some proteins, repression of other proteins, and expression of new proteins. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = a form of homeostasis
UI = D018869
Heating
MS = The application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. It is distinguished from HEAT, the physical property and principle of physics.
AN = the environment: differentiate from HEAT, the principle of physics; /adv eff permitted but do not confuse with HEAT /adv eff
UI = D006361
Heavy Chain Disease
MS = A disorder of immunoglobulin synthesis in which large quantities of abnormal heavy chains are excreted in the urine. The amino acid sequences of the N-(amino-) terminal regions of these chains are normal, but they have a deletion extending from part of the variable domain through the first domain of the constant region, so that they cannot form cross-links to the light chains. The defect arises through faulty coupling of the variable (V) and constant (C) region genes.
AN = specify the immunoglobulin fragment coord NIM, as gamma chain dis = HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE (IM) + IMMUNOGLOBULINS, GAMMA-CHAIN (NIM); ALPHA-CHAIN DISEASE see IMMUNOPROLIFERATIVE SMALL INTESTINAL DISEASE is available
UI = D006362
Heavy Ions
MS = Positively-charged atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons. These particles have one or more units of electric charge and a mass exceeding that of the Helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle).
AN = coord with specific element
UI = D020450
Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System
MS = Conditions associated with damage or dysfunction of the nervous system caused by exposure to heavy metals, which may cause a variety of central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous system injuries.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D020260
Hebrides
MS = A group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean west of Scotland, comprising the Outer Hebrides and the Inner Hebrides. They were the scene of frequent incursions of Scandinavian settlers from the 6th century A.D. They were ceded to Scotland by Norway in the 13th century. The origin of the name is uncertain. It is suggested that it is the result of a miscopying of the Roman name Ebudae or Hebudae with ri for u. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p496 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p235)
AN = a group of islands west of Scotland
UI = D006363
Hedeoma
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is closely related to the European pennyroyal (MENTHA PULEGIUM).
AN = X ref PENNYROYAL, AMERICAN FALSE: PENNYROYAL EUROPEAN see MENTHA PULEGIUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031336
Hedera
MS = A plant genus of the family ARALIACEAE. Members contain hederin (olean-12-ene) type TRITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035981
Hedgehogs
MS = The family Erinaceidae, in the order INSECTIVORA. Most are true hedgehogs possessing a coat of spines and a very short tail. Those members of the family found in Southeast Asia (moonrats or gymnures) have normal body hair and a long tail.
UI = D006364
Hedyotis
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain anthraquinones and iridoids. H. diffusa is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032064
Heel
AN = primates only
UI = D006365
Heel Spur
MS = A bony outgrowth on the lower surface of the CALCANEUS. Though often presenting along with plantar fasciitis (FASCIITIS, PLANTAR), they are not considered causally related.
AN = do not confuse with HEEL SPUR SYNDROME see FASCULITIS, PLANTAR
UI = D036982
Heinz Bodies
MS = Abnormal intracellular inclusions, composed of denatured hemoglobin, found on the membrane of red blood cells. They are seen in thalassemias, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy.
UI = D006366
Hela Cells
MS = The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks (one of several pseudonyms). These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
AN = almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM; check HUMAN but do not check FEMALE & do not add CERVIX NEOPLASMS
UI = D006367
Helianthus
MS = A genus of tall, erect American herbs of the Compositae. The seeds yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosum (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.
AN = for sunflower seeds coord IM with SEEDS (IM); do not confuse X ref JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE with plain artichoke (index probably VEGETABLES)
UI = D006368
Helichrysum
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CHALCONE, helichrysetin, arenarin, and flamin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036562
Helicobacter
MS = A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans.
AN = infection = HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016998
Helicobacter heilmannii
MS = A species of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria found in the gastric mucosa that is associated with chronic antral gastritis. This bacterium was first discovered in samples removed at endoscopy from patients investigated for HELICOBACTER PYLORI colonization.
AN = infection: coord IM with HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018247
Helicobacter Infections
MS = Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
AN = gram-neg bact infect; check text for genus & species: Campylobacter pylori = HELICOBACTER PYLORI; Campylobacter pylori infect = HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) + HELICOBACTER PYLORI (IM) but Campylobacter jejuni infect = CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM) + CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI (IM); DF: HELICOBACTER INFECT
UI = D016481
Helicobacter pylori
MS = A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
AN = infection: coord IM with HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016480
Heliconiaceae
MS = A plant family of the order ZINGIBERALES, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032427
Heligmosomatoidea
MS = A superfamily of parasitic nematodes which were formerly considered a part of TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA. It includes the following genera: Heligmosomum, NEMATOSPIROIDES, and NIPPOSTRONGYLUS. The hosts are rodents.
AN = a superfamily of nematodes; infection: coord IM with STRONGYLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D006369
Heliotherapy
MS = The treatment of disease by exposing the body to the sun's rays; the therapeutic use of sunbathing. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = note X ref; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006370
Heliotropium
MS = A plant genus in the family Boraginaceae, order Lamiales, subclass Asteridae. This is the True Heliotrope that should not be confused with an unrelated plant sometimes called Garden Heliotrope (VALERIAN).
AN = distinguish from PHOTOTROPISM and VALERIAN; specify Plant Components; for /Chem coord with D tree compound and/or Preparation; for therap. coordinate with Diseases and PHYTOTHERAPY
UI = D028162
Helium
MS = Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a rare gas; He-4; He-3 = HELIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); He-5, 6, 8 = HELIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D006371
Helix (Snails)
MS = A genus of chiefly Eurasian and African land snails including the principal edible snails as well as several pests of cultivated plants.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; DF: HELIX
UI = D006372
Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs
MS = Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.
AN = do not confuse with HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIFS
UI = D018257
Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs
MS = The first DNA-binding protein motif to be recognized. Helix-turn-helix motifs were originally identified in bacterial proteins but have since been found in hundreds of DNA-BINDING PROTEINS from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They are constructed from two alpha helices connected by a short extended chain of amino acids, which constitute the "turn." The two helices are held at a fixed angle, primarily through interactions between the two helices. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p408-9)
AN = do not confuse with HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS
UI = D019077
Helleborus
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain hellebrin (BUFANOLIDES). The extract is the basis of Biocil preparation used for rheumatism.
AN = FALSE HELLEBORE see VERATRUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039322
HELLP Syndrome
MS = Hemolysis-elevated liver enzymes-low platelet count syndrome. A pre-eclamptic or eclamptic disorder with the findings shown in the clinical description from which the acronym is created. Severe hypertension may be present. Abnormal SGOT and SGPT levels also appear. (Jablonski, 2d ed)
AN = Hemolysis-Elevated Liver enzymes-Low Platelet count syndrome; DF: HELLP
UI = D017359
Helminth Proteins
MS = Proteins found in any species of helminth.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; /physiol permitted for function within the helminth; coord IM with specific protein (IM) + specific helminth (IM)
UI = D015801
Helminthiasis
MS = Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.
AN = parasitic worm infect; GEN; /drug ther: consider also ANTHELMINTICS
UI = D006373
Helminthiasis, Animal
MS = Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
AN = exper or vet; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D006374
Helminthosporium
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus including both saprophytes and plant parasites.
UI = D006375
Helminths
MS = Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = HELMINTHIASIS; coord with specific precoord helminth terms (e.g., ANTIGENS, HELMINTH) if pertinent
UI = D006376
Helper Viruses
MS = Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.
AN = enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat; coord IM with specific virus (IM)
UI = D006378
Helping Behavior
MS = Behaviors associated with the giving of assistance or aid to individuals.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006379
Helplessness, Learned
MS = Learned expectation that one's responses are independent of reward and, hence, do not predict or control the occurrence of rewards. Learned helplessness derives from a history, experimentally induced or naturally occurring, of having received punishment/aversive stimulation regardless of responses made. Such circumstances result in an impaired ability to learn. Used for human or animal populations. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
AN = no qualif
UI = D006380
Helsinki Declaration
MS = An international agreement of the World Medical Association which offers guidelines for conducting experiments using human subjects. It was adopted in 1962 and revised by the 18th World Medical Assembly at Helsinki, Finland in 1964. Subsequent revisions were made in 1975, 1983, 1989, and 1996. (From Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev ed, 1995)
UI = D006381
Hemadsorption
MS = A phenomenon manifested by an agent or substance adhering to or being adsorbed on the surface of a red blood cell, as tuberculin can be adsorbed on red blood cells under certain conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = do not confuse with HEMOSORPTION see HEMOPERFUSION
UI = D006382
Hemadsorption Inhibition Tests
AN = NIM
UI = D006383
Hemagglutination
AN = intravascular hemagglutination = ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR
UI = D006384
Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
MS = Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
AN = NIM
UI = D006385
Hemagglutination Tests
MS = Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = NIM
UI = D006386
Hemagglutination, Viral
MS = Agglutination of erythrocytes by a virus.
UI = D006387
Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
MS = Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.
AN = DF: HGIV
UI = D019267
Hemagglutinins
MS = Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.
AN = restrict to erythrocytes: leukoagglutinins are indexed under AGGLUTININS (IM) + LEUKOCYTES or specific with /immunol (IM)
UI = D006388
Hemagglutinins, Viral
UI = D006389
Hemangioblastoma
MS = A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM) or other precoord brain/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018325
Hemangioendothelioma
MS = A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D006390
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
MS = A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have "borderline" aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018323
Hemangioma
MS = An extremely common benign tumor, occurring most commonly in infancy and childhood, made up of newly formed blood vessels, and resulting from malformation of angioblastic tissue of fetal life. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. About 75% are present at birth, and about 60% occur in the head and neck area. The majority in infancy will regress spontaneously. Some hemangiomas grow rapidly during the early months of life and may be a source of some concern, although virtually all disappear by about 5 years of age. They do not metastasize and simple excision will often be curative. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1355)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VENOUS ANGIOMA is also available
UI = D006391
Hemangioma, Capillary
MS = A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse with HEMANGIOMA, LOBULAR CAPILLARY see GRANULOMA, PYOGENIC; distinguish from PORT-WINE STAIN
UI = D018324
Hemangioma, Cavernous
MS = A vascular tumor preponderantly composed of large dilated blood vessels, often containing large amounts of blood, occurring in the skin, subcutaneously, or both, and also in many viscera, particularly the liver, spleen, pancreas, and sometimes the brain. The typical superficial lesions are bright to dark red in color; deep lesions have a blue color. A cavernous hemangioma in the skin extends more deeply than a capillary hemangioma and is less likely to regress spontaneously. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D006392
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
MS = A vascular malformation composed of clusters of large, thin walled veins lacking intervening nervous tissue. They are most common in the BRAIN STEM but may also occur in the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, and spinal cord. The lesions have a tendency to rupture and cause a variety of clinical deficits (e.g., SEIZURES; hemiparesis) that depend upon the location of the hemorrhage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp851-2)
AN = coord (IM) with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS or specific (IM)
UI = D020786
Hemangiopericytoma
MS = A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D006393
Hemangiosarcoma
MS = A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D006394
Hemarthrosis
MS = Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.
UI = D006395
Hematemesis
MS = Vomiting of blood.
UI = D006396
Hematinics
MS = Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias.
UI = D006397
Hematocele
MS = Hemorrhage into a canal or cavity of the body, especially into the tunica vaginalis testis.
UI = D006398
Hematocolpos
MS = An accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = "accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina"
UI = D006399
Hematocrit
MS = Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values.
AN = a measurement of packed erythrocytes; NIM
UI = D006400
Hematologic Agents
MS = Drugs that act on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff
UI = D006401
Hematologic Diseases
MS = Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; DF: HEMATOL DIS
UI = D006402
Hematologic Neoplasms
MS = Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer LEUKEMIA or LYMPHOMA or their specifics; do not use /blood supply /second /secret; DF: HEMATOL NEOPL
UI = D019337
Hematologic Tests
MS = Tests used in the analysis of the hemic system.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; does not include BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS or SEROLOGIC TESTS; NIM; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HEMATOL TESTS
UI = D006403
Hematologic, Gastrointestinal, and Renal Agents
MS = A collective grouping for agents that act on the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and renal systems.
AN = not use for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D006404
Hematology
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; immunohematology is indexed under BLOOD GROUPS; DF: HEMATOL
UI = D006405
Hematoma
MS = An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
AN = IM; not a neoplasm: coord with organ /dis or organ /hemorrhage term (IM)
UI = D006406
Hematoma, Epidural
MS = Accumulation of blood in the cranial epidural space due to rupture of the middle meningeal artery or rarely the meningeal vein, often associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. The hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. Clinical features include the acute or subacute onset of headache, VOMITING, alterations of mentation, and hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA). The natural history of the process is progression to coma and eventually death. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p885)
UI = D006407
Hematoma, Subdural
MS = Extravasation and subsequent accumulation of blood in the subdural space between the dural and arachnoidal layers of the meninges. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a cerebral hemisphere, but may develop in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Acute (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, ACUTE) and chronic (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, CHRONIC) forms exist.
UI = D006408
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute
MS = Hemorrhage and accumulation of blood in the subdural space associated with the acute onset of neurologic deficits, usually following CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Hematoma formation occurs most frequently over the lateral and superior aspects of a cerebral hemisphere, but may also occur in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Clinical manifestations may include hemiparesis, SEIZURES, third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES), mental status changes, and COMA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p886)
UI = D020199
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic
MS = Chronic accumulation of blood in the subdural space, most frequently occurring over the lateral and superior aspects of a cerebral hemisphere. Clinical manifestations may be delayed for days to weeks, when affected individuals may present with confusion, drowsiness, hemiparesis, ATAXIA, APHASIA, and other signs of neurologic dysfunction. The condition tends to occur after the age of 50 years. It may be spontaneous, follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, or occur in association with bleeding disorders, the use of anticoagulant medication, locally invasive tumors, and other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p887)
UI = D020200
Hematometra
MS = An accumulation of blood in the uterus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = "accumulation of blood in the uterus"; do not confuse with UTERINE HEMORRHAGE
UI = D006409
Hematopoiesis
MS = The development and formation of various types of blood cells. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006410
Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary
MS = The formation and development of blood cells outside the BONE MARROW, as in the SPLEEN, LIVER, or LYMPH NODES.
AN = for splenic, hepatic or lymphatic hematopoiesis do not coord with SPLEEN /physiol, LIVER /physiol or LYMPH NODES /physiol unless particularly discussed & then probably NIM
UI = D006411
Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors
MS = These growth factors comprise a family of hematopoietic regulators with biological specificities defined by their ability to support proliferation and differentiation of blood cells of different lineages. ERYTHROPOIETIN and the COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS belong to this family. Some of these factors have been studied and used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and bone marrow failure syndromes.
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: HCGF
UI = D016298
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization
MS = The release of stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood circulation for the purpose of leukapheresis, prior to stem cell transplantion. Hematopoietic growth factors or chemotherapeutic agents often are used to stimulate the mobilization.
AN = note category; "release of stem cells from bone marrow into peripheral blood circ" prior to stem cell transpl
UI = D019650
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
MS = Tranfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.
AN = conditioning before transpl of hematopoietic stem cells: coord IM with TRANSPLANTATION CONDITIONING (IM)
UI = D018380
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
MS = Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
AN = A 11 qualif; /transpl = HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
UI = D006412
Hematopoietic System
AN = /physiol: consider also HEMATOPOIESIS
UI = D006413
Hematoporphyrin Derivative
MS = A complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins used in the photodynamic therapy of tumors (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION). A purified component of this mixture is known as DIHEMATOPORPHYRIN ETHER.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D017324
Hematoporphyrin Photoradiation
MS = Photochemotherapy using visible light, usually red, topically or delivered locally by fiberoptic probe to tissues sensitized with hematoporphyrins.
AN = IM; coord with disease /drug ther (IM), not /radiother
UI = D006414
Hematoporphyrins
MS = Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.
UI = D006415
Hematoxylin
MS = A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.
AN = a dye; D25-26 qualif
UI = D006416
Hematuria
MS = Presence of blood in the urine.
UI = D006417
Heme
MS = The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.
UI = D006418
Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)
MS = A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3.
UI = D006419
Hemeproteins
MS = Proteins that contain an iron-porphyrin, or heme, prosthetic group resembling that of hemoglobin. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p480)
UI = D006420
Hemerocallis
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031421
Hemerythrin
MS = A non-heme iron protein consisting of eight apparently identical subunits each containing 2 iron atoms. It binds one molecule of oxygen per pair of iron atoms and functions as a respiratory protein.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006422
Hemianopsia
MS = Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.
UI = D006423
Hemibody Irradiation
MS = Irradiation of one half or both halves of the body in the treatment of disseminated cancer or widespread metastases. It is used to treat diffuse metastases in one session as opposed to multiple fields over an extended period. The more frequent treatment modalities are upper hemibody irradiation (UHBI) or lower hemibody irradiation (LHBI). Less common is mid-body irradiation (MBI). In the treatment of both halves of the body sequentially, hemibody irradiation permits radiotherapy of the whole body with larger doses of radiation than could be accomplished with WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION. It is sometimes called "systemic" hemibody irradiation with reference to its use in widespread cancer or metastases. (P. Rubin et al. Cancer, Vol 55, p2210, 1985)
AN = in radiother coord IM with disease /radiother (IM); for hemibody irrad experiments, see note on WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION; DF: HEMIBODY IRRAD
UI = D017619
Hemic and Immune Systems
MS = The organs involved in the production and functions of the blood and the cellular and molecular components providing defense against foreign organisms or substances.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D006424
Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases
MS = Hematologic diseases and diseases of the lymphatic system collectively. Hemic diseases include disorders involving the formed elements (e.g., ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION, INTRAVASCULAR) and chemical components (e.g., BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS); lymphatic diseases include disorders relating to lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES & its specifics or LYMPHATIC DISEASES & its specifics; DF: HEMIC LYMPHATIC DIS CATALOG: do not use
UI = D006425
Hemicholinium 3
MS = A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.
UI = D006426
Hemidesmosomes
MS = An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate, similar in morphology to halves of DESMOSOMES. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS bind on the cytoplasmic face to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, via intracellular attachment proteins, while the extracellular domain of the integrins binds to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.
UI = D022002
Hemidesmus
MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. It is a source of PREGNANES. It is sometimes an adulterant of commercial sarsaparrilla.
AN = do not confuse with Sarsaparilla = SMILAX or Wild Sarsaparilla = ARALIA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031102
Hemifacial Spasm
MS = Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1378)
UI = D019569
Hemin
MS = Chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-dipropanoato(4-)-N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen.
AN = a porphyrin
UI = D006427
Hemipelvectomy
MS = Amputation of a lower limb through the sacroiliac joint.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006428
Hemiplegia
MS = Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.
UI = D006429
Hemiptera
MS = A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D006430
Hemispherectomy
MS = A neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic CEREBRAL CORTEX of a hemisphere. Hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral EPILEPSY due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. Depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial.
UI = D038421
Hemlock
MS = Any of several poisonous plants, commonly called poison hemlock, of the CICUTA or CONIUM genus. The hemlock tree (TSUGA) is completely unrelated being a coniferous tree of the pine family.
AN = for hemlock tree use TSUGA; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics: CONIUM or CICUTA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D018652
Hemobilia
MS = Hemorrhage in or through the biliary tract, due to trauma, inflammation, cholelithiasis, vascular disease, or neoplasms.
UI = D006431
Hemochromatosis
MS = A disorder due to the deposition of hemosiderin in the parenchymal cells, causing tissue damage and dysfunction of the liver, pancreas, heart, and pituitary. Full development of the disease in women is restricted by menstruation, pregnancy, and lower dietary intake of iron. Acquired hemochromatosis may be the result of blood transfusions, excessive dietary iron, or secondary to other disease. Idiopathic or genetic hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism associated with a gene tightly linked to the A locus of the HLA complex on chromosome 6. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = accumulation of hemosiderin in tissue
UI = D006432
Hemocyanin
AN = a pigment & blood protein
UI = D006433
Hemocytes
MS = Any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates.
AN = invertebrates only; A 11 qualif; check tag ANIMAL
UI = D006434
Hemodiafiltration
MS = The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes.
UI = D017583
Hemodialysis Solutions
MS = Solutions prepared for hemodialysis. The composition of the pre-dialysis solution may be varied in order to determine the effect of solvated metabolites on anoxia, malnutrition, acid-base balance, etc. Of principal interest are the effect of the choice of buffers (e.g., acetate or carbonate), the addition of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+), and addition of carbohydrates (glucose).
AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific substance in solution (IM); DF: HEMODIALYSIS SOL
UI = D015312
Hemodialysis Units, Hospital
MS = Hospital units in which care is provided the hemodialysis patient. This includes hemodialysis centers in hospitals.
AN = restrict to hosps: non-hosp = HEMODIALYSIS + AMBULATORY CARE FACILITIES but HEMODIALYSIS, HOME is also available
UI = D006436
Hemodialysis, Home
MS = Long-term maintenance hemodialysis in the home.
AN = /instrum permitted if not KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL
UI = D006437
Hemodilution
MS = Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically l) in states of impaired microcirculation, 2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and 3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006438
Hemodynamics
MS = The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation.
AN = IM systemic hemodynamics, NIM regional hemodynamics; as /physiol or /physiopathol, not /blood: Manual 19.8.10, 23.28, 28.18.2
UI = D006439
Hemofiltration
MS = Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function.
AN = a type of ultrafiltration; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: note short X ref
UI = D006440
Hemoglobin A
MS = Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains.
AN = normal adult hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBA
UI = D006441
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated
MS = Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.
AN = urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: note short X refs
UI = D006442
Hemoglobin A2
MS = An adult hemoglobin component normally present in hemolysates from human erythrocytes in concentrations of about 3%. The hemoglobin is composed of two alpha chains and two delta chains. The percentage of HbA2 varies in some hematologic disorders, but is about double in beta-thalassemia.
AN = /urine: coord NIM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBA2
UI = D006443
Hemoglobin C
MS = A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes.
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBC
UI = D006444
Hemoglobin C Disease
MS = A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.
AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse with HEMOGLOBIN SC DISEASE
UI = D006445
Hemoglobin E
MS = An abnormal hemoglobin that results from the substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 of the beta chain. It is most frequently observed in southeast Asian populations.
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBE
UI = D006446
Hemoglobin H
MS = An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in ALPHA-THALASSEMIA.
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBH
UI = D006447
Hemoglobin J
MS = A group of abnormal hemoglobins with similar electrophoretic characteristics. They have faster electrophoretic mobility and different amino acid substitutions in either the alpha or beta chains than normal adult hemoglobin. Some of the variants produce hematologic abnormalities, others result in no clinical disorders.
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBJ
UI = D006448
Hemoglobin M
MS = A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis.
AN = an abnorm hemoglobin; /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); DF: HBM
UI = D006449
Hemoglobin SC Disease
MS = One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.
AN = a sickle cell anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; do not confuse with HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE
UI = D006450
Hemoglobin, Sickle
MS = An abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. The heterozygous state results in sickle cell trait, the homozygous in sickle cell anemia.
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); hemoglobin S disease = ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL; DF: HBS
UI = D006451
Hemoglobinometry
MS = Measurement of hemoglobin concentration in blood.
AN = NIM; do not equate with HEMOGLOBINS /anal; note ERYTHROCYTE HEMOGLOBIN, MEAN CELL see ERYTHROCYTE INDICES is available
UI = D006452
Hemoglobinopathies
MS = A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.
AN = do not confuse with HEMOGLOBINS, ABNORMAL (D12): use term in the text; coord IM with specific abnormal hemoglobin (IM) but HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE; THALASSEMIA (hemoglobin H disease) & ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL (hemoglobin S disease) are available
UI = D006453
Hemoglobins
MS = The oxygen-carrying pigments of erythrocytes. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The structure of the globin moiety differs between species.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /anal: permitted & do not equate with HEMOGLOBINOMETRY; "mean cell erythrocyte hemoglobin" = ERYTHROCYTE INDICES; Bohr effect is indexed OXYHEMOGLOBINS /metab (IM) + PH (NIM)
UI = D006454
Hemoglobins, Abnormal
MS = Hemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. The alteration can be either absence, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the globin part of the molecule at selected positions in the polypeptide chains.
AN = /urine: coord IM with HEMOGLOBINURIA (IM); do not confuse with HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES: use term in the text
UI = D006455
Hemoglobinuria
MS = The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine.
AN = HEMOGLOBINURIA, PAROXYSMAL is also available: see note there
UI = D006456
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
MS = Disorder characterized by intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Some cases occur on exposure to cold and are due to the presence of an autohemolysin in the serum. Other cases are more marked during or immediately after sleep and are considered to be due to an acquired intracorpuscular defect.
AN = also called "paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria" so ignore "nocturnal"
UI = D006457
Hemolymph
MS = The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates.
AN = coord substance in hemolymph with substance /blood
UI = D006458
Hemolysin Factors
MS = Plasmids controlling the synthesis of hemolysin by bacteria.
UI = D006459
Hemolysins
MS = Substances, usually of biological origin, that destroy blood cells; they may be antibodies or other immunologic factors, toxins, enzymes, etc.; hemotoxins are toxic to blood in general, including the clotting mechanism; hematotoxins may refer to the hematopoietic system.
UI = D006460
Hemolysis
MS = The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
AN = hemolysis in gel = HEMOLYTIC PLAQUE TECHNIQUE
UI = D006461
Hemolytic Plaque Technique
AN = for detecting antibody-producing cells; hemolysis in gel goes here
UI = D006462
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
MS = Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis.
UI = D006463
Hemoperfusion
MS = Removal of toxins or metabolites from the circulation by the passing of blood, within a suitable extracorporeal circuit, over semipermeable microcapsules containing adsorbents (e.g., activated charcoal) or enzymes, other enzyme preparations (e.g., gel-entrapped microsomes, membrane-free enzymes bound to artificial carriers), or other adsorbents (e.g., various resins, albumin-conjugated agarose).
AN = do not confuse with RENAL DIALYSIS or PERFUSION or PERFUSION, REGIONAL; HEMOFILTRATION is available
UI = D006464
Hemoperitoneum
MS = Hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity.
UI = D006465
Hemopexin
AN = a beta-globulin
UI = D006466
Hemophilia A
MS = The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.
UI = D006467
Hemophilia B
MS = A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)
UI = D002836
Hemopneumothorax
MS = Collection of air and blood in the pleural cavity.
UI = D006468
Hemoptysis
MS = Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood.
UI = D006469
Hemorheology
MS = The study of the flow of blood in relation to the pressures, flow, volumes, and resistances in blood vessels in macroscopic, microscopic, and submicroscopic dimensions.
AN = DF: HEMORHEOL
UI = D018056
Hemorrhage
MS = Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/dis precoord (IM), not organ /blood supply; consider also terms for presence of blood within cavities, as HEMOTHORAX; HEMATOCOLPOS; etc.
UI = D006470
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
MS = A self-limited hemorrhagic disorder of the first days of life, caused by a deficiency of the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = do not confuse with HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN see ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006475
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic
MS = A species of ORBIVIRUS causing a fatal disease in deer. It is transmitted by flies of the genus Culicoides.
AN = infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018164
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit
MS = A species in the genus LAGOVIRUS which causes hemorrhagic disease, including hemorrhagic septicemia, in rabbits.
AN = infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017929
Hemorrhagic Disorders
MS = Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (VASCULAR HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).
AN = "predisposition to abnormal hemostasis"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006474
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo
MS = A species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.
AN = infection = HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, CRIMEAN; DF: CCHF VIRUS
UI = D003225
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
MS = An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.
UI = D006480
Hemorrhagic Fever, American
MS = Diseases caused by American hemorrhagic fever viruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD).
AN = caused by ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD
UI = D006478
Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean
MS = A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS, CRIMEAN-CONGO).
AN = caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, a species of Nairovirus
UI = D006479
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola
MS = A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever, clinically very similar to MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE, caused by the EBOLA VIRUS, first occurring in the Sudan and adjacent northwestern (what was then) Zaire. The natural reservoir and mode of transmission of the virus are unknown, but secondary infection is by direct contact with infected blood and other body secretions. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = caused by Ebola virus, a species of Filovirus
UI = D019142
Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk
MS = Infection with the Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, a Flavivirus.
AN = caused by a flavivirus
UI = D006481
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral
MS = A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; if renal involvement, dis is probably HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME
UI = D006482
Hemorrhagic Septicemia
MS = Any of several bacterial diseases, usually caused by PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA, marked by the presence of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and throughout the internal organs. The diseases primarly affect animals and rarely humans.
AN = coord (IM) with PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA (IM) or specific organism /infection term (IM) if pertinent
UI = D006483
Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral
MS = A systemic infection of various salmonid and a few nonsalmonid fishes caused by Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (see NOVIRHABDOVIRUS),
UI = D031941
Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Bovine
MS = Clinically severe acute disease of cattle caused by noncytopathic forms of Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (DIARRHEA VIRUS 2, BOVINE VIRAL). Outbreaks are characterized by high morbidity and high mortality.
UI = D030243
Hemorrhoids
MS = Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses.
UI = D006484
Hemosiderin
AN = a metalloprotein
UI = D006485
Hemosiderosis
MS = Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the reticuloendothelial system, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.
AN = a form of tissue iron accumulation in total body iron overload
UI = D006486
Hemostasis
MS = The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation.
AN = note Cat G; differentiate from HEMOSTATIC TECHNIQUES, Cat E; coord HEMOSTASIS in diseases with disease /blood, not /physiopathol
UI = D006487
Hemostasis, Endoscopic
MS = Control of bleeding performed through the channel of the endoscope. Techniques include use of lasers, heater probes, bipolar electrocoagulation, and local injection. Endoscopic hemostasis is commonly used to treat bleeding esophageal and gastrointestinal varices and ulcers.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with dis /ther (IM), not /surg
UI = D016558
Hemostasis, Surgical
MS = Control of bleeding during or after surgery.
AN = = perop or postop control of bleeding; do not use /util except by MeSH
UI = D006488
Hemostatic Techniques
MS = Techniques for controlling bleeding.
AN = differentiate from HEMOSTASIS, a physiol process in Cat G; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006489
Hemostatics
MS = Agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. Absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. These agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming arterial or venous bleeding under any significant intravascular pressure.
UI = D006490
Hemothorax
MS = Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.
UI = D006491
Hempa
MS = A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen.
AN = = HExaMethylPhosphorAmide
UI = D006492
Hepacivirus
MS = A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the only member and type species.
AN = infection = HEPATITIS C
UI = D016174
Hepadnaviridae
MS = A family of hepatotropic DNA viruses which contains double-stranded DNA genomes and causes hepatitis in humans and animals. There are two genera: AVIHEPADNAVIRUS and ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS. Hepadnaviruses include HEPATITIS B VIRUS, duck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, DUCK), heron hepatitis B virus, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and woodchuck hepatitis B virus (HEPATITIS B VIRUS, WOODCHUCK).
AN = a family of hepatitis viruses; from HEPAtotropic DNA viruses; infection = HEPADNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D015613
Hepadnaviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific
UI = D018347
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan
MS = Ubiquitous macromolecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix of a wide range of cells of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. They are essential cofactors in cell-matrix adhesion processes, in cell-cell recognition systems, and in receptor-growth factor interactions. (From Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996; 15(2): 177-86; Hepatology 1996; 24(3): 524-32)
AN = do not confuse with HEPARAN SULFATE see HEPARITIN SULFATE
UI = D019812
Heparin
MS = A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
UI = D006493
Heparin Antagonists
MS = Coagulant substances inhibiting the anticoagulant action of heparin.
AN = DF: HEPARIN ANTAG
UI = D006494
Heparin Cofactor II
MS = A sulfated plasma protein with the MW of approximately 66kDa that resembles ANTITHROMBIN III. The protein is an inhibitor of thrombin in plasma and is activated by dermatan sulfate or heparin. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
UI = D015844
Heparin Lyase
MS = An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.
UI = D019763
Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight
MS = Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.
AN = /antag = probably HEPARIN ANTAGONISTS; DF: note short X ref
UI = D006495
Heparinoids
MS = Heparin derivatives. The term has also been used more loosely to include naturally occurring and synthetic highly-sulphated polysaccharides of similar structure. Heparinoid preparations have been used for a wide range of applications including as anticoagulants and anti-inflammatories and they have been claimed to have hypolipidemic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th, p232)
UI = D006496
Heparitin Sulfate
MS = A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.
AN = do not confuse X ref HEPARAN SULFATE with HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN
UI = D006497
Hepatectomy
MS = Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006498
Hepatic Artery
MS = A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
UI = D006499
Hepatic Duct, Common
MS = Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
AN = an external bile duct formed by junction of right & left hepatic ducts; diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); obstruct: coord IM with BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, EXTRAHEPATIC (IM); calculi: coord (IM) with CHOLELITHIASIS (IM)
UI = D006500
Hepatic Encephalopathy
MS = A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); asterixis; NYSTAGMUS; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)
UI = D006501
Hepatic Vein Thrombosis
MS = Occlusion of the hepatic veins caused by thrombi or fibrous obliteration of the veins.
AN = do not confuse X ref CHIARI'S SYNDROME with ARNOLD-CHIARI SYNDROME see ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION
UI = D006502
Hepatic Veins
MS = Veins which drain the liver.
UI = D006503
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
MS = Blockage of the small- or medium-sized hepatic veins due to nonthrombotic subendothelial edema which may progress to fibrosis.
AN = hepatic vein blockage; DF: HVOD
UI = D006504
Hepatitis
MS = Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; probably non-viral; viral hepatitis = HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN & HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL or their specifics; /chem ind = HEPATITIS, TOXIC but note HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC is also available; /vet = HEPATITIS, ANIMAL or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL; hepatitis A, hepatitis B, etc. = HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; etc.; hepatitis parenterally transmitted = HEPATITIS C, enterally transmitted = HEPATITIS E, not specified as parenteral or enteral = probably HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; non-A, non-B hepatitis = probably HEPATITIS C but check text for mode of transmission; "transmission of hepatitis" is probably /transm with one of the viral hepatitis terms
UI = D006505
Hepatitis A
MS = Hepatitis caused by HEPATOVIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
AN = caused by a human hepatitis virus
UI = D006506
Hepatitis A Antibodies
MS = Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
AN = for antibodies to human virus, coord IM with HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN /immunol (IM)
UI = D035922
Hepatitis A Antigens
MS = Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).
AN = for antigens to human virus, coord IM with HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN /immunol (IM)
UI = D035921
Hepatitis A Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).
UI = D022362
Hepatitis A virus
MS = A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HEPATITIS A, HUMAN and Simian hepatitis A virus.
AN = infection = HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN is also available
UI = D030041
Hepatitis A Virus, Human
MS = A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.
AN = infection = HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS A VIRUS is also available
UI = D017957
Hepatitis Antibodies
MS = Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /immunol (IM) or specific viral hepatitis /immunol (IM); do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D006508
Hepatitis Antigens
MS = Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018963
Hepatitis B
MS = Hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus. It may be transmitted by transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products.
AN = caused by a human hepatitis virus; chronic = HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC
UI = D006509
Hepatitis B Antibodies
MS = Antibodies to the hepatitis B antigens, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D006510
Hepatitis B Antigens
MS = Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.
UI = D006511
Hepatitis B Core Antigens
MS = The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D006512
Hepatitis B e Antigens
MS = A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.
AN = DF: note short X refs
UI = D006513
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
MS = Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
AN = DF: note short X refs
UI = D006514
Hepatitis B Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
UI = D017325
Hepatitis B Virus
MS = The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human hepatitis B and is also apparently a causal agent in human hepatocellular carcinoma. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
AN = a species of Orthohepadnavirus; infection = HEPATITIS B
UI = D006515
Hepatitis B Virus, Duck
MS = A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.
AN = do not confuse with HEPATITIS VIRUS, DUCK, an enterovirus; infection: coord IM with HEPADNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM)
UI = D015611
Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck
MS = An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.
AN = a member of the genus Orthohepadnavirus; infection: coord IM with HEPATITIS B (IM)
UI = D017919
Hepatitis B, Chronic
MS = An inflammatory disease of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus and lasting six months or more.
UI = D019694
Hepatitis C
MS = A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse.
AN = caused by a member of the family Flaviviridae; parenterally transmitted: hepatitis not specified as enteral or parenteral is indexed under HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; chronic = HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC
UI = D006526
Hepatitis C Antibodies
MS = Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
UI = D018937
Hepatitis C Antigens
MS = Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.
UI = D018936
Hepatitis C, Chronic
MS = An inflammatory disease of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus and lasting six months or more.
UI = D019698
Hepatitis D
MS = Hepatitis caused by the HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in association with hepatitis B. It is endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons.
AN = a hepatitis caused by hepatitis delta virus; HEPATITIS D, CHRONIC is also available
UI = D003699
Hepatitis D, Chronic
MS = Inflammatory disease of the liver caused by hepatitis D virus in conjunction with hepatitis B virus and lasting six months or more.
UI = D019701
Hepatitis delta Antigens
MS = Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.
UI = D035923
Hepatitis Delta Virus
MS = A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.
AN = infection = HEPATITIS D or HEPATITIS D, CHRONIC
UI = D003698
Hepatitis E
MS = An acute form of hepatitis caused by a virus serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis E is associated with fecally-contaminated water, is enterically transmitted, and is commonly found in tropical or subtropical countries.
AN = enterally transmitted: hepatitis not specified as enteral or parenteral is indexed under HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN
UI = D016751
Hepatitis E virus
MS = A positive-stranded RNA virus species in an unassigned genus, Hepatitis E-like Viruses, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).
AN = infection = HEPATITIS E
UI = D016752
Hepatitis Virus, Duck
MS = Unassigned species, in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE, causing high mortality in ducklings 3 days to 3 weeks old.
AN = infection: coord IM with PICORNAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM)
UI = D004371
Hepatitis Viruses
MS = Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL or their specifics: see notes there
UI = D006518
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
MS = An acute or chronic degenerative and inflammatory lesion of the liver in the alcoholic which is potentially progressive though sometimes reversible. It does not necessarily include steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis of alcoholics, although it is frequently associated with these conditions. It is characterized by liver cell necrosis, infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, and Mallory bodies. The morphologic changes of chronic alcoholic hepatitis are not likely to be confused with chronic hepatitis (HEPATITIS, CHRONIC).
AN = considered chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
UI = D006519
Hepatitis, Animal
AN = exper or vet, GEN or unspecified; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL; prefer specific hepatitis heading with check tag ANIMAL & do not coord here: if specific hepatitis is exper, use only check tag ANIMAL but if specific hepatitis is vet, use specific hepatitis /vet (IM) + precoord animal/dis term (IM) + check tag ANIMAL
UI = D006520
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
MS = An unresolving, predominately periportal, hepatitis, usually with hypergammaglobulinemia and serum autoantibodies. The existence of subgroups (types 1, 2, and 3) based on serological findings are controversial. Additionally, some patients have variant forms, where there are features associated with both autoimmune hepatitis and another type of chronic liver disease (overlap syndromes) or where there are findings incompatible with autoimmune hepatitis (outlier syndromes). (From Czaja, Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125:588-598)
AN = a form of chronic hepatitis
UI = D019693
Hepatitis, Chronic
MS = A collective term for a clinical and pathological syndrome which has several causes and is characterized by varying degrees of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. Specific forms of chronic hepatitis include autoimmune hepatitis (HEPATITIS, AUTOIMMUNE), chronic hepatitis B; (HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC), chronic hepatitis C; (HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC), chronic hepatitis D; (HEPATITIS D, CHRONIC), indeterminate chronic viral hepatitis, cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and drug-related chronic hepatitis (HEPATITIS, CHRONIC, DRUG-INDUCED).
AN = chronic hepatitis from any cause; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; chronic alcoholic hepatitis = HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC
UI = D006521
Hepatitis, Chronic, Drug-Induced
MS = An inflammatory disease of the liver, lasting six months or more, and caused by an adverse drug effect. The adverse effect may result from a direct toxic effect of a drug or metabolite, or an idiosyncratic response to a drug or metabolite. The clinical and histological changes can mimic viral or autoimmune hepatitis.
AN = coord IM with specific toxic agent /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC is also available
UI = D019702
Hepatitis, Infectious Canine
MS = An adenovirus infection causing fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs, especially puppies. In foxes it causes acute encephalitis with convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death.
AN = caused by an adenovirus; don't forget also DOGS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: HEPATITIS INFECT CANINE
UI = D006522
Hepatitis, Toxic
MS = Acute hepatitis caused by true hepatotoxins such as Amanita phalloides toxin, carbon tetrachloride, yellow phosphorus, and a variety of drugs. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = coord IM with specific toxic agent /adv eff-pois-tox (IM); chronic = HEPATITIS, CHRONIC, DRUG-INDUCED; HEPATITIS, ALCOHOLIC is also available
UI = D006523
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
MS = Viral hepatitis in animals.
AN = not restricted to hepatitis caused by hepatitis viruses: use also for hepatitis caused by other viruses; exper or vet but do not use /vet; don't forget to check tag ANIMAL
UI = D006524
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
MS = Viral hepatitis in man.
AN = not restricted to hepatitis caused by hepatitis viruses: use also for hepatitis caused by other viruses; coord IM with precoord virus dis term (IM); parenterally transmitted hepatitis = HEPATITIS C, enterically transmitted hepatitis = HEPATITIS E, not specified as enteral or parenteral = HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B & HEPATITIS D are also available
UI = D006525
Hepatoblastoma
MS = A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018197
Hepatocyte Growth Factor
MS = Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-MET.
UI = D017228
Hepatocytes
MS = The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
UI = D022781
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
MS = A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. Clinical features include LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FAILURE; SPLENOMEGALY; TREMOR; bradykinesia; DYSARTHRIA; CHOREA; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; Kayser-Fleischer rings (pigmented corneal lesions); ATAXIA; and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed pp969-71)
AN = lenticular refers to the lenticular nucleus in the brain
UI = D006527
Hepatomegaly
MS = Enlargement of the liver.
AN = NIM when symptom
UI = D006529
Hepatophyta
MS = A plant division. They are simple plants that lack vascular tissue and possess rudimentary rootlike organs (rhizoids). Like MOSSES, liverworts have alternation of generations between haploid gamete-bearing forms (gametophytes) and diploid spore-bearing forms (sporophytes).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035926
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
MS = A syndrome consisting of the triad of liver dysfunction, pulmonary vascular dilatation, and abnormal arterial oxygenation in the absence of detectable intrinsic disease of the lung and heart.
UI = D020065
Hepatorenal Syndrome
MS = Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis.
AN = kidney failure in liver dis
UI = D006530
Hepatovirus
MS = A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.
AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = HEPATITIS A
UI = D006507
HEPES
MS = A dipolar ionic buffer.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006531
Heptachlor
MS = A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is cleary toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D006533
Heptachlor Epoxide
MS = An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
AN = TN 111 for eff on insects
UI = D006534
Heptaminol
MS = An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism.
UI = D006535
Heptanes
MS = Seven-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.
AN = does not include heptenes ( = ALKENES), heptadienes ( = ALKADIENES), or heptatrienes ( = POLYENES); CYCLOHEPTANES is also available
UI = D006536
Heptanoates
MS = Salts and esters of the 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid heptanoic acid.
UI = D006537
Heptanoic Acids
MS = 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.
UI = D006538
Heptanol
MS = A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.
UI = D019850
Heptoses
AN = monosaccharides; GEN only; prefer specifics
UI = D006539
Heracleum
MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. Members contain COUMARINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030002
Herbals [Publication Type]
MS = Works such as books on herbs or plants usually describing their medicinal value. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = publication type only; for herbals as a subject, index under main heading PLANT PREPARATIONS or specifics
UI = D019509
Herbicides
MS = Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific herbicide groups or specific herbicide
UI = D006540
Herbicides, Carbamate
MS = Herbicides which owe their activity to the carbamate moiety in the molecule.
UI = D006541
Herbicides, Triazine
MS = Herbicides which owe their activity to the triazine moiety in the molecule.
UI = D006542
Herbicides, Urea
MS = Herbicides which owe their activity to the urea moiety in the molecule.
UI = D006543
Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases
MS = Inherited conditions characterized by a loss of myelin in the central nervous system.
UI = D020279
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies
MS = A group of slowly progressive inherited disorders affecting motor and sensory peripheral nerves. Subtypes include HMSNs I-VII. HMSN I and II both refer to CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE. HMSN III refers to hypertrophic neuropathy of infancy, HMSN IV refers to REFSUM DISEASE, HMSN V refers to a condition marked by a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with spastic paraplegia (see SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA, HEREDITARY). HMSN VI refers to HMSN associated with an inherited optic atrophy (OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY), and HMSN VII refers to HMSN associated with retinitis pigmentosa. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
AN = do not confuse with HEREDITARY MOTOR AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHIES; DF: NEUROPATHIES HEREDITARY MOTOR SENSORY
UI = D015417
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
MS = A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)
AN = do not confuse with HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES; for X refs to HSAN types: HSAN TYPE III is see DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL
UI = D009477
Heredity
MS = The transmission of traits encoded in GENES from parent to offspring.
AN = do not confuse with INHERITANCE see WILLS
UI = D040941
Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System
MS = Inherited disorders characterized by progressive atrophy and dysfunction of anatomically or physiologically related neurologic systems.
UI = D020271
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
MS = Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.
UI = D022861
Hermaphroditism
MS = Originally, a state characterized by the presence of both male and female sex organs. In humans, true hermaphroditism is caused by anomalous differentiation of the gonads, with the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue and of ambiguous morphologic criteria of sex. If only testicular tissue is present, but there are some female morphological criteria of sex, it is known as male PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM. If only ovarian tissue is present, but there are some male morphological criteria of sex, it is known as female PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = permissible for biol hermaphroditism in lower organisms despite category; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; for check tag use genetic sex for higher animals but do not check sex tags for lower organisms; do not confuse with BISEXUALITY, a behavioral term
UI = D006546
Hernia
MS = Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM coord with specific organ/dis (IM)
UI = D006547
Hernia, Diaphragmatic
MS = Protrusion of some part of the abdominal or retroperitoneal structures through the diaphragm into the thorax. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006548
Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic
MS = Protrusion of some part of the abdominal or retroperitoneal structures through the diaphragm into the thorax, occurring as a result of injury, usually to the abdomen. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006549
Hernia, Femoral
UI = D006550
Hernia, Hiatal
MS = Herniation of the lower esophagus and/or portion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus.
AN = herniation through diaphragmatic opening; don't specify esophagus or stomach
UI = D006551
Hernia, Inguinal
UI = D006552
Hernia, Obturator
MS = Hernia through the obturator foramen.
UI = D006553
Hernia, Umbilical
MS = The protrusion of part of the intestine at the umbilicus (Dorland, 27th ed).
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006554
Hernia, Ventral
UI = D006555
Heroin
MS = A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
UI = D003932
Heroin Dependence
MS = Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon heroin.
UI = D006556
Herpangina
AN = caused by Coxsackie A virus
UI = D006557
Herpes Genitalis
MS = Herpes simplex of the genitals.
UI = D006558
Herpes Gestationis
MS = An itching polymorphous bullous eruption which occurs in pregnancy or the puerperium and which recurs in successive pregnancies.
AN = not caused by Herpesvirus: herpes refers here to the polymorphous eruptions; don't forget check tags PREGNANCY + FEMALE
UI = D006559
Herpes Labialis
MS = Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
AN = herpes simplex of the lips & nares; STOMATITIS, HERPETIC (oral cavity) is also available
UI = D006560
Herpes Simplex
MS = A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
AN = note Cat C; caused by Simplexvirus (also called Herpes simplex virus & Herpesvirus hominis)
UI = D006561
Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65
MS = Trans-acting protein that combines with host factors to induce immediate early gene transcription in herpes simplex virus.
AN = a trans-activator; DF: HSV VMW65
UI = D017405
Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with viruses from the genus SIMPLEXVIRUS. This includes vaccines for HSV-1 and HSV-2.
AN = coord IM with specific simplexvirus /immunol (IM)
UI = D022301
Herpes Zoster
MS = An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of chickenpox. It involves the sensory ganglia and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = caused by human herpesvirus 3 (HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS see HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN)
UI = D006562
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
MS = Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.
AN = caused by human herpesvirus 3 (OCULAR HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS see HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN)
UI = D006563
Herpes Zoster Oticus
MS = A syndrome characterized by facial palsy in association with a herpetic eruption of the external auditory meatus. This may occasionally be associated with tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, severe otalgia, and inflammation of the pinna. The condition is caused by reactivation of a latent HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN infection which causes inflammation of the facial and vestibular nerves, and may occasionally involve additional cranial nerves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p757)
AN = do not confuse X ref RAMSAY HUNT AURICULAR SYNDROME with RAMSAY HUNT PARALYSIS SYNDROME see PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS or RAMSAY HUNT CEREBELLAR SYNDROME see MYOCLONIC CEREBELLAR DYSSNERGIA
UI = D016697
Herpesviridae
MS = A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE; BETAHERPESVIRINAE; and GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; infection = HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS
UI = D006564
Herpesviridae Infections
MS = Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006566
Herpesvirus 1, Bovine
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes rhinotracheitis in cattle.
AN = do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 2, BOVINE; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D007242
Herpesvirus 1, Canid
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS virus that causes a disease in newborn puppies.
AN = infect: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D002184
Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine
MS = A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS that causes vesicular lesions of the mouth in monkeys. When the virus is transmitted to man it causes an acute encephalitis or encephalomyelitis, which is nearly always fatal.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D006568
Herpesvirus 1, Equid
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing abortion and respiratory disease in horses.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D004861
Herpesvirus 1, Gallid
MS = The type species of the genus INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS-LIKE VIRUSES found on every continent and affecting mainly chickens and occasionally pheasants.
AN = do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D001352
Herpesvirus 1, Human
MS = The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPES SIMPLEX (IM) or its indentions (IM); DF: HHV 1
UI = D018259
Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid
MS = A species in the genus MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES, in the family HERPESVIRIDAE, infecting turkeys.
AN = infection = MAREK DISEASE
UI = D026002
Herpesvirus 1, Ranid
MS = A species of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, whose genus is so far unassigned. It is probably the causative agent of ADENOMA or ADENOCARCINOMA in the kidneys of certain frogs.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D007913
Herpesvirus 1, Suid
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS producing a respiratory infection (PSEUDORABIES) in swine, its natural host. It also produces an usually fatal ENCEPHALOMYELITIS in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, foxes, and mink.
AN = infection = PSEUDORABIES
UI = D011558
Herpesvirus 2, Bovine
MS = A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing mammillitis in cattle in Great Britain and South Africa.
AN = do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, BOVINE; infection: coord IM with HERPES SIMPLEX (IM)
UI = D001911
Herpesvirus 2, Gallid
MS = The type species of the genus MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES in the family HERPESVIRIDAE. It is the etiologic agent of MAREK DISEASE, infecting domestic fowl and wild birds.
AN = do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, GALLID; infection = MAREK DISEASE
UI = D008381
Herpesvirus 2, Human
MS = A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS associated with genital infections (HERPES GENITALIS). It is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact.
AN = infection = HERPES GENITALIS usually; otherwise coord IM with HERPES SIMPLEX (IM) or its indentions (IM); DF: HHV 2
UI = D018258
Herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine
MS = The type species of RHADINOVIRUS, in the subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from squirrel monkeys. It produces malignant lymphomas (LYMPHOMA, MALIGNANT) in inoculated marmosets or owl monkeys.
AN = do not confuse with HERPESVIRUS 1, SAIMIRIINE see SIMPLEXVIRUS; infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D006567
Herpesvirus 3, Equid
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing coital exanthema in horses.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: EHV 3
UI = D004858
Herpesvirus 3, Gallid
MS = A species in the genus MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES, in the family HERPESVIRIDAE, infecting chickens.
AN = infection = MAREK DISEASE
UI = D025961
Herpesvirus 3, Human
MS = The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.
AN = do not confuse with other numbered herpesviruses; infection = CHICKENPOX or HERPES ZOSTER; consider also ENCEPHALITIS, VARICELLA ZOSTER; DF: HHV 3
UI = D014645
Herpesvirus 4, Bovine
MS = A species in the genus RHADINOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting cattle.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D026021
Herpesvirus 4, Equid
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS and the chief cause of rhinopneumonitis in horses.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); DF: EHV 4
UI = D023141
Herpesvirus 4, Human
MS = The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY), BURKITT LYMPHOMA, and other malignancies.
AN = infection = EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS or its indentions
UI = D004854
Herpesvirus 5, Bovine
MS = A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes a fatal MENINGOENCEPHALITIS in calves.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + MENINGOENCEPHALITIS (IM) + ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL (IM)
UI = D025881
Herpesvirus 6, Human
MS = The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.
AN = infection: coord IM with ROSEOLOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also EXANTHEMA SUBITUM
UI = D015654
Herpesvirus 7, Human
MS = A species in the genus ROSEOLOVIRUS, of the family HERPESVIRIDAE. It was isolated from activated, CD4-positive T-lymphocytes taken from the blood of a healthy human.
AN = infection: coord IM with ROSEOLOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D016199
Herpesvirus 8, Human
MS = A species in the genus RHADINOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from patients with AIDS-related and "classical" Kaposi sarcoma.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) or KAPOSI SARCOMA if so specified by author
UI = D019288
Herpesvirus Vaccines
MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection by any virus from the family HERPESVIRIDAE.
AN = coord IM with specific herpesvirus /immunol (IM) but note specifics
UI = D022283
Hesperidin
MS = A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.
UI = D006569
Hesperomyinae
MS = A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of 69 genera. New World mice and rats are included in this subfamily.
AN = a subfamily of Muridae; note X refs; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D016205
Hetastarch
MS = A derivative of STARCH used as a plasma substitute in the treatment of hemorrhage.
UI = D006895
Heterochromatin
MS = The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.
UI = D006570
Heterocyclic Compounds
MS = Ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific cpd; DF: HETEROCYCLIC CPDS
UI = D006571
Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings
MS = A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D006576
Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring
MS = A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D006573
Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring
MS = A class of organic compounds containing two ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D006574
Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring
MS = A class of organic compounds containing three ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D006575
Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring
MS = A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D006572
Heterocyclic Oxides
MS = Oxides of a ring compound having atoms other than carbon in its ring.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D006577
Heteroduplex Analysis
MS = A method of detecting gene mutation by mixing PCR-amplified mutant and wild-type DNA followed by denaturation and reannealing. The resultant products are resolved by gel electrophoresis, with single base substitutions detectable under optimal electrophoretic conditions and gel formulations. Large base pair mismatches may also be analyzed by using electron microscopy to visualize heteroduplex regions.
UI = D020180
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D
MS = A heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein that has specificity for AU-rich elements found in the 3'-region of mRNA and may play a role in RNA stability. Several isoforms of hnRNP D protein have been found to occur due to alternative mRNA splicing (RNA SPLICING).
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034502
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B
MS = A class of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximitely 34-40 kD in size. Although they are generally found in the nucleoplasm, they also shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Members of this class have been found to have a role in mRNA transport, telomere biogenesis and RNA SPLICING.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034481
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group C
MS = A group of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximately 41-43 kD in size found in the cell nucleus. Members of this class have been implicated in a variety of processes including splicing, polyadenylation, and nuclear retention of RNA.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034482
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group F-H
MS = A group of closely-related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins that are involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034541
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group M
MS = A group of closely-related 72-74 kD heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins that are involved in RNA SPLICING events.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034761
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K
MS = A heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found in the CELL NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM. Heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein K has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression at nearly all levels: TRANSCRIPTION, mRNA processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL), mRNA transport, mRNA stability, and translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). The hnRNP protein has a strong affinity for polypyrimidine-rich RNA and for single-stranded polypyrimidine-rich DNA. Multiple hnRNP K protein isoforms exist due to alternative splicing and display different nucleic-acid-binding properties.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034641
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein L
MS = A heterogenous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found associated with most nascent transcripts, most notably those of the landmark giant loops of amphibian lampbrush chromosomes.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034664
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U
MS = A heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein found associated with the NUCLEAR MATRIX.
AN = see SCR for specific hnRNP entries
UI = D034722
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins
MS = A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.
UI = D034441
Heterophyidae
MS = A family of intestinal flukes of the class Trematoda which occurs in animals and man. Some of the genera are Heterophyes, Metagonimus, Cryptocotyle, Stellantchasmus, and Euryhelmis.
AN = a family of trematodes; infection: coord IM with TREMATODE INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D006578
Heteroptera
MS = A suborder of HEMIPTERA, called true bugs, characterized by the possession of two pairs of wings. It includes the medically important families CIMICIDAE and REDUVIIDAE. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D020062
Heterosexuality
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite sex.
UI = D020010
Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins
MS = GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that contain three non-identical subunits. They are found associated with members of the seven transmembrane domain superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. The G-alpha subunit acts as a signal transduction molecule when it binds GTP and dissociates from the heterotrimer. Hydrolysis of GTP by the inherent GTPase activity of the protein causes it to revert to its inactive (heterotrimeric) form. EC 3.6.1.-.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HET G PROTEINS
UI = D020962
Heterozygote
MS = An individual having different alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosome segments.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006579
Heterozygote Detection
MS = Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.
UI = D006580
Heuchera
MS = A plant genus of the family SAXIFRAGACEAE with dark green round or heart-shaped leaves and tiny flowers.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031996
Hevea
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. Commercial natural RUBBER is mainly obtained from Hevea brasiliensis but also from some other plants.
AN = do not confuse with FICUS which is sometimes called rubberplant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D028482
Hexachlorobenzene
MS = An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.
AN = do not confuse with BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE see LINDANE; DF: note short X ref
UI = D006581
Hexachlorophene
MS = A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
UI = D006582
Hexadimethrine
MS = A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006583
Hexamethonium
MS = A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.
UI = D018738
Hexamethonium Compounds
MS = Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.
AN = antihypertensives; DF: HEXAMETHONIUM CPDS
UI = D006584
Hexanes
MS = Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.
AN = does not include hexenes ( = ALKENES), hexadienes ( = ALKADIENES), or hexatrienes ( = POLYENES); CYCLOHEXANES is also available
UI = D006586
Hexanoic Acids
UI = D006587
Hexanols
MS = Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).
UI = D000441
Hexanones
MS = 6-carbon straight-chain or branched ketones.
UI = D006588
Hexestrol
MS = A synthetic estrogen that has been used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent.
UI = D006589
Hexetidine
MS = A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygeine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)
UI = D006590
Hexobarbital
MS = A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.
UI = D006591
Hexobendine
MS = A potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output.
UI = D006592
Hexokinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and a D-hexose to ADP and a D-hexose 6-phosphate. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, sorbitol, and D-glucosamine can act as acceptors; ITP and dATP can act as donors. The liver isoenzyme has sometimes been called glucokinase. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.1.
UI = D006593
Hexoprenaline
MS = Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.
UI = D006594
Hexosamines
UI = D006595
Hexosaminidases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of N-acylhexosamine residues in N-acylhexosamides. Hexosaminidases also act on glucosides, galactosides, and several oligosaccharides.
UI = D006596
Hexosediphosphates
UI = D006598
Hexosephosphates
UI = D006600
Hexoses
AN = monosaccharides; GEN only; prefer specifics
UI = D006601
Hexosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D006602
Hexuronic Acids
MS = Term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. Historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid.
UI = D006603
Hexylresorcinol
MS = A substituted dihydroxybenzene that is used topically as an antiseptic for the treatment of minor skin infections.
UI = D006604
Heymann Nephritis Antigenic Complex
MS = A complex of antigenic proteins obtained from the brush border of kidney tubules. It contains two principal components LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 2 and LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN. The name of this complex is derived from researcher, Dr. Walter Heymann, who developed an experimental model of membranous glomerulonephritis (GLOMERULONEPHRITIS) by injecting this antigenic complex into rats to induce an autoimmune response.
AN = HEYMANN NEPHRITIS ANTIGEN GP330 see LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 2 is also available
UI = D026541
Hibernation
MS = The dormant state in which some animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs. It is a natural physiological process in many warm-blooded animals.
AN = animal only; a natural physiol process; summer dormancy corresponding to this winter dormancy = ESTIVATION
UI = D006605
Hibiscus
MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. Members contain LIGNANS. H. cannabinus is a source of textile fiber (TEXTILES).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031584
Hiccup
MS = A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound.
UI = D006606
Hidradenitis
MS = The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions.
AN = inflamm of a sweat gland
UI = D016575
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
MS = A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis.
AN = bact skin dis
UI = D017497
Hidrocystoma
MS = A cystic form of sweat gland adenoma (ADENOMA, SWEAT GLAND). It is produced by the cystic proliferation of apocrine secretory glands. It is not uncommon, occurring in adult life in no particular age group, with males and females equally affected. The commonest site is around the eye, particularly lateral to the outer canthus. It is cured by surgical removal. (Stedman, 25th ed; Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2410)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SWEAT GLAND NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D018251
Hierarchy, Social
MS = Social rank-order established by certain behavioral patterns.
AN = human & animal; no qualif
UI = D006608
High Mobility Group Proteins
MS = A family of low-molecular weight, non-histone proteins found in chromatin.
AN = GEN or unspecified; HMG-BOX DOMAINS is also available
UI = D006609
High Pressure Neurological Syndrome
MS = A syndrome related to increased atmospheric pressure and characterized by tremors, nausea, dizziness, decreased motor and mental performance, and SEIZURES. This condition may occur in those who dive deeply (c. 1000 ft) usually while breathing a mixture of oxygen and helium. The condition is associated with a neuroexcitatory effect of helium.
AN = in divers; do not confuse with INERT GAS NARCOSIS
UI = D006610
High-Energy Shock Waves
MS = Compression waves of large amplitude, across which density, pressure, and particle velocity change drastically. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
AN = a form of non-ionizing radiation; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019220
High-Frequency Jet Ventilation
MS = Respiratory support system used primarily with rates of about 100 to 200/min with volumes of from about one to three times predicted anatomic dead space. Used to treat respiratory failure and maintain ventilation under severe circumstances.
AN = a type of artif resp; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HFJV
UI = D006611
High-Frequency Ventilation
MS = Ventilatory support system using frequencies from 60-900 cycles/min or more. Three types of systems have been distinguished on the basis of rates, volumes, and the system used. They are high frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV); HIGH-FREQUENCY JET VENTILATION; (HFJV); and high-frequency oscillation (HFO).
AN = a type of artif resp; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HFV
UI = D006612
Higher Nervous Activity
AN = this expression is found intact as "vysshaia nervnaia deiatel'nost" in Russian neurophysiol lit
UI = D006613
Hindlimb
MS = Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR, TIBIA and FIBULA, tarsals, METATARSALS, and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
AN = non-primate vertebrates only; for primates use LEG
UI = D006614
Hindlimb Suspension
MS = Technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. This immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology.
UI = D019417
Hinduism
MS = A complex body of social, cultural, and religious beliefs and practices evolved in and largely confined to the Indian subcontinent and marked by a caste system, an outlook tending to view all forms and theories as aspects of one eternal being and truth, and the practice of the way of works, the way of knowledge, or the way of devotion as a means of release from the round of rebirths. (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D018596
Hip
MS = The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.
AN = do not confuse with HIP JOINT or PELVIC BONES (os coxae); aseptic or avascular necrosis = FEMUR HEAD NECROSIS; differentiate from HIP JOINT
UI = D006615
Hip Contracture
MS = Permanent fixation of the hip in primary positions, with limited passive or active motion at the hip joint. Locomotion is difficult and pain is sometimes present when the hip is in motion. It may be caused by trauma, infection, or poliomyelitis. (From Current Medical Information & Technology, 5th ed)
UI = D006616
Hip Dislocation
MS = Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.
UI = D006617
Hip Dislocation, Congenital
MS = Congenital dislocation of the hip generally includes subluxation of the femoral head, acetabular dysplasia, and complete dislocation of the femoral head from the true acetabulum. This condition occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in females than in males.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; /vet permitted but congen hip disloc in dogs = HIP DYSPLASIA, CANINE: see note there
UI = D006618
Hip Dysplasia, Canine
MS = A hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. Signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of age.
AN = congen hip disloc in dogs; don't forget check tags ANIMAL & DOGS (NIM)
UI = D006619
Hip Fractures
MS = Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD, the FEMUR NECK (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES), the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
AN = GEN or unspecified; note X refs: fract below subtrochant = FEMORAL FRACTURES; FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES is available; femur head fract = FEMUR HEAD /inj (IM) + HIP FRACTURES (IM); acetabular fract = ACETABULUM /inj (IM) + FRACTURES (IM)
UI = D006620
Hip Injuries
MS = General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.
UI = D025981
Hip Joint
AN = /inj is probably HIP DISLOCATION or HIP FRACTURES, otherwise coord IM with HIP INJURIES (IM); differentiate from HIP
UI = D006621
Hip Prosthesis
MS = Replacement for a hip joint.
UI = D006622
Hippel-Lindau Disease
MS = An autosomal dominant disorder associated with various neoplasms including central nervous system (most often cerebellar) and retinal HEMANGIOBLASTOMA, endolymphatic sac tumors, renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL), renal and pancreatic cysts, HEMANGIOMA of the spinal cord, and PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. The most common presenting manifestations are neurologic deficits associated with intracranial hemangioblastomas which may hemorrhage, causing ataxia, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and other signs of neurologic dysfunction. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):258-66)
UI = D006623
Hippocampus
MS = A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
UI = D006624
Hippocastanaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031318
Hippocrateaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Celastrales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. The Hippocratea genus contains friedelanes, triterpenoid quinone, and hippocrateine I.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031320
Hippocratic Oath
MS = An oath, attributed to Hippocrates, that serves as an ethical guide for the medical profession.
AN = capitalize Hippocratic in titles & translations
UI = D006625
Hippomane
MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. The trees contain hippomanin A (TANNINS) and the latex is a skin irritant.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031285
Hippophae
MS = A plant genus of the family ELAEAGNACEAE. Linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) comprised about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. This is unrelated to 'artificial sea buckthorn oil'.
AN = unrelated to "artificial sea buckthorn oil"; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031281
Hippurates
MS = Salts and esters of hippuric acid.
UI = D006626
Hirschsprung Disease
MS = Congenital megacolon due to absence of myenteric ganglion cells in a distal segment of the large intestine.
AN = congen megacolon: acquired megacolon = MEGACOLON; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006627
Hirsutism
MS = Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is localized or generalized excess hair.
AN = "excess hair in females & child with an adult male pattern distrib"; differentiate from HYPERTRICHOSIS, "localized or generalized excess hair"
UI = D006628
Hirudin
MS = The active principle in the buccal gland secretion (saliva) of LEECHES. It acts as an antithrombin and as an antithrombotic agent.
UI = D006629
Hirudin Therapy
MS = Use of HIRUDIN as an anticoagulant in the treatment of cardiological and hematological disorders.
AN = coord IM with disease/drug ther (IM)
UI = D024764
Hispanic Americans
MS = Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
AN = US residents of Puerto Rican, Cuban, Cent American, South American or other Spanish culture or origin; does not include Brazilian Americans ( = UNITED STATES + BRAZIL /ethnol) nor Portuguese Americans ( = UNITED STATES + PORTUGAL /ethnol); specify geog; despite X refs specify NIM PUERTO RICO /ethnol or other Hispanic country with /ethnol when pertinent; MEXICAN AMERICANS is available
UI = D006630
Histamine
MS = A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
AN = /agon = HISTAMINE AGONISTS; /antag = HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS if general & unspecified or HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS for classical "antihistamine" or HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS if so specified; /biosyn /physiol permitted but with caution; /secret or histamine liberation = HISTAMINE RELEASE
UI = D006632
Histamine Agents
MS = Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems. Included are drugs that act at histamine receptors, affect the life cycle of histamine, or affect the state of histaminergic cells.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs
UI = D018494
Histamine Agonists
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS; DF: HISTAMINE AGON or HISTAMINE AG
UI = D017442
Histamine Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. Classical antihistaminics block the histamine H1 receptors only.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with HISTAMINE AGONISTS; DF: HISTAMINE ANTAG
UI = D006633
Histamine H1 Antagonists
MS = Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.
AN = the "classical antihistaminics": note X refs; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HISTAMINE H1 ANTAG
UI = D006634
Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating
MS = A class of non-sedating drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. These antihistamines represent a heterogenous group of compounds with differing chemical structures, adverse effects, distribution, and metabolism. Compared to the early (first generation) antihistamines, these non-sedating antihistamines have greater receptor specificity, lower penetration of BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER, and are less likely to cause drowsiness or psychomotor impairment.
UI = D039563
Histamine H2 Antagonists
MS = Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: HISTAMINE H2 ANTAG
UI = D006635
Histamine N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to histamine, forming N-methylhistamine, the major metabolite of histamine in man. EC 2.1.1.8.
UI = D006637
Histamine Release
MS = The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects.
UI = D006636
Histidine
MS = An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.
AN = /biosyn /defic /physiol permitted
UI = D006639
Histidine Ammonia-Lyase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of histidine catabolism, forming UROCANIC ACID and AMMONIA from HISTIDINE. Deficiency of this enzyme is associated with elevated levels of serum histidine. EC 4.3.1.3.
AN = /defic: consider also HISTIDINEMIA
UI = D006638
Histidine Decarboxylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to histamine and carbon dioxide. It requires pyridoxal phosphate in animal tissues, but not in microorganisms. EC 4.1.1.22.
UI = D006640
Histidine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates histidine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.21.
UI = D006643
Histidinol
MS = The penultimate step in the pathway of histidine biosynthesis. Oxidation of the alcohol group on the side chain gives the acid group forming histidine. Histidinol has also been used as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
UI = D006641
Histidinol-Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of histidinol-phosphate to histidinol. One of the regulatory enzymes in histidine biosynthesis. EC 3.1.3.15.
UI = D006642
Histiocytes
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D006644
Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant
MS = Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are acute monocytic leukemias, malignant histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, MALIGNANT), and true histiocytic lymphomas.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; do not confuse with HISTIOCYTOSIS, MALIGNANT
UI = D015620
Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis
MS = Development of lesions in the lymph node characterized by infiltration of the cortex or paracortex by large collections of proliferating histiocytes and complete or, more often, incomplete necrosis of lymphoid tissue.
UI = D020042
Histiocytoma, Fibrous
MS = A tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of histiocytes and with various fibroblastic components. There are many variants and many names. Superficially located histiocytic lesions behave benignly but deep, benign histiocytomas may invade locally into surrounding tissue. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. Superficial lesions are always cured by simple excision; a wider margin of tissue should be obtained for deep, benign types. Local recurrence is uncommon. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1356)
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018219
Histiocytosis
MS = General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.
AN = "abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood" (usually in tissue); GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics; do not confuse with HISTIOCYTOSIS X see HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS-CELL
UI = D015614
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
MS = Group of disorders of histiocyte proliferation which includes LETTERER-SIWE DISEASE; HAND-SCHUELLER-CHRISTIAN SYNDROME; and EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA. Langerhans cells are components of the lesions.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006646
Histiocytosis, Malignant
MS = A rare, usually rapidly progressive disorder, characterized by abrupt onset, fever, weight loss, hepato-splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and lymphadenopathy.
AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct; do not confuse with HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT
UI = D006647
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell
MS = Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active histiocytes and lymphocytes, but where the histiocytes are not Langerhans cells. The group includes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, sinus histiocytosis, xanthogranuloma, reticulohistiocytoma, juvenile xanthoma, xanthoma disseminatum, as well as the lipid storage diseases (sea-blue histiocyte syndrome and Niemann-Pick disease).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D015616
Histiocytosis, Sinus
MS = Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.
AN = a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis; sinus refers to the lymphatic sinuses
UI = D015618
Histocompatibility
MS = The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts.
UI = D006648
Histocompatibility Antigens
MS = A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
AN = GEN or unspecified only; prefer specifics but for humans, use HLA ANTIGENS; /genet permitted but consider also MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
UI = D006649
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
MS = Large transmembrane, polymorphic glycoproteins noncovalently associated with nonpolymorphic beta 2-microglobulin. In humans, three structural genes on chromosome 6 code for the HLA-A; HLA-B and HLA-C antigens. In mice, three genes named K, D, and L on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during graft rejection and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells. They are primarily associated with rheumatologic diseases and certain malignant disorders.
AN = human & animal
UI = D015395
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
MS = Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.
AN = human & animal; GEN: prefer specifics; see also HLA ANTIGENS & specifics for human; X ref IA ANTIGENS refers to any class II histocompatibility antigen
UI = D000949
Histocompatibility Testing
MS = Identification of the major histocompatibility antigens of transplant donors and potential recipients, usually by serological tests. Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for histocompatibility antigens in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
AN = human or animal
UI = D006650
Histocytochemistry
MS = Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
AN = = histochem or cytochem or both; NIM usually with no qualif; SPEC qualif when IM; histochem of disease is disease /metab; Manual 26.11+
UI = D006651
Histocytological Preparation Techniques
MS = Methods of preparing cells or tissues for examination and study of their origin, structure, function, or pathology. The methods include preservation, fixation, sectioning, staining, replica, or other technique to allow for viewing using a microscope.
AN = DF: HISTOCYTOL PREP TECHNIQUES
UI = D016591
Histological Techniques
AN = NIM
UI = D006652
Histology
AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; prefer /anat & histol with specific organs & organisms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.7; DF: HISTOL
UI = D006653
Histology, Comparative
AN = IM: SPEC only, SPEC qualif; usually NIM coord: no qualif; Manual 18.13; more likely is tag COMPARATIVE STUDY with specific A or B term with /anat & histol: Manual 18.13; DF: HISTOL COMPARATIVE
UI = D006654
Histone Deacetylases
MS = Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. Some of these belong to the SIRTUINS protein family.
AN = if NAD-dependent histone deacetylase coord with SIRTUINS
UI = D006655
Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in proteins to yield epsilon mono-, di-, and trimethyllysine. EC 2.1.1.43.
UI = D011495
Histones
MS = Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.
AN = H1, H2a, H2b, H3, etc. go here
UI = D006657
Histoplasma
MS = A mitosporic Onygenales fungal genus causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Its single species is Histoplasma capsulatum which has two varieties: H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Its teleomorph is AJELLOMYCES capsulatus.
AN = infection = HISTOPLASMOSIS
UI = D006658
Histoplasmin
UI = D006659
Histoplasmosis
MS = Infecton resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = fungus dis
UI = D006660
Historical Article [Publication Type]
MS = An article or portion of an article giving an account of past events or circumstances significant in a field of study, a profession, a discovery, an invention, etc. The concept of history is very wide, ranging from the dawn of time to the present. This publication type is often checked in conjunction with BIOGRAPHY [PUBLICATION TYPE].
AN = publication type only; former citation type (Manual 32.15+); check appropriate hist tags
UI = D016456
Historical Geographic Locations
MS = Countries known in remote history (as BYZANTIUM) or former names of countries reflecting political changes in the 20th century (as GERMANY, EAST).
AN = "historical" refers to the more remote or recent past or to a term with historic significance aside from its location; all historical & century check tags apply
UI = D017516
Historiography
MS = The writing of history; the principles, theory, and history of historical writing; the product of historical writing. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = = the writing of histories; no qualif; DF: HISTORIOGR
UI = D006663
History
AN = SPEC only; no qualif; prefer /hist for specific subjects: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.36; IM as subject: Manual 32.3; Saints: TN H; DF: HIST
UI = D006664
History of Dentistry
AN = GEN only; prefer /hist with specific dent term (IM) & do not coord here at all or under DENTISTRY /hist; no qualif; Manual 32.7, 32.8; DF: HIST DENT
UI = D006665
History of Medicine
AN = no qualif; Manual 18.14+; policy: Manual 32.4-.6; hist check tags: Manual 18.14+; Avicenna (Ibn Sina): see note under MEDICINE, ARABIC; DF: HIST MED
UI = D006666
History of Medicine, 15th Cent.
AN = IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 15TH CENT or 15 CENT
UI = D006670
History of Medicine, 16th Cent.
AN = IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 16TH CENT or 16 CENT
UI = D006671
History of Medicine, 17th Cent.
AN = IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 17TH CENT or 17 CENT
UI = D006672
History of Medicine, 18th Cent.
AN = IM or NIM: Manual 18.14+, 32.6; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 18TH CENT or 18 CENT
UI = D006673
History of Medicine, 19th Cent.
AN = NIM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 19TH CENT or 19 CENT
UI = D006674
History of Medicine, 20th Cent.
AN = NIM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 20TH CENT or 20 CENT
UI = D006675
History of Medicine, 21st Cent.
MS = Events and developments in medicine during the 100 year period following the 20th century.
AN = NIM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; DF: HIST MED 21ST CENT or 21 CENT
UI = D023541
History of Medicine, Ancient
MS = The period of the history of medicine before 500 A.D.
AN = before 500 A.D.; IM; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; for ancient lands or cities not in MeSH, do not locate by modern geog country: index only here; DF: ANCIENT
UI = D006667
History of Medicine, Early Modern
MS = The period of the history of medicine from 1451 through 1600 A.D. HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 15TH CENT. and HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 16TH CENT. are also available.
AN = 1451-1600; no qualif; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 15TH CENT. or HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 16TH CENT.; check tag when not point of article or check tag 15th or 16th cent as specified; DF: HIST MED EARLY MODERN or EARLY MODERN
UI = D018593
History of Medicine, Medieval
MS = The period of the history of medicine from 500 through 1450 A.D.
AN = IM; 500-1450 A.D.; no qualif; check tag when not point of article; Avicenna (Ibn Sina): see note under MEDICINE, ARABIC: TN 12; DF: MEDIEVAL
UI = D006668
History of Medicine, Modern
MS = The period of the history of medicine from 1601 A.D. to the present.
AN = 1601-present; no qualif; avoid as NIM: prefer one or all specific indentions; for IM see Manual 18.14.7, 32.6; DF: HIST MED MODERN
UI = D006669
History of Nursing
AN = GEN only; prefer /hist with specific nurs term (IM) & do not coord here at all or under NURSING /hist; no qualif; Manual 18.14+, 32.7-.8; DF: HIST NURS
UI = D006676
Histrionic Personality Disorder
MS = A personality disorder characterized by overly reactive and intensely expressed or overly dramatic behavior, proneness to exaggeration, emotional excitability, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships.
UI = D006677
HIV
MS = Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, PRIMATE), formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME.
AN = a species of Lentivirus of the subgenus Lentiviruses, Primate; infection = HIV INFECTIONS but prefer specifics
UI = D006678
HIV Antibodies
MS = Antibodies reactive with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, previously called HTLV-III/LAV) antigens of AIDS.
AN = includes HIV-1 & HIV-2 antibodies; do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D015483
HIV Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.
UI = D015488
HIV Core Protein p24
MS = A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.
AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016655
HIV Enhancer
MS = Cis-acting regulatory sequences in the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) which play a major role in induction or augmentation of HIV gene expression in response to environmental stimuli such as mitogens, phorbol esters, or other viruses. The HIV enhancer is the binding site for many cellular transcription factors including the nuclear factor NF-kappa B.
UI = D016322
HIV Enteropathy
MS = Chronic, well-established diarrhea (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)
AN = chronic diarrhea in HIV-positive persons
UI = D019053
HIV Envelope Protein gp120
MS = External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kD and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.
AN = IM; despite X refs, coord with HIV-1 or HIV-2 (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: GP120
UI = D015699
HIV Envelope Protein gp160
MS = An envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus that is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 160,000 kD and contains numerous glycosylation sites. It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41.
AN = DF: GP160
UI = D019302
HIV Envelope Protein gp41
MS = Transmembrane envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in cell fusion with the CD4 antigens of T4 lymphocytes, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by immunoblotting.
AN = IM; coord with HIV-1 (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: GP41
UI = D015700
HIV Fusion Inhibitors
MS = Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry.
UI = D023581
HIV Infections
MS = Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AN = caused by a lentivirus; GEN or unspecified; coord IM with HIV-1 (IM) or HIV-2 (IM); note specific indentions under HIV INFECTIONS; DF: HIV INFECT
UI = D015658
HIV Integrase
MS = Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required to integrate viral DNA into cellular DNA in the nucleus of a host cell. HIV integrase is a DNA nucleotidyltransferase encoded by the pol gene. EC 2.7.7.-.
UI = D019427
HIV Integrase Inhibitors
MS = Inhibitors of HIV INTEGRASE, an enzyme required for integration of viral DNA into cellular DNA.
AN = an antiviral; DF: HIV INTEGRASE INHIB
UI = D019428
HIV Long Terminal Repeat
MS = Regulatory sequences important for viral replication that are located on each end of the HIV genome. The LTR includes the HIV ENHANCER, promoter, and other sequences. Specific regions in the LTR include the negative regulatory element (NRE), NF-kappa B binding sites , Sp1 binding sites, TATA BOX, and trans-acting responsive element (TAR). The binding of both cellular and viral proteins to these regions regulates HIV transcription.
AN = DF: HIV LTR or HIV TAR
UI = D016325
HIV Long-Term Survivors
MS = Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.
UI = D020276
HIV Protease
MS = Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene. EC 3.4.23.-
UI = D016333
HIV Protease Inhibitors
MS = Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
AN = DF: HIV PROTEASE INHIB
UI = D017320
HIV Seronegativity
MS = Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
AN = note category; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY (Cat C) is available; DF: HIV SERONEG
UI = D018023
HIV Seropositivity
MS = Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
AN = note category; HIV SERONEGATIVITY (Cat G) is also available; /diag /immunol permitted but use caution; coord IM with HIV-1 /immunol (IM) or HIV-2 /immunol (IM); do not confuse with HIV SEROPREVALENCE, an epidemiol concept; DF: HIV SEROPOS
UI = D006679
HIV Seroprevalence
MS = Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).
AN = IM; an epidemiol concept: do not confuse with HIV SEROPOSITIVITY, a diag finding; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D015528
HIV Wasting Syndrome
MS = Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
UI = D019247
HIV-1
MS = The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME). It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
AN = infection: coord IM with HIV INFECTIONS (IM) or AIDS (IM) or their specifics (IM)
UI = D015497
HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase
MS = HIV-1 enzyme responsible for the synthesis of DNA from genomic RNA of the virus. It exists as a heterodimer of a 66 kDa (p66) subunit and a 51 kDa (p51) subunit. It is encoded by the pol gene of HIV-1. EC 2.7.7.-.
AN = /antag: coord IM with specific inhibitor (IM) + REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (IM)
UI = D019434
HIV-2
MS = An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIV and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
AN = infection: coord IM with HIV INFECTIONS (IM) or AIDS (IM) or their specifics (IM)
UI = D015498
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
MS = Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.
UI = D039682
HL-60 Cells
MS = A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid cells but express surface receptors for Fc fragment and complement. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)
AN = promyelocytic leukemia cells; A 11 qualif
UI = D018922
HLA Antigens
MS = Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.
AN = human only, standing for Human Leukocyte Antigen; assoc with tissue types in transpl & with various dis; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; HLA goes here; DF: HLA
UI = D006680
HLA-A Antigens
MS = Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.
AN = assoc with acceptance or rejection of tissue or organ grafts; DF: HLA A
UI = D015234
HLA-A1 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the A locus on chromosome 6. Individuals bearing this allele are more susceptible to Hodgkin's disease. HLA-A1 is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3.
AN = assoc with susceptibility to Hodgkin's dis; DF: HLA A1
UI = D015788
HLA-A2 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the A locus on chromosome 6. The HLA-A2 antigen is associated with recognition of the INFLUENZA A VIRUS.
AN = assoc with recognition of INFLUENZA A VIRUS; DF: HLA A2
UI = D015789
HLA-A3 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the A locus on chromosome 6. The allele occurs with increased frequency in individuals with idiopathic hemochromatosis. HLA-A3 is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B7 and HLA-DR2.
AN = assoc with hemochromatosis; DF: HLA A3
UI = D015791
HLA-B Antigens
MS = Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.
AN = assoc with predisposition to rheumatoid & other autoimmune disord; DF: HLA B
UI = D015235
HLA-B27 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. It is strongly associated with acute anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and REITER DISEASE.
AN = assoc with acute anterior uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis & Reiter's dis; DF: HLA B27
UI = D015796
HLA-B35 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. It is weakly associated with a number of diseases.
AN = weakly assoc with several dis; DF: HLA B35
UI = D015797
HLA-B7 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. There is a weak association between the presence of the HLA-B7 antigen and the diseases of narcolepsy and idiopathic hemochromatosis. HLA-B7 is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3 and HLA-DR2.
AN = assoc with narcolepsy & hemochromatosis; DF: HLA B7
UI = D015793
HLA-B8 Antigen
MS = Human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigen encoded by the B locus on chromosome 6. It is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A1 and HLA-DR3. This explains the fact that though HLA-B8 was originally associated with several diseases, including celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, and myasthenia gravis, their association with HLA-DR3 is now considered more significant.
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: HLA B8
UI = D015795
HLA-C Antigens
MS = Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).
AN = assoc with donor/recipient crossmatching; DF: HLA C
UI = D015236
HLA-D Antigens
MS = Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.
AN = assoc with possibly immune dis; GEN; prefer specifics; DF: HLA D
UI = D006681
HLA-DP Antigens
MS = A group of the D-related HLA antigens (human) found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
AN = assoc with various dis; DF: HLA DP
UI = D006682
HLA-DQ Antigens
MS = A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
AN = assoc with various dis; DF: HLA DQ
UI = D006683
HLA-DR Antigens
MS = A group of D-related human leukocyte antigens that are polymorphic glycoproteins found on lymphoid cells. They consist of alpha and beta chains and their inheritance differs from that of the DQ and DP antigens; their presence seems to be associated with certain skin diseases like pemphigus vulgaris, dermatitis herpetiformis, and type I diabetes.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; assoc with various skin dis & insulin-depend diabetes mellitus; DF: HLA DR
UI = D006684
HLA-DR1 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells.
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: HLA DR1
UI = D015798
HLA-DR2 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 and is strongly associated with Goodpasture syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and narcolepsy.
AN = assoc with Goodpasture syndrome, multiple sclerosis & narcolepsy; DF: HLA DR2
UI = D015802
HLA-DR3 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-A1 and HLA-B8. The HLA-DR3 antigen is strongly associated with celiac disease, Grave's disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, early-age onset myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile diabetes, and opportunistic infections in AIDS.
AN = read MeSH definition for assoc dis; DF: HLA DR3
UI = D015803
HLA-DR4 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile diabetes.
AN = assoc with rheumatoid arthritis & insulin-depend diabetes mellitus; DF: HLA DR4
UI = D015804
HLA-DR5 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D-locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is associated with Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
AN = assoc with Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS & juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; DF: HLA DR5
UI = D015805
HLA-DR6 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells.
AN = read MeSH definition; DF: HLA DR6
UI = D015808
HLA-DR7 Antigen
MS = Human immune-response, D-related antigen encoded by the D locus on chromosome 6 and found on lymphoid cells. It is strongly associated with celiac disease and psoriasis vulgaris.
AN = assoc with celiac dis & psoriasis; DF: HLA DR7
UI = D015809
HMG-Box Domains
MS = DNA-binding domains present in proteins of the HMG-box superfamily including the archetypal HMGB PROTEINS, a number of sequence specific TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, and other DNA-BINDING PROTEINS. The domains consist of 70-80 amino acids that form an L-shaped fold from three alpha-helical segments. The domain has the capacity to recognize and/or induce specific DNA structures and effect the accessibility of the DNA to other proteins involved in transcription, recombination, or DNA repair. (Note that not all HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEINS contain this domain.)
AN = HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEINS is also available
UI = D024742
HMGA Proteins
MS = Proteins containing AT-HOOK MOTIFS that are rich in arginine and glycine residues. They bind to the minor grove of AT-rich regions of DNA.
UI = D024003
HMGA1a Protein
MS = An 11 kD AT-hook motif-containing (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) protein that binds to the minor grove of AT-rich regions of DNA. It is the full-length product of the alternatively-spliced HMGA1 gene and may function as an architectural chromatin binding protein that is involved in transcriptional regulation.
UI = D025741
HMGA1b Protein
MS = An AT-hook motif-containing protein (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) that binds to the minor grove of AT-rich regions of DNA. It is a truncated form of HMGA1a protein that is produced by alternative-splicing of the HMGA1 gene. It may function as an architectural chromatin binding protein that is involved in transcriptional regulation.
UI = D025742
HMGA1c Protein
MS = An AT-hook-containing (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) nuclear protein that may be involved in retinoid-dependent transcriptional activity.
UI = D025764
HMGA2 Protein
MS = An AT-hook-containing (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) nuclear protein that is expressed predominantly in proliferating and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.
UI = D025743
HMGB Proteins
MS = A family of sequence-related proteins similar to HMGB1 PROTEIN that contains specific HMG-BOX DOMAINS.
UI = D024002
HMGB1 Protein
MS = A 24 kD HMGB protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of DNA.
UI = D024243
HMGB2 Protein
MS = A 23 kD HMG-box protein that binds to and distorts the minor grove of DNA.
UI = D024261
HMGB3 Protein
MS = An HMG-box domain (HMG-BOX DOMAINS) found highly expressed in embryonic tissue and in placenta.
UI = D025765
HMGN Proteins
MS = A family of HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEINS that bind to NUCLEOSOMES.
UI = D024001
HMGN1 Protein
MS = An evolutionarily-conserved 10 kD nuclear protein that binds NUCLEOSOMES and may be involved in the process of CHROMATIN unfolding.
UI = D024241
HMGN2 Protein
MS = An evolutionarily conserved 9 KD nuclear protein that binds NUCLEOSOMES and may be involved in the process of CHROMATIN unfolding.
UI = D024242
HN Protein
MS = Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity.
AN = IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D015707
Hoarseness
MS = An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
AN = for other qualities of voice VOICE QUALITY & VOICE DISORDERS are available
UI = D006685
Hobbies
MS = Leisure activities engaged in for pleasure.
AN = IM; coord with person pursuing the hobby (IM)
UI = D006686
Hockey
MS = A game in which two parties of players provided with curved or hooked sticks seek to drive a ball or puck through opposite goals. This applies to either ice hockey or field hockey.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D006688
Hodgkin Disease
MS = A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue, and the presence of large, usually multinucleate, cells (REED-STERNBERG CELLS) of unknown origin.
AN = neoplastic; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct
UI = D006689
Holarrhena
MS = A plant genus of the family APOCYNACEAE. Members contain holarrhenine (a steroidal alkaloid) and TRICHOTHECENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035462
Holcus
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains Hol l 1 and Hol l 5 allergens.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031752
Holidays
MS = Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods.
UI = D006693
Holistic Health
MS = Health as viewed from the perspective that humans and other organisms function as complete, integrated units rather than as aggregates of separate parts.
AN = coord with specific complementary therapy if pertinent
UI = D006694
Holistic Nursing
MS = A philosophy of nursing practice that takes into account total patient care, considering the physical, emotional, social, economic, and spiritual needs of patients, their response to their illnesses, and the effect of illness on patients' abilities to meet self-care needs. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed, p745)
AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; DF: HOLISTIC NURS
UI = D018939
Holmium
MS = Holmium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.
AN = a rare earth metal; Ho-165; Ho-151-170, except Ho-165 = HOLMIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D006695
Holocarboxylase Synthetase Deficiency
MS = The neonatal form of MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY that is caused by a defect or deficiency in holocarboxylase synthetase. HLCS is the enzyme that covalently links biotin to the biotin dependent carboxylases (propionyl-CoA-carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, and beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase).
UI = D028922
Holocaust
MS = A massive slaughter, especially the systematic mass extermination of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps prior to and during World War II.
AN = not restricted to exterm of Jews by Nazis but when so used, spell in titles & translations with uppercase H: Holocaust
UI = D017767
Holoenzymes
MS = Catalytically active enzymes that are formed by the combination of an apoenzyme (APOENZYMES) and its appropriate cofactors and prosthetic groups.
AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM)
UI = D020035
Holography
MS = The recording of images in three-dimensional form on a photographic film by exposing it to a laser beam reflected from the object under study.
AN = DF: HOLOGR
UI = D006696
Holoprosencephaly
MS = Anterior midline brain, cranial, and facial malformations resulting from the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to undergo segmentation and cleavage. Alobar prosencephaly is the most severe form and features anophthalmia; cyclopia; severe MENTAL RETARDATION; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT PALATE; SEIZURES; and microcephaly. Semilobar holoprosencepaly is characterized by hypotelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma, nasal malformations, and variable degrees of mental retardation. Lobar holoprosencephaly is associated with mild (or absent) facial malformations and intellectual abilities that range from mild mental retardation to normal. Holoprosencephlay is associated with CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES.
UI = D016142
Holothurin
MS = A highly toxic saponin occurring in the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuriodeae, phylum Echinodermata. This marine toxin is an anionic surfactant, hemolyzing red blood corpuscles. It acts irreversibly to destroy the excitability at cholinergic neuromuscular junctions.
UI = D006697
Holtzman Inkblot Test
MS = Personality evaluation based on the scoring of several variables as a result of the subject's responses in perceiving 47 inkblot plates.
UI = D006698
Home Care Agencies
MS = Public or private organizations that provide, either directly or through arrangements with other organizations, home health services in the patient's home. (Hospital Administration Terminology, 2d ed)
AN = public or private agencies; coord IM with specific home care (IM)
UI = D018574
Home Care Services
MS = Community health and nursing services providing coordinated multiple service home care to the patient. It includes home-offered services provided by a visiting nurse, home health agencies, hospitals, or organized community groups using professional staff for care delivery. It differs from HOME NURSING which is provided by non-professionals.
AN = IM; coord with specific home care (IM); DF: HOME CARE SERV
UI = D006699
Home Care Services, Hospital-Based
MS = Hospital-sponsored provision of health services, such as nursing, therapy, and health-related homemaker or social services, in the patient's home. (Hospital Administration Terminology, 2d ed)
AN = IM; DF: HOME CARE SERV HOSP BASED
UI = D018575
Home Childbirth
MS = Childbirth taking place in the home.
UI = D006700
Home Health Aides
MS = Persons who assist ill, elderly, or disabled persons in the home, carrying out personal care and housekeeping tasks. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms. 2d ed, p202)
AN = coord IM with specific home health care (IM)
UI = D018576
Home Infusion Therapy
MS = Use of any infusion therapy on an ambulatory, outpatient, or other non-institutionalized basis.
AN = IM; coord with specific type of infusion or infusion ther (IM); DF: HOME INFUSION THER
UI = D018718
Home Nursing
MS = Nursing care given to an individual in the home. The care may be provided by a family member or a friend. Home nursing as care by a non-professional is differentiated from HOME CARE SERVICES provided by professionals: visiting nurse, home health agencies, hospital, or other organized community group.
AN = by non-professionals only (family, friends, etc.): do not confuse with HOME CARE SERVICES (by professional: visiting nurse, public health nurse, etc.)
UI = D006701
Homebound Persons
MS = Those unable to leave home without exceptional effort and support; patients (in this condition) who are provided with or are eligible for home health services, including medical treatment and personal care. Persons are considered homebound even if they may be infrequently and briefly absent from home if these absences do not indicate an ability to receive health care in a professional's office or health care facility. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p309)
AN = IM; homebound elderly: coord IM with AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER or FRAIL ELDERLY (IM) only when aged is point of article
UI = D018577
Homeless Persons
MS = Persons who have no permanent residence. The concept excludes nomadic peoples.
AN = not for nomads; note X ref SKID ROW ALCOHOLICS: do not coord with ALCOHOLISM unless particularly discussed as the disease
UI = D006703
Homeless Youth
MS = Runaway and homeless children and adolescents living on the streets of cities and having no fixed place of residence.
AN = check the tag CHILD or specific age group; specify geog if pertinent
UI = D018453
Homemaker Services
MS = Non-medical support services, such as food preparation and bathing, given by trained personnel to disabled, sick or convalescent individuals in their home.
AN = "non-med support services" in the home; DF: HOMEMAKER SERV
UI = D006704
Homeodomain Proteins
MS = Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).
AN = DNA-binding proteins
UI = D018398
Homeopathy
MS = A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), based on the Law of Similars where "like cures like". Diseases are treated by highly diluted substances that cause, in healthy persons, symptoms like those of the disease to be treated. The dilutions are repeated so many times that there is less than one molecule per dose and it is suggested that benefit is from the energetic life force of the original substance.
UI = D006705
Homeostasis
MS = The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
UI = D006706
Homes for the Aged
MS = Geriatric long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required.
AN = nursing homes for the aged: coord IM with NURSING HOMES (IM); check also tag AGED
UI = D006707
Homicide
MS = The killing of one person by another.
UI = D006708
Homing Behavior
MS = Instinctual patterns of activity related to a specific area including ability of certain animals to return to a given place when displaced from it, often over great distances using navigational clues such as those used in migration (ANIMAL MIGRATION).
UI = D006702
Hominidae
MS = Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea). It includes Homo sapiens (modern man), the only human species still in existence.
AN = restrict to evolutionary, anthropological & historical contexts; IM; qualif permitted; check tag HUMAN
UI = D015186
Homoarginine
UI = D006709
Homocysteine
MS = A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.
AN = do not confuse with HOMOCYSTINE
UI = D006710
Homocystine
AN = /urine: consider also HOMOCYSTINURIA; do not confuse with HOMOCYSTEINE
UI = D006711
Homocystinuria
MS = An autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall, slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varis, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)
UI = D006712
Homogentisic Acid
UI = D006713
Homoserine
AN = an amino acid
UI = D006714
Homoserine Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of aspartic beta-semialdehyde to homoserine, which is the branch point in biosynthesis of methionine, lysine, threonine and leucine from aspartic acid. EC 1.1.1.3.
UI = D006715
Homosexuality
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same sex.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note category; differentiate from HOMOSEXUALITY, EGO-DYSTONIC: read MeSH definition
UI = D006716
Homosexuality, Female
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between females.
AN = check tag FEMALE
UI = D018452
Homosexuality, Male
MS = Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
AN = check tag MALE
UI = D018451
Homosteroids
MS = Steroids whose structure has been expanded by the addition of one or more carbon atoms to the ring skeleton in any of the four rings.
UI = D006718
Homovanillic Acid
UI = D006719
Homozygote
MS = An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006720
Honduras
UI = D006721
Honey
MS = A sweet viscous liquid food, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from nectar collected from flowers. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of its sucrose sugar into fructose and glucose. It is somewhat acidic and has mild antiseptic properties, being sometimes used in the treatment of burns and lacerations.
UI = D006722
Hong Kong
MS = The former British crown colony located off the southeast coast of China, comprised of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, and New Territories. The three sites were ceded to the British by the Chinese respectively in 1841, 1860, and 1898. Hong Kong reverted to China in July 1997. The name represents the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese xianggang, fragrant port, from xiang, perfume and gang, port or harbor, with reference to its currents sweetened by fresh water from a river west of it.
UI = D006723
Hoof and Claw
AN = for cat & dog claws (nails): not for chicken claws (whole foot); diseases: coord IM with FOOT DISEASES /vet (IM); DF: HOOF
UI = D006724
Hookworm Infections
MS = Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; New World hookworm infection = NECATORIASIS, Old World hookworm infection = ANCYLOSTOMIASIS
UI = D006725
Hordeolum
MS = Purulent infection of one of the sebaceous glands of Zeis along the eyelid margin (external) or of the meibomian gland on the conjunctival side of the eyelid (internal).
AN = bact eye infect
UI = D006726
Hordeum
MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed grain, barley, is widely used as food.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D001467
Hormone Antagonists
MS = Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
AN = DF: HORMONE ANTAG
UI = D006727
Hormone Replacement Therapy
MS = Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.
AN = coord IM with specific hormone /ther use; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY is also available
UI = D020249
Hormones
MS = Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /defic: see TN 194; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to HORMONES, SYNTHETIC; for hormone receptors, see note on RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE
UI = D006728
Hormones, Ectopic
MS = Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.
AN = coord IM with specific hormone (IM) + ectopic site (IM) or neopl term (IM) if applicable
UI = D006729
Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
MS = A collective grouping for both naturally occurring and synthetic hormones, substitutes, and antagonists.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D006730
Hormones, Synthetic
MS = Synthetic chemical compounds that mimic the activity of hormones produced in the body, but differ in structure from naturally occurring hormones.
AN = do not confuse with HORMONES /chem syn; DF: HORMONES SYN
UI = D006731
Horner Syndrome
MS = A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)
UI = D006732
Horns
AN = animal anat only: not for cutaneous horn ( = SKIN DISEASES or SKIN /abnorm); horn cancer: coord IM with NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type of neopl /vet (IM)
UI = D006733
Horse Diseases
MS = Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific horse dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries index under HORSES /abnorm or HORSES /inj; don't forget also HORSES (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: HORSE DIS
UI = D006734
Horseradish Peroxidase
MS = An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.
AN = NIM
UI = D006735
Horses
MS = Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
AN = see X refs at EQUIDAE
UI = D006736
Horseshoe Crabs
MS = An arthropod subclass (Xiphosura) comprising the North American (Limulus) and Asiatic (Tachypleus) genera of horseshoe crabs.
AN = an arthropod subclass, not a crustacean crab; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D006737
Hospice Care
MS = Specialized health care, supportive in nature, provided to a dying person. A holistic approach is often taken, providing patients and their families with legal, financial, emotional, or spiritual counseling in addition to meeting patients' immediate physical needs. Care may be provided in the home, in the hospital, in specialized facilities (HOSPICES), or in specially designated areas of long-term care facilities. The concept also includes bereavement care for the family. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
AN = for the dying; /psychol permitted
UI = D017051
Hospices
MS = Facilities or services which are especially devoted to providing palliative and supportive care to the patient with a terminal illness and to the patient's family.
AN = "palliative & supportive care to the dying patient & his family"; specify geog
UI = D006738
Hospital Administration
MS = Management of the internal organization of the hospital.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: HOSP ADMIN
UI = D006739
Hospital Administrators
MS = Managerial personnel responsible for implementing policy and directing the activities of hospitals.
UI = D006740
Hospital Auxiliaries
MS = Volunteer organizations whose members perform work for the hospital without compensation.
AN = organizations: do not confuse with HOSPITAL VOLUNTEERS, people
UI = D006741
Hospital Bed Capacity
MS = The number of beds which a hospital has been designed and constructed to contain. It may also refer to the number of beds set up and staffed for use.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific capacity; specify geog; do not confuse with BED OCCUPANCY which is for actual no. of beds occupied; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC
UI = D006742
Hospital Bed Capacity, 100 to 299
AN = NIM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC 100
UI = D006744
Hospital Bed Capacity, 300 to 499
AN = NIM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC 300
UI = D006745
Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over
AN = IM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC 500
UI = D006746
Hospital Bed Capacity, under 100
AN = NIM; specify geog; DF: HOSP BED CAPAC UNDER 100
UI = D006743
Hospital Charges
MS = The prices a hospital sets for its services. HOSPITAL COSTS (the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the hospital in providing the services) are one factor in the determination of hospital charges. Other factors may include, for example, profits, competition, and the necessity of recouping the costs of uncompensated care.
AN = prices for services: do not confuse with HOSPITAL COSTS, expenses incurred by hosp in providing services; DF: HOSP CHARGES
UI = D017722
Hospital Communication Systems
MS = The transmission of messages to staff and patients within a hospital.
AN = communication with staff or patients
UI = D006747
Hospital Costs
MS = The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine HOSPITAL CHARGES (the price the hospital sets for its services).
AN = expenses incurred by hosp in providing services: do not confuse with HOSPITAL CHARGES, prices for services; DF: HOSP COSTS
UI = D017721
Hospital Departments
MS = Major administrative divisions of the hospital.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; for those not precoord, coord IM with specialty or service (IM); DF: HOSP DEP
UI = D006748
Hospital Design and Construction
MS = The architecture, functional design, and construction of hospitals.
AN = differentiate from HOSPITAL PLANNING (develop of plans at a community, state, regional or natl level): HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION refers to architecture & decor; DF: HOSP DESIGN
UI = D006749
Hospital Distribution Systems
MS = Systems for delivering hospital supplies, food, laundry, etc., to patient care areas.
AN = within a hosp or between hosps
UI = D006750
Hospital Information Systems
MS = Integrated, computer-assisted systems designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information concerned with the administrative and clinical aspects of providing medical services within the hospital.
AN = DF: HOSP INFORMATION SYSTEMS
UI = D006751
Hospital Mortality
MS = A vital statistic measuring or recording the rate of death from any cause in hospitalized populations.
AN = death statist from any cause in hosp patients; DF: HOSP MORTAL
UI = D017052
Hospital Planning
MS = Areawide planning for hospitals or planning of a particular hospital unit on the basis of projected consumer need. This does not include hospital design and construction or architectural plans.
AN = differentiate from HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (architecture & decor): HOSPITAL PLANNING is for develop of plans at a community, state, regional or natl level
UI = D006752
Hospital Records
MS = Compilations of data on hospital activities and programs; excludes patient medical records.
AN = FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL, also available, is probably NIM when coord; DF: HOSP RECORDS
UI = D006753
Hospital Restructuring
MS = Reorganization of the hospital corporate structure.
AN = restruct the corporate struct
UI = D006754
Hospital Shared Services
MS = Cooperation among hospitals for the purpose of sharing various departmental services, e.g., pharmacy, laundry, data processing, etc.
AN = sharing between or among hosp
UI = D006755
Hospital Shops
MS = Stores located in hospitals selling merchandise or services for the convenience of patients, staff, and visitors.
AN = for purchases by visitors, patients or staff
UI = D006756
Hospital Units
MS = Those areas of the hospital organization not considered departments which provide specialized patient care. They include various hospital special care wards.
AN = special care wards go here or specific unit; consider also PATIENTS' ROOMS & see X refs there
UI = D006757
Hospital Volunteers
MS = Individuals who donate their services to the hospital.
AN = do not confuse with HOSPITAL AUXILIARIES, volunteer organizations
UI = D006758
Hospital-Patient Relations
MS = Interactions between hospital staff or administrators and patients. Includes guest relations programs designed to improve the image of the hospital and attract patients.
AN = no qualif; DF: HOSP PATIENT RELAT
UI = D015285
Hospital-Physician Joint Ventures
MS = A formal financial agreement made between one or more physicians and a hospital to provide ambulatory alternative services to those patients who do not require hospitalization.
AN = DF: JOINT VENTURES
UI = D006759
Hospital-Physician Relations
MS = Includes relationships between hospitals, their governing boards, and administrators in regard to physicians, whether or not the physicians are members of the medical staff or have medical staff privileges.
AN = no qualif; DF: HOSP PHYSICIAN RELAT
UI = D018578
Hospitalists
MS = Physicians who are employed to work exclusively in hospital settings, primarily for managed care organizations. They are the attending or primary responsible physician for the patient during hospitalization.
UI = D020445
Hospitalization
MS = The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
AN = being in a hosp or being placed in a hosp: do not confuse with PATIENT ADMISSION or PATIENT READMISSION
UI = D006760
Hospitals
MS = Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.
AN = /legis = LEGISLATION, HOSPITAL or HOSPITALS (IM) + JURISPRUDENCE (IM); note specific hosp depts & specific types of hosp available; hosp admission, discharge & readmiss are available as PATIENT ADMISSION; PATIENT DISCHARGE & PATIENT READMISSION (see notes under each); specify geog: Manual 36.19
UI = D006761
Hospitals, Animal
AN = specify geog
UI = D006762
Hospitals, Chronic Disease
MS = Hospitals which provide care to patients with long-term illnesses.
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006763
Hospitals, Community
MS = Institutions with permanent facilities and organized medical staff which provide the full range of hospital services primarily to a neighborhood area.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006764
Hospitals, Convalescent
MS = Hospitals which provide care to the patient for the period following an acute illness until health is restored.
AN = coord IM with special hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) or with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006765
Hospitals, County
MS = Hospitals controlled by the county government.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006766
Hospitals, District
MS = Government-controlled hospitals which represent the major health facility for a designated geographic area.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006767
Hospitals, Federal
MS = Hospitals controlled by agencies and departments of the U.S. federal government.
AN = US only; add UNITED STATES + state for location if pertinent
UI = D006768
Hospitals, General
MS = Large hospitals with a resident medical staff which provides continuous care to maternity, surgical and medical patients.
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006769
Hospitals, Group Practice
MS = Hospitals organized and controlled by a group of physicians who practice together and provide each other with mutual support.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006770
Hospitals, Maternity
MS = Special hospitals which provide care to women during pregnancy and parturition.
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; check also tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D006771
Hospitals, Military
MS = Hospitals which provide care for the military personnel and usually for their dependents.
AN = add UNITED STATES if US or other country, + state for Amer location
UI = D006772
Hospitals, Municipal
MS = Hospitals controlled by the city government.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify city if in MeSH or state, province or country if city is not in MeSH
UI = D006773
Hospitals, Osteopathic
MS = Hospitals providing care utilizing the generally accepted medical and surgical methods but with emphasis on the osteopathic system of therapy.
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006774
Hospitals, Packaged
MS = Hospital equipment and supplies, packaged for long-term storage, sufficient to set up a general hospital in an emergency situation. They are also called Packaged Disaster Hospitals and formerly Civil Defense Emergency Hospitals.
AN = packaged for long-term storage toward an emergency; specify geog
UI = D006775
Hospitals, Pediatric
MS = Special hospitals which provide care for ill children.
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; check also tag CHILD or specific; specify geog
UI = D006776
Hospitals, Private
MS = A class of hospitals that includes profit or not-for-profit hospitals that are controlled by a legal entity other than a government agency. (Hospital Administration Terminology, AHA, 2d ed)
AN = non-government profit or not-for-profit; coord NIM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D016304
Hospitals, Proprietary
MS = Hospitals owned and operated by a corporation or an individual that operate on a for-profit basis, also referred to as investor-owned hospitals.
AN = privately organized & controlled hosp operated for profit; coord NIM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006777
Hospitals, Psychiatric
MS = Special hospitals which provide care to the mentally ill patient.
AN = coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006778
Hospitals, Public
MS = Hospitals controlled by various types of government, i.e., city, county, district, state or federal.
AN = government-owned; coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006779
Hospitals, Religious
MS = Private hospitals that are owned or sponsored by religious organizations.
AN = coord IM with specific religion or religious group (NIM) or with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM); specify geog
UI = D016519
Hospitals, Rural
MS = Hospitals located in a rural area.
AN = coord IM with special hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006780
Hospitals, Satellite
MS = Those hospitals which are extensions of a main hospital and are wholly or partly administered by that hospital.
AN = extensions of a main hosp & admin by it; coord IM with hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, FEDERAL; HOSPITALS, PROPRIETARY; etc.) (IM or NIM) or specialty hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) if relevant; specify geog
UI = D006781
Hospitals, Special
MS = Hospitals which provide care for a single category of illness with facilities and staff directed toward a specific service.
AN = coord IM with med special (IM) & hosp ownership term (e.g., HOSPITALS, COUNTY) (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; sanatoria & sanitaria (often used interchangeably) can go here but consider also HEALTH RESORTS
UI = D006782
Hospitals, State
MS = Hospitals controlled by agencies and departments of the state government.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify state if US, province if Canada, or other country
UI = D006783
Hospitals, Teaching
MS = Hospitals engaged in educational and research programs, as well as providing medical care to the patients.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; consider also INTERNSHIP AND RESIDENCY
UI = D006784
Hospitals, University
MS = Hospitals maintained by a university for the teaching of medical students, postgraduate training programs, and clinical research.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, MATERNITY; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog; DF: HOSP UNIV
UI = D006785
Hospitals, Urban
MS = Hospitals located in metropolitan areas.
AN = coord IM with special hosp or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006786
Hospitals, Veterans
MS = Hospitals providing medical care to veterans of wars.
AN = coord IM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; etc.) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006787
Hospitals, Voluntary
MS = Private, not-for-profit hospitals that are autonomous, self-established, and self-supported.
AN = coord NIM with special hosp (e.g., HOSPITALS, CHRONIC DISEASE) or med specialty (IM or NIM) if pertinent; specify geog
UI = D006788
Host Factor 1 Protein
MS = An integration host factor that was orginally identified as a bacterial protein required for the integration of bacteriophage Q beta (ALLOLEVIVIRUS). Its cellular function may be to regulate mRNA stability and processing in that it binds tightly to poly(A) RNA and interferes with ribosome binding.
UI = D035001
Host vs Graft Reaction
MS = The immune responses of a host to a graft. A specific response is GRAFT REJECTION.
AN = do not confuse with GRAFT VS HOST REACTION (Cat G) nor GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE (Cat C)
UI = D006789
Host-Parasite Relations
MS = The interactions between two organisms, one of which lives at the expense of the other.
AN = coord NIM with host /parasitol (IM) + parasite /physiol or other more specific qualif (IM); DF: HOST PARASITE RELAT
UI = D006790
Hosta
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031422
Hostility
MS = Tendency to feel anger toward and to seek to inflict harm upon a person or group.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006791
Hot Flashes
MS = A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
AN = do not confuse with FLUSHING
UI = D019584
Hotlines
MS = A direct communication system, usually telephone, established for instant contact. It is designed to provide special information and assistance through trained personnel and is used for counseling, referrals, and emergencies such as poisonings and threatened suicides.
UI = D015277
House Calls
MS = Visits to the patient's home by professional personnel for the purpose of diagnosis and/or treatment.
UI = D006792
Houseflies
MS = Flies of the species Musca domestica (family MUSCIDAE), which infest human habitations throughout the world and often act as carriers of pathogenic organisms.
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; note X ref MUSCA DOMESTICA but other Musca species & genera of family Muscidae go under MUSCIDAE
UI = D006793
Household Articles
MS = Various material objects and items in the home. It includes temporary or permanent machinery and appliances. It does not include furniture or interior furnishings (FURNITURE see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS; INTERIOR FURNISHINGS see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS).
AN = various household items & appliances; do not confuse with HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS (substances & material used in "housekeeping or personal routine"); BEDDING AND LINENS & COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS are also available; does not include furniture (FURNITURE see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS) or furnishings (INTERIOR FURNISHINGS see INTERIOR DESIGN AND FURNISHINGS)
UI = D006794
Household Products
MS = Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine.
AN = these are consumable (like housecleaning products): differentiate from HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES, more or less permanent (like rugs)
UI = D006795
Housekeeping
MS = The care and management of property.
AN = not restricted to domestic housekeeping; HOUSEKEEPING, HOSPITAL is also available
UI = D006796
Housekeeping, Hospital
MS = Hospital department which manages and provides the required housekeeping functions in all areas of the hospital.
UI = D006797
Housing
MS = Living facilities for humans.
AN = for persons; for animals use HOUSING, ANIMAL
UI = D006798
Housing for the Elderly
MS = Housing arrangements for the elderly or aged, intended to foster independent living. The housing may take the form of group homes or small apartments. It is available to the economically self-supporting but the concept includes housing for the elderly with some physical limitations. The concept should be differentiated from HOMES FOR THE AGED which is restricted to long-term geriatric facilities providing supervised medical and nursing services.
AN = for the able-bodied: do not confuse with HOMES FOR THE AGED, med & nurs care for the aged sick
UI = D016852
Housing, Animal
UI = D006799
HT29 Cells
MS = Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells. These cells have mainly been used for studies related to glucose metabolism and hormone receptors.
AN = human colon adenocarcinoma cell line; check HUMAN & do not add ADENOCARCINOMA or COLONIC NEOPLASMS
UI = D019073
HTLV-I Antibodies
MS = Antibodies reactive with the HTLV-I ANTIGENS.
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D015481
HTLV-I Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.
UI = D015486
HTLV-I Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED & PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC; DF: HTLV I INFECT
UI = D015490
HTLV-II Antibodies
MS = Antibodies reactive with the HTLV-II ANTIGENS.
AN = do not coord with ANTIBODY FORMATION for /biosyn
UI = D015482
HTLV-II Antigens
MS = Antigens associated with HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2.
UI = D015487
HTLV-II Infections
AN = GEN or unspecified; consider also LEUKEMIA, T-CELL, HTLV-II-ASSOCIATED; DF: HTLV II INFECT
UI = D015491
Huckleberry Plant
MS = Several plant species of the genus VACCINIUM known for the edible huckleberry fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029797
Human
AN = check tag only; Manual 18.8+ CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only
UI = D006801
Human Activities
MS = Activities performed by humans.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006802
Human Body
MS = The human being as a non-anatomical and non-zoological entity. The emphasis is on the philosophical or artistic treatment of the human being, and includes lay and social attitudes toward the body in history. (From J. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
AN = the human body as a whole, viewed from an artistic, cultural, historical, or social perspective; no qualif
UI = D018594
Human Characteristics
MS = The fundamental dispositions and traits of humans. (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
UI = D040821
Human Development
MS = Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006803
Human Engineering
MS = The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them.
AN = "medical ergonomics": index here but do not coord with MEDICINE
UI = D006804
Human Experimentation
MS = The use of humans as investigational subjects.
AN = IM for moral, legal, ethical, sociolog, religious aspect of experiments on humans; coord IM with aspect (IM); do not routinely add for research involving human disease, therapy or physiology
UI = D006805
Human Genome Project
MS = A coordinated effort of researchers to map (CHROMOSOME MAPPING) and sequence (SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA) the human genome.
AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D016045
Human Growth Hormone
MS = A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.
AN = note species specificity; do not confuse with GROWTH HORMONE, unspecified; despite X ref, coord with RECOMBINANT PROTEINS for recombinant human growth hormone
UI = D019382
Human Rights
MS = The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.
AN = specify geog
UI = D006806
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
MS = A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-1-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPIC SPASTIC).
AN = infection = HTLV-I INFECTIONS or its specifics; t-cell lymphoma caused by this virus = LYMPHOMA, T-CELL + HTLV-I INFECTIONS
UI = D015368
Human T-lymphotropic virus 2
MS = A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 that can transform normal T-lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from HTLV-1. It is associated with T-cell hairy cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA, T-CELL, HTLV-II-ASSOCIATED), a relatively benign disease.
AN = infection = HTLV-II INFECTIONS but consider also LEUKEMIA, T-CELL, HTLV-II-ASSOCIATED
UI = D015367
Humanism
MS = An ethical system which emphasizes human values and the personal worth of each individual, as well as concern for the dignity and freedom of humankind.
UI = D006808
Humanities
UI = D006809
Humeral Fractures
AN = fract of humerus except of proximal humerus ( = SHOULDER FRACTURES which includes humeral head, neck & tuberosities)
UI = D006810
Humerus
AN = disloc at shoulder = SHOULDER DISLOCATION: do not add HUMERUS
UI = D006811
Humic Acids
MS = Allomelanins found in soils, coals, and peat, resulting from the decomposition of organic matter, particularly dead plants. They are a mixture of complex macromolecules having polymeric phenolic structures with the ability to chelate metals, especially iron. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006812
Humidity
UI = D006813
Humor [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of jokes and facetiae relating to a subject.
UI = D020480
Humoralism
MS = An ancient Greek medical theory that health and illness result from a balance or imbalance of body fluids or "humors". The humors are blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
UI = D019364
Humulus
MS = A plant genus in the CANNABACEAE family. Best known for the buds of Humulus lupulus L. used in BEER.
AN = BEER is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027582
Hungary
AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples
UI = D006814
Hunger
MS = The desire for food generated by a sensation arising from the lack of food in the stomach.
UI = D006815
Huntington Disease
MS = A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse CHOREA involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)
UI = D006816
Huperzia
MS = A plant genus of the family LYCOPODIACEAE. Members contain huperzine, one of the CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032501
Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle
MS = A cellular subtype of malignant melanoma. It is a pigmented lesion composed of melanocytes occurring on sun-exposed skin, usually the face and neck. The melanocytes are commonly multinucleated with a "starburst" appearance. It is considered by many to be the in situ phase of lentigo maligna melanoma.
AN = coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM or NIM) if relevant
UI = D018327
Hyacinthus
MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Do not confuse with water hyacinth (EICHHORNIA).
AN = HYACINTH, WATER see EICHHORNIA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031423
Hyalin
MS = A clear, homogenous, structureless, eosinophilic substance occurring in pathological degeneration of tissues.
UI = D006818
Hyaline Membrane Disease
MS = A disorder affecting newborn infants (usually premature) characterized pathologically by the development of a hyaline-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory passages. Extensive atelectasis is attributed to the lack of surfactant. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a resp distress syndrome; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; check tags HUMAN & INFANT, NEWBORN
UI = D006819
Hyaluronic Acid
MS = A natural high-viscosity mucopolysaccharide with alternating beta (1-3) glucuronide and beta (1-4) glucosaminidic bonds. It is found in the umbilical cord, in vitreous humor, in synovial fluid, in pathologic joints, in group A and C hemolytic streptococci, and in Wharton's jelly. (Merck, 11th ed)
UI = D006820
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
UI = D006821
Hybrid Cells
AN = A 11 qualif; not for micro-organisms
UI = D006822
Hybrid Vigor
MS = The adaptive superiority of the heterozygous GENOTYPE with respect to one or more characters in comparison with the corresponding HOMOZYGOTE.
UI = D006823
Hybridization, Genetic
MS = The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.
AN = GEN or unspecified production of hybrids; for hybrid nucleic acids use NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION, for hybrid proteins use PROTEIN HYBRIDIZATION: see notes there
UI = D006824
Hybridomas
MS = Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent.
AN = note category: not a tumor but "cells artif created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells"; A 11 qualif
UI = D006825
Hycanthone
MS = Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.
UI = D006826
Hydantoins
UI = D006827
Hydatidiform Mole
MS = Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.
AN = do not confuse with HYDATID CYST see ECHINOCOCCOSIS or specifics; coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM); check the tags FEMALE and PREGNANCY
UI = D006828
Hydatidiform Mole, Invasive
MS = A uterine tumor derived from persistent gestational TROPHOBLASTS, most likely after a molar pregnancy (HYADITIFORM MOLE). Invasive hyaditiform mole develops in about 15% of patients after evacuation of a complete mole and less frequently after other types of gestation. It may perforate the MYOMETRIUM and erode uterine vessels causing hemorrhage.
AN = coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM); check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D002820
Hydra
MS = A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.
UI = D006829
Hydralazine
MS = A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.
UI = D006830
Hydranencephaly
MS = A congenital condition where the greater portions of the cerebral hemispheres and CORPUS STRIATUM are replaced by CSF and glial tissue. The meninges and the skull are well formed, which is consistent with earlier normal embryogenesis of the telencephalon. Bilateral occlusions of the internal carotid arteries in utero is a potential mechanism. Clinical features include intact brainstem reflexes without evidence of higher cortical activity. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p307)
UI = D006832
Hydrangea
MS = A plant genus of the family HYDRANGEACEAE. Members contain hydrangenol, thunberginols, hydramacrosides A and B, and secoiridoid glucosides.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031966
Hydrangeaceae
MS = A plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029628
Hydrarthrosis
MS = Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = fluid in a joint cavity
UI = D006833
Hydrastis
MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain BERBERINE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039321
Hydrazines
AN = do not confuse with HYDRAZONES
UI = D006834
Hydrazones
MS = Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = do not confuse with HYDRAZINES
UI = D006835
Hydro-Lyases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.
AN = do not confuse with HYDROLASES
UI = D006836
Hydroa Vacciniforme
MS = A vesicular and bullous eruption having a tendency to recur in summer during childhood and commonly appearing on sun-exposed skin. The lesions are surrounded by an erythematous zone and resemble a vaccination. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a vesiculobullous skin dis on sun-exposed skin
UI = D006837
Hydrobromic Acid
MS = Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.
UI = D018054
Hydrocarbons
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific hydrocarbon groups or specific hydrocarbons; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS (D4) & CYCLOPARAFFINS (D2) are also available
UI = D006838
Hydrocarbons, Acyclic
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen where no carbon atoms join to form a ring structure.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with HYDROCARBONS, ALICYCLIC
UI = D006839
Hydrocarbons, Alicyclic
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. Three or more carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic structure and they possess aliphatic properties.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with HYDROCARBONS, ACYCLIC
UI = D006840
Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
MS = Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in the form of an unsaturated, usually hexagonal ring structure. The compounds can be single ring, or double, triple, or multiple fused rings.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals
UI = D006841
Hydrocarbons, Brominated
UI = D006842
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
AN = do not confuse with CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
UI = D006843
Hydrocarbons, Cyclic
MS = Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen forming a closed ring that may be either alicyclic or aromatic.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; do not confuse with HYDROCARBONS, ACYCLIC
UI = D006844
Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated
AN = do not confuse with FLUOROCARBONS nor with CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
UI = D006845
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
AN = GEN; note specific halogenated hydrocarbon groups available
UI = D006846
Hydrocarbons, Iodinated
UI = D006847
Hydrocele
MS = A circumscribed collection of fluid, especially a collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the testicle or along the spermatic cord. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = collection of fluid in testis or along spermatic cord; "vaginal hydrocele" is of the tunica vaginalis of the testis, not of the vagina; hydrocele of Nuck's canal is a watery dilatation of the processus vaginalis peritonei (also called Nuck's canal): index under PERITONEAL DISEASES
UI = D006848
Hydrocephalus
MS = Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from CEREBRAL INFARCTION and other conditions.
UI = D006849
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
MS = A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)
UI = D006850
Hydrocharitaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Hydrocharitales, subclass ALISMATIDAE, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031321
Hydrochloric Acid
MS = A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.
AN = HCl; not for gastric HCl ( = GASTRIC ACID); /analogs = CHLORIDES or specific chloride; = "chlorhydrate" in foreign texts: translate as "hydrochloric acid", not "chlorhydrate"
UI = D006851
Hydrochlorothiazide
MS = A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.
UI = D006852
Hydrocodone
MS = Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.
AN = do not confuse HYDROCODONE X refs with OXYCODONE X refs
UI = D006853
Hydrocortisone
MS = The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /admin: consider also HYDROCORTISONE, TOPICAL
UI = D006854
Hydrocortisone, Topical
MS = Hydrocortisone that is applied topically as an anti-inflammatory agent.
AN = if an analog of hydrocortisone is to be admin topically, index under /analogs with HYDROCORTISONE instead
UI = D006855
Hydroflumethiazide
MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822)
UI = D006857
Hydrofluoric Acid
MS = Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.
AN = hydrogen fluoride in water; can cause burns; /analogs = FLUORIDES or specific fluoride
UI = D006858
Hydrogel
MS = A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.
AN = a specific compound; do not confuse with HYDROGELS
UI = D020136
Hydrogels
MS = Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = HYDROGEL is also available
UI = D020100
Hydrogen
MS = Hydrogen. The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
AN = H or H1; H2 or 2H (superscript) = DEUTERIUM, H2 (subscript) = HYDROGEN; H3 or 3H = TRITIUM; prod of H ions = probably PH
UI = D006859
Hydrogen Bonding
MS = A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.
AN = NIM
UI = D006860
Hydrogen Cyanide
MS = Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.
AN = toxic liquid or gas; /analogs = CYANIDES
UI = D006856
Hydrogen Peroxide
MS = A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
UI = D006861
Hydrogen Sulfide
MS = A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = /analogs = SULFIDES or SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS or specifics
UI = D006862
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
AN = NIM
UI = D006863
Hydrogenase
MS = An enzyme found in bacteria. It catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin and other substances in the presence of molecular hydrogen and is involved in the electron transport of bacterial photosynthesis. EC 1.18.99.1.
UI = D006864
Hydrogenation
MS = Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic hydrogenation: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)
UI = D006865
Hydrolases
MS = Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.
AN = do not confuse with HYDRO-LYASES
UI = D006867
Hydrolysis
MS = The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
AN = almost never IM
UI = D006868
Hydromorphone
MS = An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.
AN = do not confuse with X ref DIHYDROMORPHINE, also an opioid analgesic
UI = D004091
Hydronephrosis
MS = A distention of the pelvis and calices of the kidney with urine, as a result of obstruction of the ureter, with accompanying atrophy of the parenchyma of the organ. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = kidney distention with urine
UI = D006869
Hydrophid Venoms
MS = Venoms of sea snakes, Hydrophiinae, found around Pacific islands. The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. The neurotoxic proteins are similar to elapid small, short, or type I neurotoxins, some of which have been characterized.
AN = hydrophids are sea snakes; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted; TN 241: common & scientific names of various hydrophids
UI = D006870
Hydrophidae
MS = A family of sea snakes comprising about 50 species with flattened oar-like tails used as sculls. They are found mostly in the coastal waters of south Asia and Australia. The largest reach a length of almost 9 feet but most species are only about a third as long. They are all venomous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp331-3; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p159)
AN = a family of poisonous sea snakes
UI = D017857
Hydrophobicity
MS = The property of substances of reduced affinity for or repulsion of water.
AN = do not confuse with HYDROPHOBIA see RABIES
UI = D027141
Hydrophthalmos
MS = Congenital open-angle glaucoma that results from dysgenesis of the angle structures accompanied by increased intraocular pressure and enlargement of the eye. Treatment is both medical and surgical.
AN = a type of open-angle glaucoma; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006871
Hydrophyllaceae
MS = The waterleaf plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. They have alternate leaves, regular flowers with five-lobed corollas (united petals), and a one- or two-celled ovary.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029522
Hydropneumothorax
MS = A collection of fluid and gas within the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = pneumothorax with fluid in pleural cavity
UI = D006872
Hydroponics
MS = A technique for growing plants in culture solutions rather than in soil. The roots are immersed in an aerated solution containing the correct proportions of essential mineral salts. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = a plant-growing method; SPEC: SPEC qualif
UI = D018527
Hydrops Fetalis
MS = Edema of the entire body due to abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the tissues, associated with severe anemia and occurring in ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL.
AN = edema of entire body of fetus in fetal erythroblastosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D015160
Hydroquinones
UI = D006873
Hydrostatic Pressure
AN = NIM
UI = D006874
Hydrotherapy
MS = External application of water for therapeutic purposes.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; external with natural water only, with emphasis on water temperature & motion of water (note X ref WHIRLPOOL BATHS); do not confuse with BALNEOLOGY (see note there); if in doubt, use word of text
UI = D006875
Hydrothorax
MS = A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = fluid in pleural cavity
UI = D006876
Hydroxamic Acids
MS = A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.
UI = D006877
Hydroxides
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006878
Hydroxocobalamin
MS = A B 12 vitamin. It has been used therapeutically in the treatment and prevention of VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.
UI = D006879
Hydroxy Acids
MS = Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals.
UI = D006880
Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene
MS = A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.
UI = D006881
Hydroxyapatites
MS = A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = in phosphorite deposits & biol tissue
UI = D006882
Hydroxybenzoic Acids
MS = Benzoic acid substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
UI = D006883
Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
UI = D006884
Hydroxybutyrates
MS = Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.
UI = D006885
Hydroxychloroquine
MS = A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)
UI = D006886
Hydroxycholecalciferols
MS = Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3; (CHOLECALCIFEROL); including CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3.
UI = D006887
Hydroxycholesterols
MS = Cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group in any position.
UI = D006888
Hydroxycorticosteroids
MS = A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions.
UI = D006889
Hydroxydopamines
MS = Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.
UI = D006892
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids
MS = Eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. They are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
UI = D006893
Hydroxyestrones
MS = Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.
UI = D006894
Hydroxyethylrutoside
MS = Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.
UI = D006896
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
AN = DF: HIAA
UI = D006897
Hydroxyl Radical
MS = The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.
UI = D017665
Hydroxylamine
MS = A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide.
UI = D019811
Hydroxylamines
MS = Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical.
UI = D006898
Hydroxylation
MS = Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = almost never IM; enzymatic hydroxylation: coord NIM with MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES (IM) + substrate (NIM) or specific hydroxylase (IM)
UI = D006900
Hydroxylysine
MS = A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.
UI = D006901
Hydroxymercuribenzoates
MS = Hydroxylated benzoic acid derivatives that contain mercury. Some of these are used as sulfhydryl reagents in biochemical studies.
UI = D006902
Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hydroxymethyl or formyl groups. EC 2.1.2.
UI = D019877
Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of hydroxymethylbilane from four molecules of porphobilinogen. EC 4.3.1.8.
AN = /defic: consider also PORPHYRIA
UI = D011163
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.
UI = D006903
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
MS = Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.
AN = X ref STATINS, HMG-COA: do not confuse with STATIN PROTEIN in SCR
UI = D019161
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductases, NAD-Dependent
MS = Specific hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases that utilize the cofactor NAD. This class of enzymes performs a catabolic role in microorganisms such as Pseudomonas mevalonii where it oxidatively acetylates MEVALONIC ACID to form 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME A and NADH.
AN = do not confuse with HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTATRYL-COA-REDUCTASES, NADP-DEPENDENT
UI = D025781
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA. This is a key enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. EC 4.1.3.5.
AN = DF: HMG COA SYNTHASE
UI = D006904
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases, NADP-dependent
MS = Specific hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases that utilize the cofactor NAD. In liver enzymes of this class are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis.
AN = do not confuse with HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTATRYL-COA REDUCTASES, NAD-DEPENDENT
UI = D025782
Hydroxyphenylazouracil
MS = Inhibitor of DNA replication in gram-positive bacteria.
UI = D006906
Hydroxypregnenolone
UI = D006907
Hydroxyprogesterones
UI = D006908
Hydroxyproline
MS = A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.
UI = D006909
Hydroxypropiophenone
UI = D006910
Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases
MS = Catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of hydroxyl groups of prostaglandins.
AN = DF: HYDROXYPG DEHYDROGENASES
UI = D006911
Hydroxyquinolines
MS = The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.
UI = D006912
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
MS = Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.
UI = D006913
Hydroxysteroids
MS = Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains.
UI = D006914
Hydroxytestosterones
MS = 17 beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-ones. Testosterone derivatives formed by the substitution of one or more hydroxyl groups in any position.
UI = D006915
Hydroxytryptophol
MS = 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.
UI = D006917
Hydroxyurea
MS = An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
UI = D006918
Hydroxyzine
MS = A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.
UI = D006919
Hydrozoa
MS = A class in the phylum CNIDARIA which alternates between polyp and medusa forms during their life cycle. There are over 2700 species in five orders.
AN = do not confuse X ref LIRIOPE TETRAPHYLLA with LIRIOPE PLANT
UI = D037402
Hygiene
MS = The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)
AN = hygiene as a principle & personal hygiene go here; dental hygiene = DENTAL HYGIENE see ORAL HYGIENE; industrial hygiene = INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE see OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; mental hygiene = MENTAL HYGIENE see MENTAL HEALTH; MILITARY HYGIENE is also available
UI = D006920
Hygromycin B
MS = Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms.
UI = D006921
Hylobates
MS = A genus of the family HYLOBATIDAE consisting of six species. The members of this genus inhabit rain forests in southeast Asia. They are arboreal and differ from other anthropoids in the great length of their arms and very slender bodies and limbs. Their major means of locomotion is by swinging from branch to branch by their arms. Hylobates means dweller in the trees. Some authors refer to Symphalangus and Nomascus as Hylobates. The six genera include: H. concolor (crested or black gibbon), H. hoolock (Hoolock gibbon), H. klossii (Kloss's gibbon; dwarf siamang), H. lar (common gibbon), H. pileatus (pileated gibbon), and H. syndactylus (siamang). H. lar is also known as H. agilis (lar gibbon), H. moloch (agile gibbon), and H. muelleri (silvery gibbon).
AN = gibbon, not monkey & not ape; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM)
UI = D006922
Hylobatidae
MS = A family of the suborder HAPLORHINI comprising only one genus, HYLOBATES (also called Nomascus or Symphalangus).
AN = a family with only one genus (HYLOBATES): gibbon, not monkey & not ape; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM)
UI = D016674
Hymecromone
MS = A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in analytical chemistry for the determination of nitric acid.
UI = D006923
Hymen
UI = D006924
Hymenolepiasis
MS = Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.
AN = tapeworm infect
UI = D006925
Hymenolepis
MS = A genus of small tapeworms of birds and mammals.
AN = infection = HYMENOLEPIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D006926
Hymenoptera
MS = An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.
AN = includes ANTS, BEES, WASPS; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted
UI = D006927
Hymenostomatida
MS = An order of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include a ventral oral area and a well-defined buccal cavity. It comprises three suborders: TETRAHYMENINA, Ophryoglenina, and PENICULINA.
AN = an order of ciliate protozoa
UI = D016803
Hyoid Bone
AN = mylohyoid ridge or groove is indexed under MANDIBLE
UI = D006928
Hyoscyamus
MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE which contains TROPANES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032304
Hyperacusis
MS = An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; STAPES SURGERY; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.
UI = D012001
Hyperaldosteronism
MS = An abnormality of electrolyte function caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = caused by adrenal hyperfunction; do not confuse with HYPOALDOSTERONISM
UI = D006929
Hyperalgesia
MS = An increased sensation to painful stimuli that may follow damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve. Hyperalgesia can occur both at the site of tissue damage (primary hyperalgesia) and in the surrounding undamaged areas (secondary hyperalgesia). (Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p386)
AN = coord with TOUCH or HEAT if pertinent
UI = D006930
Hyperammonemia
MS = Metabolic disorder characterized by elevated level of ammonia in blood.
UI = D022124
Hyperamylasemia
MS = A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.
UI = D034321
Hyperandrogenism
MS = A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME) and by adrenal diseases (particularly ADRENAL GLAND HYPERFUNCTION).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific manifestation such as HIRSUTISM; VIRILISM; etc.
UI = D017588
Hyperargininemia
MS = A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme type I ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic hyperammonemia may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)
UI = D020162
Hyperbaric Oxygenation
MS = The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisims, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /drug ther
UI = D006931
Hyperbilirubinemia
MS = Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of BILIRUBIN in the circulating blood, which may result in JAUNDICE.
UI = D006932
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
MS = Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006933
Hypercalcemia
MS = Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.
AN = high blood calcium levels; do not confuse with HYPOCALCEMIA; X ref is also called Burnett's syndrome or milk-drinker's syndrome
UI = D006934
Hypercapnia
MS = A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
AN = CARBON DIOXIDE/blood is also available
UI = D006935
Hypercementosis
MS = A regressive change of teeth characterized by excessive development of secondary cementum on the tooth surface. It may occur on any part of the root, but the apical two-thirds are most commonly affected. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = excessive develop of secondary cementum on tooth surface
UI = D006936
Hypercholesterolemia
MS = Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
AN = high blood cholesterol levels
UI = D006937
Hypercholesterolemia, Familial
MS = A familial disorder characterized by increased plasma concentration of cholesterol carried in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and by a deficiency in a cell surface receptor which regulates LDL degradation and cholesterol synthesis.
AN = do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006938
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
MS = Pernicious vomiting of pregnancy. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = excessive vomiting in pregn; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D006939
Hyperemia
MS = The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ. (Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = increased amount of blood in an organ
UI = D006940
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic.
AN = do not confuse X ref LOEFFLER'S ENDOCARDITIS with LOEFFLER SYNDROME see PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA
UI = D017681
Hyperesthesia
MS = Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.
AN = do not confuse with HYPESTHESIA, diminished sensitivity; coord with TOUCH or HEAT if pertinent
UI = D006941
Hypergammaglobulinemia
MS = An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the blood. It is seen frequently in chronic infectious diseases. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = coord IM with specific immunoglobulin (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) (IM); for light-chain gammopathy see TN 226; for heavy-chain gammopathy index under HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE (IM) + specific heavy chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN, ALPHA CHAIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN, DELTA CHAIN, etc.) (NIM) (TN 226)
UI = D006942
Hyperglycemia
MS = Abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = high blood sugar levels; do not confuse with HYPOGLYCEMIA; obese hyperglycemic mice go under MICE, OBESE: do not index under HYPERGLYCEMIA or OBESITY unless particularly discussed as disease; Somogyi effect or rebound hyperglycemia: index under HYPERGLYCEMIA /chem ind + DIABETES MELLITUS /drug ther + INSULIN /adv eff; "induced hyperglycemia" in disease states or physiol studies: index under BLOOD GLUCOSE, not HYPERGLYCEMIA
UI = D006943
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
MS = A syndrome consisting of extreme hyperglycemia, serum hyperosmolarity and dehydration in the absence of ketosis and acidosis.
AN = a type of diabetic coma; not for nonketotic hyperglycinemia (= AMINO ACID METAB INBORN ERR + GLYCINE/metab); DF: HHNC or HHNK
UI = D006944
Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic
MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by deficiencies in the mitochondrial GLYCINE cleavage system; an enzyme system with four components: P-, T-, H-, and L-proteins. Deficiency of the P-protein is the most prevalent form. Neonatal and juvenile presentations have been reported. Neonatal onset is more common and may be fatal. Clinical features include SEIZURES; hypotonia; APNEA; and COMA. When the illness presents in childhood there tends to be an associated progressive DEMENTIA accompanied by extrapyramidal signs. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p46; Jpn J Hum Genet 1997 Mar;42(1):13-22)
UI = D020158
Hypergravity
MS = Condition wherein the force of gravity is greater than or is increased above that on the surface of the earth. This is expressed as being greater than 1 g.
AN = natural or artificial; do not confuse with HYPOGRAVITY; /adv eff permitted
UI = D018471
Hyperhidrosis
MS = Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.
AN = excessive sweating; do not confuse with HYPOHIDROSIS, reduced sweating
UI = D006945
Hyperhomocysteinemia
MS = An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease.
UI = D020138
Hypericum
MS = Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D020902
Hyperinsulinemia
MS = Excessively high blood insulin levels. It should be differentiated from HYPERINSULINISM, excessive secretion of insulin by the pancreatic islets, in that hyperinsulinemia may be the result of a variety of conditions, such as obesity and pregnancy. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = excessively high blood insulin levels from a variety of clin or exper conditions: do not confuse with HYPERINSULINISM, excessive insulin secretion by islet cells
UI = D019171
Hyperinsulinism
MS = Excessive secretion of INSULIN by the pancreatic islets, resulting in hypoglycemia. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = excessive insulin secretion by pancreas: do not confuse with HYPERINSULINEMIA, excessively high blood insulin levels resulting from a variety of clinical & exper conditions
UI = D006946
Hyperkalemia
MS = Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = high blood potassium levels; do not confuse with HYPOKALEMIA
UI = D006947
Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic
MS = A form of congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by erythroderma and severe hyperkeratosis. It is manifested at birth by blisters followed by the appearance of thickened, horny, verruciform scales over the entire body, but accentuated in flexural areas.
AN = a form of congen ichthyosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D017488
Hyperkinesis
MS = Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders.
AN = human & animal; MOTOR ACTIVITY is also available: see note there; do not confuse with MYOKYMIA or ISAACS SYNDROME
UI = D006948
Hyperlipidemia
MS = An excess of lipids in the blood.
AN = high blood lipid levels; for X ref DYSLIPIDEMIA, prefer specific indentions; /drug ther: consider also ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS
UI = D006949
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
MS = A disorder genetically distinct from the other inherited hyperlipidemias characterized by the type II or type IV lipoprotein pattern (the pattern may change from time to time and the lipid level may be normal at one time and abnormal at another time).
AN = familial or acquired
UI = D006950
Hyperlipoproteinemia
MS = Metabolic disease characterized by excess plasma LIPOPROTEINS.
AN = do not confuse with HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIA; familial or acquired; GEN or unspecified: specific Types I-V are available
UI = D006951
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III
MS = A rather uncommon form of familial hyperlipemia characterized by the presence of lipoproteins of abnormal composition. The main abnormal lipoproteins are called beta-VLDL and have a different apoprotein content and a higher proportion of cholesterol relative to triglyceride than normal VLDL.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006952
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV
MS = A familial disorder characterized by an isolated elevation in the plasma level of endogenously synthesized triglyceride carried in VLDL. It is considered to be an autosomal dominant trait.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006953
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V
MS = A severe familial adult-onset hypertriglyceridemia different from that due to lipoprotein lipase deficiency.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006954
Hyperlysinemias
MS = A group of inherited metabolic disorders which have in common elevations of serum LYSINE levels. Enzyme deficiencies of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and the SACCHAROPINE DEHYDROGENASES have been associated with hyperlysinemia. Clinical manifestations include mental retardation, recurrent emesis, hypotonia, lethargy, diarrhea, and developmental delay. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p56)
UI = D020167
Hypermedia
MS = Computerized compilations of information units (text, sound, graphics, and/or video) interconnected by logical nonlinear linkages that enable users to follow optimal paths through the material and also the systems used to create and display this information. (From Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)
AN = a type of computer software
UI = D019146
Hypernatremia
MS = Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = high blood sodium levels; do not confuse with HYPONATREMIA
UI = D006955
Hyperopia
MS = A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = refractive error; note X ref
UI = D006956
Hyperostosis
MS = Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.
UI = D015576
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
MS = Thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone, which may be associated with hypertrichosis and obesity. It most commonly affects women near menopause.
AN = frontalis refers to frontal bone of skull
UI = D006957
Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital
MS = A disease of young infants characterized by soft tissue swellings over the affected bones, fever, and irritability, and marked by periods of remission and exacerbation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = cortical refers to cortex of bone; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006958
Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal
MS = A disease of elderly men characterized by large osteophytes that bridge vertebrae and ossification of ligaments and tendon insertions.
AN = DF: DISH
UI = D004057
Hyperostosis, Sternocostoclavicular
MS = A rare, benign rheumatologic disorder or syndrome characterized by hyperostosis and soft tissue ossification between the clavicles and the anterior part of the upper ribs. It is often associated with the dermatologic disorder palmoplantar pustulosis, particularly in Japan. Careful diagnosis is required to distinguish it from psoriatic arthritis, OSTEITIS DEFORMANS, and other diseases. Spondylitis of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris is one of the possible causes; also, evidence suggests one origin may be bone infection. Bone imaging is especially useful for diagnosis. It was originally described by Sonozaki in 1974.
AN = a type of rheum dis; DF: SCCH
UI = D015218
Hyperotreti
MS = A group of invertebrate chordates (CHORDATA, NONVERTEBRATES) in the subphylum Craniota. They include the single order Myxiniformes, which comprise various HAGFISHES.
UI = D024561
Hyperoxaluria
MS = Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine.
AN = HYPEROXALURIA, PRIMARY is also available
UI = D006959
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
MS = Either of two genetic disorders characterized by urinary excretion of large amounts of oxalate, with nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, early onset of renal failure, and often a generalized deposit of calcium oxalate, resulting from a defect in glyoxalate metabolism.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006960
Hyperoxia
MS = An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.
AN = restrict to dis or clin state in humans or higher animals: do not confuse with hyperoxic state in lower animals or micro-organisms ( = OXYGEN or AEROBIOSIS); do not confuse with HYPOXIA see ANOXIA
UI = D018496
Hyperparathyroidism
MS = Abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid glands, which may be primary or secondary (HYPERPARATHYRODISM, SECONDARY). Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with neoplasia or hyperplasia. The excess of parathyroid hormone leads to alteration in function of bone, renal tubules, and gastrointestinal mucosa. (Dorland, 27th ed)
UI = D006961
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
UI = D006962
Hyperphagia
MS = Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
UI = D006963
Hyperpigmentation
MS = Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.
AN = do not confuse with HYPOPIGMENTATION
UI = D017495
Hyperpituitarism
MS = Inappropriate secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones. The most common hormones involved in over-secretion are GROWTH HORMONE (which may cause ACROMEGALY) and PROLACTIN (which results in HYPERPROLACTINEMIA). THYROTROPIN; luteinizing hormone (LH); CORTICOTROPIN; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE may also be secreted at inappropriate levels. Hypersecretion syndromes are frequently associated with the presence of a pituitary ADENOMA (see also PITUITARY NEOPLASMS).
AN = coord with specific hormone/secret if pertinent
UI = D006964
Hyperplasia
MS = An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
AN = see MeSH definition for differentiation from HYPERTROPHY; coord NIM with organ/pathol (IM); many specific hyperplasia terms are available; check MeSH; congen adrenal hyperplasia = ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL but non-congen adrenal hyperplasia = ADRENAL GLANDS /pathol (IM) + HYPERPLASIA (NIM); note HYPERPLASIA, REACTIVE LYMPHOID see PSEUDOLYMPHOMA; GIANT LYMPH NODE HYPERPLASIA is also available
UI = D006965
Hyperprolactinemia
MS = Increased levels of prolactin in the blood, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the pituitary gland, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)
UI = D006966
Hypersensitivity
MS = Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
AN = IM; use qualif with caution; /drug ther: consider also ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENTS; atopic = HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; to food = FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; to light = PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY is also available; in occup or environ exposure MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY is also available
UI = D006967
Hypersensitivity, Delayed
MS = An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
AN = IM; use qualif with caution; /chem ind: coord IM with DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY or specifics (IM)
UI = D006968
Hypersensitivity, Immediate
MS = Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
AN = /chem ind: coord with DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY or specifics
UI = D006969
Hypersomnolence, Idiopathic
MS = A sleep disorder of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with CATAPLEXY, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. (From Chokroverty, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, pp319-20; Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Apr:52(2):125-129)
UI = D020177
Hypersplenism
MS = Condition characterized by splenomegaly, some reduction in the number of circulating blood cells in the presence of a normal or hyperactive bone marrow, and the potential for reversal by splenectomy.
AN = increase in splenic hemolytic function: do not confuse with SPLENOMEGALY, increase in spleen size
UI = D006971
Hypertelorism
MS = Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.
AN = a form of craniofacial dysostosis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006972
Hypertension
MS = Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure.
AN = only blood pressure; not for intracranial or intraocular pressure; relation to BLOOD PRESSURE: Manual 23.27+; /drug ther: consider also ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; Goldblatt kidney or Goldblatt hypertension is HYPERTENSION, GOLDBLATT see HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR; hypertension with kidney dis is probably HYPERTENSION, RENAL, not HYPERTENSION; EPH (Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension) = GESTOSIS, EPH & do not index under HYPERTENSION unless it is particularly discussed; venous hypertension: index under VENOUS PRESSURE (IM) & do not coord with HYPERTENSION
UI = D006973
Hypertension, Malignant
MS = Severe hypertension characterized by papilledema and necrosis of small arteries and arterioles. The diastolic pressure is generally greater than 130 mm Hg.
AN = malignant does not refer to neoplasm: refers to severe hypertension with papilledema & arterial necrosis
UI = D006974
Hypertension, Portal
MS = Abnormally increased pressure in the portal venous system; frequently seen in cirrhosis of the liver and in other conditions which cause obstruction of the portal vein.
AN = increased pressure in portal venous system
UI = D006975
Hypertension, Pulmonary
MS = Increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation, usually secondary to cardiac or pulmonary disease.
AN = increased pressure within pulm circ; DF: HYPERTENSION PULM
UI = D006976
Hypertension, Renal
MS = Hypertension due to renal diseases, especially chronic parenchymal disease. Hypertension as a result of compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches is HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR.
AN = hypertension caused by kidney dis; coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM) if pertinent; Goldblatt hypertension or Goldblatt kidney is HYPERTENSION, GOLDBLATT see HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR
UI = D006977
Hypertension, Renovascular
MS = Hypertension due to compression or obstruction of the renal artery or its branches.
AN = hypertension caused by compression or obstruct of renal artery or branches: do not routinely index also under RENAL ARTERY or RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION
UI = D006978
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
MS = Brain dysfunction or damage resulting from MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION, usually associated with a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 125 mmHg. Clinical manifestations include headache, nausea, emesis, seizures, altered mental status (in some cases progressing to COMA); PAPILLEDEMA; and RETINAL HEMORRHAGE. Focal neurologic signs may develop. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with the formation of ischemic lesions in the brain (BRAIN ISCHEMIA).
UI = D020343
Hyperthermia, Induced
MS = Abnormally high temperature intentionally induced in living things regionally or whole body. It is most often induced by radiation (heat waves, infra-red), ultrasound, or drugs.
AN = differentiate X ref FEVER THERAPY from FEVER /ther ( = treatment of fever); coord IM with disease /ther (IM); do not index under specific type of induction unless the point of the article & then probably only NIM
UI = D006979
Hyperthyroidism
MS = Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland.
AN = THYROTOXICOSIS & THYROID CRISIS are available: do not make a diagnosis: use term of author
UI = D006980
Hyperthyroxinemia
MS = Excess of thyroxine in the blood.
UI = D006981
Hypertonic Solutions
MS = Solutions that have a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.
AN = GEN; NIM; no qualif when NIM coord; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC & GLUCOSE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC are available; DF: HYPERTONIC SOL
UI = D006982
Hypertrichosis
MS = Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include HIRSUTISM, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution.
AN = "localized or generalized excess hair": differentiate from HIRSUTISM, "excess hair in females & child with an adult male pattern distrib"; do not confuse with HYPOTRICHOSIS
UI = D006983
Hypertriglyceridemia
MS = Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis.
AN = high blood triglyceride levels; consider also HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA, FAMILIAL see HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IV & the adult-onset hypertriglyceridemia of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE V & the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL
UI = D015228
Hypertrophy
MS = General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells.
AN = NIM; GEN or unspecified: prefer many precoord organ/hypertrophy terms, like PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; see MeSH definition for differentiation from HYPERPLASIA; coord with organ /pathol
UI = D006984
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
MS = Enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
UI = D017379
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
MS = Enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to pulmonary hypertension and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
UI = D017380
Hyperuricemia
MS = Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.
UI = D033461
Hyperventilation
MS = A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.
AN = respiratory, not environmental; hyperventilation syndrome: coord IM with /psychol + emotional aspect (IM or NIM)
UI = D006985
Hypervitaminosis A
MS = A symptom complex resulting from ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamin A.
AN = excessive intake of vitamin A
UI = D006986
Hypesthesia
MS = Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.
AN = do not confuse with HYPERESTHESIA, increased sensitivity; coord with TOUCH or HEAT if pertinent
UI = D006987
Hyphae
MS = Microscopic threadlike filaments in FUNGI that are filled with a layer of protoplasm. Collectively, the hyphae make up the MYCELIUM.
AN = coord with specific fungus
UI = D025301
Hyphema
MS = Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.
UI = D006988
Hyphomicrobium
MS = A genus of rod-shaped, oval, or bean-shaped bacteria found in soil and fresh water. Polar prosthecae are present and cells reproduce by budding at the tips of the prosthecae. Cells of this genus are aerobic and grow best with one-carbon compounds. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
UI = D020582
Hypnosis
MS = A state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person.
AN = a psychother technique
UI = D006990
Hypnosis, Anesthetic
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D006991
Hypnosis, Dental
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HYPNOSIS DENT
UI = D006992
Hypnotics and Sedatives
MS = Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
AN = CNS depressants; GEN: prefer specifics; DF: HYPNOTICS
UI = D006993
Hypoalbuminemia
MS = A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).
UI = D034141
Hypoaldosteronism
MS = Aldosterone deficiency, usually associated with hypoadrenalism, and characterized by hypotension, dehydration, and a tendency to excrete excessive amounts of sodium. A selective aldosterone deficiency resulting from low renin production is called hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = caused by adrenal hypofunction; do not confuse with HYPERALDOSTERONISM or PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM
UI = D006994
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
MS = A disease in which the low density lipoprotein (beta-lipoprotein) concentrations are far below normal.
AN = low blood beta-lipoprotein levels; do not confuse with ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006995
Hypocalcemia
MS = Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = low blood calcium levels; do not confuse with HYPERCALCEMIA
UI = D006996
Hypocapnia
MS = Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
AN = CARBON DIOXIDE/blood is also available
UI = D016857
Hypochlorous Acid
MS = An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.
UI = D006997
Hypochondriasis
MS = Preoccupation with the fear of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms. (APA, DSM-IV)
UI = D006998
Hypocotyl
MS = The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = part of plant stem below the seed leaf; IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)
UI = D018546
Hypocrea
MS = A genus of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae, order HYPOCREALES. Anamorphs include TRICHODERMA.
UI = D035901
Hypocreales
MS = An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA that includes a number of species which are parasitic on higher plants, insects, or fungi. Other species are saprotrophic.
UI = D006999
Hypodermyiasis
MS = Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.
AN = Hypoderma is indexed under DIPTERA
UI = D007000
Hypogastric Plexus
MS = A complex network of nerve fibers in the pelvic region. The hypogastric plexus distributes sympathetic fibers from the lumbar paravertebral ganglia and the aortic plexus, parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve, and visceral afferents. The bilateral pelvic plexus is in its lateral extent.
AN = a network of autonomic nerve fibers in the pelvic region
UI = D007001
Hypoglossal Nerve
MS = The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.
AN = neopl = HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D007002
Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases
MS = Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D020437
Hypoglycemia
MS = An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = low blood sugar levels; do not confuse with HYPERGLYCEMIA
UI = D007003
Hypoglycemic Agents
MS = Agents which lower the blood glucose level.
UI = D007004
Hypoglycins
MS = Methylene cyclopropyl alanine and congeners isolated from the unripe edible fruit of the akee plant (Blighia sapida); hypoglycin B is the gamma-glutamyl congener of hypoglycin A; they are very toxic and teratogenic, causing a fall in blood glucose due to the interference of fatty acid and leucine metabolism which leads to vomiting, liver damage, convulsions and death; the syndrome is called Jamaican Vomiting Sickness.
AN = toxins; /biosyn permitted if by plant; /pois: coord IM with PLANT POISONING (IM) for Jamaican vomiting sickness
UI = D007005
Hypogonadism
MS = Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development.
AN = for male or female; do not routinely interpret hypogonadism in male as EUNUCHISM: use terminology of author
UI = D007006
Hypogravity
MS = Condition wherein the force of gravity is less than or is decreased below that on the surface of the earth. This is expressed as being between 0 and 1 g.
AN = natural or artificial; do not confuse with HYPERGRAVITY; /adv eff permitted
UI = D018472
Hypohidrosis
MS = Abnormally diminished or absent perspiration. Both generalized and segmented (reduced or absent sweating in circumscribed locations) forms of the disease are usually associated with other underlying conditions.
AN = diminished sweating; do not confuse with HYPERHIDROSIS, excessive sweating
UI = D007007
Hypokalemia
MS = Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = low blood potassium levels; do not confuse with HYPERKALEMIA
UI = D007008
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
MS = An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)
UI = D020514
Hypokinesia
MS = Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions.
UI = D018476
Hypolipoproteinemia
MS = The presence of abnormally low levels of lipoproteins in the serum.
AN = low blood lipoprotein levels; do not confuse with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA; hypolipoproteinemia, VLDL (hypoprebetalipoproteinemia): coord IM with LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL /blood (IM); hypolipoproteinemia, HDL (hypoalphalipoproteinemia): coord IM with LIPOPROTEINS, HDL/blood (IM); hypolipoproteinemia, LDL = HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; for near absence of apolipoprotein B, use ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
UI = D007009
Hyponatremia
MS = Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = low blood sodium levels; do not confuse with HYPERNATREMIA
UI = D007010
Hypoparathyroidism
UI = D007011
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D007012
Hypopharynx
MS = The portion of the pharynx between the inferior portion of the oropharynx and the larynx.
AN = inflammation: coord IM with PHARYNGITIS (IM)
UI = D007013
Hypophosphatasia
MS = A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = defic of blood phosphatases; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D007014
Hypophosphatemia
MS = An abnormally decreased level of phosphates in the blood. The manifestations include hemolysis, lassitude, weakness, and convulsions. It may be found in hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and several renal tubular abnormalities. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a clin entity (abnorm decreased blood phosphates): not for transient decreased blood phosphate levels ( = PHOSPHATES /blood); do not use /congen ( = HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, FAMILIAL)
UI = D017674
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
MS = Familial disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia associated with decreased renal tubular reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus. It is sometimes associated with osteomalacia or rickets which do not respond to the usual doses of vitamin D.
AN = a clin entity: not for decreased blood phosphate levels ( = PHOSPHATES /blood); do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D007015
Hypophysectomy
MS = Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D007016
Hypophysectomy, Chemical
MS = Total or subtotal destruction of the pituitary gland by chemical injection. It is usually achieved by injection of ethyl alcohol via trans-sphenoidal cannulation under stereotaxic control. It is usually performed for the treatment of intractable pain.
AN = coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg; usually performed with ethyl alcohol so do not index under ETHANOL unless particularly discussed
UI = D007017
Hypopigmentation
MS = A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.
AN = do not confuse with HYPERPIGMENTATION
UI = D017496
Hypopituitarism
MS = Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.
UI = D007018
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
MS = A condition characterized by underdevelopment of the left cardiac chambers, atresia or stenosis of the aorta or mitral valve or both, and hypoplasia of the aorta. These anomalies are a common cause of heart failure in early infancy.
AN = a congen heart defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D018636
Hypoproteinemia
MS = A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.
UI = D007019
Hypoprothrombinemias
MS = Absence or reduced levels of prothrombin in the blood.
UI = D007020
Hypospadias
MS = A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum.
AN = a urethral-penile abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASE
UI = D007021
Hypotension
MS = Abnormally low blood pressure seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of it. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = only blood pressure; not for intracranial pressure; relation to BLOOD PRESSURE: Manual 23.27+
UI = D007022
Hypotension, Controlled
AN = note category: a technique; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D007023
Hypotension, Orthostatic
MS = A drop in blood pressure upon standing or after standing motionless in a static position.
UI = D007024
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
MS = This area is bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of fornix. The medial edge of the internal capsule and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p710)
AN = diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM)
UI = D007026
Hypothalamic Diseases
MS = Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with specific part of hypothalamus (IM)
UI = D007027
Hypothalamic Hormones
MS = Hormones isolated from the hypothalamus which exercise control over other organs, primarily the pituitary gland. Well-known members include certain pituitary hormone-releasing hormones and pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones. Vasopressin and oxytocin which are found in the posterior pituitary may also be secreted by the hypothalamus but are not grouped here (PITUITARY HORMONES, POSTERIOR).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; consider also PITUITARY HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONES & PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASE INHIBITING HORMONES & their specifics
UI = D007028
Hypothalamic Neoplasms
MS = Benign and malignant tumors of the HYPOTHALAMUS. Pilocytic astrocytomas and hamartomas are relatively frequent histologic types. Neoplasms of the hypothalamus frequently originate from adjacent structures, including the OPTIC CHIASM, optic nerve (see OPTIC NERVE NEOPLASMS), and pituitary gland (see PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). Relatively frequent clinical manifestions include visual loss, developmental delay, macrocephaly, and precocious puberty. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2051)
AN = coord IM with site in hypothalamus (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D007029
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
MS = A neuroendocrine system of neurons, fiber tracts, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels which produces and releases pituitary hormones into the systemic circulation.
AN = hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: coord HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM + PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; emphasis here is on interrelation between hypothalamus & pituitary: do not use as a substitute for HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND as entities; restrict use to MeSH definition; diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM)
UI = D007030
Hypothalamus
MS = Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific structures & areas in the hypothalamus; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM is available for the hypothalamus-pituitary relationship
UI = D007031
Hypothalamus, Anterior
MS = The front portion of the HYPOTHALAMUS separated into the preoptic region and the supraoptic region. The preoptic region is made up of the periventricular gray matter of the rostral portion of the third ventricle and contains the preoptic ventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. The supraoptic region contains the PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS, the ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS.
AN = diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM); do not confuse with ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
UI = D007032
Hypothalamus, Middle
MS = That middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei, and the tuber cinereum. The pituitary gland can also be considered part of the middle hypothalamic region.
AN = diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM); HYPOTHALAMIC AREA, LATERAL is also available
UI = D007033
Hypothalamus, Posterior
MS = The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial mamillary nucleus, lateral mamillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). The posterior hypothalamic area is concerned with control of sympathetic responses and is sensitive to conditions of decreasing temperature and controls the mechanisms for the conservation and increased production of heat.
AN = diseases: coord IM with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES (IM)
UI = D007034
Hypothermia
MS = Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional.
AN = do not confuse with HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED for cooling of organs during surg or for ther; relation to BODY TEMPERATURE: see Manual 23.27+
UI = D007035
Hypothermia, Induced
MS = Abnormally low body temperature intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means.
AN = induced by cold or by drugs; cooling of organs during surg or for ther goes here; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D007036
Hypothyroidism
MS = The clinical syndrome that results from decreased secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. It leads to a slowing of metabolic processes and in its most severe form to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the skin, causing a nonpitting edema termed myxedema. Cretinism is the congenital form leading to abnormalities of intellectual and physical development. (Bennett, et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed)
UI = D007037
Hypotonic Solutions
MS = Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.
AN = GEN; NIM; no qualif when NIM coord; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC & GLUCOSE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC are available; DF: HYPOTONIC SOL
UI = D007038
Hypotrichida
MS = An order of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include a dorsoventrally flattened, highly mobile body with a unique cursorial type of locomotion.
AN = an order of ciliate protozoa
UI = D016810
Hypotrichosis
MS = Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = less than normal amt of hair; do not confuse with HYPERTRICHOSIS, localized or generalized excess hair
UI = D007039
Hypoventilation
MS = A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.
AN = respiratory, not environmental
UI = D007040
Hypovolemia
MS = An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).
UI = D020896
Hypoxanthine
MS = A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.
AN = do not confuse with HYPOXANTHINES
UI = D019271
Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding 5'-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as well as central nervous system functions. Complete lack of enzyme activity is associated with the LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME, while partial deficiency results in overproduction of uric acid. EC 2.4.2.8.
AN = /defic: consider also LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME or GOUT; DF: note short X ref
UI = D007041
Hypoxanthines
MS = Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.
AN = do not confuse with the specific chem HYPOXANTHINE; hypoxanthine riboside, hypoxanthine ribonucleoside = INOSINE
UI = D007042
Hypoxia, Brain
MS = A reduction in brain oxygen supply. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1109-11)
AN = do not confuse with BRAIN ISCHEMIA, a reduced blood supply
UI = D002534
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
MS = A disorder characterized by a reduction in oxygen supply (HYPOXIA) combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain. This condition may result from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.
UI = D020925
Hypoxis
MS = Hypoxis is a plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypoxidaceae).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027802
Hyptis
MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains 5-methoxydehydropodophyllotoxin (a PODOPHYLLOTOXIN) and other LIGNANS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031331
Hyraxes
MS = Any of certain small mammals of the order Hyracoidea.
AN = IM; qualif permitted
UI = D007043
Hysterectomy
MS = Excision of the uterus.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; abdominal: do not coord with ABDOMEN
UI = D007044
Hysterectomy, Vaginal
MS = Removal of the uterus through the vagina.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D007045
Hysteria
MS = Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.
UI = D007046
Hysterosalpingography
MS = Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.
AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: HYSTEROSALPINGOGR
UI = D007047
Hysteroscopes
MS = Endoscopes for examining the interior of the uterus.
UI = D020702
Hysteroscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the uterus.
UI = D015907
Hysterotomy
MS = An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina.
UI = D020883