Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms
G
RETURN TO INDEX G Cells
MS = Endocrine cells found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach and responsible for the secretion of gastrin.
UI = D019863
G Suits
MS = Double-layered inflatable suits which, when inflated, exert pressure on the lower part of the wearer's body. The suits are used to improve or stabilize the circulatory state, i.e., to prevent hypotension, control hemorrhage, and regulate blood pressure. The suits are also used by pilots under positive acceleration.
AN = MAST suit (Military or Medical Anti-Shock Trousers) goes here (do not add MILITARY MEDICINE); SPACE SUITS is also available; DF: MAST
UI = D005676
G(M1) Ganglioside
MS = A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.
UI = D005677
G(M2) Ganglioside
MS = A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.
UI = D005678
G(M3) Ganglioside
MS = A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.
AN = G(M3) gangliosidosis: coord NIM with GANGLIOSIDOSIS (IM)
UI = D005679
G-Protein, Inhibitory Gi
MS = A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein that inhibits adenylate cyclase and activates potassium channels. EC 3.6.1.-.
AN = DF: G PROTEIN INHIB GI
UI = D019206
G-Protein, Stimulatory Gs
MS = A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein that activates adenylate cyclase. EC 3.6.1.-.
AN = DF: G PROTEIN STIM GS
UI = D019205
G0 Phase
MS = Phase of the cell cycle where cells exist in a quiescent state. These cells have unduplicated DNA, degraded RNA and protein, and low enzyme activity. The ability to switch between G0 and G1 (and vice versa) determines the post-embryonic cell proliferation rate and is defectively controlled in neoplastic cells.
AN = a phase of the cell cycle
UI = D016192
G1 Phase
MS = Phase of the cell cycle preceding protein systhesis. The subphases of G1 include competence, entry (G1a), progression (G1b), and assembly (G1c), based on the effects of limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.
AN = a phase of the cell cycle
UI = D016193
G2 Phase
MS = Phase of the cell cycle following DNA synthesis and preceding mitosis. The chromosomes are tetraploid in this phase.
AN = a phase of the cell cycle
UI = D016195
GABA Agents
MS = Substances used for their pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. GABAergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
AN = agents acting on GABAergic systems; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs
UI = D018682
GABA Agonists
MS = Drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with GABA ANTAGONISTS; DF: GABA AGON or GABA AG
UI = D018755
GABA Antagonists
MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID or GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID agonists.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not confuse with GABA AGONISTS; DF: GABA ANTAG
UI = D018756
GABA Modulators
MS = Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which benzodiazepines act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which barbiturates act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. General anesthetics probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018757
Gabexate
MS = A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.
UI = D016670
Gabon
MS = A republic in west equatorial Africa, south of CAMEROON and west of CONGO. Its capital is Libreville. It was the first part of French Equatorial Africa to be settled in 1841. Gabon achieved independence from France in 1960. Gabon was named for the Gabon River, whose estuary was discovered by the Portuguese in the late 15th century: gabao is the word for hood, probably with reference to its shape. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p423 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p198)
AN = a republic in west equatorial Africa
UI = D005681
Gadolinium
MS = Gadolinium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
AN = a rare earth metal; Gd-158; Gd-154-157, 160 = GADOLINIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Gd-145-153, 159, 161 = GADOLINIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D005682
Gadolinium DTPA
MS = A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)
UI = D019786
Gagging
MS = Clinical manifestation of the digestive system consisting of contraction of the muscle of the pharynx caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the soft palate, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.
UI = D005683
Gait
MS = Manner or style of walking.
AN = differentiate from LOCOMOTION & WALKING: gait is the way one locomotes or walks
UI = D005684
Gait Apraxia
MS = Impaired ambulation not attributed to sensory impairment or motor weakness. FRONTAL LOBE disorders; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES (e.g., PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS); DEMENTIA, MULTI-INFARCT; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; and other conditions may be associated with gait apraxia.
UI = D020235
Gait Ataxia
MS = Impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. This condition may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES (including CEREBELLAR DISEASES and BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES); SPINAL CORD DISEASES; or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES.
UI = D020234
Gait Disorders, Neurologic
MS = Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.
AN = LAMENESS, ANIMAL is also available
UI = D020233
Galactans
MS = Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
AN = polysaccharides
UI = D005685
Galactitol
MS = A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE.
UI = D004376
Galactokinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.1.6.
AN = /defic: consider also GALACTOSEMIAS
UI = D005686
Galactolipids
MS = A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.
UI = D038983
Galactorrhea
MS = Excessive or spontaneous flow of milk. The milk secretion persists irrespective of nursing. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = persistent secretion of milk in both sexes & not necessarily related to pregn; usually check tags PREGNANCY & FEMALE also
UI = D005687
Galactosamine
UI = D005688
Galactosaminidase
UI = D005689
Galactose
MS = An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.
AN = /blood: consider also GALACTOSEMIAS
UI = D005690
Galactose Dehydrogenases
MS = D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.
UI = D005691
Galactose Oxidase
MS = An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.
UI = D005692
Galactosemias
MS = A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (OVARIAN FAILURE, PREMATURE); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)
UI = D005693
Galactosephosphates
MS = Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.
UI = D005695
Galactosidases
MS = A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.
AN = note ALPHA- & BETA-GALACTOSIDASES are also available
UI = D005696
Galactosides
MS = Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides.
UI = D005697
Galactosylceramidase
MS = An enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose from ceramide monohexosides. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause globoid cell leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, GLOBOID CELL). EC 3.2.1.46.
AN = /defic: consider also LEUKODYSTROPHY, GLOBOID CELL
UI = D005698
Galactosylceramides
MS = Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a galactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-galactosidase, is the cause of galactosylceramide lipidosis or globoid cell leukodystrophy.
UI = D005699
Galactosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D005700
Galago
MS = A genus of the family Lorisidae having four species which inhabit the forests and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara and some nearby islands. The four species are G. alleni, G. crassicaudatus, G. demidovii, and G. senegalensis. There is another genus, Euoticus, containing two species which some authors have included in the Galago genus.
AN = prosimian; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D005701
Galanin
MS = A 29-amino acid peptide that is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It inhibits glucose-induced insulin release, hippocampal acetylcholine release, hippocampal glutamate (but not GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) release, and it lowers spinal excitability and firing of locus coeruleus neurons. It stimulates food (fat) intake and growth hormone release upon hypothalamic or i.c.v. injection. (Crit Rev Neurobiol 1993;7(3-4):229-74)
AN = a neuropeptide
UI = D019004
Galanthamine
MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor derived from the plant, GALANTHUS. It has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.
UI = D005702
Galanthus
MS = A plant genus in the family LILIACEAE (sometimes classified as Amaryllidaceae). Galanthus nivalis L. is the source of GALANTHAMINE.
AN = GALANTHAMINE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D027801
Galectin 1
MS = A galectin found abundantly in smooth muscle (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) and SKELETAL MUSCLE and many other tissues. It occurs as a homodimer with two 14 kD subunits.
UI = D037483
Galectin 2
MS = A galectin found preferentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. The protein occurs as a homodimer with two 14 kD subunits.
UI = D037501
Galectin 3
MS = A multifunctional galactin initially discovered as a macrophage antigen that binds to IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and as 29-35 kD lectin that binds LAMININ. It is involved in a variety of biological events including interactions with galactose-containing glycoconjugates, cell proliferation, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and APOPTOSIS.
UI = D037502
Galectin 4
MS = A galectin found in the small and large intestine and the stomach. It occurs as a homodimer with two 36 kD subunits and is localized to sites of cell adhesion where it may play role in assembly of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS.
UI = D037541
Galectins
MS = A class of animal lectins that bind specifically to beta-galactoside in a calcium-independent manner. Members of this class are distiguished from other lectins by the presence of a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. The majority of proteins in this class bind to sugar molecules in a sulfhydryl-dependent manner and are often referred to as S-type lectins, however this property is not required for membership in this class.
AN = GALECTINS 1 through 4 are available
UI = D037161
Galega
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains galegine (GUANIDINES). Most of the other species have been reclassified to TEPHROSIA; a few to ASTRAGALUS; and INDIGOFERA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029881
Galium
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE with a name very similar to the element GALLIUM.
AN = the element GALLIUM is also available; X ref BEDSTRAW: for "smooth bedstraw" refering to the Cruciata genus use RUBIACEAE; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032061
Gallamine Triethiodide
MS = A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)
UI = D005703
Gallbladder
AN = /surg: consider also CHOLECYSTECTOMY & CHOLECYSTOSTOMY; gallstones or gallbladder calculi = CHOLELITHIASIS; inflammation = CHOLECYSTITIS
UI = D005704
Gallbladder Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = CHOLECYSTITIS
UI = D005705
Gallbladder Emptying
MS = A process whereby bile is delivered from the gallbladder into the duodenum. The emptying is caused by both contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter mechanism at the choledochal terminus.
UI = D016473
Gallbladder Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005706
Gallic Acid
MS = A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent.
UI = D005707
Gallium
MS = A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.
UI = D005708
Gallium Isotopes
MS = Stable gallium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gallium, but differ in atomic weight. Ga-71 is a stable gallium isotope.
AN = Ga-71; NIM
UI = D005709
Gallium Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of gallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ga atoms with atomic weights 63-68, 70 and 72-76 are radioactive gallium isotopes.
AN = Ga-63-68, 70, 72-76; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D005710
Gallopamil
MS = Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.
UI = D005711
Galphimia
MS = A plant genus of the family MALPIGHIACEAE. G. glauca is the source of 'Galphimia glauca extract' and contains 'galphimine B' and tetragalloylquinic acid.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031582
Galvanic Skin Response
MS = A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions.
UI = D005712
Gambia
MS = A republic in western Africa, constituting an enclave within SENEGAL extending on both sides of the Gambia River. Its capital is Banjul, formerly Bathurst. The mouth of the river was discovered in 1455 by the Portuguese and the English ascended the river 1618-19. The British claim to the region was recognized by the Treaty of Versailles in 1783. Its status under the British and Sierra Leone changed several times from 1807 until 1965 when it became independent. The country is named for the river and is a Portuguese corruption of the native name Ba-Dimma, meaning river. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p426 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p200)
AN = a republic in western Africa
UI = D005714
Gambling
MS = An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.
UI = D005715
Game Theory
MS = Theoretical construct used in applied mathematics to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. In a typical game, decision-making "players," who each have their own goals, try to gain advantage over the other parties by anticipating each other's decisions; the game is finally resolved as a consequence of the players' decisions.
AN = no qualif
UI = D005716
Games, Experimental
MS = Games designed to provide information on hypotheses, policies, procedure or strategies.
AN = no qualif; DF: GAMES EXPER
UI = D005717
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
MS = A technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. The protocol consists of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, followed by laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, and then the transfer of sperm and oocytes by catheterization into the fallopian tubes.
UI = D015181
Gametogenesis
MS = The process of germ cell development from the primordial germ cells to the mature haploid gametes: ova in the female (OOGENESIS) or sperm in the male (SPERMATOGENESIS).
UI = D005718
Gamma Cameras
MS = Electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015902
gamma Proteobacteria
MS = A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.
AN = DF: GAMMA PROTEOBACT
UI = D020563
Gamma Rays
MS = Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays.
AN = IM: Manual 28.11; TN 158: how to index gamma rays
UI = D005720
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
MS = The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
UI = D005680
gamma-Crystallins
MS = A subclass of crystallins that found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of VERTEBRATES. Gamma-crystallins are similar in structure to BETA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both form into a Greek key-like structure. They are composed of monomeric subunits.
UI = D038222
gamma-Endorphin
MS = An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from ALPHA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid.
AN = ALPHA-ENDORPHIN & BETA-ENDORPHIN are also available; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D018823
Gamma-Globulins
MS = Serum globulins that migrate in the gamma region on electrophoresis. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.
AN = /defic = AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or DYSGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA (TN 225); do not use /ther use: index under IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE for ther with gamma-globulins in general or unspecified; anti-gamma globulin antibodies = ANTI-ANTIBODIES (IM) + GAMMA-GLOBULINS (IM); TN 224: relation to IMMUNOGLOBULINS; gammopathies or gammapathies (excessive immunoglobulins in blood) = HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA: see note there & TN 226; various gamma-globulins: TN 224
UI = D005719
gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase
MS = Catalyzes the hydrolysis of pteroylpolyglutamic acids in gamma linkage to pterolylmonoglutamic acid and free glutamic acid. EC 3.4.19.9.
UI = D011623
gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of pyroglutamate from a gamma-glutamyl-amino acid, also releasing the free amino acid. The enzyme acts on derivatives of glutamate, 2-aminobutyrate, alanine and glycine. The enzyme has been proposed to have a role in a gamma-glutamyl cycle for amino acid transport into cells in the intestines. EC 2.3.2.4.
AN = do not confuse with GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE
UI = D005722
gamma-Glutamyltransferase
MS = An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.
AN = do not confuse with PROTEIN-GLUTAMINE GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE or GLUTAMINYL-PEPTIDE GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASES see TRANSGLUTAMINASE which crosslinks proteins nor with GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYCLOTRANSFERASE
UI = D005723
gamma-Linolenic Acid
MS = An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID is an omega-3 fatty acid
UI = D017965
gamma-MSH
MS = A peptide hormone derived from PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN that has natriuretic activity.
UI = D019825
gamma-Tocopherol
MS = A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.
AN = /defic: coord IM with VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY (IM)
UI = D024504
Gammaherpesvirinae
MS = A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by variable reproductive cycles. The genera include: LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS and RHADINOVIRUS.
AN = infection: coord IM with HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM); if discussed as tumor viruses, add TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D018142
Gammaretrovirus
MS = A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D017988
Ganciclovir
MS = An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.
AN = do not confuse DHPG, a common abbrev for ganciclovir with DHPG for both 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol & 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol
UI = D015774
Ganglia
MS = Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; wrist ganglion is indexed under WRIST (IM) + SYNOVIAL CYST (IM);
UI = D005724
Ganglia, Autonomic
MS = Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.
UI = D005725
Ganglia, Invertebrate
MS = Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
UI = D017952
Ganglia, Parasympathetic
MS = Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.
AN = includes ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglia
UI = D005726
Ganglia, Sensory
MS = Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.
AN = ganglia of the peripheral nerv syst
UI = D017950
Ganglia, Spinal
MS = Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
AN = sensory ganglia on spinal nerve roots
UI = D005727
Ganglia, Sympathetic
MS = Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.
AN = /surg = probably GANGLIONECTOMY; includes cervical, mesenteric & celiac ganglia but SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION is available; STELLATE GANGLION is also available
UI = D005728
Ganglioglioma
MS = Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.
AN = coord IM with probably BRAIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + site (IM)
UI = D018303
Ganglionectomy
MS = Removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with specific ganglion (NIM); coord IM with disease /surg (IM)
UI = D015171
Ganglioneuroblastoma
MS = A moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. It may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. It arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. Cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with HORNER SYNDROME and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018305
Ganglioneuroma
MS = A benign neoplasm that usually arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. The tumor may present clinically with HORNER SYNDROME or diarrhea due to ectopic production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p966)
AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D005729
Ganglionic Blockers
MS = Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GANGLIA /drug eff; DF: GANGLIONIC BLOCK
UI = D005730
Ganglionic Stimulants
MS = Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GANGLIA /drug eff
UI = D005731
Gangliosides
MS = A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)
UI = D005732
Gangliosidoses
MS = A group of often fatal inherited diseases marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES in LYSOSOMES secondary to enzymatic deficiency states. Gangliosidoses include TAY-SACHS DISEASE; GANGLIOSIDOSIS GM1; GANGLIOSIDOSES GM2; and SANDHOFF DISEASE; which share the infantile or childhood onset of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM deterioration. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp89-97)
AN = coord IM with specific ganglioside (IM) but GANGLIOSIDOSIS GM1 and GANGLIOSIDOSIS GM2 are available
UI = D005733
Gangliosidoses GM2
MS = Inherited diseases characterized by the accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in central nervous system lysosomes and variably in other tissues. Subtypes include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE, as well as an AB variant of BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE deficiency and an adult onset form of GM2 Gangliosidosis.
UI = D020143
Gangliosidosis GM1
MS = A form of gangliosidosis characterized by accumulation of G(M1) GANGLIOSIDE and oligosaccharides in lysosomes caused by an absence or severe deficiency of the enzyme BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (type A1). The three phenotypes of this disorder are infantile (generalized), juvenile, and adult. The infantile form is characterized by skeletal abnormalities, hypotonia, poor psychomotor development, hirsutism, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial abnormalities. The juvenile form features hyperacusis, seizures, and psychomotor retardation. The adult form features progressive intellectual deterioration, involuntary movements, ataxia, and spasticity. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp96-7)
UI = D016537
Gangrene
MS = Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.
AN = IM for general or for gangrene process; coord NIM with tissue/pathol (IM)
UI = D005734
Ganoderma
MS = A genus of fungi in the family Ganodermataceae, order APHYLLOPHORALES, containing a dimitic hyphal system. It causes a white rot, and is a wood decomposer. Ganoderma lucidum (REISHI) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).
UI = D032902
Gap Junctions
MS = Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
AN = intercellular junctions; A 11 qualif except /cytol /transpl; /genet permitted
UI = D017629
GAP-43 Protein
MS = A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in neurons during development and nerve regeneration. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, signal transduction, and neurotransmitter release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.
UI = D019922
Garbage
MS = Discarded animal and vegetable matter from a kitchen or the refuse from food preparation. (From Random House College Dictionary, 1982)
AN = no qualif
UI = D005735
Garcinia
MS = A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029760
Garcinia cambogia
MS = A plant species of the family CLUSIACEAE. It is a source of hydroxycitric acid.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029761
Garcinia kola
MS = A plant species of the family CLUSIACEAE. The common name of 'Bitter Kola' is sometimes also used to refer to COLA.
AN = for Kola or Cola see COLA, for Bitter Kola check if COLA or GARCINIA KOLA; for Gotu Kola use CENTELLA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029763
Garcinia mangostana
MS = A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE. It is the source of the mangosteen fruit.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029762
Gardenia
MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain genepin, from which geniposide is obtained for use as a crosslinking agent in ADHESIVES, and 3-caffeoyl-4-sinapoylquinic acid.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032062
Gardner Syndrome
MS = A phenotypic variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI featuring multiple colonic polyposis with malignant tendency, subcutaneous fibromata and lipomata, exostoses and osteomas of the skull and facial bones, and epidermal inclusion cysts.
UI = D005736
Gardnerella
MS = A genus of bacteria found in the human genital and urinary tract. It is considered to be a major cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL).
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) but see note at GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
UI = D016975
Gardnerella vaginalis
MS = The only species in the genus GARDNERELLA, and previously classed as Haemophilus vaginalis. This bacterium, also isolated from the female genital tract of healthy women, is implicated in the cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL). It occasionally causes postpartum bacteremia and bacteremia following a transurethral resection of the prostate.
AN = infection: coord IM with BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM) but consider also IM with VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL (IM)
UI = D006194
Garlic
MS = Allium sativum. One of the Liliaceae used as a spice and traditional remedy. It contains allicin, the pungent active ingredient, which may reduce blood cholesterol and inhibit platelet aggregation.
AN = as plant & food; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2
UI = D005737
Gas Gangrene
MS = A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.
AN = usually caused by Clostridium perfringens but all C. perfringens infections need not be gas gangrene
UI = D005738
Gas Poisoning
AN = GEN or unspecified gas; prefer /pois with specific gas term
UI = D005739
Gas Scavengers
MS = Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.
AN = note category & cross refs or read MeSH definition
UI = D015920
Gases
MS = The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
AN = does not include natural gas ( = GAS, NATURAL see FOSSIL FUELS); does not include blood gases ( = OXYGEN /blood or CARBON DIOXIDE /blood); gas embolism = EMBOLISM, AIR; intestinal gases = GASES + INTESTINES /physiol unless clinically referred to as FLATULENCE (Cat C)
UI = D005740
Gasoline
MS = Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.
UI = D005742
Gastrectomy
MS = Excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part (subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) of the stomach. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = includes partial, total & subtotal; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005743
Gastric Acid
MS = Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
AN = absence of gastric HCl = ACHLORHYDRIA; hyperacidity: index under GASTRIC ACID /secret
UI = D005744
Gastric Acidity Determination
MS = Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.
AN = NIM
UI = D005745
Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
MS = A capillary ectasia of the gastric antrum mucosa characterized by thickened, red vascular folds radiating longitudinally from the pylorus to the antrum and resembling, upon endoscopic examination, the stripes on the skin of a ripened watermelon. Histological characteristics include dilated mucosal capillaries, focal thrombosis, and fibromuscular hypertrophy of the lamina propria. It is a cause of chronic upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
UI = D020252
Gastric Balloon
MS = An inflatable device implanted in the stomach as an adjunct to therapy of morbid obesity. Specific types include the silicone Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble (GEGB), approved by the FDA in 1985, and the Ballobes Balloon.
AN = note category: an inflatable device; do not confuse with digestive gases; used in ther of morbid obesity: note XR & do not coord with OBESITY, MORBID unless particularly discussed
UI = D015905
Gastric Bypass
MS = Surgical procedure in which the stomach is transected high on the body. The resulting proximal remnant is joined to a loop of the jejunum in an end-to-side anastomosis. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of morbid obesity.
AN = in ther of morbid obesity: note XR ref & do not coord with OBESITY, MORBID unless particularly discussed; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015390
Gastric Emptying
MS = The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.
UI = D005746
Gastric Fistula
MS = Abnormal passage communicating with the stomach.
AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+
UI = D005747
Gastric Fundus
MS = The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.
AN = NIM when merely locational; neopl of gastric fundus: coord NIM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005748
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
MS = A gastrointestinal hormone consisting of a 43-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 5105). It inhibits gastric secretion and motility and stimulates release of insulin.
AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: GIP
UI = D005749
Gastric Juice
MS = The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
AN = /secret permitted but consider GASTRIC MUCOSA /secret if pertinent, and not STOMACH /secret; GASTRIC ACID is also available; absence of gastric HCl = ACHLORHYDRIA; hyperacidity: index under GASTRIC ACID /secret
UI = D005750
Gastric Lavage
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005751
Gastric Mucin
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005752
Gastric Mucosa
MS = Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells.
AN = /secret permitted but consider GASTRIC JUICE /secret if pertinent, but not STOMACH /secret; mucosal neopl: coord NIM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); mucosal prolapse = GASTRIC MUCOSA (IM) + STOMACH DISEASES (NIM) + PROLAPSE (NIM)
UI = D005753
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
MS = The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc.
AN = hindered output from stomach to intestine; coord IM with cause of obstruct (IM)
UI = D017219
Gastric Stump
MS = That portion of the stomach remaining after gastric surgery, usually gastrectomy or gastroenterostomy for cancer of the stomach or peptic ulcer. It is a common site of cancer referred to as stump cancer or carcinoma of the gastric stump.
AN = stomach remnant after gastrectomy; a common site of neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D018530
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
MS = Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the stomach, the neuropeptide stimulates release of gastrin from the G CELLS.
UI = D019886
Gastrinoma
MS = A gastrin-secreting tumor of the non-beta islet cells. It is usually located in the pancreas but is also found at other sites, as in the antrum of the stomach, hilus of the spleen, and regional lymph nodes. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN-1). Gastrinomas in patients with MEN-1 are usually diffuse in nature.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM) or other precoord organ/neopl term (IM) if not in pancreas
UI = D015408
Gastrins
MS = A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of gastric juices. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
AN = neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormones; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005755
Gastritis
UI = D005756
Gastritis, Atrophic
MS = Chronic gastritis with mucosal atrophy.
AN = a chronic dis: do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE
UI = D005757
Gastritis, Hypertrophic
MS = Gastritis with hypertrophy of gastric mucosa folds. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, excessive mucus secretion, and hypoproteinemia.
UI = D005758
Gastrodia
MS = A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE which depends on the fungus Armillaria mellea to complete its life cycle. It is an ingredient of Zhenxuanyin (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031668
Gastroenteritis
UI = D005759
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
MS = A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.
AN = caused by a coronavirus; don't forget also SWINE (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: GASTROENTERITIS TRANSM SWINE
UI = D005761
Gastroenterology
MS = A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: GASTROENTEROL
UI = D005762
Gastroenterostomy
MS = A variety of surgical reconstructive procedures devised to restore gastrointestinal continuity, The two major classes of reconstruction are the Billroth I (gastroduodenostomy) and Billroth II (gastrojejunostomy) procedures.
AN = restrict to specific internal surg procedure; do not confuse with GASTROSTOMY & ENTEROSTOMY (both artif external openings) or specifics (e.g. DUODENOSTOMY; ILEOSTOMY, etc.)
UI = D005763
Gastroepiploic Artery
MS = Abdominal artery that follows the curvature of the stomach. The right gasteroepiploic artery is frequently used in coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial revascularization, and other vascular reconstruction.
UI = D024405
Gastroesophageal Reflux
MS = Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth.
AN = note ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX see ESOPHAGITIS, PEPTIC
UI = D005764
Gastrointestinal Agents
MS = Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.
UI = D005765
Gastrointestinal Diseases
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; inflamm dis = GASTROENTERITIS
UI = D005767
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
MS = Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
AN = coord IM with specific intestinal dis (IM), as colonic hemorrhage = GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (IM) + COLONIC DISEASES (IM); rectal bleeding: see note under RECTUM; X ref HEMATOCHEZIA is red blood in the feces when bleeding is from the lower bowel: do not coord with FECES unless feces are particularly discussed
UI = D006471
Gastrointestinal Hormones
MS = HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.
UI = D005768
Gastrointestinal Motility
AN = not necessary to specify STOMACH or INTESTINES as coord; coord with specific intestine /physiol if pertinent (IM); GASTRIC EMPTYING is available
UI = D005769
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
MS = Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system.
AN = GEN: prefer specific precoord; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005770
Gastrointestinal System
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /surg: consider also GASTROENTEROSTOMY; inflammation = GASTROENTERITIS
UI = D005771
Gastrointestinal Transit
MS = Passage of food (sometimes in the form of a test meal) through the gastrointestinal tract as measured in minutes or hours. The rate of passage through the intestine is an indicator of small bowel function.
AN = transit time also goes here
UI = D005772
Gastroparesis
MS = Paralysis of the muscular coat of the stomach. It is most often seen as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = paralysis of stomach muscles
UI = D018589
Gastroplasty
MS = Surgical treatment of the stomach or lower esophagus used to decrease the size of the stomach. The procedure is used mainly in the treatment of morbid obesity and to correct defects in the lower esophagus or the stomach. Different procedures employed include vertical (mesh) banded gastroplasty, silicone elastomer ring vertical gastroplasty and horizontal banded gastroplasty.
AN = in ther of morbid obesity: note XR ref & do not coord with OBESITY, MORBID unless particularly discussed; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015391
Gastroschisis
MS = A congenital fissure of the abdominal wall not involving the site of insertion of the umbilical cord, and usually accompanied by protrusion of the small and part of the large intestine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not confuse with HERNIA, UMBILICAL; do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D020139
Gastroscopes
MS = Endoscopes used for examining the interior of the stomach.
UI = D020699
Gastroscopy
MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
UI = D005773
Gastrospirillum
MS = A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the gastric mucosa of mammals, including humans.
AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); GASTROSPIRILUM HOMINIS and GASTROSPIRILUM SUIS see HELICOBACTER HEILMANNII are available
UI = D017883
Gastrostomy
MS = Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005774
Gastrula
MS = The embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers.
AN = "the embryo in the early stage following the blastula"; A 11 qualif
UI = D005775
Gated Blood-Pool Imaging
MS = Radionuclide ventriculography where scintigraphic data is acquired during repeated cardiac cycles at specific times in the cycle, using an electrocardiographic synchronizer or gating device. Analysis of right ventricular function is difficult with this technique; that is best evaluated by first-pass ventriculography (VENTRICULOGRAPHY, FIRST-PASS).
AN = a type of radionuclide ventriculography usually for the left heart: for the right heart VENTRICULOGRAPHY, FIRST-PASS is usually preferred; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D015637
Gatekeeping
MS = The controlling of access to health services, usually by primary care providers; often used in managed care settings to reduce utilization of expensive services and reduce referrals. (From BIOETHICS Thesaurus, 1999)
UI = D020793
Gaucher Disease
MS = An autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (see GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) featuring the pathological storage of glycosylceramide in mononuclear PHAGOCYTES (Gaucher Cells). The most common subtype is the non-neuronopathic form, a slowly progressive condition characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and skeletal deformities. The neuronopathic forms are divided into infantile and juvenile forms. The infantile form presents at 4-5 months of age with anemia, loss of cognitive gains, neck retraction, dysphagia, and hepatosplenomegaly. The juvenile form features a slowly progressive loss of intellect, hepatosplenomegaly, ATAXIA, myoclonic SEIZURES, and spasticity. The neuronopathic forms are characterized by neuronal loss with neuronophagia, and accumulation of glucocerebroside in neurons. (From Baillieres Clin Haematol 1997 Dec;10(4):711-23; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p97)
UI = D005776
Gaultheria
MS = A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE. The common name of "wintergreen" is also used for PYROLA and "snowberry" is also used for SYMPHORICARPOS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031282
GB virus A
MS = A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE, that have been identified in at least six species of New World monkeys. They do not cause HEPATITIS in the host or other susceptible species.
AN = infection: coord IM with FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D029405
GB virus B
MS = A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE, that was recovered from a tamarin monkey, but may have been of human origin. It causes HEPATITIS in several species of New World monkeys.
AN = infection: coord IM with FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN (IM) or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM)
UI = D029406
GB virus C
MS = A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. It is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. Despite its alternate name (Hepatitis G virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial.
AN = infection: coord IM with FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN (IM) or HEPATITIS, VIRAL, ANIMAL (IM) if pertinent
UI = D029407
GC Rich Sequence
MS = A nucleic acid sequence that contains an above average number of GUANINE and CYTOSINE bases.
UI = D020862
Geese
AN = domestic or wild; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); diseases of wild geese: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)
UI = D005777
Gefarnate
MS = A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.
UI = D005778
Geigeria
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that causes vermeersiekte poisoning of sheep in South Africa. Members contain dihydrogriesenin and ivalin (sesquiterpene lactones).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036621
Gelatin
MS = A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone COLLAGEN. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories.
UI = D005780
Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable
MS = Sterile, gelatin-base surgical sponge applied topically as an adjunct to hemostasis when the control of bleeding by conventional procedures is ineffective to reduce capillary ooze or is impractical. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p797)
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D005781
Gelatinase A
MS = A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain. EC 3.4.24.24.
AN = /antag is permitted but TISSUE INHIBITOR-OF METALLOPROTEINASE-2 is available
UI = D020778
Gelatinase B
MS = An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to GELATINASE A. It degrades types I and V GELATIN and types IV and V COLLAGEN. EC 3.4.24.35.
UI = D020780
Gelatinases
MS = A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.
AN = GELATINASE A and GELATINASE B are available
UI = D018093
Gels
MS = Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.
AN = IM for general only, qualif permitted; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif)
UI = D005782
Gelsemium
MS = A plant genus of the family LOGANIACEAE (classified by some botanists as Gelsemiaceae). The sometimes used common name of trumpet flower is also used for DATURA.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031450
Gelsolin
MS = A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells.
AN = a calcium-binding microfilament protein; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D018260
Gemfibrozil
MS = A lipid-regulating agent that lowers elevated serum lipids primarily by decreasing serum triglycerides with a variable reduction in total cholesterol. These decreases occur primarily in the VLDL fraction and less frequently in the LDL fraction. Gemfibrozil increases HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 as well as apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Its mechanism of action has not been definitely established.
UI = D015248
Geminiviridae
MS = A family of plant viruses where the virions possess an unusual morphology consisting of a pair of isometric particles. Transmission occurs via leafhoppers or whitefly. Some viruses cause economically important diseases in cultivated plants. There are three genera: Mastrevirus, Curtovirus, and Begomovirus.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol
UI = D017791
Gender Identity
MS = A person's concept of himself as being male and masculine or female and feminine, or ambivalent, usually based on the physical characteristics, parental attitudes and expectations, and psychological and social pressures to which the individual is subjected. It is the private experience of gender role. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = psychological; do not confuse with SEX CHARACTERISTICS (physiological); do not confuse with SEXUAL ORIENTATION see SEX BEHAVIOR: gender identity is knowing that one is male or female; sexual orientation is preferring heterosexual or homosexual behavior; SEX PREFERENCE is desired or preferred sexual composition of a family; no qualif
UI = D005783
Gene Amplification
MS = A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.
AN = for physiol process only; for technique use NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES or specifics
UI = D005784
Gene Components
MS = The parts of the gene sequence that carry out the different functions of the GENES.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D040461
Gene Conversion
MS = The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa.
UI = D005785
Gene Deletion
MS = A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
UI = D017353
Gene Dosage
MS = The number of copies of a given gene present in a cell or nucleus. An increase in gene dosage can result in the formation of higher levels of gene product, provided that the gene is not subject to autogenous regulation.
AN = number of copies of a given gene in a cell or nucleus on any chromosome: do not confuse with DOSAGE COMPENSATION (GENETICS) which is restricted to the X chromosome; no qualif
UI = D018628
Gene Duplication
MS = Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes arise, i.e. the duplication of a single gene. In contiguous gene duplication, the duplicated sequence coexists within the boundaries set by the start and stop signals for protein synthesis of the original, resulting in a larger transcription product and protein at the expense of the prexisting protein. In discrete gene duplication, the duplicated sequence is outside the start and stop signals, resulting in two independent genes (GENES, DUPLICATE) and gene products. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = do not confuse with GENES, DUPLICATE
UI = D020440
Gene Expression
MS = The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action.
UI = D015870
Gene Expression Profiling
MS = The determination of the pattern of genes expressed i.e., transcribed, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
AN = DNA PROFILING see DNA FINGERPRINTING is also available
UI = D020869
Gene Expression Regulation
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action at the level of transcription or translation. These processes include gene activation and genetic induction.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG
UI = D005786
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal
MS = Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea.
AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG ARCHAEAL
UI = D019848
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
MS = Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG BACT
UI = D015964
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
AN = developmental includes embryonic; DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG DEVELOPMENTAL
UI = D018507
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.
AN = coord IM with specific enzyme /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG ENZYMOL
UI = D015971
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG FUNGAL
UI = D015966
Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia.
AN = coord IM with specific type of LEUKEMIA /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG LEUKEMIC
UI = D015973
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
AN = coord IM with specific organ/neopl term with /genet (IM) + specific histol type of neopl /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG NEOPL
UI = D015972
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
MS = Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
AN = coord IM with specific plant /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG PLANT
UI = D018506
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
MS = Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM); DF: GENE EXPRESSION REG VIRAL
UI = D015967
Gene Frequency
MS = The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.
UI = D005787
Gene Fusion
MS = Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behavior or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation.
AN = fusion to analyze protein behav or to determine regulation mechanisms
UI = D019677
Gene Library
MS = A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
AN = do not confuse with GENOMIC LIBRARY
UI = D015723
Gene Order
MS = The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.
UI = D023061
Gene Pool
MS = The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a POPULATION of sexually reproducing organisms.
AN = not for micro-organisms; no qualif
UI = D005788
Gene Products, env
MS = Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.
AN = Env stands for "envelope"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM)
UI = D015686
Gene Products, gag
MS = Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
AN = coord with specific virus (IM)
UI = D015683
Gene Products, nef
MS = Products of the HIV nef gene (formerly 3'-orf gene). The products trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor.
AN = nef stands for "negative factor"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D015693
Gene Products, pol
MS = Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. They are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
AN = coord with specific virus (IM)
UI = D015684
Gene Products, rev
MS = Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for HIV viral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the HIV gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.
AN = Rev stands for "regulator of virion"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D015694
Gene Products, rex
MS = Post-transcriptional regulatory proteins required for the accumulation of mRNAs that encode the gag and env gene products in HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The rex (regulator x; x is undefined) products act by binding to elements in the LTR.
AN = Rex stands for "regulator x"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016370
Gene Products, tat
MS = Trans-acting transcription factors. Nuclear proteins whose expression is required for HIV viral replication. The tat protein stimulates HIV-LTR-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription.
AN = Tat stands for "trans-activation of transcription"; IM; coord with specific virus (IM); /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D015696
Gene Products, tax
MS = Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.
AN = Tax stands for "trans-activator x"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016356
Gene Products, vif
MS = A 23 kDa regulatory protein important for virion infectivity in HIV. The protein is found in the cytoplasm of HIV-infected cells and is not absolutely required for virion formation.
AN = Vif stands for "virion infectivity factor"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016346
Gene Products, vpr
MS = Trans-acting proteins which accelerate virus replication in HIV. The vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of HIV specified proteins. vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.
AN = Vpr stands for "viral protein R"; in X ref GENE PRODUCTS, RAP, Rap stands for "R activation protein"
UI = D016336
Gene Products, vpu
MS = Non-glycosylated, membrane-associated, 16 kDa proteins which are expressed in large amounts in cells infected with HIV-1. The proteins are required for efficient virion maturation and release. They are not present in HIV-2 nor in SIV. vpu is short for viral protein U, with U undefined.
AN = Vpu stands for "viral protein U"; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted
UI = D016340
Gene Rearrangement
MS = The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.
AN = DF: GENE REARR
UI = D015321
Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the alpha-chain of antigen receptors.
AN = DF: GENE REARR ALPHA CHAIN
UI = D015332
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
MS = Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the immunoglobulin chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the immature B-lymphocyte.
AN = DF: GENE REARR B CELL
UI = D015322
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
MS = Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the immature B-lymphocyte.
AN = DF: GENE REARR HEAVY CHAIN
UI = D015326
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
MS = Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda light chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the immature B-lymphocyte.
AN = DF: GENE REARR LIGHT CHAIN
UI = D015328
Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors.
AN = DF: GENE REARR BETA CHAIN
UI = D015333
Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the delta-chain of antigen receptors.
AN = DF: GENE REARR DELTA CHAIN
UI = D016694
Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the gamma-chain of antigen receptors.
AN = DF: GENE REARR GAMMA CHAIN
UI = D015334
Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
MS = Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors.
AN = DF: GENE REARR T CELL
UI = D015329
Gene Silencing
MS = Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.
UI = D020868
Gene Targeting
MS = The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.
UI = D018390
Gene Therapy
MS = The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia.
UI = D015316
Gene Transfer Techniques
MS = The introduction of functional (usually cloned) genes into cells and organisms. A variety of techniques can be used for gene transfer: (1) cell hybridization; (2) microcell-mediated gene transfer; (3) chromosome-mediated gene transfer; (4) DNA-mediated gene transfer. Gene transfer results in genetically transformed cells and individuals and is a step in recombinant DNA technology when cloned genes are being used for transfer. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = note category: do not confuse with GENE TRANSFER, HORIZONTAL
UI = D018014
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
MS = The transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. This may lead to a permanent change of the organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC) .
AN = note category: do not confuse with GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
UI = D022761
Genealogy and Heraldry
AN = IM; no qualif; do not confuse with GENEALOGICAL TREE see PEDIGREE; DF: GENEALOGY
UI = D005789
General Adaptation Syndrome
MS = The sum of all nonspecific systemic reactions of the body to long-continued exposure to systemic stress.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D005790
General Practice, Dental
MS = Nonspecialized dental practice which is concerned with providing primary and continuing dental care.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; "extraction in general practice in dentistry" is GENERAL PRACTICE, DENTAL (NIM) if indexed there at all; DF: GENERAL PRACTICE DENT
UI = D005792
Generalization (Psychology)
MS = The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.
AN = DF: GENERALIZATION
UI = D005793
Generalization, Response
MS = The principle that after an organism learns to respond in a particular manner to a stimulus, that stimulus is effective in eliciting similar responses.
UI = D005794
Generalization, Stimulus
MS = The tendency to react to stimuli that are different from, but somewhat similar to, the stimulus used as a conditioned stimulus.
UI = D005795
Genes
MS = Specific sequences of nucleotides along a molecule of DNA (or, in the case of some viruses, RNA) which represent the functional units of HEREDITY. The majority of eukaryotic genes contain coding regions (CODONS) that are interrupted by non-coding regions (INTRONS) and are therefore labeled split genes.
AN = locus = CHROMOSOME MAPPING; flow = GENETICS, POPULATION; interaction = PHENOTYPE; suppressor genes = GENES, SUPPRESSOR; restorer genes: index under SUPPRESSION, GENETIC; repressor genes = GENES, REGULATOR; lac gene = LAC OPERON but consider also LAC FACTORS or LAC REPRESSORS (see note on REPRESSOR PROTEINS)
UI = D005796
Genes, abl
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (abl) originally isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MuLV). The proto-oncogene abl (c-abl) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family. The human c-abl gene is located at 9q34.1 on the long arm of chromosome 9. It is activated by translocation to bcr on chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AN = abl stands for "ABelson Leukemia"
UI = D016313
Genes, APC
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.
UI = D017491
Genes, araC
MS = Regulatory genes which encode a cyclic AMP receptor protein required for L-arabinose utilization in E. coli. It is an example of positive control or regulation of gene expression in the bacterial operon.
AN = araC stands for "arabinose C" where C is 3d of a sequence araA, araB, etc.
UI = D005797
Genes, Archaeal
MS = The genetic material of archaea.
AN = coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM)
UI = D019766
Genes, Bacterial
MS = The genetic material of bacteria.
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENES BACT
UI = D005798
Genes, bcl-1
MS = The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived B-cell lymphomas. The human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 18.
AN = bcl stands for "B-Cell Leukemia"
UI = D019940
Genes, bcl-2
MS = The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.
AN = bcl stands for "B-Cell Leukemia"
UI = D019254
Genes, BRCA1
MS = A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, SUPPRESSOR, TUMOR) located on human chromosome 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of familial breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.
AN = BRCA stands for "BReast CAncer"
UI = D019398
Genes, BRCA2
MS = A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, SUPPRESSOR, TUMOR) located on human chromosome 13 at locus 13q12.3. Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev 2000;14(11):1400-6)
AN = BRCA stands for "BReast CAncer"
UI = D024522
Genes, cdc
MS = Genes that code for proteins that regulate the cell division cycle. These genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of mitosis by activating the p34cdc2 protein (PROTEIN P34CDC2).
AN = cdc stands for "Cell Division Cycle"
UI = D018816
Genes, DCC
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 18q21-qter region of human chromosome 18. The absence of these genes is associated with the formation of colorectal cancer (DCC stands for deleted in colorectal cancer). The products of these genes show significant homology to neural cell adhesion molecules and other related cell surface glycoproteins.
AN = DCC stands for "Deleted in Colorectal Cancer"
UI = D016163
Genes, Dominant
MS = Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
UI = D005799
Genes, Duplicate
MS = Two identical genes showing the same phenotypic action but localized in different regions of a chromosome or on different chromosomes. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
AN = coord with specific gene or gene product; do not confuse with GENE DUPLICATION
UI = D020131
Genes, env
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE).
AN = env stands for "envelope"; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
UI = D015752
Genes, erbA
MS = Genes related to the erbA DNA sequence that was first isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN), v-erbA. In cells, erbA genes encode thyroid hormone receptors (RECEPTORS, THYROID HORMONE). Two distinct c-erbA genes have been identified: erbA-alpha located at 17q21; and erbA-beta located at 3p24. Truncations at the N- and C-terminals of erbA result in products resembling v-erbA. Truncations affect hormone responsivenss but not DNA binding capacity.
AN = erbA stands for "ERythroBlastosis virus, Avian"; GENES, ERBB & its specifics are also available; in titles & translations spell as erbA
UI = D018776
Genes, erbB
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbB) originally isolated from, or related to, the avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV). These genes code for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptors which is important in the control of normal cell proliferation and in the pathogenesis of human cancer. The genes include erbB-1 (GENES, ERBB-1), erbB-2 (GENES, ERBB-2), and erbB-3, all of which show abnormalities of expression in various human neoplasms.
AN = spell in titles & translations as erbB; GENES, ERBB-1 & GENES, ERBB-2 are also available
UI = D018815
Genes, erbB-1
MS = The proto-oncogene c-erbB-1 codes for the epidermal growth factor receptor. Its name originates from the viral homolog v-erbB which was isolated from an avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) where it was contained as a fragment of the chicken c-ErbB-1 gene lacking the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain. Overexpression of erbB-1 genes occurs in a wide range of tumors, commonly squamous carcinomas of various sites and less commonly adenocarcinomas. The human c-erbB-1 gene is located in the chromosomal region 7p14 and 7p12.
AN = spell in titles & translations as erbB-1; GENES ERBB-2 is also available
UI = D018773
Genes, erbB-2
MS = The erbB-2 gene is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2), a protein with structural features simular to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Its name originates from the viral oncogene homolog (v-erbB) which is a truncated form of the chicken erbB gene found in the avian erythoblastosis virus. Overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with a significant number of adenocarcinomas. The human c-erbB-2 gene is located at 17q21.2.
AN = in titles & translations spell as erbB-2; ERBB-1 is also available
UI = D018734
Genes, Essential
MS = Those genes found in an organism which are necessary for its viability and normal function.
AN = coord NIM with specific genes
UI = D020043
Genes, fms
MS = Family of genes originally isolated from the Susan McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (SARCOMA VIRUSES, FELINE). The proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) codes for the MCSF receptor (RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR). The oncogene fms (v-fms) codes for ONCOGENE PROTEIN GP1409(V-FMS) which is a mutated form of the MCSF. The human c-fms gene is located between 5q33.2 and 5q33.3.
UI = D016236
Genes, fos
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into FBJ-MSV or FBR-MSV induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14.
AN = fos stands for "Finkel" & "Osteogenic Sarcoma"
UI = D016762
Genes, Fungal
MS = The genetic material of fungi. It includes mating type genes of SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)
UI = D005800
Genes, gag
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
AN = gag stands for "Group-specific AntiGen"; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
UI = D015750
Genes, Helminth
MS = The hereditary material of helminths.
AN = coord IM with specific helminth /genet (IM)
UI = D017238
Genes, Homeobox
MS = Highly conserved DNA sequences which have been identified in specific gene transcripts ranging from those of Drosophila melanogaster to mouse and human. Homeobox genes function, in part, to generate DNA-binding proteins with an evolutionary conserved approximately 60-residue sequence (HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS).
UI = D005801
Genes, Immediate-Early
MS = Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters.
AN = genes showing rapid & transient expression in absence of protein synthesis: read MeSH definition for history of "immediate-early"
UI = D017781
Genes, Immunoglobulin
MS = Genes encoding the light and heavy chain segments of immunoglobulins. Light chain gene segments are symbolized L-V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant); Ig heavy chain segments have, in addition, a diversity (D) gene. Each segment codes for certain amino acids, and each has a different nucleotide sequence; the genes are assembled by a remarkable shuffling of the segments during B lymphocyte maturation.
AN = DF: GENES IG
UI = D005803
Genes, Insect
MS = The hereditary material of insects.
AN = coord IM with specific insect /genet (IM)
UI = D017344
Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle
MS = Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. ("Intracisternal" refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.
UI = D007426
Genes, jun
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (jun) originally isolated from the avian sarcoma virus 17 (ASV 17). The proto-oncogene jun (c-jun) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. Insertion of c-jun into ASV-17 or the constitutive expression of the c-jun protein produces tumorgenicity. The human c-jun gene is located at 1p31-32 on the short arm of chromosome 1.
AN = jun stands for "JU-Nana", Japanese for 17 (avian sarcoma virus 17)
UI = D016758
Genes, Lethal
MS = Genes which result in the premature death of the organism; dominant lethal genes kill heterozygotes, whereas recessive lethal genes kill only homozygotes.
AN = lethal genotype goes here
UI = D005804
Genes, MCC
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with the formation of colorectal cancer (MCC stands for mutated in colorectal cancer).
AN = MCC stands for "Mutated in Colorectal Cancer"
UI = D017431
Genes, MDR
MS = Genes responsible for multidrug resistance resulting from their overexpression in mammalian cells. Mammalian P-glycoproteins are encoded by small MDR gene familes. The human multidrug resistance 1; (MDR1); gene responds to environmental stress including various anticancer agents. It is a major determinant in the development of resistance to a large number of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;199(3):1428-35; Cancer Res 1994:54(6):1536-41)
AN = MDR stands for 'MultiDrug Resistance'
UI = D019450
Genes, MHC Class I
MS = Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., B loci (chicken), DLA (dog), GPLA (guinea pig), H-2 (mouse), RT-1 (rat), HLA-A, -B, and -C class I genes of man.
AN = MHC stands for "Major Histocompatibility Complex"; DF: note short X ref
UI = D005805
Genes, MHC Class II
MS = Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. The genes are found in the HLA-D region in humans and in the I region in mice.
AN = MHC stands for "Major Histocompatibility Complex"; DF: note short X ref
UI = D005802
Genes, mos
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (mos) originally isolated from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV). The proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. There is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. However, in mice, activation can occur when the retrovirus-like intracisternal A-particle inserts itself near the c-mos sequence. The human c-mos gene is located at 8q22 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
AN = mos stands for "MOloney Sarcoma"
UI = D016258
Genes, myb
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (v-myb) originally isolated from the avian myeloblastosis and E26 leukemia viruses. The proto-oncogene c-myb codes for a nuclear protein involved in transcriptional regulation and appears to be essential for hematopoietic cell proliferation. The human myb gene is located at 6q22-23 on the short arm of chromosome 6. This is the point of break in translocations involved in T-cell acute lymphatic leukemia and in some ovarian cancers and melanomas. (From Ibelgaufts, Dictionary of Cytokines, 1995).
UI = D020570
Genes, myc
MS = Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.
AN = myc stands for "MYeloCytomatosis"
UI = D016259
Genes, nef
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that down-regulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). nef is short for negative factor.
AN = nef stands for "NEgative Factor"; coord IM with specific HIV /genet (IM)
UI = D015754
Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in the region 17q11.2. Mutation of these genes is thought to cause NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, Watson syndrome, and LEOPARD syndrome.
UI = D016514
Genes, Neurofibromatosis 2
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 22. Mutation or loss of these genes causes NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2.
UI = D016515
Genes, Nitrogen Fixation
MS = Regulatory and structural genes present in certain bacteria, algae and fungi that control the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into biologically usable compounds; include nif structural genes (e.g., nifD, nifH) for nitrogenase and nitrate reductase as well as regulator genes nifA, nifB, ntrA, ntrB, ntrC. Some are responsible for regulating transcription of genes involved in the assimilation of poor nitrogen sources in enteric bacteria.
AN = in bacteria, fungi & blue-green algae; coord IM with specific organism /genet (IM)
UI = D005806
Genes, Overlapping
MS = Genes whose nucleotide sequences overlap to some degree. The overlapped sequences may involve structural or regulatory genes of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.
UI = D005807
Genes, p16
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995) Two alternatively spliced gene products are encoded by p16: PROTEIN P16 and p14ARF PROTEIN.
UI = D019942
Genes, p53
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.
UI = D016158
Genes, Plant
MS = The hereditary material of plants.
AN = coord IM with specific plant term /genet (IM)
UI = D017343
Genes, pol
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
AN = pol stands for "POLymerase"; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
UI = D015751
Genes, Protozoan
MS = The genetic material of protozoa.
AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /genet (IM)
UI = D017125
Genes, pX
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for at least three proteins which regulate the expression of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The proteins are p21(x), p27(rex), and p40(tax). The tax (trans-activator x) and rex (regulator x) genes are part of pX but are in overlapping reading frames. X was the original designation for the sequences or region (at that time of unknown function) in the long open reading frame (lor) which is now called pX.
UI = D016355
Genes, RAG-1
MS = Genes involved in activating the enzyme VDJ recombinase. RAG-1 is located on chromosome 11 in humans (chromosome 2 in mice) and is expressed exclusively in maturing lymphocytes.
AN = RAG stands for "Recombination-Activating Gene"
UI = D016654
Genes, ras
MS = Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.
AN = ras stands for "Retrovirus Associated Sequences"
UI = D011905
Genes, Recessive
MS = Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.
UI = D005808
Genes, Regulator
MS = Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for proteins (repressors or activators) which regulate the genetic transcription of the structural genes and/or regulatory genes.
AN = regulatory proteins go under TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS or REPRESSOR PROTEINS or TRANS-ACTIVATORS; DF: GENES REG
UI = D005809
Genes, rel
MS = Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (v-rel) originally isolated from an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain. The proto-oncogene rel (c-rel) codes for a subcellular (nuclear and cytoplasmic) transcription factor that has a role in lymphocyte differentiation. Translocation or overexpression of c-rel or competition from v-rel causes oncogenesis. The human rel gene is located at 2p12-13 on the short arm of chromosome 2.
UI = D020573
Genes, Reporter
MS = Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.
UI = D017930
Genes, Retinoblastoma
MS = Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 13 in the region 13q14 and coding for a family of phosphoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 104 kDa to 115 kDa. One copy of the wild-type Rb gene is necessary for normal retinal development. Loss or inactivation of both alleles at this locus results in retinoblastoma.
UI = D016161
Genes, rev
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). rev is short for regulator of virion.
AN = rev stands for "REgulator of Virion"; coord IM with specific HIV /genet (IM)
UI = D015757
Genes, rRNA
MS = Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into ribosomes. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in operons dispersed throughout the genome, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
UI = D020459
Genes, sis
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (v-sis) originally isolated from the simian sarcoma virus (SSV). The proto-oncogene c-sis codes for a growth factor which is the B chain of PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR. v-sis or overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis. The human sis gene is located at 22q12.3-13.1 on the long arm of chromosome 22.
UI = D020571
Genes, src
MS = Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (src) originally isolated from the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The proto-oncogene src (c-src) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family and was the first proto-oncogene identified in the human genome. The human c-src gene is located at 20q12-13 on the long arm of chromosome 20.
AN = src stands for "SaRComa": see MeSH definition
UI = D016391
Genes, sry
MS = The primary testis-determining gene in mammalians, located on the Y CHROMOSOME. It codes for a high mobility group box transcription factor (TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS) which initiates the development of the TESTES from the embryonic GONADS.
UI = D024282
Genes, Structural
MS = Genes that code for proteins required for the enzymatic and structural functions of cells. They include developmental and differentiated genes.
UI = D005811
Genes, Structural, Bacterial
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of bacterial cells.
AN = coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENES STRUCTURAL BACT
UI = D016003
Genes, Structural, Fungal
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of fungal cells.
AN = coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)
UI = D016004
Genes, Structural, Helminth
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of helminthic cells.
AN = coord IM with specific helminth /genet (IM)
UI = D017342
Genes, Structural, Insect
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of insect cells.
AN = coord IM with specific insect /genet (IM)
UI = D017345
Genes, Structural, Neoplasm
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of neoplastic cells.
AN = coord IM with specific organ/neopl term with /genet (IM) + histol type of neopl /genet (IM)
UI = D016005
Genes, Structural, Plant
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of plant cells.
AN = coord IM with specific plant term /genet (IM)
UI = D016006
Genes, Structural, Protozoan
MS = DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of protozoan cells.
AN = coord IM with specific protozoon /genet (IM)
UI = D017340
Genes, Structural, Viral
MS = DNA or RNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of viral cells.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
UI = D016007
Genes, Suppressor
MS = Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored.
AN = GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR is also available; see MeSH definition; for genes involved in suppression of a physiologic process, index the physiologic process /genet + specific gene if pertinent (genes involved in memory suppression = MEMORY /genet + specific gene term if pertinent but not GENES, SUPPRESSOR)
UI = D016153
Genes, Switch
MS = Genes that cause the epigenotype (i.e., the interrelated developmental pathways through which the adult organism is realized) to switch to an alternate cell lineage-related pathway. Switch complexes control the expression of normal functional development as well as oncogenic transformation.
UI = D005812
Genes, Synthetic
MS = Biologically functional sequences of DNA chemically synthesized in vitro.
AN = DF: GENES SYN
UI = D005813
Genes, T-Cell Receptor
MS = DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. The TcR genes are formed by somatic rearrangement (see GENE REARRANGEMENT, T-LYMPHOCYTE and its children) of germline gene segments, and resemble Ig genes in their mechanisms of diversity generation and expression.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: note short X ref
UI = D019672
Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
MS = DNA sequences encoding the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR alpha genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes.
UI = D019673
Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
MS = DNA sequences encoding the beta chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR beta genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes.
UI = D019674
Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
MS = DNA sequences encoding the delta chain of the T-cell receptor. The delta-chain locus is located entirely within the alpha-chain locus.
UI = D019676
Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
MS = DNA sequences encoding the gamma chain of the T-cell receptor. The human gamma-chain locus is organized similarly to the TcR beta-chain locus.
UI = D019675
Genes, tat
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the protein responsible for trans-activation of transcription (tat) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AN = tat stands for "Trans-Activation of Transcription"; coord IM with HIV /genet (IM)
UI = D015756
Genes, Tumor Suppressor
MS = Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.
AN = Manual 24.4.4.3
UI = D016147
Genes, vif
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the vif (virion infectivity factor) protein that is important for the generation of infectious virions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The former name of this gene was sor (short open reading frame).
AN = vif stands for "Virion Infectivity Factor"; in X ref GENES, SOR, sor stands for "Short Open Reading frame"
UI = D016341
Genes, Viral
MS = The hereditary material of viruses, consisting in all DNA and some RNA viruses of a single molecule of nucleic acid, and in some RNA viruses of several separate pieces of RNA.
AN = coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
UI = D005814
Genes, vpr
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for a trans-activator protein that specifies rapid growth in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.
AN = vpr stands for "Viral Protein R"; in X ref GENES, RAP, rap stands for "R Activation Protein"
UI = D016334
Genes, vpu
MS = DNA sequences that form the coding region for the HIV-1 regulatory protein vpu (viral protein U) that greatly increases the export of virus particles from infected cells. The vpu genes are not present in HIV-2 or SIV.
AN = vpu stands for "Viral Protein U"
UI = D016338
Genes, Wilms Tumor
MS = Genes at several loci that are involved in the development of Wilms Tumor (NEPHROBLASTOMA). Included are WT1 at 11p13 and WT2 at 11p15.
UI = D016162
Genetic Code
MS = The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (BASE SEQUENCE), is translated into protein sequence (AMINO ACID SEQUENCE). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).
UI = D005815
Genetic Complementation Test
MS = A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
AN = DF: GENET COMPLEMENTATION TEST
UI = D005816
Genetic Counseling
MS = Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies.
UI = D005817
Genetic Determinism
MS = The theory that human CHARACTER and BEHAVIOR are shaped by the GENES that comprise the individual's GENOTYPE rather than by CULTURE; ENVIRONMENT; and individual choice.
UI = D033141
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
MS = Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.
AN = GEN only: prefer /genet with specific diseases; Manual 23.22+; Manual 19.8.34
UI = D030342
Genetic Diseases, X-Linked
MS = Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases.
UI = D040181
Genetic Drift
MS = The fluctuation of the ALLELE FREQUENCY from one generation to the next.
UI = D040961
Genetic Engineering
MS = Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.
AN = DF: GENET ENGINEERING
UI = D005818
Genetic Enhancement
MS = The use of genetic methodologies to improve functional capacities of an organism rather than to treat disease.
AN = not for therapeutic procedures (=GENE THERAPY)
UI = D024861
Genetic Heterogeneity
MS = The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = DF: GENET HETEROGENEITY
UI = D018740
Genetic Load
MS = The relative amount by which the average fitness of a POPULATION is lowered, due to the presence of GENES that decrease survival, compared to the GENOTYPE with maximum or optimal fitness. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
UI = D040741
Genetic Markers
MS = A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
AN = usually NIM; IM GEN only; coord with specific genetic feature (IM) if pertinent
UI = D005819
Genetic Phenomena
MS = Temporal, spatial, qualitative, and quantitative concepts related to GENETIC PROCESSES and GENETIC STRUCTURES.
AN = GEN only: avoid: prefer specifics
UI = D040341
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
MS = A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
AN = latent susceptibility to dis only: coord with specific dis/genet; for positive genetic predisposition (like longevity) use specific trait/genet
UI = D020022
Genetic Privacy
MS = The protection of genetic information about an individual, family, or population group, from unauthorized disclosure.
UI = D030661
Genetic Processes
MS = Those biological processes that are involved in the transmission of hereditary traits from one organism to another.
AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics
UI = D039361
Genetic Research
MS = Research into the cause, transmission, amelioration, elimination, or enhancement of inherited disorders and traits.
AN = genetic research as a field or the progress or status of genetic research; do not add routinely for specific research studies in genetics
UI = D036281
Genetic Screening
MS = Searching a population or individuals for persons possessing certain genotypes or karyotypes that: (1) are already associated with disease or predispose to disease; (2) may lead to disease in their descendants; or (3) produce other variations not known to be associated with disease. Genetic screening may be directed toward identifying phenotypic expression of genetic traits. It includes prenatal genetic screening.
AN = human & animal; for phenotype or genotype; Manual 19.7+, 19.8.34, 22.25, 28.36.8; DF: GENET SCREENING
UI = D005820
Genetic Services
MS = Organized services to provide diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of genetic disorders.
UI = D033142
Genetic Structures
MS = The biological objects that contain genetic information and that are involved in transmitting genetically encoded traits from one organism to another.
AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics
UI = D040342
Genetic Techniques
MS = Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005821
Genetic Vectors
MS = Any DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from plasmids, bacteriophages or viruses. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain genetic markers to facilitate their selective recognition.
AN = coord with specific bacterium, virus, phage or plasmid
UI = D005822
Genetics
MS = The branch of science concerned with the means and consequences of transmission and generation of the components of biological inheritance. (Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = GEN or SPEC only: prefer /genet with specific terms: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.34, 28.22+, 28.24+; DF: GENET
UI = D005823
Genetics, Behavioral
MS = The experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. The scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system.
AN = SPEC or GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D005824
Genetics, Medical
MS = A subdiscipline of human genetics which entails the reliable prediction of certain human disorders as a function of the lineage and/or genetic makeup of an individual or of any two parents or potential parents.
AN = SPEC; restrict to the field of human genetics dealing with genet or hered disord; see note on GENETICS; DF: GENET MED
UI = D005826
Genetics, Microbial
MS = A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.
AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer /genet with specific microbes: Manual 19.8.34; Manual 22.25; Manual 28.36.8.1; TN 196: avoid as an added coord with better specifics; SPEC qualif permitted when viewed as specialty; DF: GENET MICROBIAL
UI = D005827
Genetics, Population
MS = The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as SELECTION (GENETICS), population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.
AN = GEN or SPEC; prefer specifics treed under GENETIC PHENOMENA: Manual 28.22, 28.22.5; human & animal specify geog
UI = D005828
Geniculate Bodies
MS = Part of the diencephalon inferior to the caudal end of the dorsal thalamus. Includes the lateral geniculate body which relays visual impulses from the optic tract to the calcarine cortex, and the medial geniculate body which relays auditory impulses from the lateral lemniscus to the auditory cortex.
UI = D005829
Geniculate Ganglion
MS = The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process.
AN = sensory ganglion of facial (7th cranial) nerve; neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005830
Genista
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The common name of broom may be confused with Scotch Broom (CYTISUS) or Butcher's Broom (RUSCUS) or Desert Broom (BACCHARIS) or Spanish Broom (SPARTIUM) or Brome (BROMUS).
AN = X ref BROOM, DYERS: several other Broom terms are also available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D039761
Genistein
MS = An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines.
UI = D019833
Genital Diseases, Female
AN = human & animal; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D005831
Genital Diseases, Male
AN = human & animal; GEN: prefer specifics
UI = D005832
Genital Neoplasms, Female
AN = human & animal; GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; /vet: consider also VENEREAL TUMORS, VETERINARY
UI = D005833
Genital Neoplasms, Male
MS = Neoplasms of the male genitalia.
AN = human & animal; GEN or unspecified only: prefer specifics PENILE NEOPLASMS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; /vet: consider also VENEREAL TUMORS, VETERINARY
UI = D005834
Genitalia
MS = The external and internal organs related to reproduction.
AN = GEN; GENITALIA, FEMALE and GENITALIA, MALE and their specifics are also available
UI = D005835
Genitalia, Female
MS = The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA, BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS, and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA, UTERUS, OVARY, and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; /surg: consider also GYNECOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; dis = GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE
UI = D005836
Genitalia, Male
MS = The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS, SCROTUM, and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS, VAS DEFERENS, SEMINAL VESICLES, EJACULATORY DUCTS, PROSTATE, and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; dis = GENITAL DISEASES, MALE
UI = D005837
Genome
MS = An organism's genetic complement as represented in its DNA or, in some cases, its RNA.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with animal /genet (IM) or organism /genet (IM) but see specifics for indexing of coords
UI = D016678
Genome Components
MS = The parts of a GENOME sequence that carry out the different functions of genomes.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D040481
Genome, Archaeal
MS = The genetic material contained in the DNA of an archaeal organism.
UI = D020745
Genome, Bacterial
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a single chromosome in a bacterium.
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific bacterium /genet (IM); DF: GENOME BACT
UI = D016680
Genome, Fungal
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)
UI = D016681
Genome, Human
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a human, either haploid (the set derived from one parent) or diploid (the double set, derived from both parents). The haploid set contains 50,000 to 100,000 genes and about 3 billion base pairs.
AN = "the complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a human"; no qualif
UI = D015894
Genome, Plant
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a plant.
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific plant /genet (IM)
UI = D018745
Genome, Protozoan
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a protozoan.
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific protozoan /genet (IM)
UI = D018503
Genome, Viral
MS = The complete gene complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
AN = no qualif; coord IM with specific virus /genet (IM)
UI = D016679
Genomic Imprinting
MS = The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
UI = D018392
Genomic Library
MS = A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).
AN = a form of gene library containing complete DNA seq; no qualif
UI = D015698
Genomics
MS = The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.
UI = D023281
Genotype
MS = The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes.
AN = NIM; no qualif
UI = D005838
Gentamicins
MS = A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (TRANSLATION (GENETICS)).
UI = D005839
Gentian Violet
MS = A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmentic properties.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D005840
Gentiana
MS = A plant genus of the family GENTIANACEAE. Members contain secoiridoids.
AN = do not confuse with GENTIAN VIOLET; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D030012
Gentianaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Gentianales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029965
Gentianella
MS = A plant genus of the family GENTIANACEAE that contains nitiol (a C25 sesterterpenoid) & nitidasin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031313
Gentisates
MS = Salts and esters of gentisic acid.
UI = D005841
Geographic Information Systems
MS = Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
UI = D040362
Geographic Locations
MS = All of the continents and every country situated within, the UNITED STATES and each of the constituent states arranged by region, CANADA and each of its provinces, AUSTRALIA and each of its states, the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres, and selected major cities. Although the geographic locations are not printed in INDEX MEDICUS as main headings, in indexing they are significant in epidemiologic studies and historical articles and for locating administrative units in education and the delivery of health care.
AN = not used for indexing; Cat Z: do not confuse with GEOGRAPHY (Cat H); rules on Cat Z terms as coords: Manual section 36; DF: GEOGR LOCATIONS
UI = D005842
Geography
MS = The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
AN = for Earth, Moon, etc.; must discuss geog features (lakes, streams, shores, mountains, plains, seas, etc.); not for epidemiol aspects of disease nor for occur of diseases in cities named in a country or a country ( = /epidemiol); no qualif unless as SPEC; for X ref GEOGRAPHY, MEDICAL, do not coord with MEDICINE; TOPOGRAPHY, MEDICAL is also available; DF: GEOGR
UI = D005843
Geologic Sediments
MS = A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
AN = not restricted to water, marine or fresh: read MeSH definition; DF: GEOL SEDIMENTS
UI = D019015
Geology
AN = for Earth, Moon, etc.; DF: GEOL
UI = D005844
Georgia
AN = U.S. only; do not confuse with GEORGIA (REPUBLIC) in the former Soviet Union
UI = D005845
Georgia (Republic)
UI = D005846
Geotrichosis
MS = Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.
AN = fungus dis
UI = D005847
Geotrichum
MS = A mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungal genus, various species of which have been isolated from pulmonary lesions. Teleomorphs include Dipodascus and Galactomyces.
AN = infection = GEOTRICHOSIS
UI = D005848
Geraniaceae
MS = A plant family of the order Geraniales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031314
Geranium
MS = A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031315
Gerbillinae
MS = A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
AN = rodents; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D005849
Geriatric Assessment
MS = Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group.
AN = DF: GERIATRIC ASSESS
UI = D015577
Geriatric Dentistry
MS = The branch of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of older people.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: GERIATRIC DENT
UI = D005850
Geriatric Nursing
MS = Nursing care of the aged patient given in the home, the hospital, or special institutions such as nursing homes, psychiatric institutions, etc.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; check also tag AGED
UI = D005851
Geriatric Psychiatry
MS = A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif, not for mental disorders in the aged ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + AGED (NIM) ): Manual 27.9
UI = D005852
Geriatrics
MS = The branch of medicine concerned with the physiological and pathological aspects of the aged, including the clinical problems of senescence and senility.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; when permitted for "geriatric dis": Manual 28.10.1; relation to AGED: Manual 34.10.1
UI = D005853
Germ Cells
MS = The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms.
AN = GEN; prefer specific OVUM or SPERMATOZOA; A 11 qualif & /growth
UI = D005854
Germ Layers
MS = The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D005855
Germ-Free Life
MS = Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
AN = IM
UI = D005856
Germ-Line Mutation
MS = Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.
AN = germ-line refers to germ cells (ovum or spermatozoon), not micro-organisms
UI = D018095
Germanium
MS = A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59.
AN = Ge-74; Ge-70, 72, 73, 76 = GERMANIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Ge-65-69, 71, 75, 77, 78 = GERMANIUM (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)
UI = D005857
Germany
AN = for Germany before 23 May 1949 & after 3 Oct 1990; for historical articles before & after 1949: Manual 36.11; BERLIN is also available
UI = D005858
Germany, East
AN = for East Germany 7 Oct 1949-3 Oct 1990; Manual 36.11; BERLIN is also available; in German texts as DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)
UI = D005859
Germany, West
AN = for West Germany 23 May 1949-3 Oct 1990; Manual 36.11; BERLIN is also available; in German texts as BRD (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)
UI = D005860
Germinal Center
MS = The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-LYMPHOCYTES are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) are stimulated to generate memory cells.
UI = D018858
Germination
MS = The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLING. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = initial stages of seed growth
UI = D018525
Germine Acetates
MS = Germine derivatives acetylated on any one or more of the hydroxy groups. These compounds are present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum and Zygadenus species. They are used as antihypertensive agents, and in some cases, exhibit curare-like activity.
UI = D005861
Germinoma
MS = A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the gonads, mediastinum, or pineal region such as seminomas. The degree of differentiation to form adult cell types varies. The germ cell tumors of infants and children reflect the transformation of primordial cells that have failed to migrate to their predestined location. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D018237
Gerstmann Syndrome
MS = A disorder of cognition characterized by the tetrad of finger agnosia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and right-left disorientation. The syndrome may be developmental or acquired. Acquired Gerstmann syndrome is associated with lesions in the dominant (usually left) PARIETAL LOBE which involve the angular gyrus or subjacent white matter. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p457)
AN = do not confuse with GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME, a slow virus dis
UI = D005862
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease
MS = An autosomal dominant familial prion disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations including ATAXIA, spastic paraparesis, extrapyramidal signs, and DEMENTIA. Clinical onset is in the third to sixth decade of life and the mean duration of illness prior to death is five years. Several kindreds with variable clinical and pathologic features have been described. Pathologic features include cerebral prion protein amyloidosis, and spongiform or neurofibrillary degeneration. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Jul;8(3):499-513; Brain Pathol 1995 Jan;5(1):61-75)
AN = a prion dis: do not confuse with GERSTMANN SYNDROME, a type of agnosia
UI = D016098
Gestalt Theory
MS = A system which emphasizes that experience and behavior contain basic patterns and relationships which cannot be reduced to simpler components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
UI = D005863
Gestalt Therapy
MS = A form of psychotherapy with emphasis on the interplay of organism and environment. Basic to this therapy is the development of awareness and maturity, as well as self-confidence.
AN = a psychother technique; DF: GESTALT THER
UI = D005864
Gestational Age
MS = Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis.
AN = mammalian only; no qualif; for fetus, not mother; with PREGNANCY TRIMESTERS terms, specify trimester but do not also use GESTATIONAL AGE
UI = D005865
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms
MS = A group of interrelated trophoblastic diseases arising from pregnancy. They are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.
UI = D031901
Gestonorone Caproate
MS = A long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to PROGESTERONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)
UI = D005866
Gestosis, EPH
MS = Hypertensive state associated with edema and proteinuria which develops during pregnancy up to the 20th week of gestation, after which it is classified as pre-eclampsia.
AN = EPH stands for Edema, Proteinuria, Hypertension; check tags HUMAN & FEMALE & PREGNANCY
UI = D015184
Gestrinone
MS = A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.
UI = D005867
Gestures
MS = Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication.
AN = no qualif
UI = D005868
Geum
MS = A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. Members contain TRITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031986
Ghana
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra. It was called the Gold Coast until 1957, from the gold discovered there by the Portuguese in the late 15th century. A center for slave trade, it was acquired by the British in the 19th century and became independent in 1957. Ghana took its name from a tribal leader that stands for king. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p441 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p206)
AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref GOLD COAST was its former name
UI = D005869
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
MS = A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM); osteoblastoclastoma: coord IM with OSTEOBLASTOMA (IM) + organ/neopl coords (IM)
UI = D018212
Giant Cell Tumors
MS = Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM) but GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE is available
UI = D005870
Giant Cells
MS = Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
AN = any very large cell; A 11 qualif
UI = D015726
Giant Cells, Foreign-Body
MS = Multinucleated cells (fused macrophages), characteristic of granulomatous inflammation, which form around exogenous material in the skin. They are similar in appearance to Langhans giant cells (GIANT CELLS, LANGHANS), but foreign-body giant cells have more abundant chromatin and their nuclei are scattered in an irregular pattern in the cytoplasm.
AN = a type of macrophage; A 11 qualif
UI = D015743
Giant Cells, Langhans
MS = Multinucleated cells (fused macrophages) seen in granulomatous inflammations such as tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, and deep fungal infections. They resemble foreign-body giant cells (GIANT CELLS, FOREIGN BODY) but Langhans giant cells contain less chromatin and their nuclei are arranged peripherally in a horseshoe-shaped pattern. Langhans giant cells occur frequently in delayed hypersensitivity.
AN = a type of macrophage; do not confuse with LANGERHANS CELLS (cutaneous) nor with ISLETS OF LANGERHANS (pancreatic); A 11 qualif
UI = D015744
Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia
MS = Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D005871
Giardia
MS = A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape.
AN = infection = GIARDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN
UI = D005872
Giardia lamblia
MS = A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential.
AN = infection = GIARDIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; a virus infecting Giardia lamblia is named GIARDIAVIRUS: read MeSH definition there
UI = D016829
Giardiasis
MS = An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA LAMBLIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.
AN = protozoan infect of intestines
UI = D005873
Giardiavirus
MS = A genus of RNA protozoan viruses of the family TOTIVIRIDAE. It infects many isolates of the flagellated protozoan human parasite G. lamblia, but does not seem to be associated with the virulence of the parasite. The type species is Giardia lamblia virus.
AN = a genus of the family Totiviridae; infects the protozoan Giardia lamblia; coord IM with GIARDIA LAMBLIA /virol (IM)
UI = D019198
Gibberella
MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Hypocreaceae, order Hypocreales including several pathogens of grains and cereals. It is also the source of plant growth regulators such as gibberellin and gibberellic acid.
AN = an ascomycete yielding gibberellin & gibberellic acid
UI = D005874
Gibberellins
MS = A class of plant growth hormone isolated from cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus causing Bakanae disease in rice. There are many different members of the family as well as mixtures of multiple members; all are diterpenoid acids based on the gibberellane skeleton.
AN = plant growth regulators
UI = D005875
Gibraltar
UI = D005876
Gift Giving
MS = The bestowing of tangible or intangible benefits, voluntarily and usually without expectation of anything in return. However, gift giving may be motivated by feelings of ALTRUISM or gratitude, by a sense of obligation, or by the hope of receiving something in return.
UI = D037921
Gigantism
MS = The condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts.
AN = manifest of hyperpituitarism
UI = D005877
Gilbert Disease
MS = A benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level.
UI = D005878
Gills
UI = D005880
Ginger
MS = Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (OILS, VOLATILE). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically.
UI = D020939
Gingiva
AN = /surg: prefer GINGIVOPLASTY or GINGIVECTOMY; inflammation = GINGIVITIS; peripheral giant cell granuloma = GINGIVAL DISEASES (IM) + GRANULOMA, GIANT CELL (IM), central giant cell granuloma = JAW DISEASES (IM) + GRANULOMA, GIANT CELL (IM)
UI = D005881
Gingival Crevicular Fluid
MS = A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
AN = note X ref; crevicular refers to the gingival crevice
UI = D005883
Gingival Diseases
AN = inflamm dis = GINGIVITIS or PERICORONITIS; note X ref EPULIS: EPULIS /congen = EPULIS, CONGENITAL see GINGIVAL NEOPLASMS & is indexed GINGIVAL NEOPLASMS /congen
UI = D005882
Gingival Hemorrhage
MS = The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
AN = do not confuse with BLEEDING ON PROBING, GINGIVAL see PERIDONTAL INDEX
UI = D005884
Gingival Hyperplasia
MS = Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)
AN = differentiate from GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY
UI = D005885
Gingival Hypertrophy
MS = Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.
AN = differentiate from GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
UI = D005886
Gingival Neoplasms
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note X ref EPULIS, CONGENITAL: do not confuse with EPULIS see GINGIVAL DISEASES; index EPULIS, CONGENITAL under GINGIVAL NEOPLASMS /congen
UI = D005887
Gingival Overgrowth
MS = Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY or GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA
UI = D019214
Gingival Pocket
MS = An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.
AN = do not confuse with PERIODONTAL POCKET: read MeSH definition
UI = D005888
Gingival Recession
MS = The exposure of root surface by an apical shift in the position of the gingiva.
AN = exposure of root surface
UI = D005889
Gingivectomy
MS = Surgical excision of the gingiva at the level of its attachment, thus creating new marginal gingiva. This procedure is used to eliminate gingival or periodontal pockets or to provide an approach for extensive surgical interventions, and to gain access necessary to remove calculus within the pocket. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005890
Gingivitis
UI = D005891
Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative
MS = An acute or chronic gingival infection characterized by redness and swelling, necrosis extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival margins, pain, hemorrhage, necrotic odor, and often a pseudomembrane. The condition may extend to the oral mucosa, tongue, palate, or pharynx.
UI = D005892
Gingivoplasty
MS = Surgical reshaping of the gingivae and papillae for correction of deformities (particularly enlargements) and to provide the gingivae with a normal and functional form, the incision creating an external bevel. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005893
Ginkgo biloba
MS = The only specie of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially Egb 761. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D020441
Ginsenosides
MS = Dammarane type triterpene saponins based mainly on the aglycones, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol.
UI = D036145
Gizzard
AN = dis: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES /vet (IM); neopl: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS /vet (IM) + histol type (IM)
UI = D005895
Glafenine
MS = An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.
UI = D005897
Glanders
MS = A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Burkholderia mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.
UI = D005896
Glare
MS = Relatively bright light, or the dazzling sensation of relatively bright light, which produces unpleasantness or discomfort, or which interferes with optimal vision. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = a harsh bright light; usually causes eye discomfort
UI = D019466
Glasgow Coma Scale
MS = A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor reponse, and verbal response.
UI = D015600
Glasgow Outcome Scale
MS = A scale that assesses the outcome of serious craniocerebral injuries, based on the level of regained social funtioning.
UI = D023261
Glass
MS = Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.
AN = few qualif apply
UI = D005898
Glass Ionomer Cements
MS = A polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). The resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out.
AN = dent cements; D25-26 qualif
UI = D005899
Glaucarubin
MS = (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.
UI = D005900
Glaucoma
MS = An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
AN = pathol increase in intraocular pressure: differentiate from OCULAR HYPERTENSION ("intraocular pressure above normal & which may lead to glaucoma"); /surg: consider also FILTERING SURGERY or SCLEROSTOMY or TRABECULECTOMY
UI = D005901
Glaucoma Drainage Implants
MS = Devices, usually incorporating unidirectional valves, which are surgically inserted in the sclera to maintain normal intraocular pressure.
UI = D020327
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
MS = A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.
AN = do not confuse with GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE: note X ref
UI = D015812
Glaucoma, Neovascular
MS = A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
UI = D015355
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
MS = Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
AN = do not confuse with GLAUCOMA, CLOSED-ANGLE see GLAUCOMA, ANGLE-CLOSURE
UI = D005902
Gleditsia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains gleditsiosides (triterpenoid SAPONINS).
AN = X ref FAGARA HORRIDA: FAGARA, unspecified index RUTACEAE; for other species check plant taxonomy reference: Manual 22.37; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031501
Glia Maturation Factor
MS = A factor identified in the brain that influences the growth and differentiation of NEURONS and NEUROGLIA. Glia maturation factor beta is the 17 kD polypeptide product of the GMFB gene and is the principal component of GLIA MATURATION FACTOR.
AN = do not confuse with GLIAL GROWTH FACTOR; see NEUREGULIN-1
UI = D020904
Gliadin
MS = Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease.
AN = from gluten
UI = D005903
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
MS = An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
AN = an intermediate filament protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: GFAP
UI = D005904
Gliclazide
MS = An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.
UI = D005907
Gliding Bacteria
MS = Bacteria having the ability to move upon a solid surface without any visible means of locomotion.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; DF: GLIDING BACT
UI = D005908
Glioblastoma
MS = A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.
AN = coord IM with probably precoord CNS/neopl term + site (IM); for GLIOBLASTOMA WITH SARCOMATOUS COMPONENT see GLIOSARCOMA; for GLIOBLASTOMA, RETINAL see RETINOBLASTOMA
UI = D005909
Gliocladium
MS = A mitosporic fungal genus occurring in soil or decaying plant matter. It is structurally similar to Penicillium.
UI = D020462
Glioma
MS = Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become ependymomas (EPENDYMOMA), CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS, or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)
AN = coord IM with precoord CNS/neopl term + site (IM); GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL is available; for sarcomatous GLIOMA use GLIOSARCOMA; for GLIOMA, RETINAL see RETINOBLASTOMA
UI = D005910
Glioma, Subependymal
MS = Rare, slow-growing, benign intraventricular tumors, often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. The tumors are classified histologically as ependymomas and demonstrate a proliferation of subependymal fibrillary astrocytes among the ependymal tumor cells. (From Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997 Feb;99(1):17-22)
AN = coord IM with precoord brain/neopl term (IM) + site (IM); do not confuse with ASTROCYTOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL GIANT CELL see ASTROCYTOMA
UI = D018315
Gliosarcoma
MS = Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)
AN = coord IM with precoord brain/neopl term (IM) + site (IM)
UI = D018316
Gliosis
MS = The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.
UI = D005911
Gliotoxin
MS = A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.
AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS;/biosyn permitted if by fungus
UI = D005912
Glipizide
MS = An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.
UI = D005913
Globins
MS = The protein constituents of hemoglobin.The term is used for proteins attached to iron-porphyrin molecules such as hemoglobin and MYOGLOBIN proteins.
UI = D005914
Globosides
MS = Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005915
Globulins
AN = GEN; permeability globulins: index under SERUM GLOBULINS; EUGLOBULINS & PSEUDOGLOBULINS are see refs to SERUM GLOBULINS; do not confuse with GLOBULINS, IMMUNE see IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS
UI = D005916
Globus Pallidus
MS = The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.
AN = medial globus pallidus in non-primates = ENTOPEDUNCULAR NUCLEUS
UI = D005917
Glomerular Filtration Rate
MS = The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.
UI = D005919
Glomerular Mesangium
MS = The thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
UI = D005920
Glomerulonephritis
MS = Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury.
AN = "minimal lesion glomerulonephritis" = GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS, FOCAL
UI = D005921
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
MS = Chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by recurring hematuria with only slight proteinuria and by deposits of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial areas of the renal glomeruli. It usually occurs in young males.
AN = IGA deposits in the mesangium; do not confuse X ref BERGER'S DISEASE with BUERGER'S DISEASE see THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS
UI = D005922
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
MS = Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of mesangial cells, increase in the mesangial matrix, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. The wall thickening is sometimes said to be a result of the interposition of mesangial cytoplasm or matrix between the basement membrane and the endothelium of the capillary wall. It is often divided into types I and II, and sometimes III. Pathogenesis is not well understood, but some types are thought to involve the immune system, with the complement system, in particular, being implicated.
AN = do not confuse with GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOUS; do not make diagnoses: use the term used by the author; DF: note short X ref
UI = D015432
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
MS = A disease of the glomerulus manifested clinically by proteinuria, and sometimes by other features of the nephrotic syndrome. It is histologically characterized by deposits in the glomerular capillary wall between the epithelial cell and the basement membrane and a thickening of the membrane. Also characteristic are outward projections of the membrane between the epithelial deposits in the form of "spikes". There is some agreement that the deposits are antigen-antibody complexes.
AN = do not confuse with GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE; do not make diagnoses: use the term used by the author; DF: note short X ref
UI = D015433
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal
MS = Glomerular disease characterized by focal and segmental areas of glomerular sclerosis, usually commencing in the juxtamedullary glomeruli and gradually spreading to involve other parts of the kidney, with eventual kidney failure.
AN = a form of glomerulonephritis
UI = D005923
Glomus Jugulare
MS = A nonchromaffin paraganglion located in the wall of the jugular bulb. The most common tumors of the middle ear arise from this tissue. (Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 1992, p114)
AN = a nonchromaffin paraganglion
UI = D005924
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
MS = A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; organ/neopl & histol coords not necessary
UI = D005925
Glomus Tumor
MS = A blue-red, extremely painful paraganglioma involving a glomeriform arteriovenous anastomosis (glomus body), which may be found anywhere in the skin, most often in the distal portion of the fingers and toes, especially beneath the nail. They may also occur in the stomach and nasal cavity. It is composed of specialized pericytes (sometimes termed glomus cells), usually in single encapsulated nodular masses which may be several millimeters in diameter. When located in the usual subungual site, the abundant innervation makes the tumor exquisitely painful; when located elsewhere, the glomus tumor is painless. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)
UI = D005918
Glossalgia
MS = Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.
UI = D005926
Glossectomy
MS = Partial or total surgical excision of the tongue. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition
UI = D005927
Glossinidae
MS = A family of the order DIPTERA that includes the TSETSE FLIES. These flies occur only in Africa.
AN = a family of Diptera occurring only in Africa; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D018429
Glossitis
MS = Inflammation of the tongue.
AN = inflamm of the tongue
UI = D005928
Glossitis, Benign Migratory
MS = An idiopathic disorder characterized by the loss of filiform papillae leaving reddened areas of circinate macules bound by a white band. The lesions heal, then others erupt.
UI = D005929
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
MS = The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus.
AN = neopl = GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D005930
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
MS = Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)
AN = neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)
UI = D020435
Glottis
MS = The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis).
AN = glottitis: coord NIM with LARYNGITIS (IM); stenosis = LARYNGOSTENOSIS
UI = D005931
Gloves, Protective
MS = Coverings for the hands, usually with separations for the fingers, made of various materials, for protection against infections, toxic substances, extremes of hot and cold, radiations, water immersion, etc. The gloves may be worn by patients, care givers, housewives, laboratory and industrial workers, police, etc.
AN = for patients, lab or indust workers, housewives, police, etc.; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; GLOVES, SURGICAL is also available
UI = D017575
Gloves, Surgical
MS = Gloves, usually rubber, worn by surgeons, examining physicians, dentists, and other health personnel for the mutual protection of personnel and patient.
AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition: DF: GLOVES SURG
UI = D005932
Glucagon
MS = A pancreatic hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. It is a 29-amino acid straight chain polypeptide (MW 3550 D) that plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)
AN = do not confuse with ENTEROGLUCAGON secreted by the intestine
UI = D005934
Glucagonoma
MS = Glucagon-secreting tumor of the pancreatic alpha cells characterized by a distinctive rash, weight loss, stomatitis, glossitis, diabetes, hypoaminoacidemia, and normochromic normocytic anemia.
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM)
UI = D005935
Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues successively from non-reducing ends of polysaccharide chains with the release of beta-glucose. It is also able to hydrolyze 1,6-alpha-glucosidic bonds when the next bond in sequence is 1,4. EC 3.2.1.3.
AN = /defic: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II; DF: note short X ref
UI = D005087
Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase
MS = An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,3-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-D-glucans including laminarin, paramylon, and pachyman. EC 3.2.1.39.
AN = DF: ENDO GLUCANASE
UI = D004693
Glucans
MS = Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
UI = D005936
Glucaric Acid
MS = A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.
UI = D005937
Glucocorticoids
MS = A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
AN = GEN: avoid: prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /admin: consider also GLUCOCORTICOIDS, TOPICAL; /chem syn permitted: do not convert to GLUCOCORTICOIDS, SYNTHETIC
UI = D005938
Glucocorticoids, Synthetic
MS = Synthetic chemical compounds which increase gluconeogenesis, raising the concentration of liver glycogen and blood sugar, but differ in structure from naturally occurring glucocorticoids.
AN = do not confuse with GLUCOCORTICOIDS /chem syn; DF: GLUCOCORTICOIDS SYN
UI = D005939
Glucocorticoids, Topical
MS = A class of corticosteroids that produces suppression of inflammatory diseases when applied as ointments, lotions, or other topical dosage forms. Penetration of the preparations may be increased by means of occlusive dressings.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; steroidal anti-inflamm agents
UI = D005940
Glucokinase
MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2.
UI = D005941
Gluconates
AN = do not confuse with GLUCURONATES
UI = D005942
Gluconeogenesis
MS = The process by which GLUCOSE is formed from a non-carbohydrate source.
UI = D005943
Gluconobacter
MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped to ellipsoidal bacteria occurring singly or in pairs and found in flowers, soil, honey bees, fruits, cider, beer, wine, and vinegar. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = do not confuse X ref GLUCONOBACTER SUBOXYDANS with GLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS
UI = D020576
Gluconobacter oxydans
MS = A rod-shaped to ellipsoidal, gram-negative bacterium which oxidizes ethanol to acetic acid and prefers sugar-enriched environments. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
AN = do not confuse with GLUCONOBACTER SUBOXYDANS see GLUCONOBACTER
UI = D020600
Glucosamine
UI = D005944
Glucosaminidase
UI = D005946
Glucose
MS = A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
AN = /blood = BLOOD GLUCOSE but consider also HYPERGLYCEMIA & HYPOGLYCEMIA; /defic: consider also HYPOGLYCEMIA
UI = D005947
Glucose Clamp Technique
MS = Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.
UI = D015309
Glucose Dehydrogenases
MS = D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.
UI = D005948
Glucose Intolerance
MS = A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS but also occurs with other diseases.
UI = D018149
Glucose Oxidase
MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.
UI = D005949
Glucose Solution, Hypertonic
MS = Solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. An isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent.
AN = NIM: no qualif; when IM, use D25-26 qualif; DF: GLUCOSE SOL HYPERTONIC
UI = D005950
Glucose Tolerance Test
MS = Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose.
AN = NIM
UI = D005951
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9.
UI = D005952
Glucose-6-Phosphate
MS = An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)
UI = D019298
Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, and is a part of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, results in liver glycogenesis and hemolytic anemia. EC 5.3.1.9.
UI = D005956
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase
AN = DF: GPD
UI = D005954
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
MS = A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of enzyme activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
AN = a congen hemolytic anemia; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: GPD DEFIC
UI = D005955
Glucosephosphates
UI = D005958
Glucosidases
MS = Enzymes that hydrolyze O-glucosyl-compounds. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.-.
UI = D005959
Glucosides
AN = do not confuse with GLYCOSIDES
UI = D005960
Glucosinolates
MS = Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans.
UI = D005961
Glucosylceramidase
MS = A glycosidase that hydrolyzes a glucosylceramide to yield free ceramide plus glucose. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to abnormally high concentrations of glucosylceramide in the brain in GAUCHER DISEASE. EC 3.2.1.45.
AN = /defic: consider also GAUCHER DISEASE
UI = D005962
Glucosylceramides
MS = Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a glucose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramides. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-glucosidase, is the cause of Gaucher's disease.
UI = D005963
Glucosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.
UI = D005964
Glucuronates
MS = Salts and esters of GLUCURONIC ACID.
AN = do not confuse with GLUCONATES
UI = D005965
Glucuronic Acid
MS = Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body.
AN = GLUCURONIC ACIDS is available
UI = D020723
Glucuronic Acids
MS = Derivatives of uronic acid that are distributed widely throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.
AN = GLUCURONIC ACID is available
UI = D020722
Glucuronidase
UI = D005966
Glucuronides
MS = Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.
UI = D020719
Glucuronosyltransferase
MS = A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.
AN = /defic: consider also CRIGLER-NAJJAR SYNDROME & coord with BILIRUBIN /metab (NIM)
UI = D014453
Glue Proteins, Drosophila
MS = Glycosylated proteins which are part of the salivary glue that Drosophila larvae secrete as a means of fixing themselves to an external substrate for the duration of the pre-pupal and pupal period. The proteins which consist of at least eight polypeptides that are expressed during the third larval instar.
AN = DF: DME GLUE PROTEINS
UI = D005967
Glutamate Decarboxylase
MS = A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
UI = D005968
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.
UI = D005969
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate, H2O, and NADP+ to 2-oxoglutarate, NH3, and NADPH. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.4.
UI = D018086
Glutamate Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 2 molecules of glutamate from glutamine plus alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of NADPH. EC 1.4.1.13.
UI = D005970
Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.
UI = D005974
Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase
MS = One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine from glutamate and cysteine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.2.
UI = D005721
Glutamate-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.
UI = D005975
Glutamates
MS = Salts and esters of glutamic acid.
AN = "salts & esters of glutamic acid", an amino acid; /agon = EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGONISTS
UI = D005971
Glutamic Acid
MS = A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
AN = /agon = EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGONISTS; /antag = EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONISTS
UI = D018698
Glutaminase
UI = D005972
Glutamine
MS = A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005973
Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase (Isomerizing)
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fructose-6-phosphate plus glutamine from glutamate plus glucosamine-6-phosphate. EC 2.6.1.16.
AN = DF: note short X ref
UI = D005945
Glutaral
MS = One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
UI = D005976
Glutarates
UI = D005977
Glutathione
MS = A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
UI = D005978
Glutathione Disulfide
MS = A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.
UI = D019803
Glutathione Peroxidase
MS = An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.
UI = D005979
Glutathione Reductase
UI = D005980
Glutathione Synthase
MS = One of the enzymes active in the gamma-glutamyl cycle. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in the presence of ATP with the formation of ADP and orthophosphate. EC 6.3.2.3.
UI = D005981
Glutathione Transferase
MS = A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic radicals as well as epoxides and arene oxides to glutathione. Addition takes place at the sulfur atom. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite. EC 2.5.1.18.
UI = D005982
Gluten
MS = A protein substance of wheat which is intermixed with the starchy endosperm of the grain. It causes the carbon dioxide produced during dough fermentation to be retained by the dough in a manner which provides the porous and spongy structure of bread. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
AN = a plant protein
UI = D005983
Glutethimide
MS = A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.
UI = D005984
Glyburide
MS = An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.
UI = D005905
Glycemic Index
MS = A numerical system of measuring the rate of BLOOD GLUCOSE generation by a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings. These numbers do not correspond to calories or amounts of food intake but rather, depend on the rates of digestion and absorption of these food items.
UI = D038321
Glyceraldehyde
UI = D005985
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (NADP+)(Phosphorylating)
MS = A phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the CHLOROPLASTS of higher plants. This enzyme exists as an A2B2 heterotetramer and transfers hydrogen to NADP. It plays an important role in catalyzing the reductive step of the Calvin cycle.
AN = do not confuse with Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+) or Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)
UI = D024602
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
MS = An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.
AN = /physiol permitted
UI = D005986
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)
MS = An NADP-dependent, non-phosphorylating aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phosphoglycerate. It is found in the cytosol of a wide variety of organisms.
AN = do not confuse with Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (NADP+)(Phosphorylating)
UI = D024601
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE. Several types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase exist including phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating varieties and ones that transfer hydrogen to NADP and ones that transfer hydrogen to NAD.
AN = GEN; note specifics
UI = D005987
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)
MS = An NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. It catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the GLYCOLYSIS pathway.
AN = do not confuse with Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (NADP+)(Phosphorylating)
UI = D024581
Glyceric Acids
UI = D005988
Glycerides
AN = lipids
UI = D005989
Glycerol
MS = A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.
UI = D005990
Glycerol Kinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glycerol 3-phosphate from ATP and glycerol. Dihydroxyacetone and L-glyceraldehyde can also act as acceptors; UTP and, in the case of the yeast enzyme, ITP and GTP can act as donors. It provides a way for glycerol derived from fats or glycerides to enter the glycolytic pathway. EC 2.7.1.30.
UI = D005991
Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase
MS = An enzyme that transfers acyl groups from acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form monoglyceride phosphates. It acts only with CoA derivatives of fatty acids of chain length above C-10. Also forms diglyceride phosphates. EC 2.3.1.15.
UI = D005992
Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase
UI = D005993
Glycerophosphates
MS = Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid.
UI = D005994
Glycerophospholipids
MS = Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
UI = D020404
Glyceryl Ethers
MS = Compounds in which one or more of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol; one or two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified. These compounds have been found in various animal tissue.
UI = D005995
Glycerylphosphorylcholine
MS = A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES (lecithins), in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed) It counteracts the effects of urea on enzymes and other macromolecules.
UI = D005997
Glycine
MS = A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005998
Glycine Agents
MS = Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D018684
Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase
MS = A pyridoxal phosphate enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of glycine and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to form serine. It also catalyzes the reaction of glycine with acetaldehyde to form L-threonine. EC 2.1.2.1.
UI = D012696
Glycine-tRNA Ligase
MS = An enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.14.
UI = D006032
Glycocalyx
MS = The carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface. This zone can be visualized by a variety of stains as well as by its affinity for lectins. Although most of the carbohydrate is attached to intrinsic plasma membrane molecules, the glycocalyx usually also contains both glycoproteins and proteoglycans that have been secreted into the extracellular space and then adsorbed onto the cell surface. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, p502)
AN = a carbohydrate-rich zone on cell surface
UI = D019276
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
MS = A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D005999
Glycocholic Acid
MS = A bile salt that is usually used as the sodium salt. It is the glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006000
Glycoconjugates
MS = Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)
AN = GEN: prefer specific glycoconjugate
UI = D006001
Glycodeoxycholic Acid
MS = A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006002
Glycogen
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; /metab: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE & note specifics under GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE; don't forget LIVER GLYCOGEN is also available
UI = D006003
Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System
MS = 1,4-alpha-D-Glucan-1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase/dextrin 6 alpha-D-glucanohydrolase. An enzyme system having both 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33) activities. As a transferase it transfers a segment of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to a new 4-position in an acceptor, which may be glucose or another 1,4-alpha-D-glucan. As a glucosidase it catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,6-alpha-D-glucoside linkages at points of branching in chains of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residues. Amylo-1,6-glucosidase activity is deficient in glycogen storage disease type III.
AN = /defic: consider also GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE III
UI = D006004
Glycogen Phosphorylase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. This enzyme exists in two forms: an active phosphorylated form ( PHOSPHORYLASE A) and an inactive un-phosphorylated form (PHOSPHORYLASE B). Both a and b forms of phosphorylase exist as homodimers. In mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver and brain tissue.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D024981
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Brain Form
MS = An isoenzyme of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in brain tissue.
UI = D025002
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Liver Form
MS = An isoenzyme of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in liver tissue. Mutation of the gene coding this enzyme on chromosome 14 is the cause of GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE VI.
UI = D025001
Glycogen Phosphorylase, Muscle Form
MS = An isoenzyme of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in muscle. Mutation of the gene coding this enzyme is the cause of McArdle disease (GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE V).
UI = D024982
Glycogen Storage Disease
MS = A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.
AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006008
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
MS = An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D005953
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
MS = An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE DEFICIENCY. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes,Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)
UI = D006009
Glycogen Storage Disease Type III
MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to deficient expression of amylo-1,6-glucosidase (one part of the glycogen debranching enzyme system). The clinical course of the disease is similar to that of glycogen storage disease type I, but milder. Massive hepatomegaly, which is present in young children, diminishes and occasionally disappears with age. Levels of glycogen with short outer branches are elevated in muscle, liver, and erythrocytes. Six subgroups have been identified, with subgroups Type IIIa and Type IIIb being the most prevalent.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006010
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV
MS = An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to a deficiency in expression of branching enzyme (alpha-1,4-glucan-6-alpha-glucosyltransferase), resulting in an accumulation of abnormal glycogen with long outer branches. Clinical features are muscle hypotonia and cirrhosis. Death from liver disease usually occurs before age 2.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006011
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
MS = Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006012
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI
MS = A hepatic GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE in which there is an apparent deficiency of hepatic phosphorylase (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE, LIVER FORM) activity.
UI = D006013
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII
MS = An autosomal recessive glycogen storage disease in which there is deficient expression of 6-phosphofructose 1-kinase in muscle (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE) resulting in abnormal deposition of glycogen in muscle tissue. These patients have severe congenital muscular dystrophy and are exercise intolerant.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006014
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VIII
MS = An x-linked recessive hepatic glycogen storage disease resulting from lack of expression of phosphorylase-b-kinase activity. Symptoms are relatively mild; hepatomegaly, increased liver glycogen, and decreased leukocyte phosphorylase are present. Liver shrinkage occurs in response to glucagon.
AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006015
Glycogen Synthase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11.
UI = D006006
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
MS = A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.
UI = D038362
Glycogen Synthase Kinases
MS = A class of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally found as one of the three types of kinases that phosphorylate GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE. Glycogen synthase kinases along with CA(2+)-CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES and CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES regulate glycogen synthase activity.
UI = D038341
Glycogen-Synthase-D Phosphatase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphorylated, inactive glycogen synthase D to active dephosphoglycogen synthase I. EC 3.1.3.42.
UI = D006007
Glycolates
UI = D006016
Glycolipids
MS = Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)
UI = D006017
Glycols
MS = A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.
UI = D006018
Glycolysis
MS = The pathway by which GLUCOSE is catabolized into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID with the generation of ATP.
UI = D006019
Glycopeptides
MS = Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.
UI = D006020
Glycophorin
MS = The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. It consists of at least two sialoglycopeptides and is composed of 60% carbohydrate including sialic acid and 40% protein. It is involved in a number of different biological activities including the binding of MN blood groups, influenza viruses, kidney bean phytohemagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin.
AN = an erythrocyte protein
UI = D006021
Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit
MS = The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.
AN = DF: GPHAS; coord with THYROTROPIN, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, LUTEINIZING HORMONE or CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN if particularly discussed
UI = D015292
Glycoproteins
MS = Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D006023
Glycopyrrolate
MS = A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.
UI = D006024
Glycosaminoglycans
MS = Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.
AN = polysaccharides; note X ref
UI = D006025
Glycoside Hydrolases
UI = D006026
Glycosides
MS = Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)
AN = coordinate with compound (aglycone) that is glycosylated; GEN; do not confuse with GLUCOSIDES; glucides is a European term for CARBOHYDRATES
UI = D006027
Glycosphingolipids
MS = Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES); SULFOGLYCOSYLSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)
UI = D006028
Glycosuria
MS = The presence of glucose in the urine, especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = note category; presence of glucose (sugar) in urine
UI = D006029
Glycosuria, Renal
MS = Glycosuria occurring when there is only the normal amount of sugar in the blood, due to inherited inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose completely. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = from inability of renal tubules to reabsorb glucose completely; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006030
Glycosylation
MS = The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
AN = almost never IM
UI = D006031
Glycosylation End Products, Advanced
MS = Products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of glucose and proteins in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in protein-protein cross-linking. These substances are involved in biological processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.
AN = DF: GEPA
UI = D017127
Glycosylceramidase
MS = The enzyme hydrolyzing glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine to a sugar and N-acylsphingosine. It also catalyzes the hydrolysis of phlorizin to phloretin and glucose. It is found in the intestinal brush border membrane often in conjunction with lactase. EC 3.2.1.62.
UI = D010694
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols
MS = Compounds containing carbohydrate or glycosyl groups linked to phosphatidylinositols. They act to anchor proteins or polysaccharides to cell membranes.
AN = DF: GPTI
UI = D017261
Glycosyltransferases
MS = Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.
UI = D016695
Glycylglycine
MS = The simplest of all peptides. It functions as a gamma-glutamyl acceptor.
AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted
UI = D006033
Glycyrrhetinic Acid
MS = 3-beta-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. A product from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Leguminosae with some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation.
AN = an anti-inflamm agent from the plant Glycyrrhiza, the source of licorice
UI = D006034
Glycyrrhiza
MS = A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivatives, CARBENOXOLONE for example. Licorice toxicity is manifested as hypokalemia, low blood potassium. Licorice is used as flavoring and aromatic in pharmaceuticals and as candy.
AN = note category; yields the flavoring LICORICE (X ref)
UI = D006035
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
MS = A plant species of the family FABACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029882
Glycyrrhizic Acid
MS = A widely used anti-inflammatory agent isolated from the licorice root. It is metabolized to glycyrrhetic acid, which inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids. Therefore, glycyrrhizic acid, which is the main and sweet component of licorice, has been investigated for its ability to cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure, as well as depression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
AN = do not confuse with GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID
UI = D019695
Glyoxal
UI = D006037
Glyoxylates
UI = D006038
Glyoxysomes
MS = Microbodies which occur in plant cells, and in some eukaryotic microorganisms, and which contain enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle. (Singleton and Stainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)
UI = D020676
Gnaphalium
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of cudweed is also used for other plants including Evax, Hesperevax, Pseudognaphalium, and Omalotheca. The common name of everlasting is also used for other plants including Anaphalis, Antennaria, HELICHRYSUM, Gamochaeta, and Pseudognaphalium.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036622
Gnathostoma
MS = A genus of parasitic nematodes that occurs in mammals including man. Infection in humans is either by larvae penetrating the skin or by ingestion of uncooked fish.
AN = a genus of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH
UI = D006039
Gnetophyta
MS = A plant division of seed plants containing only a few members.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035682
Gnetum
MS = A plant genus of the family Gnetaceae, order Gnetales class Gnetopsida, division GNETOPHYTA. Members contain STILBENES and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D035684
Goals
MS = The end-result or objective, which may be specified or required in advance.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006040
Goat Diseases
MS = Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under GOATS /abnorm or GOATS /inj; don't forget also GOATS (NIM) & check tag ANIMAL; DF: GOAT DIS
UI = D015511
Goats
MS = Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep.
AN = includes chamois; IM; qualif permitted
UI = D006041
Goblet Cells
MS = Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins.
UI = D020397
Goiter
MS = Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
AN = enlarged thyroid; lingual goiter: index here to avoid complex coords
UI = D006042
Goiter, Endemic
MS = Enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group, generally considered to be due to insufficient iodine in the diet.
AN = enlarged thyroid in a large population group
UI = D006043
Goiter, Nodular
MS = An enlarged thyroid gland containing circumscribed nodules within its substance. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a goiter containing circumscribed nodules in the thyroid
UI = D006044
Goiter, Substernal
MS = An enlarged thyroid gland where the enlarged gland is situated beneath the sternum. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = a goiter where part of the enlarged thyroid lies beneath the sternum
UI = D006045
Gold
MS = A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications are in the form of its salts.
AN = Au-197
UI = D006046
Gold Alloys
MS = Alloys that contain a high percentage of gold. They are used in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.
AN = used in dental prosth & restor; IM; D25-26 qualif
UI = D006047
Gold Colloid
MS = A suspension of metallic gold particles.
UI = D017979
Gold Colloid, Radioactive
MS = A suspension of radioactive gold particles emitting negative beta particles and gamma irradiation. It was formerly used for liver scans and irradiation treatment of some metastatic malignancies.
AN = NIM; for tracer studies use /diag use
UI = D006048
Gold Compounds
MS = Inorganic compounds that contain gold as an integral part of the molecule.
AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: GOLD CPDS
UI = D017612
Gold Isotopes
MS = Stable gold atoms that have the same atomic number as the element gold, but differ in atomic weight. Au-197 is a stable isotope.
AN = Au-197; NIM
UI = D006049
Gold Radioisotopes
MS = Unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes.
AN = Au-185-196, 198-201, 203; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)
UI = D006050
Gold Sodium Thiomalate
MS = A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis.
UI = D006052
Gold Sodium Thiosulfate
MS = An antirheumatic agent with the same actions and uses as GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE.
AN = a gold antirheumatic
UI = D012971
Goldenhar Syndrome
MS = Mandibulofacial dysostosis with congenital eyelid dermoids.
AN = "mandibulofacial dysostosis with congen eyelid dermoids"; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES
UI = D006053
Goldfish
MS = Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).
UI = D006054
Golf
MS = A game whose object is to sink a ball into each of 9 or 18 successive holes on a golf course using as few strokes as possible.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; Manual 30.15.1
UI = D006055
Golgi Apparatus
MS = A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
UI = D006056
Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles
MS = Thin capsules enveloping end nerve fibrils in the subcutaneous tissue of fingers.
UI = D006057
Gonadal Disorders
MS = Disease of the ovaries and testes of any etiology.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: GONADAL DIS
UI = D006058
Gonadal Dysgenesis
MS = A number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak gonads and dysgenetic testes. The spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOMES) constitution as shown by the karyotypes of 45,X monosomy (TURNER SYNDROME); 46,XX (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46XX); 46,XY (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XY); and sex chromosome MOSAICISM (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, MIXED). Their phenotypes range from female, through ambiguous, to male. This concept includes gonadal agenesis.
UI = D006059
Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XX
MS = The 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis may be sporadic or familial. Familial XX gonadal dysgenesis is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and its locus was mapped to chromosome 2. Mutation in the gene for the FSH receptor (RECEPTORS, FSH) was detected. Sporadic XX gonadal dysgenesis is heterogeneous and has been associated with trisomy-13 and trisomy-18. These phenotypic females are characterized by a normal stature, sexual infantilism, bilateral streak gonads, amenorrhea, elevated plasma LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH concentration. The syndrome is sometimes called "pure gonadal dysgenesis," but this designation may also refer to gonadal dysgenesis with a 46,XY karyotype (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XY).
UI = D023961
Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY
MS = This type of gonadal defect is characterized by a female phenotype, normal to tall stature, bilateral streak or dysgenetic gonads, and a 46,XY karyotype. This XY gonadal dysgenesis is a heterogenous condition with variant forms resulting from a structural abnormality on Y chromosome, a mutation in SRY gene or a mutation in autosomal genes. The syndrome is sometimes called "pure gonadal dysgenesis," but this designation may also refer to gonadal dysgenesis with a 46,XX karyotype (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XX).
UI = D006061
Gonadal Dysgenesis, Mixed
MS = A type of defective gonadal development in patients with a wide spectrum of chomosomal mosaic variants. Their karyotypes are of partial sex chromosome monosomy resulting from an absence or an abnormal second sex chromosome (X or Y). Karyotypes include 45,X/46,XX; 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX; 46,XXp-; 45,X/46,XY; 45,X/47,XYY; 46,XYpi; etc. The spectrum of phenotypes may range from phenotypic female through pseudohermaphrodite to phenotypic male, depending on the ratio in each gonad of 45,X primordial germ cells to those with normal 46,XX or 46,XY constitution.
UI = D006060
Gonadoblastoma
MS = A DYSGERMINOMA that contains all gonadal elements - germ cells, sex cord derivatives, and stromal derivatives. It occurs almost exclusively in abnormal gonads, most often associated with some form of gonadal dysgenesis, frequently associated with abnormal chromosomal karyotype. It is rare and occurs almost exclusively during the first two decades of life. Almost 33% are associated with germinomas. Gonadoblastomas consist of large germ cells surrounded by smaller round, darkly staining Sertoli cells, forming microfollicles consisting of hyaline bodies and calcium deposits. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1643)
AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) & appropriate check tags
UI = D018238
Gonadorelin
MS = A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland.
UI = D007987
Gonadotropins
MS = Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D006062
Gonadotropins, Equine
MS = Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.
UI = D006064
Gonadotropins, Pituitary
MS = Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).
AN = GEN; prefer specifics
UI = D006065
Gonads
MS = The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.
AN = GEN: prefer OVARY or TESTIS; disord: see specific gonadal disord in Cat C19; /abnorm: agenesis & dysgenesis: index under GONADAL DYSGENESIS & consider also SEX DIFFERENTIATION DISORDERS (C16); excision: see note under CASTRATION
UI = D006066
Gonanes
MS = Steroids containing the fundamental tetracyclic unit with no methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and with no side chain at C-17. The concept includes both saturated and unsaturated derivatives.
AN = includes gonenes, gonadienes, gonatrienes
UI = D006067
Gonioscopy
MS = Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with a specialized optical instrument (gonioscope) or a contact prism lens.
UI = D006068
Gonorrhea
MS = Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
AN = caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
UI = D006069
Goodpasture Syndrome
MS = A combination of pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. It is known also as the lung purpura glomerulonephritis complex. It is considered by some to be a form of hypersensitivity reaction.
AN = pulm hemorrhage & glomerulonephritis
UI = D006070
Gordonia Bacterium
MS = A genus of gram-positive BACTERIA in the family Gordoniaceae, isolated from soil and from sputa of patients with chest disorders. It is also used for biotransformation of natural products.
AN = infection: coord IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D033601
Gorilla gorilla
MS = This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the PONGIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the Primates. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.
AN = the largest ape; IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with APE DISEASES (IM) + specific dis /vet (IM); DF: GORILLA
UI = D006071
Goserelin
MS = This long-acting GONADORELIN analog and agonist is used in the treatment of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.
UI = D017273
Gossypium
MS = A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. It is the source of COTTON FIBER; COTTONSEED OIL, which is used for cooking, and GOSSYPOL. The economically important cotton crop is a major user of agricultural PESTICIDES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29; X ref COTTON PLANT; COTTON FIBER is also available for textile fiber
UI = D003368
Gossypol
MS = A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.
UI = D006072
Gout
MS = Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi.
AN = a rheum dis; /drug ther: consider also GOUT SUPPRESSANTS & its indentions; ARTHRITIS, GOUTY is also available
UI = D006073
Gout Suppressants
MS = Agents that increase uric acid excretion by the kidney (URICOSURIC AGENTS), decrease uric acid production (antihyperuricemics), or alleviate the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GOUT /drug ther
UI = D006074
Governing Board
MS = The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-related institutions and organizations.
AN = coord NIM with society, hosp or other organiz (IM)
UI = D006075
Government
MS = The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit.
AN = specify country or state
UI = D006076
Government Agencies
MS = Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad.
AN = specify country or state
UI = D006077
Government Programs
MS = Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments.
AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with endeavor sponsored (IM); specify geog
UI = D006078
Government Publications
AN = no qualif
UI = D006079
Government Publications [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of documents issued by local, regional, or national governments or by their agencies or subdivisions.
AN = used by special data producers only
UI = D022903
Government Regulation
MS = Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct.
AN = coord with subject of regulation /legis if pertinent; for government regulation of health facilities, add FACILITY REGULATION AND CONTROL
UI = D033161
Graft Enhancement, Immunologic
MS = The induction of prolonged survival and growth of allografts of either tumors or normal tissues which would ordinarily be rejected. It may be induced passively by introducing graft-specific antibodies from previously immunized donors, which bind to the graft's surface antigens, masking them from recognition by T-cells; or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity.
AN = to prevent graft rejection of normal or tumor tissue; do not coord with IMMUNOTHERAPY; DF: GRAFT ENHANCEMENT
UI = D006082
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
MS = Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.
UI = D006083
Graft Rejection
MS = An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
AN = use Cat C qualif; may be used with transpl neopl
UI = D006084
Graft Survival
MS = The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
AN = may be used with transpl neopl
UI = D006085
Graft vs Host Disease
MS = The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.
AN = do not confuse with GRAFT VS HOST REACTION (Cat G); DF: note short X ref
UI = D006086
Graft vs Host Reaction
MS = An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.
AN = do not confuse with HOST VS GRAFT REACTION nor with GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE
UI = D006087
Graft vs Leukemia Effect
MS = Immunological rejection of leukemia cells following bone marrow transplantation.
UI = D020544
Graft vs Tumor Effect
MS = Immunological rejection of tumor tissue/cells following bone marrow transplantation.
UI = D020350
Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria
MS = A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative aerobic bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG AEROBIC BACT
UI = D006088
Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci
MS = A group of gram-negative bacteria consisting of rod- and coccus-shaped cells. They are both aerobic (able to grow under an air atmosphere) and microaerophilic (grow better in low concentrations of oxygen) under nitrogen-fixing conditions but, when supplied with a source of fixed nitrogen, they grow as aerobes.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG AEROBIC RODS
UI = D016946
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria
MS = A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative anaerobic bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG ANAEROBIC BACT
UI = D006089
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Cocci
MS = A group of anaerobic coccoid bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG ANAEROBIC COCCI
UI = D016964
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical Rods
MS = A group of anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.
AN = avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG ANAEROBIC RODS
UI = D016965
Gram-Negative Bacteria
MS = Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative bact; infection = GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; DF: GRAM NEG BACT
UI = D006090
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
MS = Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; DF: GRAM NEG BACT INFECT
UI = D016905
Gram-Negative Chemolithotrophic Bacteria
MS = A large group of bacteria including those which oxidize ammonia or nitrite, metabolize sulfur and sulfur compounds, or deposit iron and/or manganese oxides.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-negative chemolithotrophic bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: note short X ref
UI = D006091
Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods
MS = A large group of facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D006092
Gram-Negative Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
MS = Widely distributed unicellular or multicellular bacteria. The CYANOBACTERIA use chlorophyll a and phycobilins for oxygenic photosynthesis while genera in the PROCHLORALES use both chlorophyll a and b but not phycobilins.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM NEG OXYGENIC PHOTOSYN BACT
UI = D019688
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods
MS = A gram-positive, non-spore-forming group of bacteria comprising organisms that have morphological and physiological characteristics in common.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-positive asporogenous bact; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)
UI = D006093
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Irregular
MS = A group of irregular rod-shaped bacteria that stain gram-positive and do not produce endospores.
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ASPOROGENOUS RODS, REGULAR; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ASPOROGENOUS RODS IRREGULAR
UI = D016988
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods, Regular
MS = A group of regular rod-shaped bacteria that stain gram-positive and do not produce endospores.
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ASPOROGENOUS RODS, IRREGULAR; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ASPOROGENOUS RODS REGULAR
UI = D016989
Gram-Positive Bacteria
MS = Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; do not use as a routine coord for a gram-positive bact; infection = GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; DF: GRAM POS BACT
UI = D006094
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
MS = Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics, DF: GRAM POS BACT INFECT
UI = D016908
Gram-Positive Cocci
MS = Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
AN = gram-positive bacteria; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS COCCI
UI = D006095
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria
MS = Bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS; CLOSTRIDIUM; MICROMONOSPORA; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA; and STREPTOMYCES.
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING RODS; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ENDOSPORE FORMING BACT
UI = D016936
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods
MS = Rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS and CLOSTRIDIUM.
AN = do not confuse with GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING BACTERIA; avoid: too general; prefer specific families & genera; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS ENDOSPORE FORMING RODS
UI = D016937
Gram-Positive Rods
MS = A large group of rod-shaped bacteria that retains the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; infection: coord IM with GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM); DF: GRAM POS RODS
UI = D016987
Gramicidin
MS = A group of antibiotics (ANTIBIOTICS, PEPTIDE) from Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN which is used topically for gram-positive organisms. It is toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus.
UI = D006096
Granisetron
MS = A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.
UI = D017829
Granular Cell Tumor
MS = Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma.
AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse with GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR, an ovarian neopl
UI = D016586
Granulation Tissue
MS = A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells.
UI = D006097
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor, Recombinant
MS = Granulocyte colony stimulating factors prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
AN = DF: GCSF RECOMBINANT
UI = D019375
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
MS = A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: GCSF
UI = D016179
Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors, Recombinant
MS = Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
AN = "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted; in titles & translations spell with hyphens: "granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating"; DF: GMCSF RECOMBINANT
UI = D019378
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
MS = An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.
AN = /drug eff permitted; DF: GMCSF
UI = D016178
Granulocytes
MS = Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS.
AN = A 11 qualif
UI = D006098
Granuloma
MS = A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/dis (IM); malignant of nose = GRANULOMA, LETHAL MIDLINE; central giant cell granuloma & giant cell granuloma = GRANULOMA, GIANT CELL; granulomatous dis or granulomatous dis of childhood = GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC; cholesterol granuloma = GRANULOMA, FOREIGN BODY (IM) + CHOLESTEROL (IM); talc granuloma = GRANULOMA, FOREIGN BODY /etiol (not/chem ind) + TALC /adv eff; xanthogranuloma = XANTHOMATOSIS (IM) + GRANULOMA (IM) but XANTHOGRANULOMA, JUVENILE is available
UI = D006099
Granuloma Annulare
MS = Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.
AN = non-neoplastic; of the skin, so do not coord with SKIN DISEASES; coord IM with specific site or precoord site heading if pertinent (IM)
UI = D016460
Granuloma Inguinale
MS = Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM) caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears.
AN = non-neoplastic; gram-neg bact infect; sexually transmitted
UI = D006100
Granuloma, Foreign-Body
MS = Histiocytic, inflammatory response to a foreign body. It consists of modified macrophages with multinucleated giant cells, in this case foreign-body giant cells (GIANT CELLS, FOREIGN-BODY), usually surrounded by lymphocytes.
UI = D015745
Granuloma, Giant Cell
MS = A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.
AN = do not confuse with GIANT CELL TUMORS, benign or malignant neopl; coord IM with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl; peripheral or epulis involves gingiva, central refers to jaw
UI = D006101
Granuloma, Laryngeal
MS = A polypoid granulomatous projection into the lumen of the larynx.
AN = non-neoplastic
UI = D006102
Granuloma, Lethal Midline
MS = A non-neoplastic disease of unknown etiology beginning with inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of nose and palate and progressing to gradual destruction of midline facial structures.
UI = D006103
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
MS = A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; non-neoplastic; IM; coord with organ/dis (IM), not organ/neopl
UI = D006104
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital
MS = A chronic neoplasm-like inflammatory reaction, usually affecting the orbital tissues of both eyes, also known as orbital myositis.
AN = non-neoplastic
UI = D016727
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Pulmonary
MS = A pseudotumor of the lung composed of inflammatory cells and showing complete maturity of fibroblastic components with a striking lack of mitosis. It is also called postinflammatory pseudotumor and pseudoneoplastic pneumonitis. (Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983 Jan;156(1):89-96)
AN = non-neoplastic; DF: GRANULOMA PLASMA CELL PULM
UI = D016726
Granuloma, Pyogenic
MS = A disorder of the skin, the oral mucosa, and the gingiva, that usually presents as a solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma often resulting from trauma. It is manifested as an inflammatory response with similar characteristics to those of a granuloma.
AN = non-neoplastic; coord IM with organ/dis (IM); do not confuse X ref HEMANGIOMA, LOBULAR CAPILLARY with neopl HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY
UI = D017789
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
MS = Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.
UI = D015769
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
MS = A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation.
AN = also called granulomatous disease of childhood
UI = D006105
Granulosa Cell Tumor
MS = An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen (ESTROGENS).
AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with GRANULAR CELL TUMOR, a myoblastoma of any site, usually head & neck
UI = D006106
Granulosa Cells
MS = Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).
UI = D006107
Granulovirus
MS = A genus of the family BACULOVIRIDAE, subfamily Eubaculovirinae, characterized by ovicylindrical occlusion bodies. The type species is Cydia pomonella granulovirus.
AN = coord with specific insect /virol
UI = D025722
Graphite
MS = Graphite. An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation.
AN = a form of carbon
UI = D006108
Grasshoppers
MS = Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.
AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D006110
Grateful Med
MS = A microcomputer-based software package providing a user-friendly interface to the MEDLARS system of the National Library of Medicine.
AN = IM CATALOG: use NAF entry
UI = D016240
Grave Robbing
MS = The stealing of corpses after burial, especially for medical dissection. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in the absence of laws governing the acquisition of dissecting material for the study of anatomy, the needs of anatomy classes were met by surreptitious methods: body-snatching and grave robbing. The infamous practice of "burking", murder to procure bodies for dissection, was given the name of a rascal named W. Burke, hanged in Edinburgh in 1829. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p447; from Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed, p676)
AN = stealing of corpses, espec for med dissection; usually in hist contexts; check hist tags
UI = D019356
Graves' Disease
MS = Hyperthyroidism associated with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter resulting from production of an antibody directed against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, which acts as an agonist of TSH. (Braverman, The Thyroid, 6th ed, p648)
AN = a form of hyperthyroidism; for ophthalmopathy X refs: coord with specific eye dis or vision disord (IM) only if particularly discussed
UI = D006111
Gravidity
MS = The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a female. It is different from PARITY, which is the number of offspring borne. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
AN = human & animal; do not confuse with PARITY
UI = D020073
Gravitation
MS = Acceleration produced by the mutual attraction of two masses, and of magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of mass. It is also the force imparted by the earth, moon, or a planet to an object near its surface. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
AN = no qualif
UI = D006112
Gravitropism
MS = The directional growth of organisms in response to gravity. In plants, the main root is positively gravitropic (growing downwards) and a main stem is negatively gravitropic (growing upwards), irrespective of the positions in which they are placed. Plant gravitropism is thought to be controlled by auxin (AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AN = directional growth of a plant in response to gravity
UI = D018522
Gravity Perception
MS = Process whereby a bodily structure or organism (animal or plant) receives or detects a gravity stimulus. The sensing may be direct or indirect and may or may not initiate a reaction to the stimulus.
AN = human, animal or plant
UI = D018466
Gravity, Altered
MS = A change in, or manipulation of, gravitational force. This may be a natural or artificial effect.
AN = natural or artificial; /adv eff permitted
UI = D018470
Great Britain
AN = = ENGLAND; SCOTLAND & WALES strictly speaking; UNITED KINGDOM = GREAT BRITAIN + NORTHERN IRELAND, strictly speaking; available also are CHANNEL ISLANDS (see there for available X refs) & HEBRIDES
UI = D006113
Great Lakes Region
MS = The geographic area of the Great Lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. It usually includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
AN = includes Minn, Mich, Wisc, Ohio, Ill, Penna, Ind & NY; specify as needed but use GREAT LAKES REGION when text uses the term & when the region is the intent of the author CATALOG: use for 4 or more states
UI = D006114
Greece
AN = ancient or modern Greece; do not confuse with GREEK WORLD, the culture and civilization; do not confuse X ref MACEDONIA (GREECE) with MACEDONIA (REPUBLIC) or with MACEDONIA, catalogers' geog subhead for the ancient Macedonia of Greek & Roman hist
UI = D006115
Greek World
MS = A historical and cultural entity dispersed across a wide geographical area under the influence of Greek civilization, culture, and science. The Greek Empire extended from the Greek mainland and the Aegean islands from the 16th century B.C., to the Indus Valley in the 4th century under Alexander the Great, and to southern Italy and Sicily. Greek medicine began with Homeric and Aesculapian medicine and continued unbroken to Hippocrates (480-355 B.C.). The classic period of Greek medicine was 460-136 B.C. and the Graeco-Roman period, 156 B.C.-576 A.D. (From A. Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2d ed; from F. H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed)
AN = note category; lands & peoples under influence of Greek civilization & culture; IM; do not confuse with GREECE, a Category Z term for ancient & modern Greece
UI = D018645
Green Sulfur Bacteria
MS = A group of green or brown bacteria of the families Chlorobiaceae and Chloroflexaceae that occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and that utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed.)
AN = gram-negative phototrophic bact; DF: GREEN SULFUR BACT
UI = D019414
Greenhouse Effect
MS = The effect of global warming and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.
AN = specify geog if pertinent; no qualif; DF: GREENHOUSE EFF
UI = D017752
Greenland
UI = D006116
Grenada
MS = An island of the West Indies. Its capital is St. George's. It was discovered in 1498 by Columbus who called it Concepcion. It was held at different times by the French and the British during the 18th century. The British suppressed a native uprising in 1795. It was an associate state of Great Britain 1967-74 but became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth in 1974. The original name referred to the Feast of the Immaculate Conception but it was later renamed for the Spanish kingdom of Granada. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p467 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p219)
AN = an island in the West Indies; do not confuse with GRENADINES see SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES, also in the West Indies
UI = D019425
Grewia
MS = A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Members contain lupeol and betulin TRITERPENES.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032382
Grief
MS = Normal, appropriate sorrowful response to an immediate cause. It is self-limiting and gradually subsides within a reasonable time.
AN = human & animal; no qualif
UI = D006117
Griffonia
MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain Griffonia simplicifolia agglutin-I and griffonin.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031295
Grindelia
MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain triterpenoid sapogenins.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D036623
Griseofulvin
MS = An antifungal antibiotic. Griseofulvin may be given by mouth in the treatment of tinea infections.
UI = D006118
GroEL Protein
MS = A chaperonin 60 heat-shock protein isolated from Escherichia coli.
AN = a chaperonin; spell in titles & translations with uppercase G & EL: GroEL
UI = D018838
GroES Protein
MS = A chaperonin 10 heat-shock protein isolated from Escherichia coli.
AN = a chaperonin; spell in titles & translations with uppercase G & ES: GroES
UI = D018837
Groin
MS = The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh.
AN = external only: do not confuse with INGUINAL CANAL, internal only; NIM when merely locational
UI = D006119
Grooming
MS = An animal's cleaning and caring for the body surface. This includes preening, the cleaning and oiling of feathers with the bill or of hair with the tongue.
AN = animal only; for personal grooming of humans use HYGIENE
UI = D006120
Gross Virus
MS = A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) obtained from inbred mice with a high incidence of spontaneous lymphoid leukemia. Infection is passed by vertical transmission from one generation to another through the ovum.
AN = infection: coord IM with RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) + TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + LEUKEMIA, EXPERIMENTAL (IM)or LEUKEMIA (IM) (for spontaneous leukemia)
UI = D006121
Grossulariaceae
MS = A plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are deciduous woody shrubs with alternate leaves. The flowers are in terminal racemes with 5 petals and 5 stamens.
AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031964
Group Homes
MS = Housing for groups of patients, children, or others who need or desire emotional or physical support. They are usually established as planned, single housekeeping units in residential dwellings that provide care and supervision for small groups of residents, who, although unrelated, live together as a family.
AN = in med & non-med contexts
UI = D016352
Group Practice
MS = Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income.
AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM); do not confuse with PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE but do not interpret: use word of text
UI = D006123
Group Practice, Dental
MS = Any group of three or more full-time dentists, organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of dental care, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income.
AN = coord IM with specific dent specialty (IM); do not confuse with PARTNERSHIP PRACTICE, DENTAL but do not interpret: use word of text; DF: GROUP PRACTICE DENT
UI = D006124
Group Practice, Prepaid
MS = An organized group of three or more full-time physicians rendering services for a fixed prepayment.
AN = coord IM with med or other specialty (IM)
UI = D006125
Group Processes
MS = The procedures through which a group approaches, attacks, and solves a common problem.
AN = differentiate from MASS BEHAVIOR: mass will probably be on a civil, pathol or mob level
UI = D006126
Group Purchasing
MS = A shared service which combines the purchasing power of individual organizations or facilities in order to obtain lower prices for equipment and supplies. (From Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)
AN = not restricted to hosp purchasing
UI = D017754
Group Structure
MS = The informal or formal organization of a group of people based on a network of personal relationships which is influenced by the size and composition, etc., of the group.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006127
Growth
AN = GEN only, as a physiol process; use /growth with specific organ or organism: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.35; when GEN & IM, qualif permitted; TN 95; /drug eff: consider also GROWTH SUBSTANCES, GROWTH INHIBITORS & specifics
UI = D006128
Growth and Embryonic Development
MS = Developmental processes from cell division to embryogenesis to postnatal growth and maturity.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D006129
Growth Cones
MS = Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.
UI = D020439
Growth Disorders
MS = Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.
AN = do not confuse with NUTRITION DISORDERS (disord of assimilating & utilizing nutrients)
UI = D006130
Growth Hormone
MS = A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.
AN = despite X ref, coord with RECOMBINANT PROTEINS for recombinant somatotropin; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE is also available
UI = D013006
Growth Inhibitors
MS = Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).
AN = inhib normal growth of human & animal cells & micro-organisms; do not confuse with PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS; do not confuse X ref CHALONES with CHALCONE; /biosyn /physiol permitted if by living organisms; DF: GROWTH INHIB
UI = D006131
Growth Plate
MS = The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis within which bone growth occurs.
UI = D006132
Growth Substances
MS = Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.
AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics
UI = D006133
Growth Substances, Pigments, and Vitamins
MS = A collective grouping for growth substances, pigments, and vitamins.
AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use
UI = D006134
Gryllidae
MS = The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
AN = /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111
UI = D006135
GTP Cyclohydrolase
MS = (GTP cyclohydrolase I) or GTP 7,8-8,9-dihydrolase (pyrophosphate-forming) (GTP cyclohydrolase II). An enzyme group that hydrolyzes the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing carbon-8 as formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized. This is the first step in the synthesis of folic acid from GTP. EC 3.5.4.16 (GTP cyclohydrolase I) and EC 3.5.4.25 (GTP cyclohydrolase II).
UI = D006136
GTP Phosphohydrolase Activators
MS = Agents and factors that activate GTP phosphohydrolase activity.
UI = D020549
GTP Phosphohydrolase-Linked Elongation Factors
MS = Factors that utilize energy from the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP for peptide chain elongation. EC 3.6.1.-.
UI = D020963
GTP Phosphohydrolases
MS = Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
AN = GTP PHOSPHOHYDROLASE ACTIVATORS is available
UI = D020558
GTP Pyrophosphokinase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of a pyrophosphate group from ATP to the 3'-OH group of GDP or GTP with the formation of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate or guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate and AMP. The enzyme, also called stringent factor, is located in the relA gene in stringent strains of bacteria. The above synthesis is induced by mRNA and uncharged tRNA which is bound to the aminoacyl-t-RNA binding site of the ribosome by a codon-specific association. EC 2.7.6.5.
UI = D001277
GTP-Binding Protein Regulators
MS = Proteins that regulate the signaling activity of GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They are divided into three categories depending upon whether they stimulate GTPase activity (GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS), inhibit release of GDP; (GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE DISSOCIATION INHIBITORS); or exchange GTP for GDP; (GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS).
AN = Do not confuse with RGS proteins; DF: GTP BINDING PROTEIN REG
UI = D020555
GTP-Binding Proteins
MS = Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; GTP stands for Guanosine TriPhosphate
UI = D019204
GTPase-Activating Proteins
MS = Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.
UI = D020690
Guadeloupe
MS = The name of two islands of the West Indies, separated by a narrow channel. Their capital is Basse-Terre. They were discovered by Columbus in 1493, occupied by the French in 1635, held by the British at various times between 1759 and 1813, transferred to Sweden in 1813, and restored to France in 1816. Its status was changed from colony to a French overseas department in 1946. Columbus named it in honor of the monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe in Spain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p470 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p221)
AN = two islands in the West Indies separated by a narrow channel
UI = D019430
Guaiac
MS = Resin from wood of certain species of GUAIACUM. It is used as clinical reagent for occult blood.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006138
Guaiacol
MS = An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747)
AN = an expectorant
UI = D006139
Guaiacol Glyceryl Ether
MS = An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.
AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: note short X ref
UI = D006140
Guaiacum
MS = A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. GUAIAC is obtained from G. officinale or G. sanctum. Some species in this genus are called lignum vitae which is also a common name for other trees.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D032441
Guam
MS = An island in Micronesia, east of the Philippines, the largest and southernmost of the Marianas. Its capital is Agana. It was discovered by Magellan in 1521 and occupied by Spain in 1565. They ceded it to the United States in 1898. It is an unincorporated territory of the United States, administered by the Department of the Interior since 1950. The derivation of the name Guam is in dispute. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p471)
AN = an island in Micronesia
UI = D006141
Guanabenz
MS = An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.
UI = D006143
Guanazole
MS = A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.
AN = do not confuse with GUANAZOLO ( = AZAGUANINE)
UI = D006144
Guanethidine
MS = An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.
UI = D006145
Guanfacine
MS = A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation.
UI = D016316
Guanidine
MS = A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.
UI = D019791
Guanidines
MS = A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
AN = do not confuse with GUANINE
UI = D006146
Guanine
AN = do not confuse with GUANIDINES; /biosyn /physiol permitted; guanine riboside, guanine ribonucleoside = GUANOSINE
UI = D006147
Guanine Deaminase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of guanine to form xanthine. EC 3.5.4.3.
UI = D006148
Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors
MS = Protein factors that inhibit the dissociation of GDP from GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.
UI = D020730
Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
MS = Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.
UI = D020662
Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Factor 2
MS = A 145-kD guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is specific for rap1 and ras GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It associates with SH3 domains of the crk family of signaling proteins.
UI = D020735
Guanine Nucleotides
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006150
Guanosine
MS = A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
UI = D006151
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
MS = Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D016244
Guanosine Diphosphate
MS = Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: GRPP; guanosine pyrophosphate.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006153
Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose
MS = A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006154
Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose
MS = A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006155
Guanosine Diphosphate Sugars
MS = Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of guanosine diphosphate.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006156
Guanosine Pentaphosphate
MS = Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot II.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PPPGPP
UI = D006158
Guanosine Tetraphosphate
MS = Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: PPGPP
UI = D006159
Guanosine Triphosphate
MS = Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted
UI = D006160
Guanylate Cyclase
MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2.
UI = D006162
Guanylthiourea
MS = May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system.
UI = D006164
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate
MS = A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase.
AN = DF: GPPNHP
UI = D006165
Guatemala
UI = D006166
Guatteria
MS = A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. Members contain asarone, isoguattouregidine (an isoquinoline alkaloid), norlaureline, puterine, noraporphine alkaloids.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031043
Guernsey
MS = The second largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. It covers about 30 square miles and is where the Guernsey breed of cattle originated. The name is Scandinavian, Grani's island (ey means island). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p474 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p222)
AN = one of the Channel Islands
UI = D019435
Guidebooks [Publication Type]
MS = Works consisting of publications for travelers that give information about a city, region, or country, or similar handbooks about buildings, museums, etc. (The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
AN = publication type only; handbooks for travelers
UI = D019508
Guided Tissue Regeneration
MS = The repopulating of the periodontium, after treatment for periodontal disease. Repopulation is achieved by guiding the periodontal ligament progenitor cells to reproduce in the desired location by blocking contact of epithelial and gingival connective tissues with the root during healing. This blocking is accomplished by using synthetic membranes or collagen membranes.
AN = note category: a periodontal technique
UI = D016557
Guideline Adherence
MS = Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.
AN = by organization, health facility or facility personnel; coord with GUIDELINES or PRACTICE GUIDELINES if pertinent; for patient adherence to guidelines of care use PATIENT COMPLIANCE
UI = D019983
Guideline [Publication Type]
MS = Work consisting of a set of statements, directions, or principles presenting current or future rules or policy. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organizations such as professional societies or governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form, but it is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any discipline or activity. This concept relates to the general conduct and administration of health care activities rather than to specific decisions for a particular clinical condition. For that aspect, PRACTICE GUIDELINE [PUBLICATION TYPE] is available.
AN = publication type only; in any field or discipline: for clin practice & delivery of health care, use publication type PRACTICE GUIDELINE
UI = D016431
Guidelines
MS = A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES is available.
AN = IM for articles & books on form, value, use & creation of guidelines as a procedural policy: do not confuse with Publication Type GUIDELINE; for guidelines in health care & clin med use PRACTICE GUIDELINES; Manual 17.57, 17.94
UI = D017408
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
MS = An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)
AN = do not confuse X ref POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY ACUTE, INFLAMMATORY with POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY see POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING
UI = D020275
Guilt
MS = Subjective feeling of having committed an error, offense or sin; unpleasant feeling of self-criticism. These result from acts, impulses, or thoughts contrary to one's personal conscience.
AN = no qualif
UI = D006167
Guinea
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and MALI, east of GUINEA-BISSAU. Its capital is Conakry. Its coastal region was proclaimed a French protectorate in 1849, was established as a separate colony called French Guinea in 1893, and gained its independence in 1958. This Guinea gave its name to the coin originally made out of gold coming from there. Guinea is from a Tuareg word aginaw, meaning black people. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p474 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p222)
AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref FRENCH GUINEA was its former name; do not confuse with GUINEA-BISSAU (formerly Portuguese Guinea) or EQUATORIAL GUINEA (formerly Spanish Guinea); do not confuse with GUYANA in So. Amer.
UI = D016701
Guinea Pigs
MS = A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted
UI = D006168
Guinea-Bissau
MS = A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and west of GUINEA. Its capital is Bissau. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1446. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was active in slave trading. Its boundaries were established by convention with France in 1886 and 1902-05 and in 1974 it gained its independence. As a Portuguese overseas province, the country was called Portuguese Guinea; it was named Guinea-Bissau in 1974. The name Guinea is from the Tuareg word Aginaw, meaning black people. Bissau is from the native name of the people there, the Bijuga, whose meaning is uncertain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p975 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p222)
AN = a republic in western Africa; do not confuse X ref PORTUGUESE GUINEA (its former name) with GUINEA (formerly French Guinea) or EQUATORIAL GUINEA (formerly Spanish Guinea)
UI = D006169
Gum Arabic
MS = Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006170
Gutta-Percha
MS = Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.
AN = D25-26 qualif
UI = D006171
Guttaviridae
MS = Family of archaeal viruses with a single genus: Sulfolobus SNDV-like Viruses.
AN = coord with specific Archaea /virol
UI = D023644
Guyana
MS = A republic in the north of South America, east of BRAZIL. Its capital is Georgetown. It was formerly called British Guiana and its history is allied with that of the region of Guiana which comprised British Guiana, FRENCH GUIANA, and Dutch Guiana (now SURINAME). It was founded about 1620 by the Dutch and settled in the 18th century by many non-Dutch, mainly British, to whom it was ceded in 1814. Guyana gained independence in 1966 and became a republic in 1970. The name is probably of Indian origin meaning respectable, but some derive it from the Guarani guai (born) + ana (kin), implying a united and interrelated race of people. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p477 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p223)
AN = in So. Amer; X ref BRITISH GUIANA was its former name; do not confuse with FRENCH GUIANA nor with GUINEA in Africa
UI = D006172
Gymnastics
MS = Systematic physical exercise. This includes calisthenics, a system of light gymnastics for promoting strength and grace of carriage.
AN = /inj: coord IM with specific inj (IM); /physiol permitted; a systematic set of exercises; differentiate from PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING: instruction in hygiene as well as systematic exerc usually in formal setting; "corrective gymnastics" is probably EXERCISE THERAPY
UI = D006173
Gymnema
MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031103
Gymnema sylvestre
MS = A plant species of the genus GYMNEMA that contains gymnemic acid (triterpene SAPONINS) which affects blood sugar level and gurmarin protein. The common name of Gurmar should not be confused with Guar (CYAMOPSIS).
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D031104
Gymnosperms
MS = Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA, CYCADOPHYTA, GINKGOPHYTA, and GNETOPHYTA).
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D019681
Gymnotiformes
MS = An order of neotropical electric fish found chiefly in the waters of South America. They continually emit weak electric discharges, which they use in object location and communication. A most popular species of research interest is the electric eel, ELECTROPHORUS electricus.
UI = D023702
Gynatresia
MS = Occlusion of some part of the female genital tract, especially of the vagina. (Dorland, 28th ed)
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics
UI = D006175
Gynecologic Surgical Procedures
MS = Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also GENITALIA, FEMALE /surg or /surg with specific genital terms; also GENITAL DISEASES, FEMALE /surg or /surg with specific gynecol dis; check the tag FEMALE; DF: GYNECOL SURG PROCEDURES
UI = D013509
Gynecology
MS = A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.
AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; corresponding organ term is GENITALIA, FEMALE; DF: GYNECOL
UI = D006176
Gynecomastia
MS = Excessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state. (Dorland, 27th ed)
AN = excessive breast develop in male; check tags HUMAN & MALE
UI = D006177
Gynostemma
MS = A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE. It is a source of gypenosides and triterpenoid SAPONINS.
AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29
UI = D029774
Gypsies
MS = Ethnic group coming originally from India and entering Europe in the 14th or 15th century. Many still maintain somewhat their itinerant life and tribal organization.
AN = use this spelling in translations; specify geog
UI = D006178
Gyrate Atrophy
MS = Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.
AN = a hered eye dis; /congen permitted: read MeSH definition
UI = D015799
Gyrus Cinguli
MS = One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system.
UI = D006179