Glossary of Bio-Medical Terms

C

RETURN TO INDEX

C-Peptide

MS = A 31-amino acid peptide which connects the A and B chains of proinsulin. The exact composition of the peptide is species dependent. In beta cells proinsulin is enzymatically converted to insulin with the liberation of the C-peptide. An immunoassay has been developed for assessing pancreatic beta cell secretory function in diabetic patients in whom circulating insulin antibodies and exogenous insulin interfere with insulin immunoassay.

AN = from proinsulin only: not for peptide fragments from other proteins ( = PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS)

UI = D002096

 

C-Reactive Protein

MS = A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

AN = an acute phase protein; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D002097

 

Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Unlike CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). A subgroup of EC 3.6.1.3.

AN = DF: CA MG ATPASE

UI = D017301

 

Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase

MS = A calmodulin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on calcium. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including vimentin, synapsin, glycogen synthase, myosin light chains, and the microtubule-associated proteins. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

AN = DF: CALMODULIN KINASE

UI = D017871

 

Ca(2+)-Transporting ATPase

MS = An enzyme found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle membrane. During the relaxation of skeletal muscles and muscle rich in mitochondria, this enzyme catalyzes the active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from the sarcoplasm. It requires micromolar concentrations of Ca(2+) and utilizes MgATP as a substrate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). EC 3.6.1.38.

AN = DF: CA ATPASE

UI = D000252

 

CA-125 Antigen

MS = Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with various tumors but also normal tissue; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

UI = D018394

 

CA-15-3 Antigen

MS = Carbohydrate antigen elevated in patients with tumors of the breast, ovary, lung, and prostate as well as other disorders. The mucin is expressed normally by most glandular epithelia but shows particularly increased expression in the breast at lactation and in malignancy. It is thus an established serum marker for breast cancer.

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with various tumors & other dis; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

UI = D018396

 

CA-19-9 Antigen

MS = Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

AN = a carbohydrate antigen assoc with digestive tract cancer; CA stands for Cancer-Associated

UI = D018395

 

Cacao

MS = A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate.

AN = as plant & as chocolate or cocoa; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2; coord IM with CANDY (IM) for chocolate candy or with BEVERAGES (IM) for chocolate drinks

UI = D002099

 

Cachexia

MS = General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.

AN = WASTING SYNDROME is also available: do not make diagnosis, use words of text

UI = D002100

 

Caco-2 Cells

MS = Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as enterocytes or mucus cells. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

AN = Caco stands for adenoCArcinoma of the COlon; check HUMAN & do not add ADENOCARCINOMA or COLONIC NEOPLASMS

UI = D018938

 

Cacodylic Acid

MS = An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide.

UI = D002101

 

Cactaceae

MS = The cactus plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. Cacti are succulent perennial plants well adapted to dry regions.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029421

 

Cadaver

MS = A dead body, usually a human body.

AN = NIM for cadaveric organs in transpl; do not index here routinely for postmortem studies, article must be on cadavers as a corpse; AUTOPSY is available for the procedure and /pathol is available for postmortem pathol

UI = D002102

 

Cadaverine

MS = A foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine.

UI = D002103

 

Cadherins

MS = A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and N-cadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

AN = glycoproteins in calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion, the action being the source of the name: Calcium-dependent ADHesion; /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D015820

 

Cadmium

MS = An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

AN = Cd-114; Cd-106, 108, 110-113, 116 = CADMIUM (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cd-103-105, 107, 109, 115, 117-119 = CADMIUM RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D002104

 

Cadmium Chloride

MS = A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D019256

 

Cadmium Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CADMIUM CPDS

UI = D019187

 

Cadmium Poisoning

MS = Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.

AN = occup cadmium pois: coord IM with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES (IM) but not also ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE (see note there)

UI = D002105

 

Cadmium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.

AN = Cd-103-105, 107, 109, 115, 117-119; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D002106

 

Caenorhabditis

MS = A genus of small free-living nematodes. Two species, CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS and C. briggsae are much used in studies of genetics, development, aging, muscle chemistry, and neuroanatomy.

AN = a genus of nematodes used in exper

UI = D002107

 

Caenorhabditis elegans

MS = A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

AN = DF: C ELEGANS

UI = D017173

 

Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins

MS = Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

AN = coord IM with specific protein (IM)

UI = D029742

 

Caerulein

MS = A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; do not confuse X ref CERULEIN with CERULENIN

UI = D002108

 

Caesalpinia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The common name of "Bird-Of-Paradise" is also used for other plants such as Heliconia (HELICONIACEAE) and Strelitzia (STRELITZIACEAE) and some birds. The common name of "Cat's-Claw" is more often used with UNCARIA. The common name of "Pernambuco" also refers to a state in Brazil. Furanoditerpenoid lactones and caesalpin are produced by members of this genus.

AN = CAT'S CLAW is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029911

 

Cafe-au-Lait Spots

MS = Light brown pigmented macules associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).

AN = a pigmentation disord; spell in titles & translations with hyphens & accent: café-au-lait

UI = D019080

 

Caffeic Acids

MS = A class of phenolic acids related to chlorogenic acid,p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, etc., which are found in plant tissues. It is involved in plant growth regulation.

UI = D002109

 

Caffeine

MS = A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

UI = D002110

 

Cajanus

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is used for food in NIGERIA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036561

 

Calamus

MS = A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE that should not be confused with ACORUS CALAMUS.

AN = CALAMUS ROOT see ACORUS is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031081

 

Calcaneus

MS = The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.

AN = do not confuse with HEEL, the area

UI = D002111

 

Calcifediol

MS = The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 (CALCIFEROL). It is produced in the liver and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.

AN = /physiol permitted

UI = D002112

 

Calcification, Physiologic

MS = Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.

AN = TOOTH CALCIFICATION is also available; DF: CALCIFICATION PHYSIOL

UI = D002113

 

Calcimycin

MS = An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

UI = D000001

 

Calcineurin

MS = A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-.

AN = a calcium- & calmodulin-binding protein in the CNS; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019703

 

Calcinosis

MS = Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.

AN = deposition of calcium salts in tissues; most texts will say "calcification"; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); for calcinosis of the heart, coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM), not HEART DISEASES

UI = D002114

 

Calciphylaxis

MS = Condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden local calcification.

AN = hypersensitivity with sudden local calcification

UI = D002115

 

Calcitonin

MS = A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.

AN = a neurotransmitter hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002116

 

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

MS = Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

AN = a neurotransmitter; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CGRP

UI = D015740

 

Calcitriol

MS = The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.

AN = /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D002117

 

Calcium

MS = A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

AN = Ca-40; /antag permitted but consider also CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; /blood: note see related terms; /defic: consider also HYPOCALCEMIA & note that CALCIUM, DIETARY is also available; /metab: consider also CALCIUM CHANNELS & CALCIUM PUMP: see CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE; metab disord = CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS; CALCIUM SIGNALING is available for calcium mobilization in the context of signal transduction

UI = D002118

 

Calcium Carbonate

MS = Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

AN = occurs in nature as chalk, limestone or marble; used in med as a buffer in hemodialysis

UI = D002119

 

Calcium Channel Agonists

MS = Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle and/or cardiac muscle cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

AN = vasoconstrictors; DF: CALCIUM CHANNEL AGON or CALCIUM CHANNEL AG

UI = D002120

 

Calcium Channel Blockers

MS = A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms.

AN = vasodilators; D25-26 qualif; DF: CA CHANNEL BLOCK

UI = D002121

 

Calcium Channels

MS = Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

AN = L-, N-, P-, Q-, R-, & T-Type CALCIUM CHANNELS are available; DF: CA CHANNELS

UI = D015220

 

Calcium Channels, L-Type

MS = Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

AN = DF: VDCC L

UI = D020746

 

Calcium Channels, N-Type

MS = CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

AN = DF: VDCC N

UI = D020864

 

Calcium Channels, P-Type

MS = CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

AN = DF: VDCC P

UI = D020865

 

Calcium Channels, Q-Type

MS = CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

AN = DF: VDCC Q

UI = D020907

 

Calcium Channels, R-Type

MS = CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

AN = DF: VDCC R

UI = D020908

 

Calcium Channels, T-Type

MS = A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

UI = D020747

 

Calcium Chloride

MS = A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

UI = D002122

 

Calcium Citrate

MS = A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D019355

 

Calcium Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CALCIUM CPDS

UI = D017610

 

Calcium Dobesilate

MS = A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.

UI = D002123

 

Calcium Fluoride

MS = Calcium fluoride. Occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. It is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. Pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = in nature as mineral fluorite or fluorspar; used in fluoridation of drinking water

UI = D002124

 

Calcium Gluconate

MS = The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.

UI = D002125

 

Calcium Hydroxide

MS = A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.

UI = D002126

 

Calcium Isotopes

MS = Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

AN = Ca-42-44, 46, 48; NIM

UI = D002127

 

Calcium Metabolism Disorders

MS = Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CALCIUM METAB DIS

UI = D002128

 

Calcium Oxalate

MS = The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.

AN = OXALATES is also available

UI = D002129

 

Calcium Phosphates

MS = Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; often used as calcium supplement

UI = D002130

 

Calcium Pyrophosphate

MS = An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).

AN = deposition = CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE DEPOSITION see CHONDROCALCINOSIS

UI = D002131

 

Calcium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

AN = Ca-37-39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D002132

 

Calcium Signaling

MS = Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

AN = calcium mobilization in context of signal transduction goes here, in other cases index CALCIUM/metab

UI = D020013

 

Calcium Sulfate

MS = A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.

UI = D002133

 

Calcium, Dietary

MS = Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind; /ther use: coord with disease /diet ther

UI = D002136

 

Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent

MS = A protein that plays a fundamental role in the Vitamin D mediated transport of calcium in reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. It is found in the intestine, kidneys, egg shell gland, brain, and possibly other organs. Its molecular weight is species dependent.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CABP

UI = D002134

 

Calcium-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D002135

 

Calculi

MS = An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; coord IM with organ/diseases term (IM); chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; chemolysis of calculi: coord dis with /ther, not /drug ther

UI = D002137

 

Calendula

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D020838

 

Calgranulin A

MS = A 10.8 kD member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN B and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is kown as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin A is found in many cell types including GRANULOCYTES, KERATINOCYTES, and myelomonocytes, and has been shown to act as a chemotactic substance for NEUTROPHILS. Because it is present in acute inflammation but absent in chronic inflammation, it is a useful biological marker for a number of pathological conditions.

UI = D040501

 

Calgranulin B

MS = A 13.2 kD member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN A and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is kown as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin B is expressed at high concentrations in GRANULOCYTES during early monocyte differentiation, and serum calgranulin B levels are elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

UI = D040502

 

Calibration

MS = Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

AN = NIM; coord with specific scale (IM) if relevant

UI = D002138

 

Caliciviridae

MS = A family of RNA viruses infecting a broad range of animals. Most individual species are restricted to their natural hosts. They possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. Transmission is by contaminated food, water, fomites, and occasionally aerosolization of secretions. Genera include LAGOVIRUS; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; SAPPORO-LIKE VIRUSES; and VESIVIRUS.

AN = infection = CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D002139

 

Caliciviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D017250

 

Calicivirus, Feline

MS = A species of the genus VESIVIRUS infecting cats. Transmission occurs via air and mechanical contact.

AN = infection: coord IM with CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017927

 

California

AN = LOS ANGELES is also available

UI = D002140

 

Californium

MS = Californium. A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.

AN = man-made radioactive element; IM

UI = D002142

 

Calla Plant

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Calla Lily (Callalily) also refers to the ZANTEDESCHIA. There is no relationship with CALLA ANTIGEN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031059

 

Callicarpa

MS = A plant genus of the family VERBENACEAE. Members contain clerodane DITERPENES and callicarpone.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032408

 

Callilepis

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain ATRACTYLOSIDE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036084

 

Callimiconinae

MS = A subfamily of the family of New World monkeys, CEBIDAE, inhabiting the upper Amazon basin. Members of the genus Callimico (Goeldi's marmosets) constitute this subfamily.

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016647

 

Callithrix

MS = A genus of CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing eight species. They are C. jacchus (common marmoset), C. argentata (black-tailed marmoset), C. chrysoleuca (yellow-legged or golden marmoset), C. aurita (white-eared marmoset), C. flaviceps (buff-headed marmoset), C. penicillata (black-pencilled or black-eared marmoset), C. geoffroyi (white-fronted or Geoffrey's marmoset) and C. santaremensis (Santarem marmoset).

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002144

 

Callitrichinae

MS = A subfamily of the order PRIMATES that consists of four genera: CALLITHRIX (marmosets), Cebuella (pygmy marmosets), Leontopithecus (golden tamarins), and SAGUINUS (tamarins). The members of this subfamily inhabit the tropical forests of South and Central America.

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002143

 

Callosities

MS = Localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = callous goes here: do not confuse with BONY CALLUS, post-fract bone formation

UI = D002145

 

Calluna

MS = A plant genus of the family ERICACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029795

 

Calmodulin

MS = A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.

AN = a calcium-binding protein; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002147

 

Calmodulin-Binding Proteins

MS = Proteins which bind calmodulin. They are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including F-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium ATPases.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D002148

 

Calnexin

MS = A lectin found in ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM membranes that binds to specific N-linked OLIGOSACCHARIDES found on newly synthesized proteins. It may play role in PROTEIN FOLDING or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

UI = D037281

 

Calophyllum

MS = A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE. Members contain costatolide, calanolides and 4-phenylfuranocoumarins (PSORALENS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029759

 

Caloric Restriction

MS = Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables.

UI = D031204

 

Caloric Tests

MS = Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.

AN = vestib funct test using heat or cold; note X ref: spell in titles & transl with accents: Bárány

UI = D002150

 

Calorimetry

MS = The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

UI = D002151

 

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning

MS = Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CALORIMETRY DIFFER SCAN

UI = D002152

 

Calorimetry, Indirect

MS = Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

UI = D002153

 

Calotropis

MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. The downy akund floss fiber from the seeds is used like kapok.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031107

 

Calpain

MS = Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002154

 

Calreticulin

MS = A multifunctional protein that is found primarily within membrane-bound organelles. In the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM it binds to specific N-linked oligosaccharides found on newly-synthesized proteins and functions as a MOLECULAR CHAPERONE that may play a role in PROTEIN FOLDING or retention and degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition calreticulin is a major storage form for CALCIUM and functions as a calcium-signaling molecule that can regulate intracellular calcium HOMEOSTASIS.

UI = D037282

 

Calsequestrin

MS = Acidic protein found in SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM that binds calcium to the extent of 700-900 nmoles/mg. It plays the role of sequestering calcium transported to the interior of the intracellular vesicle.

UI = D002155

 

Calycanthaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Laurales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031237

 

Calymmatobacterium

MS = A genus of bacteria causing GRANULOMA INGUINALE and other granulomatous lesions.

AN = infection: probably GRANULOMA INGUINALE, otherwise coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM) + GRANULOMA or specific granuloma if pertinent

UI = D002157

 

Calystegia

MS = A plant genus of the family CONVOLVULACEAE. Members contain calystegine and calystegins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031253

 

Camallanina

MS = A suborder of nematodes characterized by larvae lacking cephalic hooks and a tail that is generally long and pointed.

AN = a suborder of nematodes; infection: coord IM with SPIRURIDA INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017175

 

Camassia

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE that contains steroidal SAPONINS and should not be confused with Death Camas (ZIGADENUS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031404

 

Cambendazole

MS = A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.

UI = D002159

 

Cambodia

UI = D002160

 

Camelids, New World

MS = Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.

AN = note X refs; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002161

 

Camellia

MS = A plant genus in the family THEACEAE, order THEALES best known for CAMELLIA SINENSIS which is the source of Oriental TEA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028244

 

Camellia sinensis

MS = Camellia sinensis L. (formerly Thea sinensis) is an evergreen Asiatic shrub of the THEACEAE family. The infusion of leaves of this plant is used as Oriental TEA which contains CAFFEINE, THEOPHYLLINE, and epigallocatechin gallate.

AN = coord with TEA or specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028241

 

Camels

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002162

 

Cameroon

MS = A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Its capital is Yaounde. As the Cameroons, it existed from 1884 under German, British, French, and UN mandates until it achieved independence in 1960. It united with the former British trust territory of Southern Cameroons in 1961. Its name is from the river that runs through it, Rio dos Camaroes, river of prawns, so called by 16th century Portuguese explorers impressed by the abundance of prawns in its waters. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p208 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p93)

AN = a republic in central Africa

UI = D002163

 

Campanulaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Campanulales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029422

 

Camphor

MS = A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.

UI = D002164

 

Camphor 5-Monooxygenase

MS = A soluble cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes camphor monooxygenation in the presence of putidaredoxin, putidaredoxin reductase, and molecular oxygen. This enzyme, encoded by the CAMC gene also known as CYP101, has been crystallized from bacteria and the structure is well defined. Under anaerobic conditions, this enzyme reduces the polyhalogenated compounds bound at the camphor-binding site.

UI = D019475

 

Camping

MS = Living outdoors as a recreational activity.

UI = D002165

 

Camptotheca

MS = A plant genus of the family NYSSACEAE (sometimes classified in the CORNACEAE family). It is a source of CAMPTOTHECIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029769

 

Camptothecin

MS = An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.

UI = D002166

 

Campylobacter

MS = A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

AN = infection = CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS; CAMPYLOBACTER PYLORI see HELICOBACTER PYLORI is also available

UI = D002167

 

Campylobacter coli

MS = A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. It may be pathogenic.

AN = in intestines of man, swine & poultry; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017000

 

Campylobacter fetus

MS = A species of bacteria present in man and many kinds of animals and birds, often causing infertility and/or abortion.

AN = causes abortion in cattle & sheep; infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D002168

 

Campylobacter Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.

AN = gram-neg bact infect

UI = D002169

 

Campylobacter jejuni

MS = A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.

AN = infection: coord IM with CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016123

 

Canada

MS = The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.

AN = each of the provinces & territories is available as a heading

UI = D002170

 

Canaries

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002171

 

Canarypox virus

MS = A species of AVIPOXVIRUS, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE. Canarypox virus vectors are used in vaccine and immunotherapy research.

AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D028121

 

Canavalia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Canavalia ensiformis is the source of CONCANAVALIN A.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032449

 

Canavan Disease

MS = A rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. Aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of N-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. Inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. This illness occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. The neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. The infantile form features developmental delay, DYSKINESIAS, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. The juvenile form is characterized by ATAXIA; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEMENTIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p944; Am J Med Genet 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71)

AN = do not confuse X ref CANAVAN-VAN BOGAERT-BERTRAN SYNDROME with VAN BOGAERT'S LEUKOENCEPHALITIS see SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS; DF: CANAVAN DIS

UI = D017825

 

Canavanine

AN = an amino acid

UI = D002172

 

Cancer Care Facilities

MS = Institutions specializing in the care of cancer patients.

UI = D002173

 

Cancer Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

AN = coord IM with specific cancer histol type (IM) + organ/neopl precoord (IM)

UI = D019496

 

Candicidin

MS = Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.

UI = D002174

 

Candida

MS = A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = infection = CANDIDIASIS or its indentions; for specific mycoses in scope note: coord CANDIDIASIS (IM) or its indentions (IM) with specific mycosis (IM)

UI = D002175

 

Candida albicans

MS = A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

AN = infection = CANDIDIASIS or its indentions & do not coord with CANDIDA ALBICANS unless particularly discussed

UI = D002176

 

Candida glabrata

MS = A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI commonly found on the body surface. It causes opportunistic infections especially in immunocompromised patients.

AN = infection: coord with CANDIDIASIS (IM) or its indentions (IM)

UI = D041221

 

Candida tropicalis

MS = A species of MITOSPORIC FUNGI that is a major cause of SEPTICEMIA and disseminated CANDIDIASIS, especially in patients with LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA; and DIABETES. It is also found as part of the normal human mucocutaneous flora.

AN = infection: coord with CANDIDIASIS (IM) or its indentions (IM)

UI = D041022

 

Candidiasis

MS = Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = fungus dis; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

UI = D002177

 

Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous

MS = A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.

AN = fungus dis of skin; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

UI = D002178

 

Candidiasis, Cutaneous

MS = Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = fungus dis of skin; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

UI = D002179

 

Candidiasis, Oral

MS = Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = fungus dis of mouth; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

UI = D002180

 

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal

MS = Infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.

AN = fungus dis; do not bother to coord with CANDIDA or CANDIDA ALBICANS

UI = D002181

 

Candy

MS = Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary (meaning goods such as cakes and pastries) are used.

UI = D002182

 

Canes

MS = Sticks used as walking aids. The canes may have three or four prongs at the end of the shaft.

UI = D002183

 

Cannabaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Urticales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is most notable for the members, Cannabis and Hops.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027581

 

Cannabidiol

MS = Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.

UI = D002185

 

Cannabinoids

MS = Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; CANNABINOL; and CANNABIDIOL.

AN = hallucinogens

UI = D002186

 

Cannabinol

MS = A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.

UI = D002187

 

Cannabis

MS = The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber.

AN = plant only; X ref HEMP refers to commercial fiber; note X refs for names of preparations derived from the plant; for chemicals derived from CANNABIS, consider CANNABINOIDS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D002188

 

Cannibalism

MS = Eating other individuals of one's own species.

AN = animal and human

UI = D002190

 

Canrenoate Potassium

MS = A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.

UI = D002191

 

Canrenone

MS = A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.

UI = D002192

 

Cantharidin

MS = A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.

UI = D002193

 

Canthaxanthin

MS = A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.

UI = D016644

 

Capgras Syndrome

MS = A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.

AN = a psychosis wherein patient thinks familiar persons are doubles of themselves or imposters

UI = D002194

 

Capillaria

MS = A genus of trichuroid nematodes parasitic in the liver and intestines of many mammals and birds. Two species, C. hepatica and C. philippinensis, produce often fatal infections in man.

AN = a genus of nematodes in liver & intestines of birds & mammals including man; infection: coord IM with ENOPLIDA INFECTIONS (IM); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D002195

 

Capillaries

MS = The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.

AN = IM GEN only; NIM as coord with specific organ /blood supply; not for lymphatic capillaries

UI = D002196

 

Capillarity

MS = The action by which the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid is elevated or depressed, because of the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a surface property; NIM

UI = D002197

 

Capillary Fragility

MS = The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress.

UI = D002198

 

Capillary Leak Syndrome

MS = A rare and sometimes fatal disease characterized by recurring attacks of leakage of intravascular fluids into the extravascular space. This syndrome is observed in patients who demonstrate a state of generalized leaky capillaries following shock syndromes, low-flow states, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, toxemias, or poisoning. It can lead to generalized edema and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. (Zikria, et al. (eds.), Reperfusion Injuries and Clinical Capillary Leak Syndrome, pp. 470-72, 1994)

UI = D019559

 

Capillary Permeability

MS = Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement.

AN = coord with substance /pharmacokin (IM)

UI = D002199

 

Capillary Resistance

MS = The resistance offered to the flow of blood through the capillary portion of the peripheral vascular bed.

AN = vasc resistance at capillary level

UI = D002200

 

Capital Expenditures

MS = Those funds disbursed for facilities and equipment, particularly those related to the delivery of health care.

AN = not restricted to health care; NIM

UI = D002201

 

Capital Financing

MS = Institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution.

UI = D002202

 

Capital Punishment

MS = The use of the death penalty for certain crimes.

AN = X ref ELECTROCUTION, JUDICIAL: do not index also under the electricity aspect unless particularly discussed

UI = D002203

 

Capitalism

MS = A political and economic system characterized by individual rights, by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (From Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

AN = specify geog

UI = D030861

 

Capitation Fee

MS = A method of payment for health services in which an individual or institutional provider is paid a fixed, per capita amount without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided to each patient.

AN = "capitation" refers to "a fixed per capita amt without regard to no. or nature of serv provided"

UI = D002204

 

Caplan's Syndrome

MS = Pneumoconiosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

AN = "pneumoconiosis assoc with rheum arthritis"; do not coord with OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

UI = D002205

 

Capnocytophaga

MS = A gram-negative gliding bacterium isolated from the oral cavity. It is a pathogen for PERIODONTITIS.

AN = an oral bacterium; infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D002206

 

Capnography

MS = Continuous recording of the carbon dioxide content of expired air.

AN = DF: CAPNOGR

UI = D019296

 

Capparaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Capparales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida that are mostly herbs and shrubs growing in warm arid regions. Several produce GLUCOSINOLATES.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031483

 

Capparis

MS = A plant genus of the family CAPPARACEAE that contains mabinlin, a sweet protein.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031484

 

Capreomycin Sulfate

MS = Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.

UI = D002207

 

Caprifoliaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027922

 

Capripoxvirus

MS = A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising poxviruses infecting sheep, goats, and cattle. Transmission is usually mechanical by arthropods, but also includes contact, airborne routes, and non-living reservoirs (fomites).

AN = infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018151

 

Caproates

UI = D002208

 

Caprolactam

MS = Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.

UI = D002209

 

Caprylates

UI = D002210

 

Capsaicin

MS = Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae.

UI = D002211

 

Capsella

MS = A plant genus of the family CRUCIFERAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029687

 

Capsicum

MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. The hot peppers yield CAPSAICIN, which activates vanilloid receptors. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried.

AN = Tabasco goes here; BLACK PEPPER is available as a spice; black pepper as a plant use PIPER NIGRUM; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D002212

 

Capsid

MS = The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

AN = CAPSID PROTEINS is also available

UI = D002213

 

Capsid Proteins

MS = Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

AN = CAPSID is also available; see SCR for many organism-specific VP numbered proteins

UI = D036022

 

Capsules

MS = Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine.

AN = IM for general only; NIM (no qualif) with specific drug IM (with qualif); /adv eff permitted but be careful: it may be the adv eff of the drug in capsule form, not the capsule; note X ref MICROCAPSULES: do not confuse with MICROENCAPSULATION see DRUG COMPOUNDING

UI = D002214

 

Capsulorhexis

MS = The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = incision of the lens during cataract surg; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with PHACOEMULSIFICATION unless particularly discussed

UI = D019923

 

Captan

MS = One of the phthalimide fungicides.

UI = D002215

 

Captopril

MS = A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

UI = D002216

 

Caragana

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain STILBENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032602

 

Carbachol

MS = A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

UI = D002217

 

Carbadox

MS = An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)

UI = D002218

 

Carbamates

MS = Salts or esters of carbamic acid. They contain the general formula NH2-COO-. (From Merck, 11th ed)

UI = D002219

 

Carbamazepine

MS = An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.

UI = D002220

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. Absence or lack of this enzyme may cause CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY. EC 6.3.4.16.

AN = /defic: consider CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE; DF: AMMONIA CP SYNTHASE or CP SYNTHASE I

UI = D002222

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Glutamine-Hydrolyzing)

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and glutamine. This enzyme is important in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines. EC 6.3.5.5.

AN = DF: GLUTAMINE CP SYNTHASE

UI = D002223

 

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease

MS = A urea cycle disorder manifesting in infancy as lethargy, emesis, seizures, alterations of muscle tone, abnormal eye movements, and an elevation of serum ammonia. The disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of hepatic mitochondrial CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA). (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp50-1)

AN = consider also CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA)/defic; DF: CP SYNTHASE I DEFIC DIS

UI = D020165

 

Carbamyl Phosphate

MS = Phosphate salt of carbamic acid.

UI = D002221

 

Carbanilides

UI = D002224

 

Carbapenems

MS = A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.

UI = D015780

 

Carbaryl

MS = A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D012721

 

Carbazilquinone

MS = An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.

UI = D002225

 

Carbazoles

UI = D002227

 

Carbenicillin

MS = Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.

UI = D002228

 

Carbenoxolone

MS = An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.

AN = /biosyn permitted if by plant

UI = D002229

 

Carbidopa

MS = An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE, preventing conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no antiparkinson actions by itself.

UI = D002230

 

Carbimazole

MS = An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.

UI = D002231

 

Carbocyanines

MS = Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D002232

 

Carbocysteine

MS = A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

UI = D002233

 

Carbodiimides

AN = do not confuse CARBODIIMIDES (a group term) with "carbodiimide" (a specific chemical)

UI = D002234

 

Carbofuran

MS = A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D002235

 

Carbohydrate Conformation

MS = The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

AN = IM general only; coord NIM with specific carbohydrate (IM); do not confuse CARBOHYDRATE LINKAGE see CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION with CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE: conform = spatial or 3-dimensional struct, sequ = order in which components are arranged

UI = D002236

 

Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases

MS = Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99.

UI = D002237

 

Carbohydrate Epimerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

UI = D002238

 

Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific carbohydrate /metab (IM); FRUCTOSE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS & PYRUVATE METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are also available; DF: CARB METAB INBORN ERR

UI = D002239

 

Carbohydrate Sequence

MS = The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES, GLYCOPROTEINS, and GLYCOLIPIDS.

AN = IM for general only; coord NIM with specific carbohydrate (IM); do not confuse with CARBOHYDRATE LINKAGE see CARBOHYDRATE CONFORMATION: sequ = order in which components are arranged, conform = spatial or 3-dimensional struct; when to index with MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA: see note there; DF: CARB SEQ

UI = D002240

 

Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome

MS = An inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism manifesting as a genetic multisystem disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. A predominant feature is severe central and peripheral nervous system involvement resulting in psychomotor retardation, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and other symptoms which include growth retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, hypothyroidism, and fatty liver. The notable biochemical feature is the deficiency of a large number of blood glycoproteins and decreased activities of various blood coagulation factors.

AN = an inborn error of carbohydrate metab; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CARB DEFIC GLYCOPROTEIN SYNDROME

UI = D018981

 

Carbohydrates

MS = The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

AN = GEN only; avoid: prefer specifics; glucides go here but could also be GLYCOSIDES; carbohydrates in the diet = DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES

UI = D002241

 

Carbohydrates and Hypoglycemic Agents

MS = A collective term for carbohydrates and agents used to lower the level of glucose in the blood.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D002242

 

Carbolines

MS = A group of pyridoindole compounds. Allowed are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds.

UI = D002243

 

Carbon

MS = A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight 12.011. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE.

AN = C-12

UI = D002244

 

Carbon Compounds, Inorganic

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D017554

 

Carbon Dioxide

MS = A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

AN = in respiration, /physiol permitted; /metab permitted for cell & tissue resp & non-lung tissue but do not use /metab for gas exchange in lung ( = PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE) or blood CO2 transport ( = /blood but consider also HYPERCAPNIA & HYPOCAPNIA)

UI = D002245

 

Carbon Disulfide

MS = Carbon disulfide (CS2). A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.

AN = a poisonous liquid; a solvent & counterirritant

UI = D002246

 

Carbon Isotopes

MS = Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

AN = C-13; NIM

UI = D002247

 

Carbon Monoxide

MS = Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = a poisonous gas; /tox permitted but consider also CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

UI = D002248

 

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

MS = Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.

UI = D002249

 

Carbon Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

AN = C-10,11,14-16; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D002250

 

Carbon Tetrachloride

MS = A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = /tox permitted but consider also CARBON TETRACHLORIDE POISONING; DF: CCL4

UI = D002251

 

Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning

AN = DF: CCL4 POIS

UI = D002252

 

Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the shifting of a carbon-carbon double bond from one position to another within the same molecule. EC 5.3.3.

UI = D019748

 

Carbon-Carbon Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

AN = DF: C C LIGASES

UI = D019735

 

Carbon-Carbon Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.

AN = DF: C C LYASES

UI = D019755

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.

AN = DF: C N LIGASES

UI = D019731

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases with Glutamine as Amide-N-Donor

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of glutamine-derived ammonia and another molecule. The linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.5.

AN = DF: C N LIGASES GLN DONOR

UI = D019733

 

Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the AMMONIA-LYASES, the AMIDINE-LYASES, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. EC 4.3.

AN = DF: C N LYASES

UI = D019759

 

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.

AN = do not confuse with CARBON-OXYGEN LYASES; DF: C O LIGASES

UI = D019729

 

Carbon-Oxygen Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.

AN = DF: C O LYASES

UI = D019757

 

Carbon-Sulfur Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. EC 6.2.

AN = DF: C S LIGASES

UI = D019730

 

Carbon-Sulfur Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.4.

AN = DF: C S LYASES

UI = D013437

 

Carbonated Beverages

MS = Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide.

UI = D002253

 

Carbonates

MS = Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D002254

 

Carbonic Acid

MS = Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = "the hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide & water"

UI = D002255

 

Carbonic Anhydrase I

MS = A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme primarily expressed in ERYTHROCYTES, vascular endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal mucosa. EC 4.2.1.-

AN = /antag: coord with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

UI = D024401

 

Carbonic Anhydrase II

MS = A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. Deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase II produce a syndrome characterized by OSTEOPETROSIS, renal tubular acidosis (ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR) and cerebral calcification. EC 4.2.1.-

AN = /antag: coord with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

UI = D024402

 

Carbonic Anhydrase III

MS = A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme primarily expressed in skeletal muscle (MUSCLES, SKELETAL). EC 4.2.1.-

AN = /antag: coord with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

UI = D024403

 

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

MS = A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of CARBONIC ANHYDRASES.

AN = DF: CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIB

UI = D002257

 

Carbonic Anhydrase IV

MS = A membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase found in lung capillaries and kidney.

AN = /antag: coord with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

UI = D030741

 

Carbonic Anhydrase V

MS = A carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found in MITOCHONDRIA where it provides bicarbonate ions that are components in the urea cycle and in GLUCONEOGENESIS.

AN = /antag: coord with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

UI = D024404

 

Carbonic Anhydrases

MS = A family of zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They play an important role in the transport of CARBON DIOXIDE from the tissues to the LUNG. EC 4.2.1.1.

AN = note specifics

UI = D002256

 

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

MS = A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

UI = D002258

 

Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone

MS = A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

UI = D002259

 

Carboplatin

MS = An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity.

UI = D016190

 

Carboprost

MS = An abortifacient effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

UI = D002260

 

Carboxin

MS = A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.

UI = D002261

 

Carboxy-Lyases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.

UI = D002262

 

Carboxyhemoglobin

UI = D002263

 

Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.

UI = D019878

 

Carboxylic Acids

MS = Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

AN = do not confuse with CARBOCYCLIC ACIDS see ACIDS, CARBOCYCLIC

UI = D002264

 

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.

UI = D002265

 

Carboxymethylcellulose

MS = It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D002266

 

Carboxypeptidase U

MS = A metallocarboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal lysine and arginine from biologically active peptides and proteins thereby regulating their activity. It is a zinc enzyme with no preference shown for lysine over arginine. Pro-carboxypeptidase U in human plasma is activated by thrombin or plasmin during clotting to form the unstable carboxypeptidase U.

UI = D025901

 

Carboxypeptidases

MS = Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue. They are further divided based on their catalytic mechanism into serine-type carboxypeptidases EC 3.4.16; metallocarboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.17; and cysteine-type carboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.18. EC 3.4.-.

AN = GEN or unspecified; note CARBOXYPEPTIDASE N see LYSINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE

UI = D002268

 

Carbuncle

MS = An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.

AN = usually caused by Staph; malignant carbuncle = ANTHRAX

UI = D002270

 

Carbutamide

MS = A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)

UI = D002271

 

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

MS = A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment.

AN = DF: CEA

UI = D002272

 

Carcinogenicity Tests

MS = Tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. Though this test differs from the DNA-repair and bacterial microsome MUTAGENICITY TESTS, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values.

AN = NIM; Manual 24.5.6.2+

UI = D015197

 

Carcinogens

MS = Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

AN = D LIST qualif except /adv eff /pois; be careful: "carcinogenic effect" of a drug or chem in dis or clin context is probably neopl term(s) /chem ind + drug or chem named (with required qualif) & not CARCINOGENS; Manual 24.5.6.2+

UI = D002273

 

Carcinogens, Environmental

MS = Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.

AN = DF: CARCINOGENS ENVIR

UI = D002274

 

Carcinoid Heart Disease

MS = Cardiac manifestation of MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME. It is a unique form of fibrosis involving the endocardium, primarily of the right heart. The fibrous deposits tend to cause constriction of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1307)

AN = do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct

UI = D002275

 

Carcinoid Tumor

MS = A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); consider also MALIGNANT CARCINOID SYNDROME or CARCINOID HEART DISEASE

UI = D002276

 

Carcinoma

MS = A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use for "cancer" routinely: use only for carcinoma as a histological type: Manual 24.2.1.3; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); X ref CARCINOMA, ANAPLASTIC: do not coord with ANAPLASIA unless anaplasia is particularly discussed

UI = D002277

 

Carcinoma 256, Walker

MS = A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002279

 

Carcinoma in Situ

MS = A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.

AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002278

 

Carcinoma, Acinar Cell

MS = A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018267

 

Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic

MS = Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D003528

 

Carcinoma, Adenosquamous

MS = A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018196

 

Carcinoma, Adrenal Cortical

MS = A malignant neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells demonstrating partial or complete histological and functional differentiation. They are rare, comprising between only 0.05% and 0.2% of all cancers. Women develop functional adrenal cortical carcinomas more commonly than men, but men develop nonfunctioning ones more often than women. Hypercortisolism is the most common presentation for this cancer. Virilism and Cushing's syndrome may also result. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1286)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018268

 

Carcinoma, Basal Cell

MS = A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM); X ref RODENT ULCER: do not coord with ULCER

UI = D002280

 

Carcinoma, Basosquamous

MS = A skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D002281

 

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic

MS = A cancer of the lung, so-called because it arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. It is not a histologic designation despite the name.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM), not BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, BRONCHIAL with BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS

UI = D002283

 

Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002284

 

Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor

MS = A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; note X ref: do not also index under ASCITES; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002286

 

Carcinoma, Embryonal

MS = A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) & appropriate check tags

UI = D018236

 

Carcinoma, Endometrioid

MS = An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian carcinoma and endometrial carcinoma. There is a high frequency of cooccurence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.

AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018269

 

Carcinoma, Giant Cell

MS = An epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018286

 

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

MS = Primary carcinoma of the liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor difficult to distinguish from normal hepatocytes to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic or may form giant cells. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

AN = human & vet only: note X ref HEPATOMA: also available is HEPATOMA, EXPERIMENTAL see LIVER NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL for exper anim; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LIVER NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D006528

 

Carcinoma, Infiltrating Duct

MS = An invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast. This carcinoma in which no special histological feature is recognized is designated NOS or Not Otherwise Specified and is by far the most common ductal tumor, accounting for almost 70% of breast cancers. It is characterized by stony hardness upon palpation. It commonly metastasizes to the axillary lymph nodes and its prognosis is the poorest of the various ductal types. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

AN = duct refers to mammary ducts only; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, DUCTAL with CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL see CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL, NONINFILTRATING; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018270

 

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating

MS = A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.

AN = intraductal refers to mammary ducts only; do not confuse X ref CARCINOMA, INTRADUCTAL with CARCINOMA, DUCTAL see CARCINOMA, INFILTRATING DUCT; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D002285

 

Carcinoma, Islet Cell

MS = A carcinoma of the islets of Langerhans.

AN = coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018273

 

Carcinoma, Krebs 2

AN = exper neopl; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D002287

 

Carcinoma, Large Cell

MS = A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term but probably LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018287

 

Carcinoma, Lewis Lung

MS = A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.

AN = exper neopl; do not confuse text ref LLC for Lewis Lung Carcinoma with LLC-PK1 CELLS where LLC stands for Lilly Laboratories Cell; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; don't forget check tag ANIMAL

UI = D018827

 

Carcinoma, Lobular

MS = A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BREAST NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018275

 

Carcinoma, Medullary

MS = A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018276

 

Carcinoma, Merkel Cell

MS = A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D015266

 

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid

MS = A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018277

 

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine

MS = A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round "blue cells", granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small ("oat") cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018278

 

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung

MS = A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. They are dealt with collectively because of the shared properties of poor response to conventional chemotherapy and the potential for cure with surgical resection in a fraction of patients.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with CARCINOMA, LARGE CELL or CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; DF: NSCLC

UI = D002289

 

Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal

MS = Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.

AN = coord IM with PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D021441

 

Carcinoma, Papillary

MS = A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002291

 

Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular

MS = A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with THYROID NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018265

 

Carcinoma, Renal Cell

MS = Carcinoma of the renal parenchyma usually occurring in middle age or later and composed of tubular cells in varying arrangements.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with KIDNEY NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D002292

 

Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell

MS = A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.

AN = coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018279

 

Carcinoma, Skin Appendage

MS = A malignant tumor of the skin appendages, which include the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the mammary glands. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) + SKIN APPENDAGE DISEASES (IM) or specific precoord skin appendage/neopl term (IM) or specific skin appendage (IM)

UI = D018280

 

Carcinoma, Small Cell

MS = An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. There are admixtures of small cell lung carcinoma with other types of lung cancer. Small cell carcinomas are distinguished by their distinctive biological features, response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and by their nearly universal tendency to develop overt or subclinical metastases, which frequently eliminates surgery in most patients. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (IM); do not confuse with CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; DF: SCLC

UI = D018288

 

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

MS = A carcinoma derived from stratified squamous epithelium. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002294

 

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell

MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelium, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder, ureters or renal pelves (especially if well differentiated), frequently papillary. Transitional cell carcinomas are graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of anaplasia, grade 1 appearing histologically benign but being liable to recurrence. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002295

 

Carcinoma, Verrucous

MS = A variant of well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma that is most common in the oral cavity, but also occurs in the larynx, nasal cavity, esophagus, penis, anorectal region, vulva, vagina, uterine cervix, and skin, especially on the sole of the foot. Most intraoral cases occur in elderly male abusers of smokeless tobacco. The treatment is surgical resection. Radiotherapy is not indicated, as up to 30% treated with radiation become highly aggressive within six months. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018289

 

Carcinosarcoma

MS = A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002296

 

Cardamine

MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that is low-growing in damp meadows of the Northern Hemisphere and has pinnately divided leaves and small white to rose flowers.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031217

 

Cardanolides

MS = The aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. The ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the C-17 position.

AN = do not confuse with CARDENOLIDES

UI = D002297

 

Cardenolides

MS = C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS.

AN = includes cardadienolides & cardatrienolides; do not confuse with CARDANOLIDES

UI = D002298

 

Cardia

MS = That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells.

AN = the opening of the stomach; adjective form = "cardial": do not confuse with "cardiac" (heart); diseases: coord IM with STOMACH DISEASES (IM); neoplasms: coord IM with STOMACH NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002299

 

Cardiac Care Facilities

MS = Institutions specializing in the care of patients with heart disorders.

UI = D002300

 

Cardiac Complexes, Premature

MS = A premature contraction of the heart that is initiated somewhere other than the sinoatrial node.

AN = GEN or unspecified: atrial = ATRIAL PREMATURE COMPLEXES & ventric = VENTRICULAR PREMATURE COMPLEXES

UI = D005117

 

Cardiac Glycosides

MS = Substances obtained from species of Digitalis, Strophanthus, and other plants that contain specific steroid glycosides or their semisynthetic derivatives and used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the Na(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose.

AN = cardiotonics

UI = D002301

 

Cardiac Myosins

MS = Myosin type II isoforms found in cardiac muscle.

UI = D024722

 

Cardiac Output

MS = The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat).

AN = a physiol concept: do not confuse with the C14 diseases CARDIAC OUTPUT, HIGH or CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW

UI = D002302

 

Cardiac Output, High

MS = A state of elevated cardiac output. Conditions that lower peripheral vascular resistance, such as anemia, arteriovenous fistulas, thyrotoxicosis, and pregnancy, are among the most important factors augmenting the venous return and therefore elevating cardiac output. Increased cardiac output also occurs in muscular exercise, fever, and severe anoxia.

AN = note category: do not confuse with CARDIAC OUTPUT, a physiol concept

UI = D016534

 

Cardiac Output, Low

MS = A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output, usually seen in patients with heart failure secondary to coronary artery, hypertensive, primary myocardial, valvular, or pericardial disease.

AN = note category: do not confuse with CARDIAC OUTPUT, a physiol concept; note X ref LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT SYNDROME: do not add SYNDROME

UI = D002303

 

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial

MS = Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002304

 

Cardiac Surgical Procedures

MS = Surgery performed on the heart.

AN = GEN only: do not use for surg of specific part of heart ( = specific heart term /surg) or specific heart dis ( = disease /surg); HEART TRANSPLANTATION & HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION are also available

UI = D006348

 

Cardiac Tamponade

AN = compression of heart from pericardial effusion or hemopericardium

UI = D002305

 

Cardiac Volume

MS = The volume of the heart, usually relating to the volume of blood contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is STROKE VOLUME.

AN = usually refers to the volume of blood in heart at various periods of the cardiac cycle

UI = D002306

 

Cardiography, Impedance

MS = A type of impedance plethysmography in which bioelectrical impedance is measured between electrodes positioned around the neck and around the lower thorax. It is used principally to calculate stroke volume and cardiac volume, but it is also related to myocardial contractility, thoracic fluid content, and circulation to the extremities.

AN = NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOGR IMPEDANCE

UI = D002307

 

Cardiolipins

MS = Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.

UI = D002308

 

Cardiology

MS = The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CARDIOL

UI = D002309

 

Cardiology Service, Hospital

MS = The hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cardiac patient.

AN = DF: CARDIOL SERV HOSP

UI = D016507

 

Cardiomegaly

MS = Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR or HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR; do not confuse with CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC: see note there

UI = D006332

 

Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic

MS = Cardiomyopathy resulting from: (1) a toxic effect of alcohol on the myocardium; (2) thiamine deficiency due to malnutrition in alcoholics; or (3) a toxic effect of cobalt additives in beer in heavy beer drinkers. This disease is usually manifested by dyspnea and palpitations with cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure.

UI = D002310

 

Cardiomyopathy, Congestive

MS = A syndrome characterized by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. It probably represents the end result of many forms of myocardial damage produced by a variety of toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents.

AN = heart enlargement with congestive heart failure; do not confuse with HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE

UI = D002311

 

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic

MS = A myocardial disease characterized by hypertrophy, involving mainly the interventricular septum, interfering with left ventricular emptying.

AN = DF: SUBVALV STENOSIS

UI = D002312

 

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial

MS = An inherited form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is associated with mutations of genes coding for heart muscle proteins.

UI = D024741

 

Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive

MS = Myocardial disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling; it is marked by abnormal diastolic function but by normal or nearly normal systolic function.

AN = rigid ventricle walls of heart

UI = D002313

 

Cardiomyoplasty

MS = An operation that uses stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle (SKELETAL MUSCLE VENTRICLE) to assist cardiac function. The latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilized from the chest wall and moved into the thorax through the bed of the resected 2nd or 3rd rib. The muscle is then wrapped around the left and right ventricles and stimulated to contract during cardiac systole by means of an implanted burst-stimulator. (Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = a technique in heart surg using autol skeletal muscle

UI = D018421

 

Cardioplegic Solutions

MS = Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery.

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific drug in solution (IM); DF: CARDIOPLEGIC SOL

UI = D002314

 

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

MS = Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.

AN = diverts blood from right atrium: consider also HEART BYPASS, LEFT which diverts blood from left atrium; /instrum: consider also HEART-LUNG MACHINE; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOPULM BYPASS

UI = D002315

 

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

MS = The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for HEART ARREST resulting from electric shock, DROWNING, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage.

UI = D016887

 

Cardiotocography

MS = Monitoring of fetal heart frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.

AN = monitors fetal heart rate; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CARDIOTOCOGR

UI = D015148

 

Cardiotonic Agents

MS = Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES, SYMPATHOMIMETICS, or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT, CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, in SHOCK, or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE).

UI = D002316

 

Cardiovascular Abnormalities

MS = Congenital structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system.

AN = for congen struct abnorm only; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics or specific organ /abnorm but article is more likely to be on HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL: check text; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CARDIOVASC ABNORM

UI = D018376

 

Cardiovascular Agents

MS = Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.

UI = D002317

 

Cardiovascular Deconditioning

MS = A change in cardiovascular function resulting in a reduction in blood volume and reflex diuresis. It occurs frequently after actual or simulated weightlessness.

UI = D018493

 

Cardiovascular Diseases

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics; /diag: consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIOVASCULAR; DF: CARDIOVASC DIS

UI = D002318

 

Cardiovascular Physiology

MS = Functions and activities of the cardiovascular system as a whole or of any of its parts.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CARDIOVASC PHYSIOL

UI = D002320

 

Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures

MS = Surgery performed on the heart or blood vessels.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also /surg with specific parts of the cardiovasc system; also CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES /surg or /surg with specific cardiovasc dis; DF: CARDIOVASC SURG PROCEDURES

UI = D013504

 

Cardiovascular System

MS = The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /abnorm = CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES but consider also specific artery or vein with /abnorm; DF: CARDIOVASC SYSTEM

UI = D002319

 

Cardiovirus

MS = A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS is the type species.

AN = a genus of the family Picornaviridae; infection = CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D017943

 

Cardiovirus Infections

MS = Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.

AN = caused by a picornavirus

UI = D018188

 

Carduus

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain arctiin and onopordopicrin.

AN = CARDUUS MARIANUS see MILK THISTLE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031177

 

Career Choice

MS = Selection of a type of occupation or profession.

AN = no qualif

UI = D002321

 

Career Mobility

MS = The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.

AN = no qualif

UI = D002322

 

Caregivers

MS = Persons who provide care to those who need supervision or assistance in illness or disability. They may provide the care in the home, in a hospital, or in an institution. Although caregivers include trained medical, nursing, and other health personnel, the concept also refers to parents, spouses, or other family members, friends, members of the clergy, teachers, social workers, fellow patients, etc.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific caregiver as NURSES; PHYSICIANS; etc.; IM; coord with specific field if pertinent (IM): "the teacher as caregiver" = CAREGIVERS (IM) + TEACHING (IM)

UI = D017028

 

Carex Plant

MS = A plant genus of the family CYPERACEAE. The seed contains oligostilbenes (STILBENES).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031255

 

Carfecillin

MS = The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.

UI = D002323

 

Caribbean Region

MS = The area that lies between continental North and South America and comprises the Caribbean Sea, the West Indies, and the adjacent mainland regions of southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela.

AN = GEN or unspecified for Caribbean Sea, region, islands or population; do not confuse X ref WEST INDIES REGION with WEST INDIES or any of its specific islands; DF: CARIBBEAN

UI = D017691

 

Carica

MS = A plant genus of the family Caricaceae, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is the source of edible fruit and PAPAIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029441

 

Caricaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031241

 

Caricatures

MS = Works portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)

AN = IM; coord with subject (IM) or person with required biog and hist headings & check tags; do not confuse with Publication Type CARICATURES; CARTOONS is also available

UI = D002325

 

Caricatures [Publication Type]

MS = Works portraying in a critical or facetious way a real individual or group, or a figure representing a social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of characteristics. (Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collection Cataloguing, 2d ed)

AN = publication type only; for caricatures as a subject, index under main heading CARICATURES; Publication Type CARTOONS is also available

UI = D019492

 

Cariogenic Agents

MS = Substances that promote DENTAL CARIES.

UI = D002326

 

Cariostatic Agents

MS = Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

AN = D25-26 qualif; consider also DENTAL CARIES /prev or /drug ther

UI = D002327

 

Carisoprodol

MS = A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202)

UI = D002328

 

Carlavirus

MS = A genus of RNA plant viruses, with unassigned family, containing slightly flexuous filaments, often transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner. Carnation latent virus is the type species.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D017788

 

Carmine

MS = Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D002329

 

Carmovirus

MS = A genus in the family TOMBUSVIRIDAE mostly found in temperate regions. Some species infecting legumes (FABACEAE) are reported from tropical areas. Most viruses are soil-borne, but some are transmitted by the fungus Olpidium radicale and others by beetles. Carnation mottle virus is the type species.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D019184

 

Carmustine

MS = A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002330

 

Carnitine

MS = Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.

UI = D002331

 

Carnitine Acyltransferases

MS = Acyltransferases in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to L-carnitine and thereby mediate the transport of activated fatty acids through that membrane. EC 2.3.1.

AN = do not confuse with CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE see CARNITINE O-ACETYLTRANSFERASE

UI = D002333

 

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

AN = do not confuse with CARNITINE ACYLTRANSFERASES

UI = D002332

 

Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.

UI = D002334

 

Carnivora

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; IM; qualif permitted; do not confuse X ref RACCOON DOGS with RACCOONS

UI = D002335

 

Carnosine

MS = A naturally occurring dipeptide neuropeptide found in muscles.

UI = D002336

 

Caroli's Disease

MS = Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It consists of 2 types: simple, with bile duct dilatation or ectasia alone, and complex, with associated extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types.

AN = congen cystic dilat of intrahepatic bile ducts; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CAROLI DIS

UI = D016767

 

Carotenoids

MS = The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.

UI = D002338

 

Carotid Arteries

MS = Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

AN = inj = CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES or specifics

UI = D002339

 

Carotid Artery Diseases

MS = Diseases of the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and trauma are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY, COMMON; CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL or CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL (IM) if pertinent

UI = D002340

 

Carotid Artery Injuries

MS = Blunt and penetrating traumatic injuries of the common, internal, or external carotid arteries which may result from CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; THORACIC INJURIES; and NECK INJURIES. Damage to the artery may lead to CAROTID ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; pseudoaneurysm formation; and internal carotid artery dissection (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL, DISSECTION). Clinical manifestations (e.g., stroke, HORNER SYNDROME) may be immediate or delayed. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997 Sep;18(3):251-7; J Trauma 1994 Sep;37(3):473-9)

AN = GEN or unspecified; coord (IM) with specific carotid artery/inj (IM)

UI = D020212

 

Carotid Artery Thrombosis

MS = Blood clot formation in the common, internal, or external carotid artery which may produce stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to ischemia or infarction of tissue supplied by these arteries. Thrombosis of the common and internal carotid arteries may result in ISCHEMIC ATTACKS, TRANSIENT; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.

AN = coord IM with specific carotid artery (IM) if pertinent

UI = D002341

 

Carotid Artery, Common

MS = The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.

AN = disease: coord NIM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM)/ inj: consider CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES and specifics

UI = D017536

 

Carotid Artery, External

MS = Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.

AN = dis: coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM); inj: coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES (IM) or specifics (IM)

UI = D002342

 

Carotid Artery, Internal

MS = Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.

AN = dis: coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES (IM); inj: coord IM with CAROTID ARTERY INJURIES (IM) or specifics (IM)

UI = D002343

 

Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection

MS = A hemorrhage into the wall of the carotid artery, separating the intima from the media and leading to aneurysm formation. This process may occlude the carotid artery and result in thromboembolic complications, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Dissections may occur spontaneously or follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and rarely severe bouts of coughing. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p830)

UI = D020215

 

Carotid Body

MS = A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.

AN = a nonchromaffin paraganglion

UI = D002344

 

Carotid Body Tumor

MS = An invariably benign, encapsulated, firm round mass at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, with nests of large polyhedral cells in alveolar or organoid arrangement. It is usually asymptomatic but large masses may encroach upon the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp570-71)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; organ/neopl & histol coords not necessary

UI = D002345

 

Carotid Sinus

MS = The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.

UI = D002346

 

Carotid Stenosis

MS = Narrowing or stricture of the internal, common, or external carotid artery, most often as a result of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce thrombus formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a transient ischemic attack (ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT) or CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT. Emboli which travel to the eye may manifest as AMAUROSIS FUGAX (temporary blindness). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp822-3)

AN = coord IM with specific carotid artery (IM)

UI = D016893

 

Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula

MS = Laceration of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery or one of its intracavernous branches resulting in a direct communication between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Clinically, this produces a pulsatile exophthalamus and a marked limitation of extraocular motion in the affected eye. CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, especially basilar skull fractures (SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR) is the most common cause of this condition, but it may also occur spontaneously or in association with diseases featuring defective connective tissue, such as EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p877)

UI = D020216

 

Carpal Bones

MS = The eight bones of the wrist: capitate bone, hamate bone, lunate bone (SEMILUNAR BONE), pisiform bone, SCAPHOID BONE, trapezium bone, trapezoid bone and triquetral bone.

AN = SEMILUNAR BONE and SCAPHOID BONE are available; do not confuse with WRIST (the area) or WRIST JOINT; see note on CARPUS, ANIMAL; /inj permitted: not necessarily WRIST INJURIES

UI = D002348

 

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

MS = Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)

UI = D002349

 

Carps

MS = Common name for a number of different species of fish in the family Cyprinidae. This includes, among others, the common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, and silver carp.

UI = D002347

 

Carpus, Animal

MS = The joint corresponding to the human wrist in non-human animals.

AN = TN 117 & table: animal extremities

UI = D002350

 

Carrageenan

MS = A water-soluble extractive from carragheen, Irish moss, a seaweed from the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending cocoa in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify beverages. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = seen in texts also as carrageenin

UI = D002351

 

Carrier Proteins

MS = Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

AN = do not confuse BINDING PROTEINS (X ref) with PROTEIN BINDING; do not use CARRIER PROTEINS if the protein functions as a receptor: use instead the pertinent RECEPTORS term; not for antigenic carriers ( = ANTIGENS)

UI = D002352

 

Carrier State

MS = The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host.

AN = disease carriers, not genetic carriers ( = CARRIERS, GENETIC see HETEROZYGOTE); coord with disease, not organism

UI = D002353

 

Carteolol

MS = A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.

UI = D002354

 

Carthamus

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE.

AN = other 'thistle' plants are available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031178

 

Carthamus tinctorius

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Oil from the seed (SAFFLOWER OIL) is an important food oil of commerce.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031187

 

Carticaine

MS = A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.

UI = D002355

 

Cartilage

MS = A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix of type II COLLAGEN and CHONDROITIN SULFATE. It is divided into three types: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and yellow or elastic white fibrocartilage.

AN = inflammation (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS; CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR is also available

UI = D002356

 

Cartilage Diseases

AN = GEN; inflamm dis (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS

UI = D002357

 

Cartilage, Articular

AN = inflammation (chondritis) is likely to be OSTEOCHONDRITIS

UI = D002358

 

Cartoons

MS = Sketches or drawings, usually humorous, symbolizing, satirizing, or caricaturing some action, subject, or person of popular interest. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = IM; do not confuse with Publication Type CARTOONS; CARICATURES is also available

UI = D002359

 

Cartoons [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of humorous, satirical, or ridiculing images executed in a broad or abbreviated manner.

AN = publication type only; for cartoons as a subject, index under main heading CARTOONS; Publication Type CARICATURES is also available

UI = D019493

 

Carubicin

MS = A very toxic anthracycline-type antibiotic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata. It is used in soft tissue neoplasms and leukemias.

UI = D002360

 

Carum

MS = A plant genus of the family Apiaceae. The seeds are used as flavoring.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029974

 

Carya

MS = A plant genus of the family JUGLANDACEAE that bears edible nuts.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031325

 

Caryophyllaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. The species are diverse in appearance and habitat; most have swollen leaf and stem joints.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029748

 

Cascara

MS = Dried aged bark of a buckthorn, Frangula purshiana (FRANGULA), that contains the anthraquinone EMODIN and cascarosides. It is used as a laxative (CATHARTICS).

AN = coord with FRANGULA when appropriate; in translations use "cascara sagrada", not "sacred bark"; use in therapy: coord with PHYTOTHERAPY

UI = D002362

 

Case Management

MS = A traditional term for all the activities which a physician or other health care professional normally performs to insure the coordination of the medical services required by a patient. It also, when used in connection with managed care, covers all the activities of evaluating the patient, planning treatment, referral, and follow-up so that care is continuous and comprehensive and payment for the care is obtained. (From Slee & Slee, Health Care Terms, 2nd ed)

AN = all health professionals' activities to insure coord of services for the patient

UI = D019090

 

Case Report

AN = check tag only: do not confuse with REVIEW OF REPORTED CASES, a type of review article; any article containing a case report is checked here: policy: Manual 18.11+; permitted for vet case rep but not for historical articles; case reports as a form of writing or their value is indexed under MEDICAL RECORDS or specific records term (IM)

UI = D002363

 

Case-Control Studies

MS = Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D016022

 

Casearia

MS = A plant genus of the family FLACOURTIACEAE. Members contain casearins which are clerodane type DITERPENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D037821

 

Caseins

MS = A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

UI = D002364

 

Casimiroa

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. The fruit is edible and the seed has cardiovascular activity.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032081

 

Caspase 1

MS = A member of the caspase family that is highly specific for interleukin-1beta (INTERLEUKIN-1). It plays a role in inflammation and mammalian APOPTOSIS. Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme is frequently abbreviated ICE. EC 3.4.22.36

UI = D020170

 

Caspases

MS = A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. They play a key role in inflammation and mammalian APOPTOSIS. They are specific for aspartic acid at the P1 position. They are divided into two classes based on the lengths of their N-terminal prodomains. Caspases-1,-2,-4,-5,-8, and -10 have long prodomains and -3,-6,-7,-9 have short prodomains. EC 3.4.22.-.

AN = CASPASE 1 is also available

UI = D020169

 

Cassia

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Many species of this genus, including the medicinal C. senna and C. angustifolia, have been reclassified into the Senna genus (SENNA PLANT) and some to CHAMAECRISTA.

AN = CASSIA SENNA; CASSIA ANGUSTIFOLIA and CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS see SENNA PLANT are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D002366

 

Castanospermum

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains castanospermines, swainsonine, and triterpenoid saponins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031291

 

Castor Bean

MS = Common name for Ricinus communis, a species in the family EUPHORBIACEAE. It is the source of CASTOR OIL.

UI = D002367

 

Castor Oil

MS = Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer.

UI = D002368

 

Castration

MS = Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer OVARIECTOMY or ORCHIECTOMY; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002369

 

Casts, Surgical

MS = Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.

AN = "cast syndrome" (duodenal compression caused by wearing a body cast) = SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY SYNDROME if confirmed by text but do not index under CASTS, SURGICAL /adv eff unless particularly discussed

UI = D002370

 

Casuistry

MS = A method of ETHICAL ANALYSIS that emphasizes practical problem solving through examining individual cases that are considered to be representative; sometimes used to denote specious argument or rationalization. Differentiate from casuistics, which is the recording and study of cases and disease.

AN = do not confuse with "casuistics," the recording and study of cases of disease, or with CAUSALITY

UI = D032764

 

Cat Diseases

MS = Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific cat dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under CATS /abnorm or CATS /inj; does not include diseases of the so-called "big cats" (LIONS; CHEETAHS; tigers, panthers, etc.); don't forget also check tags CATS (NIM) & ANIMAL; DF: CAT DIS

UI = D002371

 

Cat's Claw

MS = A vine (Uncaria tomentosa) indigenous to the Amazon rainforest whose name is derived from its hook-like thorns. It contains oxindole alkaloids and glycosides and has many medicinal uses.

UI = D020948

 

Cat-Scratch Disease

MS = A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.

AN = coord IM with AFIPIA (IM) or BARTONELLA HENSELAE (IM) if appropriate

UI = D002372

 

Catalase

MS = An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA. EC 1.11.1.6.

UI = D002374

 

Catalepsy

MS = A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.

UI = D002375

 

Cataloging

MS = Activities performed in the preparation of bibliographic records for CATALOGS. It is carried out according to a set of rules and contains information enabling the user to know what is available and where items can be found.

UI = D002376

 

Catalogs

MS = Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; no qualif; do not confuse with CATALOGS [PUBLICATION TYPE]

UI = D002377

 

Catalogs [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of bibliographic records, created according to specific and uniform principles of construction and under the control of an authority file, which describe the materials contained in a collection, library, or group of libraries. Catalogs include also lists of materials prepared for a particular purpose, such as exhibition catalogs, sales catalogs, garden catalogs, medical supply catalogs. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Sciences, 1983)

AN = publication type only; for catalogs as a subject, index under main heading CATALOGS

UI = D019494

 

Catalogs, Booksellers'

AN = no qualif

UI = D002378

 

Catalogs, Commercial

AN = no qualif

UI = D002379

 

Catalogs, Drug

AN = no qualif

UI = D002380

 

Catalogs, Library

AN = no qualif

UI = D002381

 

Catalogs, Publishers'

AN = no qualif

UI = D002382

 

Catalogs, Union

AN = no qualif

UI = D002383

 

Catalysis

AN = NIM

UI = D002384

 

Catalytic Domain

MS = The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

UI = D020134

 

Cataplexy

MS = A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataleptic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)

UI = D002385

 

Cataract

MS = Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = lens opacity; do not confuse X ref PSEUDOAPHAKIA (a synonym for membranous cataract) with PSEUDOPHAKIA, the presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction

UI = D002386

 

Cataract Extraction

MS = Surgical removal of a cataractous lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002387

 

Catastrophic Illness

MS = An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.

AN = usually GEN & IM; if a specific catastrophic illiness, coord NIM with specific dis (IM)

UI = D002388

 

Catatonia

MS = A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

UI = D002389

 

Catchment Area (Health)

MS = A geographic area defined and served by a health program or institution.

AN = specify geog; DF: CATCHMENT AREA

UI = D002391

 

Catechin

MS = An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.

UI = D002392

 

Catechol O-Methyltransferase

MS = Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine. EC 2.1.1.6.

UI = D002394

 

Catechol Oxidase

MS = An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.

UI = D004156

 

Catecholamines

MS = A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

AN = if only EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE are discussed index under each & not also here

UI = D002395

 

Catechols

MS = A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.

UI = D002396

 

Catfishes

MS = Common name of the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers.

AN = BULLHEAD CATFISHES and CHANNEL CATFISH see ICTALURIDAE are also available

UI = D002397

 

Catgut

MS = Sterile collagen strands obtained from healthy mammals. They are used as absorbable surgical ligatures and are frequently impregnated with chromium or silver for increased strength. They tend to cause tissue reaction.

UI = D002398

 

Catha

MS = A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE. The leafy stems of khat are chewed by some individuals for stimulating effect. Members contain ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), cathionine, cathedulin, cathinine & cathidine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029754

 

Catharanthus

MS = A plant genus of the family Apocynaceae. It is the source of VINCA ALKALOIDS, used in leukemia chemotherapy.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030008

 

Catharsis

MS = The release of ideas, thoughts, and repressed material from the unconscious, accompanied by an emotional response and relief. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = no qualif

UI = D002399

 

Cathartics

MS = Agents that promote and/or ease defecation by accelerating the passage of feces through the large intestine, by influencing the consistency and amount of stool, and by facilitating the elimination of feces from the rectum. The terms laxative and cathartic reflect the typical intensity and latency of effect. A cathartic usually produces prompt fluid evacuation, while a laxative usually produces a soft formed stool over a protracted period; the same drug may act as a laxative or a cathartic depending on the dose administered or individual patient sensitivity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p941)

UI = D002400

 

Cathepsin B

MS = A lysosomal cysteine proteinase which hydrolyzes proteins, with a specificity resembling that of papain. The enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. In pathology, cathepsin B has been found to be involved in demyelination, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis, and neoplastic infiltration. EC 3.4.22.1.

UI = D002401

 

Cathepsin D

MS = An intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. It has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. The enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. EC 3.4.23.5. (Formerly EC 3.4.4.23).

UI = D002402

 

Cathepsin E

MS = An aspartic endopeptidase of the hydrolase class that is similar to cathepsin D but has a slightly broader specificity. EC 3.4.23.34.

UI = D020059

 

Cathepsins

MS = A group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissue. They function optimally within an acidic pH range.

UI = D002403

 

Catheter Ablation

MS = Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.

AN = removal of tissue by electrode-fitted catheter; used often in heart surg to treat tachycardia; coord organ or dis with /surg; DF: CATH ABLATION

UI = D017115

 

Catheterization

MS = Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH

UI = D002404

 

Catheterization, Central Venous

MS = Placement of an intravenous catheter in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein for central venous pressure determination, chemotherapy, hemodialysis, or hyperalimentation.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH CENTRAL

UI = D002405

 

Catheterization, Peripheral

MS = Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CATH PERIPHERAL

UI = D002406

 

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz

MS = Placement of a balloon-tipped catheter into the pulmonary artery through the antecubital, subclavian, and sometimes the femoral vein. It is used to measure pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure which reflects left atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The catheter is threaded into the right atrium, the balloon is inflated and the catheter follows the blood flow through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and out into the pulmonary artery.

AN = DF: CATH SWAN GANZ

UI = D002407

 

Catheters, Indwelling

MS = Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.

AN = NIM; when IM, coord with specific site (NIM) if pertinent

UI = D002408

 

Cathexis

MS = Attachment, conscious or unconscious, of emotional feeling and significance to an idea, object or most commonly a person.

AN = no qualif

UI = D002409

 

Catholicism

MS = The Christian faith, practice, or system of the Catholic Church, specifically the Roman Catholic, the Christian church that is characterized by a hierarchic structure of bishops and priests in which doctrinal and disciplinary authority are dependent upon apostolic succession, with the pope as head of the episcopal college. (From Webster, 3d ed; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed)

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D002410

 

Cation Exchange Resins

MS = High molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional anionic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions with cations.

UI = D002411

 

Cation Transport Proteins

MS = Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

UI = D027682

 

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 1

MS = A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter found ubiqitiously. It has specificity for the transport of ARGININE, LYSINE and ORNITHINE. It may also act as an ecotropic leukemia retroviral receptor.

UI = D027201

 

Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2

MS = A high-affinity, low capacity system y+ amino acid transporter with strong similarity to CATIONIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER, CAT-1. The two isoforms of the protein, CAT-2A and CAT-2B, exist due to alternative mRNA splicing. The transporter has specificity for the transport of ARGININE, LYSINE and ORNITHINE.

UI = D027202

 

Cations

MS = Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

AN = GEN or unspecified; avoid as too general: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

UI = D002412

 

Cations, Divalent

MS = Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

AN = NIM: avoid as IM except when general only: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

UI = D002413

 

Cations, Monovalent

MS = Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

AN = NIM: avoid as IM except when general only: prefer specifics; use qualif discreetly: few apply

UI = D002414

 

Cats

MS = The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family Felidae, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1192)

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; restrict to domestic cat (Felis catus): not for the so-called "big cats" (leopards, panthers, etc.: see X refs at CARNIVORA); CAT DISEASES is also available

UI = D002415

 

Cattell Personality Factor Questionnaire

MS = Self report questionnaire which yields 16 scores on personality traits, such as reserved vs. outgoing, humble vs. assertive, etc.

UI = D002416

 

Cattle

MS = Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

AN = not for all Bovidae: only cows, yaks & zebus

UI = D002417

 

Cattle Diseases

MS = Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord IM with specific dis /vet (IM) or specific cattle dis (IM); for abnormalities or injuries, index under CATTLE /abnorm or CATTLE /inj; includes diseases of yaks & zebus but does not include diseases of BISON or BUFFALOES; don't forget also check tags CATTLE (NIM) & ANIMAL; DF: CATTLE DIS

UI = D002418

 

Caucasoid Race

MS = A major racial group distinguished by classification according to physical features. This group, also called Europoid, centers around the Mediterranean Sea but includes central and northern Europe. They are indigenous also to northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and India. (Winick: Dictionary of Anthropology, 1972; American Heritage Dictionary, 2d College ed)

AN = includes Europeans, Hamites, Indo-Dravidians, Lapps, Middle East natives, Polynesians (Maori are Polynesians native to New Zealand), Ainus in Japan; do not index here routinely: use only when point of article in a racial (i.e., genetic or physiol) context; specify geog if pertinent; differentiate from WHITES (a cultural or ethnic concept; see note there); Manual 30.6.4: restricted indexing; Manual 30.6.7: policy on race & sample indexing

UI = D002419

 

Cauda Equina

MS = The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.

AN = dis: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS (IM); cauda equina syndrome: coord IM with NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES (IM)

UI = D002420

 

Caudate Nucleus

MS = Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

AN = part of the neostriatum

UI = D002421

 

Caudovirales

MS = An order comprising three families of tailed bacteriophages: MYOVIRIDAE; PODOVIRIDAE; and SIPHOVIRIDAE.

AN = an order of tailed (caudo-) bacteriophages

UI = D017899

 

Caulimovirus

MS = A genus of PLANT VIRUSES, in the family Caulimoviridae, that are transmitted by APHIDS in a semipersistent manner. Aphid-borne transmission of some caulimoviruses requires certain virus-coded proteins termed transmission factors.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol (IM or NIM)

UI = D017796

 

Caulobacter

MS = A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod- or vibroid-shaped or fusiform bacteria that commonly produce a stalk. They are found in fresh water and soil and divide by binary transverse fission.

UI = D016934

 

Caulobacter crescentus

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells.

UI = D016935

 

Caulophyllum

MS = A plant genus of the family BERBERIDACEAE (sometimes classified as Leonticaceae), most notably Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028145

 

Causalgia

MS = A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)

AN = coord IM with specific nerve (IM)

UI = D002422

 

Causality

MS = The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.

AN = an epidemiol concept: do not confuse with the cause of a disease ( = /etiol); IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015984

 

Cause of Death

MS = Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.

AN = note categories; do not use for cause of death in every clinical case; restrict to cause of death as an epidemiological consideration: "mortality by cause of death", "certification of cause of death"; probably IM in such cases; coord NIM with specific disease /mortal (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D002423

 

Caustics

MS = Strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. Caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. SODIUM HYDROXIDE and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. Medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. The accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year.

AN = usually but not always hydroxides of light metals; D25-26 qualif; caustic inj: coord CAUSTICS /adv eff + BURNS, CHEMICAL + organ /inj; see also note on ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS

UI = D002424

 

Cautery

MS = The application of a caustic substance, a hot instrument, an electric current, or other agent to destroy tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord Cat A or C term with /surg

UI = D002425

 

Caveolae

MS = Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.

UI = D021941

 

Caveolins

MS = The main structural proteins of CAVEOLAE. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified.

UI = D022461

 

Cavernous Sinus

MS = An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

AN = a cranial sinus; thrombosis: coord IM with SINUS THROMBOSIS (IM)

UI = D002426

 

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

MS = Formation of a blood clot composed of platelets and fibrin in the CAVERNOUS SINUS of the brain. Infections of the paranasal sinuses and adjacent structures, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, and THROMBOPHILIA are associated conditions. Clinical manifestations include dysfunction of cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI, marked periorbital swelling, chemosis, fever, and visual loss. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p711)

UI = D020226

 

CCAAT-Binding Factor

MS = A heterotrimeric DNA-binding protein that binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoters of eukaryotic genes. It is composed of three subunits: A, B and C.

UI = D023081

 

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha

MS = A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; ADIPOSE TISSUE; INTESTINES; LUNG; ADRENAL GLANDS; PLACENTA; OVARY and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR). Experiments with knock-out mice have demonstrated that CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-alpha is essential for the functioning and differentiation of HEPATOCYTES and ADIPOCYTES.

UI = D022763

 

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta

MS = A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; INTESTINES; LUNG and ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is an important mediator of INTERLEUKIN-6 signaling.

UI = D022782

 

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins

MS = A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D022762

 

CD-I

MS = An optical disk storage system used on specialized players that combine the functions of computer and CD player in a self-contained box, designed to be connected to a television set and a home stereo for video and sound output. The player is controlled with a hand-held remote unit resembling a television remote control. (J Allied Health 1993 Winter;22(1):131-8)

AN = a type of compact disk; X ref explains acronym; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D019034

 

CD-ROM

MS = An optical disk storage system for computers on which data can be read or from which data can be retrieved but not entered or modified. A CD-ROM unit is almost identical to the compact disk playback device for home use.

AN = a type of compact disk; X ref explains acronym; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016251

 

CD4 Immunoadhesins

MS = Chimeric molecules resulting from the fusion of recombinant soluble CD4 to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. These have potential use in the therapy of AIDS since they possess both the gp120-binding and HIV-blocking properties of rCD4 as well as the long plasma half-life and Fc receptor-binding functions of immunoglobulin.

AN = /drug eff /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016860

 

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

MS = A count of the number of CD4-positive lymphocytes in the blood. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

AN = NIM; coord with disease /immunol, not /physiopathol

UI = D018791

 

CD4-CD8 Ratio

MS = Ratio of T-lymphocytes that express the CD4 antigen to those that express the CD8 antigen. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the immune system including HIV infection.

AN = ratio of T-Lymphocytes expressing CD4 antigen to CD8 antigen

UI = D016516

 

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

MS = A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes, which includes both the helper-inducer (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) and suppressor-inducer (T-LYMPHOCYTES, SUPPRESSOR-INDUCER) T-cells.

AN = A 11 qualif; selective target of HIV causing depletion of these lymphocytes in AIDS & other HIV infect; subpopulations: coord IM with T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); count: coord IM with CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (NIM); DF: note short X ref

UI = D015496

 

CD40 Ligand

MS = Membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells. It binds to CD40; (ANTIGENS, CD40) on B-cells, inducing B-cell proliferation. Mutation in this protein causes X-linked hyper-IMMUNOGLOBULIN M syndrome (HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA).

UI = D023201

 

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

MS = A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and suppressor T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, SUPPRESSOR-EFFECTOR).

AN = A 11 qualif; a subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes; subpopulations: coord IM with T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS (IM); count: coord IM with LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (NIM); DF: note short X ref

UI = D018414

 

cdc25 Phosphatase

MS = A tyrosine phosphatase required for progression of the cell cycle. It is required for p34(cdc2) kinase activation.

AN = do not confuse with CDC25 GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR

UI = D020687

 

CDC28 Protein Kinase

MS = A protein kinase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC28 gene and required for progression from the G1 to the S phase in the cell cycle. It is a complex of approximately 160 kD containing a substrate called p40. (Cell 1988 Sep 23;54(7):1061)

UI = D017489

 

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

MS = A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC-GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE is also available

UI = D020764

 

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

MS = A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. It is involved in morphological events related to the cell cycle. EC 3.6.1.-.

AN = CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN is also available

UI = D020846

 

CDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidylserine and CMP from CDPdiglyceride plus serine. EC 2.7.8.8.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D010717

 

Ceanothus

MS = A plant genus of the family RHAMNACEAE. Root nodules host the Frankia (ACTINOMYCETES) nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031952

 

Cebidae

MS = The family of New World monkeys consisting of nine subfamilies: ALOUATTINAE (howler monkeys), AOTINAE (night monkeys), Atelinae (spider monkeys), Callicebinae (titis), CALLIMICONINAE (Goeldi's marmosets), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets), CEBINAE (capuchin monkeys), Pithecinae (sakis), and SAIMIRINAE (squirrel monkeys). They inhabit the forests of South and Central America, comprising the largest family of South American monkeys.

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002427

 

Cebinae

MS = A subfamily of New World monkeys in the family CEBIDAE. They inhabit the forests of South and Central America and comprise members of the genus CEBUS.

AN = New World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016646

 

Cebus

MS = A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.

AN = New World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002428

 

Cecal Diseases

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; cecitis = CECAL DISEASES (IM) + INFLAMMATION (NIM)

UI = D002429

 

Cecal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the cecum.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002430

 

Cecostomy

MS = Surgical construction of an opening into the cecum with a tube through the abdominal wall (tube cecostomy) or by skin level approach, in which the cecum is sewn to the surrounding peritoneum. Its primary purpose is decompression of colonic obstruction.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002431

 

Cecropia Plant

MS = A plant genus of the family CECROPIACEAE. Hypotensive and hypoglycemic effects have been observed in animals after ingesting members of this genus. There is no relation to cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia) see MOTHS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035702

 

Cecropiaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Urticales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031246

 

Cecum

AN = cecitis = CECAL DISEASES (IM) + INFLAMMATION (NIM)

UI = D002432

 

Cedrela

MS = A plant genus of the family MELIACEAE. Members contain cedrelanolide.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031587

 

Cedrus

MS = A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. It is the source of cedarwood oil. Cedar ordinarily refers to this but also forms part of the name of plants in other genera.

AN = X ref CEDAR TREE: check text; restrict to genus CEDRUS; do not use for other genera referred to as cedar in the literature; check MeSH for other cedar terms; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028203

 

Cefaclor

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.

UI = D002433

 

Cefadroxil

MS = Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.

UI = D002434

 

Cefamandole

MS = Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.

UI = D002435

 

Cefatrizine

MS = Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.

UI = D002436

 

Cefazolin

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.

UI = D002437

 

Cefixime

MS = A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.

UI = D020682

 

Cefmenoxime

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015281

 

Cefmetazole

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

UI = D015311

 

Cefonicid

MS = A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.

UI = D015790

 

Cefoperazone

MS = Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections.

UI = D002438

 

Cefotaxime

MS = Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.

UI = D002439

 

Cefotetan

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

UI = D015313

 

Cefotiam

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It is the drug of choice for biliary tract infections and is a safe drug for perinatal infections.

UI = D015310

 

Cefoxitin

MS = A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.

UI = D002440

 

Cefsulodin

MS = A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D002441

 

Ceftazidime

MS = Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.

UI = D002442

 

Ceftizoxime

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.

UI = D015296

 

Ceftriaxone

MS = A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

UI = D002443

 

Cefuroxime

MS = Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.

UI = D002444

 

Ceiba

MS = A plant genus of the family BOMBACACEAE. The fine silky hairs covering the seeds have been used for floatation, stuffing, and insulation.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035164

 

Celastraceae

MS = A plant family of the order Celastrales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029753

 

Celastrus

MS = A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE that contains insecticidal sesquiterpenoids and celastrus oil.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031247

 

Celiac Artery

MS = The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.

UI = D002445

 

Celiac Disease

MS = A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure.

AN = intestinal malabsorpt in child or adult; non-tropical sprue: do not confuse X ref SPRUE with SPRUE, TROPICAL

UI = D002446

 

Celiac Plexus

MS = A complex network of nerve fibers including sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents and visceral afferents. The celiac plexus is the largest of the autonomic plexuses and is located in the abdomen surrounding the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.

AN = the largest autonomic plexus; in the abdomen

UI = D002447

 

Celiprolol

MS = A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist that may act as a partial agonist at some adrenergic sites.

UI = D017272

 

Cell Adhesion

MS = Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

AN = NIM; permitted with micro-organisms but BACTERIAL ADHESION is available

UI = D002448

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules

MS = Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: I CAMS

UI = D015815

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuron-Glia

MS = Cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. They are expressed on neurons and Schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. Ng-CAM is immunologically and structurally distinct from NCAM (NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES).

AN = do not confuse with CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURONAL

UI = D019062

 

Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal

MS = Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

AN = do not confuse with CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, NEURON-GLIA; do not confuse X ref NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES with NCAM for X ref NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULE

UI = D015816

 

Cell Aggregation

MS = The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

UI = D002449

 

Cell Aging

MS = The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS.

AN = not for micro-organisms

UI = D016922

 

Cell Communication

MS = Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

AN = not for micro-organisms

UI = D002450

 

Cell Compartmentation

MS = A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

AN = permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D002451

 

Cell Count

MS = A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

UI = D002452

 

Cell Culture

MS = A technique for maintenance or growth of animal cells in vitro. It refers to cultures derived from dispersed cells taken from the original tissue, from a primary culture, or from a cell line or cell strain by enzymatic, mechanical, or chemical disaggregation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

AN = note category: do not confuse with CELLS, CULTURED (Cat A); NIM; ORGAN CULTURE & TISSUE CULTURE are also available

UI = D018929

 

Cell Cycle

MS = The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The mitotic cell cycle includes INTERPHASE ( G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE and G2 PHASE) and MITOSIS.

AN = coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; for various phases see note on CELL DIVISION; INTERPHASE is also available: see X refs there

UI = D002453

 

Cell Cycle Proteins

MS = Proteins that control the cell division cycle. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE) as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018797

 

Cell Death

MS = The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

UI = D016923

 

Cell Degranulation

MS = The process of losing secretory granules (SECRETORY VESICLES). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by EXOCYTOSIS.

AN = IM; coord with specific cell /physiol (IM)

UI = D015550

 

Cell Differentiation

MS = Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

AN = cell differentiation is a normal process in morphogenesis: do not confuse with CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT, VIRAL or CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; the specific differentiating cell: coord CELL DIFFERENTIATION with specific cell /cytol; not for micro-organisms; DF: CELL DIFFER

UI = D002454

 

Cell Division

MS = The fission of a CELL. Cytokinesis, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, occurs after CELL NUCLEUS division is complete.

AN = NIM; coord with specific cell /cytol; permitted with micro-organisms; 1st phase = PROPHASE, 2d phase = METAPHASE, 3d phase = ANAPHASE, final phase = TELOPHASE; INTERPHASE (a stage of CELL CYCLE, not CELL DIVISION) & its indentions are also available; do not confuse CYTOKINESIS with CELL MOVEMENT

UI = D002455

 

Cell Division Phases

MS = The stages which a cell undergoes when dividing. There are four successive phases: PROPHASE; METAPHASE; ANAPHASE; and TELEPHASE.

AN = not used for indexing

UI = D002456

 

Cell Extracts

MS = Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.

AN = extracts of cells or cell fractions containing uncharacterized factors; do not confuse with chemical substances "extracted" from cells; not for micro-organisms

UI = D002457

 

Cell Fractionation

AN = separation of cell components within the cell: do not confuse with CELL SEPARATION; NIM, no qualif; when IM, /instrum /methods permitted; permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D002458

 

Cell Fusion

MS = Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms; somatic cells only: not for sperm-ovum fusion ( = fertilization)

UI = D002459

 

Cell Hypoxia

MS = A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

UI = D015687

 

Cell Line

AN = almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM; TN 183: relation to CELLS, CULTURED & TISSUE CULTURE; policy: Manual 21.57, 22.26.1

UI = D002460

 

Cell Line, Transformed

MS = Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

AN = a cell line which "undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor; occurs spontaneously or with viruses, oncogenes, radiation or drugs/chemicals"; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM, A 11 qualif when IM

UI = D002461

 

Cell Lineage

MS = The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo.

AN = note category: developmental hist of cell from first division of original cell; do not confuse with CELL LINE which is derived from cultured cells; IM GEN only

UI = D019070

 

Cell Membrane

MS = The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In most types of microbial cells it is bordered externally by the CELL WALL. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = coord with specific cell /ultrastruct; permitted with micro-organisms

UI = D002462

 

Cell Membrane Permeability

MS = A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

AN = coord with substance /pharmacokin (IM) or /metab (IM); for cell membrane only; intracellular membrane permeability: index INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES + specific organelle + PERMEABILITY

UI = D002463

 

Cell Membrane Structures

MS = Structures which are part of the CELL MEMBRANE or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure.

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics

UI = D021961

 

Cell Migration Inhibition

MS = Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated leukocytes or macrophages. Specific assays have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factor, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION TEST

UI = D002464

 

Cell Movement

MS = The movement of cells from one location to another. Contrast with CYTOKINESIS which is the process of the cytoplasm of a cell dividing following nuclear division.

AN = not for micro-organisms; coord IM with cell term (IM or NIM)

UI = D002465

 

Cell Nucleolus

MS = Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D002466

 

Cell Nucleus

MS = Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D002467

 

Cell Nucleus Structures

MS = Structures that are part of or contained in the CELL NUCLEUS.

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics

UI = D022003

 

Cell Physiology

MS = Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CELL PHYSIOL

UI = D002468

 

Cell Polarity

MS = Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

AN = orientation of intracell struct to plasma membrane

UI = D016764

 

Cell Respiration

MS = The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms; for plant resp, coord NIM with PLANTS /metab (IM) or specific plant /metab (IM); CELL HYPOXIA is also available

UI = D019069

 

Cell Separation

AN = separation of 2 or more cells; do not confuse with CELL FRACTIONATION; NIM, no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; not for micro-organisms; flow cell sorting & fluorescence- activated cell sorting: coord with FLOW CYTOMETRY

UI = D002469

 

Cell Size

MS = The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells.

AN = not for micro-org; NIM; coord with organ /cytol or /pathol (IM) or specific cell /cytol or /pathol (IM)

UI = D017226

 

Cell Surface Extensions

MS = Specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface.

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics

UI = D022081

 

Cell Survival

MS = The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

AN = NIM; not for micro-organisms

UI = D002470

 

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

MS = Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

AN = do not confuse with CELL DIFFERENTIATION, a normal process in morphogenesis; Manual 24.4.1.10+; DF: CELL TRANSFORM NEOPL

UI = D002471

 

Cell Transformation, Viral

MS = An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

AN = do not confuse with CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT, VIRAL: see scope notes; DF: CELL TRANSFORM VIRAL

UI = D002472

 

Cell Transplantation

MS = Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.

AN = GEN & unspecified only: prefer /transpl with specific cells except blood cells (index under BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION or specific indention) (Manual 19.7+, 19.8.75); for transpl of cells of organs (lung cells), coord IM with organ /cytol (IM) (LUNG /cytol); available also are several types of technical transpl terms (e.g., TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS); immunol of cell transpl = TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY; DF: CELL TRANSPL

UI = D017690

 

Cell Wall

MS = In most algae, bacteria, and fungi, the structure which forms a (usually rigid) layer external to the CELL MEMBRANE and which is responsible for the shape of the organism and for protecting it from mechanical damage, osmotic lysis, etc. It may also serve as a permeability barrier, e.g., to antibiotics and other substances. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = NIM; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D002473

 

Cell Wall Skeleton

MS = A mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. It has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

AN = restrict to bacteria; a mucoprotein of the bact cell wall: do not confuse with CYTOSKELETON, a network within the cytoplasm; coord IM with specific bacterium /ultrastruct, /chem or other pertinent qualif

UI = D017358

 

Cell-Free System

MS = A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

AN = for study of subcellular fractions; not for micro-organisms; NIM; use A 11 qualif discreetly

UI = D002474

 

Cell-Matrix Junctions

MS = Specialized areas at the CELL MEMBRANE where a cell attaches to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX or other substratum.

UI = D021982

 

Cellobiose

MS = A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.

UI = D002475

 

Cellophane

MS = A generic name for film produced from wood pulp by the viscose process. It is a thin, transparent sheeting of regenerated cellulose, moisture-proof and sometimes dyed, and used chiefly as food wrapping or as bags for dialysis. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D002476

 

Cells

MS = Minute protoplasmic masses that make up organized tissue, consisting of a nucleus which is surrounded by protoplasm which contains the various organelles and is enclosed in the cell or plasma membrane. Cells are the fundamental, structural, and functional units of living organisms. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = GEN: avoid: /cytol is available with Cat A, as liver cell or hepatocyte = LIVER /cytol; /cytol is available also with Cat B; cell cycle, cell stages = CELL CYCLE; cell synchronization: index under CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (NIM)

UI = D002477

 

Cells, Cultured

MS = Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

AN = note category: do not confuse with CELL CULTURE (Cat E); not for bact or other micro-organisms; almost never IM; no qualif when NIM; A 11 qualif when IM; cell density in cultures & cell culture density: coord with CELL COUNT (NIM); TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED is available

UI = D002478

 

Cells, Immobilized

MS = Microbial, plant, or animal cells which are immobilized by attachment to solid structures, usually a column matrix. A common use of immobilized cells is in biotechnology for the bioconversion of a substrate to a particular product. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = NIM; specify cell if relevant, probably NIM; A 11 qualif

UI = D018914

 

Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein

MS = A nucleocytoplasmic transport protein that binds to ALPHA IMPORTINS and RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN inside the CELL NUCLEUS and participates in their export into CYTOPLASM. It also associated with the regulation of APOPTOSIS, microtubule assembly and in nucleocytoplasmic transport.

UI = D029563

 

Cellular Phone

MS = Analog or digital communications device in which the user has a wireless connection from a telephone to a nearby transmitter. It is termed cellular because the service area is divided into multiple "cells." As the user moves from one cell area to another, the call is transferred to the local transmitter.

UI = D040421

 

Cellular Structures

MS = Components of a cell.

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics

UI = D022082

 

Cellulase

MS = An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4.

UI = D002480

 

Cellulitis

MS = An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.

AN = "cellulite" in Amer or Eng lit is indexed under OBESITY (IM) + ADIPOSE TISSUE (IM), in French lit "cellulite" can be "cellulite" or CELLULITIS

UI = D002481

 

Cellulomonas

MS = A genus of aerobic or facultatively anerobic BACTERIA, in the family Cellulomonadaceae. It is found in the SOIL and capable of hydrolyzing CELLULOSE.

UI = D040143

 

Cellulose

MS = A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

UI = D002482

 

Cellulose, Oxidized

MS = A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D002483

 

Cellvibrio

MS = A genus of aerobic, gram-negative, motile, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacteria. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

UI = D020633

 

Celosia

MS = A plant genus of the family AMARANTHACEAE. Young leaves are used as vegetables in Asia. Members contain betacyanins, celogentins, betaxanthin, and celosian.

AN = X ref COCKSCOMB, COMMON: COCKSCOMB, GREEN see SEDUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034762

 

Cementation

MS = The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive.

UI = D002484

 

Cementogenesis

MS = The formation of DENTAL CEMENTUM, a bone-like material that covers the root of the tooth.

UI = D025021

 

Cementoma

MS = An odontogenic fibroma in which cells have developed into cementoblasts and which consists largely of cementum.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002485

 

Cenchrus

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The common name of buffelgrass is also used for PENNISETUM.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031741

 

Censuses

MS = Enumerations of populations usually recording identities of all persons in every place of residence with age or date of birth, sex, occupation, national origin, language, marital status, income, relation to head of household, information on the dwelling place, education, literacy, health-related data (e.g., permanent disability), etc. The census or "numbering of the people" is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. Among the Romans, censuses were intimately connected with the enumeration of troops before and after battle and probably a military necessity. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed; Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p66, p119)

AN = for modern & hist censuses; IM; specify geog

UI = D019352

 

Centaurea

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain 5-methyl-8-hydroxycoumarin. The common name of centaury is more often used for CENTAURIUM

AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031179

 

Centaurium

MS = A plant genus of the family GENTIANACEAE. Triterpene lactones and other compounds have been isolated from species of this genus. The common name of century plant has also been used for the AGAVE genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029966

 

Centchroman

MS = A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.

UI = D002486

 

Centella

MS = A plant of the family APIACEAE which is the source of asiatic acid and asiaticoside. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. = Hydrocotyle asiatica L. is known for effect on peripheral circulation.

AN = for Cola or Kola see COLA, for Bitter Kola check if COLA or GARCINIA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028041

 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)

MS = An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as NIH/PHS SUP; DF: CDC or CDCP CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D002487

 

Central African Republic

MS = A republic in central Africa lying south of CHAD, west of SUDAN, north of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, and east of CAMEROON. In 1906 it united with Chad to form the French colony of Ubangi-Shari-Chad and, through various changes in status, achieved independence in 1960. The earlier name Ubangi-Shari comes from the Bantu u (land or country) + bangi (rapid), with reference to the current of the river and territory through which it flows, and Shari or Chari, a native word for river. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p370, 562)

AN = a country in central Africa, formerly Ubangi-Shari

UI = D002488

 

Central America

UI = D002489

 

Central Cord Syndrome

MS = A syndrome associated with traumatic injury to the cervical or upper thoracic regions of the spinal cord characterized by weakness in the arms with relative sparing of the legs and variable sensory loss. This condition is associated with ischemia, hemorrhage, or necrosis involving the central portions of the spinal cord. Corticospinal fibers destined for the legs are spared due to their more external location in the spinal cord. This clinical pattern may emerge during recovery from spinal shock. Deficits may be transient or permanent.

AN = coord IM with specific vertebrae (NIM) to locate site on spinal cord

UI = D020210

 

Central Nervous System

MS = The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

AN = text must discuss both brain & spinal cord; prefer BRAIN or SPINAL CORD; neural tube: index CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /embryol; "CNS effects" or "central effects" of drugs in texts usually means BRAIN /drug eff, not CNS /drug eff; /drug eff: consider terms in D14 & D15

UI = D002490

 

Central Nervous System Agents

MS = A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into "specific" agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and "nonspecific" agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. Those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. Those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (From Gilman AG, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS AGENTS

UI = D002491

 

Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections

MS = Bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces.

AN = coord IM with precoord bacterial infection (IM) and specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent; DF: CNS BACT INFECT

UI = D020806

 

Central Nervous System Cysts

MS = Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.

AN = coord with organ neopl site

UI = D020863

 

Central Nervous System Depressants

MS = A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff or BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS DEPRESS

UI = D002492

 

Central Nervous System Diseases

MS = Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; DF: CNS DIS

UI = D002493

 

Central Nervous System Fungal Infections

MS = MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).

AN = coord IM with precoord fungal infection (IM) and specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent; DF: CNS FUNGAL INFECT

UI = D020314

 

Central Nervous System Helminthiasis

MS = Infections of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; or MENINGES caused by HELMINTHS (parasitic worms).

UI = D020809

 

Central Nervous System Infections

MS = Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent; DF: CNS INFECT

UI = D002494

 

Central Nervous System Neoplasms

MS = Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.

AN = GEN or unspecified, prefer specifics; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); DF: CNS NEOPL

UI = D016543

 

Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections

MS = Infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges caused by parasites, primarily PROTOZOA and HELMINTHS.

AN = coord IM with precoord parasitic infection (IM) and site/dis term (IM) if pertinent; DF: CNS PARASITIC INFECT

UI = D020807

 

Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections

MS = Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the subkingdom PROTOZOA. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. Examples of primary infections include cerebral amebiasis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, primary amebic meningoencephalitis, and TRYPANOSOMIASIS, AFRICAN. Cerebral malaria, cerebral babesiosis, and chagasic meningoencephalitis are examples of secondary infections. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp37-47)

AN = coord IM with specific protozoan infection (IM) and specific site/dis term (IM) if pertinent; DF: CNS PROTOZOAL INFECT

UI = D020808

 

Central Nervous System Stimulants

MS = A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff & BRAIN /drug eff; DF: CNS STIMULANTS

UI = D000697

 

Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations

MS = Congenital or acquired malformations involving arteries, veins, or venous sinuses of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

AN = do not confuse x-refs CAPILLARY TELANGIECTASIA, BRAIN and PONTINE CAPILLARY TELANGIECTASIAS with TELEANGIECTASIS

UI = D020785

 

Central Nervous System Venous Angioma

MS = A congenital anomaly characterized by clusters of dilated hypertrophic veins surrounded by normal nervous system tissue. The blood vessels have thin walls composed of a single layer of fibromuscular tissue lined by epithelium. These lesions may occur in the brain, but are more frequent in the spinal cord and spinal meninges. The incidence of hemorrhage is relatively low, but when it occurs it may be associated with venous infarctions of the nervous system. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp628-9)

UI = D020787

 

Central Nervous System Viral Diseases

MS = Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.

AN = coord IM with specific virus disease (IM) and specific site/dis term if pertinent; DF: CNS VIRAL DIS

UI = D020805

 

Central Supply, Hospital

MS = Hospital department responsible for receiving, storing, and distributing medical and surgical supplies and equipment.

AN = do not confuse with CENTRALIZED HOSPITAL SERVICES

UI = D002495

 

Central Venous Pressure

MS = The blood pressure in the central large veins of the body. It is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity.

UI = D002496

 

Centralized Hospital Services

MS = The coordination of services in one area of a facility to improve efficiency.

AN = do not confuse with CENTRAL SUPPLY, HOSPITAL; DF: CENTRALIZED HOSP SERV

UI = D002497

 

Centric Relation

MS = The location of the maxillary and the mandibular condyles when they are in their most posterior and superior positions in their fossae of the temporomandibular joint.

AN = NIM; no qualif; DF: CENTRIC RELAT

UI = D016302

 

Centrifugation

MS = Process of using a rotating machine to generate centrifugal force to separate substances of different densities, remove moisture, or simulate gravitational effects. It employs a large motor-driven apparatus with a long arm, at the end of which human and animal subjects, biological specimens, or equipment can be revolved and rotated at various speeds to study gravitational effects. (From Websters, 10th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = as a lab technique & to simulate gravitational eff in space; NIM

UI = D002498

 

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

MS = Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a type of ultracentrif; NIM; index sucrose density gradient centrif here but ignore SUCROSE

UI = D002499

 

Centrifugation, Isopycnic

MS = A technique used to separate particles according to their densities in a continuous density gradient. The sample is usually mixed with a solution of known gradient materials and subjected to centrifugation. Each particle sediments to the position at which the gradient density is equal to its own. The range of the density gradient is usually greater than that of the sample particles. It is used in purifying biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids, organelles, and cell types.

UI = D002500

 

Centrifugation, Zonal

MS = Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a type of density gradient centrif; NIM

UI = D002501

 

Centrioles

MS = Self-replicating, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles. Each centriole is a short cylinder containing nine pairs of peripheral microtubules, arranged so as to form the wall of the cylinder.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D002502

 

Centromere

MS = The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division.

UI = D002503

 

Centrosome

MS = The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).

UI = D018385

 

Cephacetrile

MS = A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

UI = D002505

 

Cephaelis

MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE, order Rubiales, subclass Asteridae. Cephaelis ipecacuanha is the source of IPECAC.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028503

 

Cephalexin

MS = A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

UI = D002506

 

Cephaloglycin

MS = A cephalorsporin antibiotic.

UI = D002507

 

Cephalometry

MS = Scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head. In dentistry, certain combinations of measurements developed from tracing the oriented lateral and frontal radiographic head film are used to assess craniofacial growth and development and to determine the nature of the orthodontic treatment response.

AN = living skull only; for dead skull, use CRANIOMETRY; do not restrict to radiogr cephalometry & do not restrict to dental; NIM

UI = D002508

 

Cephaloridine

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002509

 

Cephalosporin Resistance

MS = Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

AN = coord IM with specific cephalosporin (IM)

UI = D018550

 

Cephalosporinase

UI = D002510

 

Cephalosporins

MS = A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

UI = D002511

 

Cephalotaxus

MS = A plant genus of the family Cephalotaxaceae, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division CONIFEROPHYTA. Members contain homoharringtonine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032483

 

Cephalothin

MS = A cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002512

 

Cephamycins

MS = Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

UI = D002513

 

Cephapirin

MS = Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

UI = D002514

 

Cephradine

MS = A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.

UI = D002515

 

Ceramics

MS = Products made by baking or firing nonmetallic minerals (clay and similar materials). In making dental restorations or parts of restorations the material is fused porcelain. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

AN = not restricted to dentistry; D25-26 qualif

UI = D002516

 

Ceramide Trihexosidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a ceramidetrihexoside to a ceramidedihexoside plus galactose. EC 3.2.1.47.

UI = D002517

 

Ceramides

MS = Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.

AN = carbohydrate ceramides: index under CEREBROSIDES (one carbohydrate group) or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (more than one carbohydrate group)

UI = D002518

 

Ceratitis capitata

MS = A species of fruit fly originating in sub-Saharan Africa but widely distributed worldwide. One of the most destructive fruit pests, its larvae feed and develop on many different fruits and some vegetables.

UI = D033622

 

Ceratopogonidae

MS = A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.

AN = do not confuse X ref CULICOIDES with CULEX, mosquito; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; gall midges: index under DIPTERA

UI = D002519

 

Cerclage, Cervical

MS = The surgical closure of the incompetent cervix uteri with suture material.

UI = D023802

 

Cercocebus

MS = A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as mangabeys.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016664

 

Cercocebus atys

MS = A species of Old World monkeys from the genera CERCOCEBUS that is important in AIDS research. They may be naturally or experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus. They inhabit African forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo Republic.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016665

 

Cercopithecidae

MS = The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.

AN = a family of Old World monkeys: do not confuse with CERCOPITHECINAE, a subfamily; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002520

 

Cercopithecinae

MS = A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE. They inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. This subfamily contains the following genera: CERCOCEBUS; CERCOPITHECUS; ERYTHROCEBUS; MACACA; PAPIO; and THEROPITHECUS.

AN = a subfamily of Old World monkeys: do not confuse with CERCOPITHECIDAE, the family; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016663

 

Cercopithecus

MS = A genus of Old World monkeys found in Africa although some species have been introduced into the West Indies. This genus is composed of at least twenty species: C. AETHIOPS, C. ascanius, C. campbelli, C. cephus, C. denti, C. diana, C. dryas, C. erythrogaster, C. erythrotis, C. hamlyni, C. lhoesti, C. mitis, C. mona, C. neglectus, C. nictitans, C. petaurista, C. pogonias, C. preussi, C. salongo, and C. wolfi.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002521

 

Cercopithecus aethiops

MS = A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannas of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIV and is used in AIDS research.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002522

 

Cereals

MS = Those grasses (POACEAE) which yield edible seeds commonly recognized as food grains.

AN = do not restrict to processed grain or cereals such as breakfast food

UI = D002523

 

Cerebellar Ataxia

MS = Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of rapidly alternating movements (adiadochokinesis), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)

AN = dentate cerebellar ataxia = MYOCLONIC CEREBELLAR DYSSYNERGIA; familial: consider also SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION

UI = D002524

 

Cerebellar Cortex

MS = The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = diseases: coord IM with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002525

 

Cerebellar Diseases

MS = Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D002526

 

Cerebellar Neoplasms

MS = Primary or metastatic neoplasms of the CEREBELLUM. Tumors in this location frequently present with ATAXIA or signs of INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION due to obstruction of the fourth ventricle. Common primary cerebellar tumors include fibrillary ASTROCYTOMA and cerebellar HEMANGIOBLASTOMA. The cerebellum is a relatively common site for tumor metastases from the lung, breast, and other distant organs. (From Okazaki & Scheithauer, Atlas of Neuropathology, 1988, p86 and p141)

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002528

 

Cerebellar Nuclei

MS = Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = diseases: coord IM with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM)

UI = D002529

 

Cerebellopontine Angle

MS = Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.

AN = diseases: coord IM with CEREBELLAR DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord (IM) with CEREBELLAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002530

 

Cerebellum

MS = Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement.

AN = cerebellar artery = CEREBELLUM /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM)

UI = D002531

 

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders that includes sporadic and familial forms, characterized clinically by cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), CEREBRAL INFARCTION, and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. Pathologically the condition is marked by the deposition of AMYLOID in the walls of small blood vessels in the cerebral cortex and meninges. The sporadic form is associated with lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the elderly and ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (From Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1996 Jun;22(3):216-227; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p852)

AN = /genet:consider also CEREBRAL AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY, FAMILIAL

UI = D016657

 

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial

MS = A familial condition marked by the deposition of AMYLOID in the walls of small blood vessels in the cerebral cortex and meninges and characterized clinically by cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), CEREBRAL INFARCTION, and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE..

UI = D028243

 

Cerebral Angiography

MS = Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: not a substitute for CEREBRAL ARTERIES /radiogr or CEREBRAL VEINS /radiogr; NIM; /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CEREBRAL ANGIOGR

UI = D002533

 

Cerebral Aqueduct

MS = Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

AN = /radiogr: coord with CEREBRAL VENTRICULOGRAPHY

UI = D002535

 

Cerebral Arterial Diseases

MS = Diseases of intracranial arteries which supply the cerebrum of the brain, including the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY. Included in this category are atherosclerotic, congenital, traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, and other conditions.

AN = coord IM with specific artery (IM); see note under CEREBRAL ARTERIES for scope of "cerebral arteries"

UI = D002539

 

Cerebral Arteries

MS = The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex.

AN = for cerebral arteries in general or unspecified or for specific cerebral arteries not in MeSH or as coord (IM) for arteries of specific parts of brain indented under CEREBRAL CORTEX in tree (IM); not as coord for non-cerebrum parts of the brain, as cerebellar artery ( = CEREBELLUM /blood supply (IM) + ARTERIES (NIM), not CEREBRAL ARTERIES); /abnorm: consider also INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS

UI = D002536

 

Cerebral Cortex

MS = The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

AN = /surg: probably CEREBRAL DECORTICATION

UI = D002540

 

Cerebral Decortication

MS = Partial or total removal, ablation, or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical. It is not used with animals that do not possess a cortex, i.e., it is used only with mammals.

AN = "partial or total removal, ablation or destruction of the cerebral cortex; may be chemical"; usually exper; coord IM or NIM with specific part of brain with probably /physiol (IM)

UI = D002541

 

Cerebral Hemorrhage

MS = Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include HYPERTENSION; INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; CEREBRAL AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY; and CEREBRAL INFARCTION.

UI = D002543

 

Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic

MS = Bleeding into the CEREBRAL CORTEX; CORPUS CALLOSUM; BASAL GANGLIA, or subcortical white matter following CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY, cerebral edema, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION are frequently associated conditions. Relatively frequent clinical manifestations include SEIZURES; APHASIA; VISION DISORDERS; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PARALYSIS, and COMA.

AN = coord with specific site

UI = D020202

 

Cerebral Infarction

MS = The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

AN = DF: CEREBRAL INFARCT

UI = D002544

 

Cerebral Palsy

MS = A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)

AN = do not index under MUSCLE SPASTICITY unless especially discussed & then only NIM

UI = D002547

 

Cerebral Revascularization

MS = Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002548

 

Cerebral Veins

MS = Veins draining the cerebrum.

UI = D002550

 

Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002551

 

Cerebral Ventricles

AN = ventriculitis: coord IM with ENCEPHALITIS (IM)

UI = D002552

 

Cerebral Ventriculography

MS = Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CEREBRAL VENTRICULOGR

UI = D014695

 

Cerebroside-Sulfatase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cerebroside 3-sulfate (sulfatide) to yield a cerebroside and inorganic sulfate. A marked deficiency of arylsulfatase A, which is considered the heat-labile component of cerebroside sulfatase, has been demonstrated in all forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.8.

AN = /defic: consider also LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC

UI = D002553

 

Cerebrosides

MS = Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)

UI = D002554

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid

AN = IM as substance only: with diseases & drugs, use /csf as qualif: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.12; csf production = /physiol, not /secret; csf pressure = CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE; DF: CSF

UI = D002555

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea

MS = Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)

AN = DF: CSF OTORRHEA

UI = D002558

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

MS = Manometric pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.

AN = DF: CSF PRESSURE

UI = D015170

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins

MS = Proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid, normally albumin and globulin present in the ratio of 8 to 1. Increases in protein levels are of diagnostic value in neurological diseases. (Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p221)

AN = IM & coord with specific protein /csf (IM)

UI = D002556

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea

MS = Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)

AN = DF: CSF RHINORRHEA

UI = D002559

 

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts

MS = Tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. Their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; NIM destination of shunt; VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT is available

UI = D002557

 

Cerebrovascular Accident

MS = A sudden, nonconvulsive loss of neurologic function due to an ischemic or hemorrhagic intracranial vascular event. In general, cerebrovascular accidents are classified by anatomic location in the brain, vascular distribution, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. nonhemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

AN = note X ref APOPLEXY but PITUITARY APOPLEXY is available

UI = D020521

 

Cerebrovascular Circulation

MS = The circulation of blood through the vessels of the brain.

AN = consider also BRAIN /blood supply; DF: CEREBROVASCULAR CIRC

UI = D002560

 

Cerebrovascular Disorders

MS = A broad category of disorders characterized by impairment of blood flow in the arteries and veins which supply the brain. These include CEREBRAL INFARCTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HYPOXIA, BRAIN; INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS; INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; and VASCULITIS, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. In common usage, the term cerebrovascular disorders is not limited to conditions that affect the cerebrum, but refers to vascular disorders of the entire brain including the DIENCEPHALON; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

AN = GEN

UI = D002561

 

Cerebrovascular Trauma

MS = Penetrating and nonpenetrating traumatic injuries to an extracranial or intracranial blood vessel that supplies the brain. This includes the CAROTID ARTERIES, vertebral arteries (VERTEBRAL ARTERY), and intracranial arteries, veins, and venous sinuses.

AN = GEN or unspecified only: prefer specific vessel/inj

UI = D020214

 

Ceremonial Behavior

MS = A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.

AN = human & animal; no qualif

UI = D002562

 

Cerium

MS = An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.

AN = a rare earth metal; Ce-140

UI = D002563

 

Cerium Isotopes

MS = Stable cerium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cerium, but differ in atomic weight. Ce-136, 138, and 142 are stable cerium isotopes.

AN = Ce-136, 138, 142; NIM

UI = D002564

 

Cerium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes.

AN = Ce-132-135, 137, 139, 141-148; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D002565

 

Cermet Cements

MS = Fluoride-releasing restorative materials made by the sintering of metal (usually silver) particles to glass ionomer powder. Glass ionomers are fluoride-releasing cements that are not very durable. Sintering of the metal particles is a means of improving those physical properties that will make the glass ionomer cement more durable.

AN = cermet stands for "CERamic" & "METal"; D25-26 qualif

UI = D016722

 

Ceroid

MS = A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions.

AN = a lipid pigment

UI = D002566

 

Certificate of Need

MS = A certificate issued by a governmental body to an individual or organization proposing to construct or modify a health facility, or to offer a new or different service. The process of issuing the certificate is also included.

AN = regional or area needs, not personal or financial need; specify geog

UI = D002567

 

Certification

MS = Compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. Certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty.

AN = by the profession; certif by various bds can go here but consider also LICENSURE; coord IM with specialty or discipline (IM); specify geog

UI = D002568

 

Cerulenin

MS = Antifungal antibiotic isolated from several species, including Acremonium (Cephalosporium), Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function and is used as a biochemical tool.

AN = do not confuse with CERULEIN see CAERULEIN

UI = D002569

 

Ceruloplasmin

AN = an alpha-globulin

UI = D002570

 

Cerumen

MS = The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal.

UI = D002571

 

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

MS = A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with CERVIX NEOPLASMS (IM); DF: CIN

UI = D018290

 

Cervical Plexus

MS = A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm.

AN = a network of spinal nerves

UI = D002572

 

Cervical Rib Syndrome

MS = A condition associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the thoracic outlet and caused by a complete or incomplete anomalous cervical rib or fascial band connecting the tip of a cervical rib with the first thoracic rib. Clinical manifestations may include pain in the neck and shoulder which radiates into the upper extremity, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles; sensory loss; PARESTHESIAS; ISCHEMIA; and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p214)

UI = D002573

 

Cervical Ripening

MS = A change in the cervix with respect to its readiness to relax. The cervix becomes softer, more flexible, more distensible, and shorter in the final weeks of pregnancy. Though naturally occurring during normal pregnancy, it can also be induced for certain cases of prolonged or high-risk pregnancy by administration of hormones.

UI = D020070

 

Cervical Vertebrae

AN = IM when discussed as bones or as coord with specific spinal disease (IM); NIM when locational; inflammation = CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (IM) + SPONDYLITIS (IM)

UI = D002574

 

Cervicitis

MS = Inflammation of the cervix uteri. (Dorland 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of cervix uteri

UI = D002575

 

Cervix Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = CERVICITIS

UI = D002577

 

Cervix Dysplasia

MS = A spectrum of histologic changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri which may begin as a superficial lesion and progress to invasive carcinoma.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D002578

 

Cervix Erosion

UI = D002579

 

Cervix Incompetence

MS = Habitual abortion in which painless bloodless dilatation of the cervix in the second trimester of pregnancy is followed by rupture of membranes and expulsion of a fetus so immature that it usually dies.

AN = leads to habitual abortion; check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D002581

 

Cervix Mucus

MS = A slightly alkaline secretion of the endocervical glands. The consistency and amount are dependent on the physiological hormone changes in the menstrual cycle. It contains the glycoprotein mucin, amino acids, sugar, enzymes, and electrolytes, with a water content up to 90%. The mucus is a useful protection against the ascent of bacteria and sperm into the uterus. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988)

UI = D002582

 

Cervix Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the uterine cervix.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002583

 

Cervix Uteri

MS = The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

AN = inflammation = CERVICITIS; conization = CERVIX UTERI /pathol (IM) + CONIZATION (IM)

UI = D002584

 

Cesarean Section

MS = Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; anesthesia in cesareans: coord IM with ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL (IM)

UI = D002585

 

Cesarean Section, Repeat

MS = Extraction of the fetus by abdominal hysterotomy anytime following a previous cesarean.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D017604

 

Cesium

MS = A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

AN = an alkali metal; Cs-133

UI = D002586

 

Cesium Isotopes

MS = Stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. Cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope.

AN = Cs-133; NIM

UI = D002587

 

Cesium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.

AN = Cs-123,125-32,134-144; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D002588

 

Cestoda

MS = A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.

AN = GEN; IM; infection = CESTODE INFECTIONS; /drug eff: consider also ANTICESTODAL AGENTS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D002589

 

Cestode Infections

MS = Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.

AN = helminth infect; GEN only; prefer specifics; /drug ther: consider also ANTICESTODAL AGENTS

UI = D002590

 

Cestrum

MS = A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins and cause CALCINOSIS in grazing livestock due to high levels of 1 ALPHA,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032301

 

Cetacea

MS = An order of wholly aquatic mammals occurring in all the oceans and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. Some cetaceans are the only animals other than elephants that have a brain larger than man's. Most have eyes well adapted to underwater vision and can also see well above water. They produce numerous underwater sounds used in echolocation. They feed generally on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)

AN = mammals; GEN or unspecified; prefer DOLPHINS or PORPOISES or WHALES; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002591

 

Cetirizine

MS = A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.

UI = D017332

 

Cetomacrogol

MS = Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D002592

 

Cetrimonium Compounds

MS = Cetyltrimethylammonium compounds that have cationic detergent, antiseptic, and disinfectant activities. They are used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics as preservatives; on skin, mucous membranes, etc., as antiseptics or cleansers, and also as emulsifiers. These compounds are toxic when used orally due to neuromuscular blockade.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: CETRIMONIUM CPDS

UI = D002593

 

Cetylpyridinium

MS = Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.

AN = an anti-infective; = Cepacol

UI = D002594

 

Cevanes

MS = Structurally-related alkaloids that contain the cevane carbon backbone.

UI = D002595

 

Chad

MS = A republic in central Africa, west of SUDAN. Its capital is N'Djamena, called Fort-Lamy before 1973. Explored in 1891 by the French, it became part of French Equatorial Africa in 1910 and, after many changes of status, became independent in 1960. The republic is named from Lake Chad, from the Arabic tsad, a local word meaning large expanse of water (or lake). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p239, 407 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p104)

AN = a republic in central Africa

UI = D002596

 

Chaetomium

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Chaetomiaceae, order SORDIRIALES. Many members are cellulolytic and some mycotoxic. They occur naturally on paper and cotton fabric.

UI = D002597

 

Chagas Cardiomyopathy

MS = Cardiomyopathy with conduction defects and cardiac enlargement characteristic of the last phase of CHAGAS DISEASE.

AN = a cardiac form of trypanosomiasis; coord IM with specific heart disease (NIM)

UI = D002598

 

Chagas Disease

MS = A form of trypanosomiasis endemic in Central and South America, caused by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. It may follow either an acute or chronic course, the former commonly in children.

AN = protozoan infect caused by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI so do not coord with TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI for trypanosomiasis cruzi; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY is also available: see note there

UI = D014355

 

Chalazion

MS = A non-neoplastic cyst of the MEIBOMIAN GLANDS of the eyelid.

UI = D017043

 

Chalcogens

MS = The elements OXYGEN, POLONIUM, SELENIUM, SULFUR and TELLURIUM that form group 16 (formerly group VI) of the periodic table.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D018011

 

Chalcone

AN = do not confuse with CHALONES see GROWTH INHIBITORS

UI = D002599

 

Chamaecrista

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Some species were reclassified from CASSIA and SENNA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031288

 

Chamaecyparis

MS = A plant genus of the family CUPRESSACEAE which should not be confused with other cedar and cypress trees of THUJA or CUPRESSUS genera.

AN = note X refs containing cedar and cypress: check text to distinguish from other cedar and cypress terms in MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029780

 

Chamaemelum

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is used in folk medicine as CHAMOMILE. Other plants with similar common names include MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM and ANTHEMIS.

AN = X refs: distinguish from related plants with similar common names; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031167

 

Chamomile

MS = Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D020843

 

Chancre

MS = The primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection.

AN = primary lesion of syphilis: do not confuse with CHANCROID (caused by Haemophilus ducreyi)

UI = D002601

 

Chancroid

MS = Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.

AN = caused by Haemophilus ducreyi; do not confuse with CHANCRE, the primary lesion of syphilis

UI = D002602

 

Channel Islands

MS = A group of four British islands and several islets in the English Channel off the coast of France. They are known to have been occupied prehistorically. They were a part of Normandy in 933 but were united to the British crown at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. Guernsey and Jersey originated noted breeds of cattle. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p242)

AN = Channel refers to the English Channel

UI = D002603

 

Chaperonin 10

MS = Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 10 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria occurs as an oligomer of seven identical subunits arranged in a single ring.

AN = from bacteria, plastids or mitochondria; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018835

 

Chaperonin 60

MS = Members of the chaperonin heat-shock protein family. Chaperonin 60 purified from bacteria, plastids, or mitochondria is an oligomeric protein with a distinctive structure of fourteen subunits, arranged in two rings of seven subunits each.

AN = from bacteria, plastids or mitochondria; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018834

 

Chaperonins

MS = A class of sequence-related MOLECULAR CHAPERONES found in bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. Chaperonins are abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after stresses such as heat shock, bacterial infection of macrophages, and an increase in the cellular content of unfolded proteins. Bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial infections because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. Two members of this class of chaperones are CHAPERONIN 10 and CHAPERONIN 60.

AN = a class of molecular chaperones; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018833

 

Chaplaincy Service, Hospital

MS = Hospital department which administers religious activities within the hospital, e.g., pastoral care, religious services.

AN = IM; coord with specific religion (IM) if pertinent; DF: CHAPLAINCY SERV HOSP

UI = D002604

 

Character

MS = In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual.

AN = no qualif

UI = D002605

 

Charcoal

MS = An amorphous form of carbon prepared from the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable matter, e.g., wood. The activated form of charcoal is used in the treatment of poisoning. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = D25-26 qualif only

UI = D002606

 

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

MS = A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)

UI = D002607

 

Charities

MS = Social welfare organizations with programs designed to assist individuals in times of need.

AN = IM

UI = D002608

 

Charts [Publication Type]

MS = Information presented in graphic form, for example, graphs or diagrams.

UI = D020468

 

Charybdotoxin

MS = A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D018999

 

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

MS = A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.

AN = "a form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunct"

UI = D002609

 

Cheek

AN = for that external portion of face or that internal portion of mouth; NIM for hamster cheek pouch; buccal mucosa = MOUTH MUCOSA (IM) + CHEEK (NIM); cheek bone fracture = ZYGOMATIC FRACTURES

UI = D002610

 

Cheese

MS = A nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates.

UI = D002611

 

Cheetahs

MS = Long-legged, swift-moving felines from Africa (and formerly Asia) about the size of a small leopard.

AN = IM; qualif permitted

UI = D002612

 

Cheilitis

MS = Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.

AN = inflamm of the lips

UI = D002613

 

Cheirogaleidae

MS = A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing five genera. All inhabitants of Madagascar, the genera are: Allocebus, Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), Microcebus (mouse lemurs), Mirza, and Phaner.

AN = prosimians; do not confuse X refs with genus LEMUR; IM; qualif permitted

UI = D016565

 

Chelating Agents

MS = Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols.

AN = D25-26 qualif; coord IM with specific chelating agent (IM) + metal being chelated (IM)

UI = D002614

 

Chelation Therapy

MS = Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body.

AN = coord IM with specific chelating agent /ther use (IM) + metal being chelated with no qualif

UI = D015913

 

Chelidonium

MS = A plant genus in the family PAPAVERACEAE, order Papaverales, subclass Magnoliidae.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028281

 

Chemexfoliation

MS = Application of a cauterant to the skin for the purpose of causing a superficial destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. After healing, the treated area has new epithelium.

UI = D002615

 

Chemical Actions

MS = A collective grouping for how the application of drugs and chemicals result in the prevention, treatment, cure or diagnosis of disease. Included here are drugs and chemicals that act by altering normal body functions, such as the REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS and ANESTHETICS. Effects of chemicals on the environment are also included.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D020228

 

Chemical Actions and Uses

MS = A group of pharmacologic activities, effects on living systems and the environment, and modes of employment of drugs and chemicals. They are broken into actions, which describe their effects, and uses, which describe how they are employed.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D020164

 

Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena

MS = Chemical, pharmacologic, and metabolic action and interaction of drugs.

AN = not used for indexing; DF: CHEM PHARMACOL PHENOMENA CATALOG: do not use

UI = D002620

 

Chemical Engineering

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D002616

 

Chemical Fractionation

MS = Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = DOSE FRACTIONATION; CELL FRACTIONATION and FRACTIONATION, FIELD FLOW are also available

UI = D005591

 

Chemical Industry

MS = The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CHEM INDUST

UI = D002617

 

Chemical Warfare

MS = Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.

AN = DF: CHEM WARFARE

UI = D002618

 

Chemical Warfare Agents

MS = Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war.

UI = D002619

 

Chemiluminescence

MS = Emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction without an apparent change in temperature. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 3d ed)

AN = NIM; no qualif

UI = D017083

 

Chemistry

AN = SPEC only: prefer /chem: Manual l9.7+, 19.8.15, 19.10+; SPEC qualif; as IM: Manual 29.6; DF: CHEM

UI = D002621

 

Chemistry, Agricultural

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; as coord, NIM with no qualif; Manual 29.7

UI = D002622

 

Chemistry, Analytical

MS = The branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = SPEC: TN 37; never use as substitute for or reinforcement of /anal: Manual 19.7+, 19.10+, 29.8; as SPEC, SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord with specific substance; DF: CHEM ANAL

UI = D002623

 

Chemistry, Bioinorganic

MS = A field of chemistry which pertains to the study of inorganic compounds or ions in biological systems.

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of a bioinorganic chemical ( = CHEMISTRY (NIM)); as SPEC, qualif permitted; DF: CHEM BIOINORG

UI = D015393

 

Chemistry, Clinical

MS = The specialty of analytical chemistry applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy.

AN = SPEC: TN 37; SPEC qualif; do not use as NIM coord; DF: CLIN CHEM

UI = D002624

 

Chemistry, Inorganic

MS = A field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate).

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of an inorganic chemical ( = CHEMISTRY (NIM)); as SPEC, qualif permitted; DF: CHEM INORG

UI = D015392

 

Chemistry, Organic

AN = SPEC: TN 37; do not use as NIM coord for chemistry or chem struct of an organic chemical ( = /chem ); as SPEC, qualif permitted; when not to use: Manual 29.9; DF: CHEM ORG

UI = D002625

 

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

MS = Chemistry that deals with the composition and preparation of substances used in treatment of patients or diagnostic studies. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 29.7; do not confuse X ref DRUG FORMULATION with DRUG COMPOUNDING; DF: CHEM PHARM

UI = D002626

 

Chemistry, Physical

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; as NIM coord, no qualif; Manual 29.7

UI = D002627

 

Chemoembolization, Therapeutic

MS = Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.

AN = for admin of antineoplastic agents with embolizing agents; do not use /util (except by MeSH definition); coord IM with disease /ther (IM), not /surg & with antineoplastic /admin (IM or NIM)

UI = D016461

 

Chemokines

MS = Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

AN = a class of cytokines that attract & activate leukocytes; chemokines stands for CHEMOtactic cytoKINES; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018925

 

Chemokines, C

MS = Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only.

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, CC or CHEMOKINES, CXC

UI = D019744

 

Chemokines, CC

MS = Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils.

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, C or CHEMOKINES, CXC

UI = D019742

 

Chemokines, CX3C

MS = Group of chemokines with the first two cysteines separated by three amino acids. CX3C chemokines are chemotactic for natural killer cells, monocytes, and activated T-cells.

UI = D020523

 

Chemokines, CXC

MS = Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. CXC chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes.

AN = do not confuse with CHEMOKINES, C or CHEMOKINES, CC

UI = D019743

 

Chemoprevention

MS = Use of chemotherapeutic agents as the means of preventing the development of a specific disease. (Dorland, 27th ed at chemoprophylaxis)

AN = IM GEN or unspecified only; prefer specific chemother agent /ther use + disease /prev; DF: CHEMOPREV

UI = D018890

 

Chemoreceptors

MS = Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

AN = sensory receptors: differentiate from RECEPTORS, DRUG: TN 160; DF: CHEMORECEPT

UI = D002628

 

Chemosterilants

MS = Compounds that cause reproductive sterility in organisms. They are sometimes used to control pest populations by sterilizing males within the population.

UI = D002629

 

Chemotactic Factors

MS = Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002630

 

Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil

MS = Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract eosinophils; they may be complement fragments, lymphokines, neutrophil products, histamine or other; the best known is the tetrapeptide ECF-A, released mainly by mast cells.

AN = chemotactic substances attracting eosinophils, not liberated by eosinophils; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: ECF A

UI = D002631

 

Chemotactic Factors, Macrophage

MS = Cytotaxins liberated from normal or invading cells that specifically attract macrophages. They may be lymphokines, products of antigen, antibody and complement interactions or other.

AN = chemotactic substances attracting macrophages, not liberated by macrophages; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002632

 

Chemotaxis

MS = The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

UI = D002633

 

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte

MS = The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

AN = coord IM with specific type of leukocyte (IM)

UI = D002634

 

Chemotherapy, Adjuvant

MS = Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.

AN = almost never IM; coordinate with dis /drug ther + specific drug or drugs /ther use + other form of ther to which this is adjuvant; Manual 24.4.2.2.1; DF: CHEMOTHER ADJUVANT

UI = D017024

 

Chenodeoxycholic Acid

MS = A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.

AN = a bile acid; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002635

 

Chenopodiaceae

MS = The goosefoot plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes beets and chard (BETA VULGARIS), as well as SPINACH, and salt tolerant plants.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D019663

 

Chenopodium

MS = A plant genus in the CHENOPODIACEAE family.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027462

 

Chenopodium album

MS = A plant species in the CHENOPODIUM genus known for edible greens.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027463

 

Chenopodium ambrosioides

MS = A plant species of the genus Chenopodium known for toxicity to intestinal worms and other simple organisms.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027464

 

Chenopodium quinoa

MS = A species of the Chenopodium genus which is the source of edible seed called Quinoa.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027465

 

Cherubism

MS = A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.

UI = D002636

 

Chest Pain

MS = Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.

AN = cardiac = probably ANGINA PECTORIS

UI = D002637

 

Chest Tubes

MS = Plastic tubes used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space. Their surgical insertion is called tube thoracostomy.

AN = "used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space"

UI = D015505

 

Chest Wall Oscillation

MS = A respiratory support system used to remove mucus and clear airway by oscillating pressure on the chest.

UI = D035641

 

Chewing Gum

MS = A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication.

AN = as a confection or as vehicle for admin of med substances

UI = D002638

 

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

MS = An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.

UI = D002639

 

Chi-Square Distribution

MS = A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D016009

 

Chiari-Frommel Syndrome

MS = Persistent lactation and amenorrhea following pregnancy.

AN = persistent lactation & amenorrhea after pregn

UI = D002640

 

Chicago

UI = D002641

 

Chick Embryo

AN = check tag: no qualif; when IM, /abnorm /growth /inj permitted as well as usual Cat A qualif; chick embryo heart = CHICK EMBRYO + HEART /embryol (not FETAL HEART); /transpl permitted for chick embryo transfer: do not use EMBRYO TRANSFER since this is mammalian only

UI = D002642

 

Chicken anemia virus

MS = The type species of CIRCOVIRUS, a small, non-enveloped DNA virus originally isolated from contaminated vaccines in Japan. It causes chicken infectious anemia and may possibly play a key role in hemorrhagic anemia syndrome, anemia dermatitis, and blue wing disease.

AN = infection: coord IM with CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017727

 

Chickenpox

MS = A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = caused by a herpesvirus

UI = D002644

 

Chickenpox Vaccine

MS = A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

UI = D019433

 

Chickens

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with POULTRY DISEASES (IM); canned chicken: see note on POULTRY PRODUCTS

UI = D002645

 

Chicory

MS = A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)

AN = as plant & flavoring agent for coffee; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

UI = D018651

 

Chief Cells, Gastric

MS = Epithelial cells that line the basal half of the gastric glands. Chief cells synthesize and secrete pepsinogen, a precursor of the enzyme pepsin.

UI = D019872

 

Chief Executive Officers, Hospital

MS = Individuals who have the formal authority to manage a hospital, including its programs and services, in accordance with the goals and objectives established by a governing body (GOVERNING BOARD).

AN = DF: CEO HOSP

UI = D016542

 

Chikungunya virus

MS = A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.

AN = infection: coord IM with ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D002646

 

Chilblains

MS = Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio.

AN = a form of frostbite

UI = D002647

 

Child

MS = A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL.

AN = age 6-12 yr; IM only as psychol & sociol or social entity: Manual 18.5.11; no qualif; /psychol = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (Manual 34.9.4) but consider also CHILD BEHAVIOR & other specifics; NIM as check tag: Manual 18.5+; as student: Manual 34.16

UI = D002648

 

Child Abuse

MS = Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002649

 

Child Abuse, Sexual

MS = Sexual maltreatment of the child or minor.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; for adult survivors of child sexual abuse, check both tags CHILD or specific + relevant adult age

UI = D002650

 

Child Advocacy

MS = Promotion and protection of the rights of children; frequently through a legal process.

AN = rights of children; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002651

 

Child Behavior

MS = Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, INFANT BEHAVIOR is available.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; INFANT BEHAVIOR is also available

UI = D002652

 

Child Behavior Disorders

MS = Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002653

 

Child Care

MS = Care of children in the home or institution.

AN = in home or institution; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002654

 

Child Custody

MS = The formally authorized guardianship or care of a child.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002655

 

Child Day Care Centers

MS = Facilities which provide care for pre-school and school-age children.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002656

 

Child Development

MS = The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth up to but not including adolescence. It includes healthy responses to situations, but does not include growth in stature or size (= GROWTH).

AN = for inf & child; not for adolescents ( = probably ADOLESCENT /physiol + GROWTH); check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002657

 

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive

MS = Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.

AN = "pervasive" is a psychiatric diag: follow text; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002659

 

Child Guidance

MS = The psychiatric, sociological and psychological study and treatment of the developing child with emphasis on preventive or prophylactic measures focused on the familial, educational and socio-environmental milieu of the child.

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002660

 

Child Guidance Clinics

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of mental health counseling services to children.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002661

 

Child Health Services

MS = Organized services to provide health care for children.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; DF: CHILD HEALTH SERV

UI = D002662

 

Child Language

MS = The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.

AN = no qualif; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002663

 

Child Nutrition

MS = Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years.

AN = ages 2-12; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002664

 

Child Nutrition Disorders

MS = Malnutrition, occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.

AN = check the tag CHILD or specific age group

UI = D015362

 

Child of Impaired Parents

MS = Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.

AN = coord IM with parental dis (IM with no qualif); restrict to impaired parents: for child with impaired siblings; index CHILD (IM) + disease of sibling (IM) + SIBLINGS (IM); interpret "child" as "offspring" & check appropriate age check tags

UI = D016241

 

Child Psychiatry

MS = The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; not for mental disord in children ( = MENTAL DISORDERS (IM) + CHILD or other child check tag (NIM) ): Manual 27.9

UI = D002665

 

Child Psychology

MS = The study of normal and abnormal behavior of children.

AN = SPEC but also the way a normal child thinks & acts; GEN only: consider also /psychol with specific child terms (e.g., CHILD, ABANDONED /psychol, ONLY CHILD /psychol); SPEC qualif; Manual 27.11, 27.12, 34.12; check also tag CHILD or specific; DF: CHILD PSYCHOL

UI = D002666

 

Child Reactive Disorders

MS = Reactions to an event or set of events which are considered to be of pathological degree, that have not developed into a neurosis, psychosis, or personality disorder with fixed patterns.

AN = child reaction to separation from parents: index under ANXIETY, SEPARATION; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002667

 

Child Rearing

MS = The training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. It is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. It differs from PARENTING in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific; differentiate from PARENTING which emphasizes the role & responsibility of the parent while CHILD REARING emphasizes the upbringing: read MeSH definitions but if in doubt use term of author

UI = D002668

 

Child Welfare

MS = Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the child.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002669

 

Child, Abandoned

MS = A child or adolescent who is deserted by parents or parent substitutes without regard for its future care.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002670

 

Child, Exceptional

MS = A child whose needs, abilities, or other characteristics vary so much from the average in mental, physical, or social areas that a greater than usual level of services is needed to facilitate the child's maximum potential development.

AN = consider also CHILD, GIFTED & MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002671

 

Child, Gifted

MS = A child or adolescent who, when compared to others of the same age or experience, exhibits capability of high performance in intellectual, creative, or artistic areas, possesses an unusual capacity for leadership or excels in specific academic fields. (From PL 100-297, Sec. 4103, Definitions)

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002672

 

Child, Hospitalized

MS = Child hospitalized for short term care.

AN = not for dis in child in hosp for diag or ther: use only for hospitalized child as a psychol, sociol or social entity; check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002673

 

Child, Institutionalized

MS = A child who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002674

 

Child, Preschool

MS = A child between the ages of 2 and 5.

AN = age 2-5 yr; IM only as psychol & sociol or social entity: Manual 18.5.11, 34.9.3; NIM as check tag: Manual 18.5+; no qualif for IM but psychol of the preschool child = CHILD PSYCHOLOGY (IM) & check the tag CHILD, PRESCHOOL

UI = D002675

 

Child, Unwanted

MS = The child who is not wanted by one or both parents.

AN = check also tag CHILD or specific

UI = D002676

 

Chile

UI = D002677

 

Chills

MS = The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.

UI = D023341

 

Chimera

MS = An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

UI = D002678

 

Chimeric Proteins

MS = Proteins in individuals that are derived from genetically different zygotes.

AN = recombinant fusion proteins; nothing to do with CHIMERA

UI = D017375

 

Chimerin 1

MS = A GTPase activating protein that is specific for RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is expressed primarily in the brain and may be involved in signal transduction. The alternatively spliced form of CHIMERIN 1 (alpha-2 Chimerin) contains an additional src homology domain and is expressed in both the brain and testes.

UI = D020848

 

Chimerin Proteins

MS = A family of GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS that are specific for RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

UI = D020740

 

Chin

MS = The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.

AN = bone or site; usually NIM as site: submental (beneath the chin) refers to skin, fat & other tissue below the chin as in "submental lipectomy for double chin"; /growth: consider also MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT

UI = D002680

 

China

MS = A republic in east and central Asia, known also as the People's Republic of China. It is an ancient country, with a civilization existing as early as 3000 B.C. Until 1912 it was known as the Chinese Empire. It was one of the four Great Powers in World War II. By 1950 the Communist regime had gained control. China became a member of the United Nations in 1971. The name may be derived from the qin or Ts'in dynasty (221-206 B.C.) or the Sanskrit name cina or the central province of Shaanxi or Shensi (its capitalis Shian). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p257 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p111)

AN = mainland China: do not confuse with TAIWAN, the Republic of China; in translations use spelling: People's Republic of China, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D002681

 

Chinchilla

MS = A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three genera: Lagidium, Lagostomus, and Chinchilla. They are used extensively in biomedical research.

AN = a rodent used in otol research; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted

UI = D002682

 

Chironomidae

MS = A family of nonbiting midges, in the order DIPTERA. Salivary glands of the genus Chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; gall midges: index under DIPTERA

UI = D002683

 

Chiropractic

MS = An occupational discipline founded by D.D. Palmer in the 1890's based on the relationship of the spine to health and disease. The spine is analyzed by X-rays and palpation, and vertebrae are adjusted manually to relieve pressures on the spinal cord. OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE was originally similar but has become more like FAMILY PRACTICE.

AN = SPEC only; do not confuse with MANIPULATION, CHIROPRACTIC

UI = D002684

 

Chiroptera

MS = Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.

UI = D002685

 

Chitin

UI = D002686

 

Chitin Synthase

MS = An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16.

UI = D002687

 

Chitinase

UI = D002688

 

Chive

MS = A plant in the genus Allium,similar to ONIONS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027782

 

Chlamydia

MS = A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific species; infection = CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS

UI = D002689

 

Chlamydia Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

AN = infect by genus Chlamydia: do not confuse with CHLAMYDIACEAE INFECTIONS (family); Chlamydophila psittaci infect = ORNITHOSIS; Chlamydia trachomatis infect: see note under CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; DF: CHLAMYDIA INFECT

UI = D002690

 

Chlamydia muridarum

MS = Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM); index also PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL if pertinent

UI = D023502

 

Chlamydia trachomatis

MS = Type species of CHLAMYDIA causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases.

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS (IM) or index TRACHOMA, LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM, or CONJUNCTIVITIS, INCLUSION if specified in text

UI = D002692

 

Chlamydiaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative, coccoid microorganisms, in the order CHLAMYDIALES, pathogenic for vertebrates. Genera include CHLAMYDIA and CHLAMYDOPHILA.

AN = infection = CHLAMYDIACEAE INFECTIONS

UI = D002693

 

Chlamydiaceae Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.

AN = rickettsial infect

UI = D002694

 

Chlamydiales

MS = An order of obligately intracellular bacteria that have the chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication. This is a two-stage cycle that includes a metabolically inactive infectious form, and a vegetative form that replicates by binary fission. Members of Chlamydiales are disseminated by aerosol or by contact. There are at least four recognized families: CHLAMYDIACEAE, Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, and Waddliaceae.

UI = D002695

 

Chlamydomonas

MS = A genus of organisms considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p84). It consists of solitary biflagellated organisms common in fresh water and damp soil.

AN = "considered both a protozoon & an alga" (green); in freshwater & damp soil

UI = D002696

 

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

MS = An organism considered both a protozoon (Dorland, 27th ed) and an alga (Bold & Wynne, Introduction to the Algae, 2d ed, p84). Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.

AN = considered both a protozoon & a green alga

UI = D016825

 

Chlamydophila

MS = A genus of the family CHLAMYIDACEAE comprising gram-negative non CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS-like species infecting vertebrates. Chlamydophila do not produce detectable quantities of glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI.

AN = infection = CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS

UI = D023501

 

Chlamydophila Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDOPHILA.

UI = D023521

 

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

MS = A species of CHLAMYDOPHILA that causes acute respiratory infection, especially atypical pneumonia, in humans, horses, and koalas.

AN = infection: coord IM with CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS (IM); index also PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL if pertinent

UI = D016993

 

Chlamydophila psittaci

MS = A genus of CHLAMYDOPHILA infecting primarily birds. It contains eight known serovars, some of which infect more than one type of host, including humans.

AN = infection = ORNITHOSIS

UI = D002691

 

Chloral Hydrate

MS = A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. The safety margin is too narrow for chloral hydrate to be used as a general anesthetic in humans, but it is commonly used for that purpose in animal experiments. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication.

AN = a nonbarbiturate sedative & intravenous anesthetic

UI = D002697

 

Chloralose

MS = A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.

UI = D002698

 

Chlorambucil

MS = A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)

UI = D002699

 

Chloramines

UI = D002700

 

Chloramphenicol

MS = An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

AN = an antibiotic

UI = D002701

 

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

UI = D015500

 

Chloramphenicol Resistance

MS = Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

UI = D002702

 

Chloranil

MS = A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.

UI = D002703

 

Chlorates

MS = Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.

UI = D002704

 

Chlordan

MS = A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D002706

 

Chlordecone

MS = A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D007631

 

Chlordiazepoxide

MS = An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawl.

UI = D002707

 

Chlorella

MS = Nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially valuable as a source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins.

AN = a unicellular green alga

UI = D002708

 

Chlorfenvinphos

MS = An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D002709

 

Chlorhexidine

MS = A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

UI = D002710

 

Chloride Channels

MS = Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /rad eff /ultrastruct permitted; DF: CL CHANNELS

UI = D018118

 

Chloride Peroxidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the chlorination of a range of organic molecules, forming stable carbon-chloride bonds. EC 1.11.1.10.

UI = D002711

 

Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters

MS = Membrane proteins that allow the exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the cellular membrane. The action of specific antiporters in this class serve important functions such as allowing the efficient exchange of bicarbonate across red blood cell membranes as they passage through capillaries and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions by the kidney.

UI = D027963

 

Chlorides

MS = Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

AN = only for inorganic cpds or chloride ion; /physiol permitted

UI = D002712

 

Chlorine

MS = A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.

AN = Cl-35; Cl-37 = CHLORINE (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cl-34, 36, 38-40 = CHLORINE (IM) + RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D002713

 

Chlorine Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals

UI = D017606

 

Chlorisondamine

MS = A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.

UI = D002714

 

Chlormadinone Acetate

MS = An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

UI = D002715

 

Chlormequat

UI = D002716

 

Chlormerodrin

MS = A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.

UI = D002717

 

Chlormethiazole

MS = A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.

AN = a sedative & anticonvulsant

UI = D002719

 

Chlormezanone

MS = A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.

AN = an anti-anxiety agent & central muscle relaxant

UI = D002720

 

Chlorobenzenes

UI = D002722

 

Chlorobenzoates

MS = Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.

UI = D002723

 

Chlorobutanol

MS = A colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. It is a widely used preservative in various pharmaceutical solutions, especially injectables. Also, it is an active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics.

UI = D002724

 

Chlorofluorocarbons

MS = A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.

AN = do not confuse with FLUOROCARBONS nor HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED nor HYDROCARBONS, FLUORINATED; DF: CFCS

UI = D017402

 

Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane

MS = A group of methane-based halogenated hydrocarbons containing one or more fluorine and chlorine atoms.

AN = do not confuse X refs here with FLUOROCARBONS (for perfluorinated cpds)

UI = D005617

 

Chloroform

MS = A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity.

UI = D002725

 

Chlorogenic Acid

MS = A naturally occuring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68).

UI = D002726

 

Chloroguanide

MS = A biguanide compound which has little antimalarial activity until metabolized in the body to the active antimalarial agent cycloguanil. The usefulness of proguanil is limited by the rapid development of drug resistance by the malarial parasite. The hydrochloride is used for the casual prophylaxis of falciparum malaria, to suppress other forms of malaria, and to reduce transmission of infection (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p405)

UI = D002727

 

Chlorohydrins

MS = Any of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for part of the hydroxyl groups. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

UI = D002728

 

Chloromercuribenzoates

MS = Chloride and mercury-containing derivatives of benzoic acid.

AN = P-CHLOROMERCURIBENZOIC ACID is available

UI = D002729

 

Chloromercurinitrophenols

MS = Mercuriphenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms and one or more nitro groups. Some of these are sulfhydryl reagents which act as chromophoric probes in enzymes and other proteins.

UI = D002730

 

Chlorophenols

MS = Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.

UI = D002733

 

Chlorophyll

MS = Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

UI = D002734

 

Chlorophyllides

MS = Products of the hydrolysis of chlorophylls in which the phytic acid side chain has been removed and the carboxylic acids saponified.

AN = products of chlorophil hydrolysis

UI = D002735

 

Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases

MS = Proton-translocating ATPases which produce ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE in plants. They derive energy from light-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the membranous cisternae (THYLAKOIDS) of the CHLOROPLASTS.

UI = D025222

 

Chloroplasts

MS = Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants.

AN = coord IM with PLANTS, ALGAE or specific plant or alga usually NIM

UI = D002736

 

Chloroprene

MS = Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.

UI = D002737

 

Chloroquine

MS = The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

UI = D002738

 

Chloroquinolinols

MS = 8-Hydroxyquinolinols chlorinated on the number 5 and/or 7 carbon atom(s). They are antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal, especially in amebiasis, and have also been used as antiseborrheics. The compounds are mostly used topically, but have been used also as animal feed additives. They may cause optic and other neuropathies and are most frequently administered in combination with other agents.

UI = D002739

 

Chlorothiazide

MS = A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p812)

AN = a diuretic

UI = D002740

 

Chlorotrianisene

MS = A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.

UI = D002741

 

Chlorphenamidine

MS = An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects, etc.

UI = D002742

 

Chlorphenesin

MS = A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203)

UI = D002743

 

Chlorpheniramine

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.

AN = a histamine H1 antag & antipruritic

UI = D002744

 

Chlorphentermine

MS = A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)

UI = D002745

 

Chlorpromazine

MS = The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

UI = D002746

 

Chlorpropamide

MS = A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)

UI = D002747

 

Chlorpropham

MS = A carbamate that is used as an herbide and as a plant growth regulator.

UI = D002748

 

Chlorprothixene

MS = A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.

UI = D002749

 

Chlorpyrifos

MS = An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D004390

 

Chlorquinaldol

MS = Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.

UI = D002750

 

Chlortetracycline

MS = An antibiotic substance isolated from the substrate of Streptomyces aureofaciens and used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent.

UI = D002751

 

Chlorthalidone

MS = A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of the thiazide diuretics even though it does not contain a thiazide ring system. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p813)

UI = D002752

 

Chlorzoxazone

MS = A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)

UI = D002753

 

CHO Cells

MS = Cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus. The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

AN = CHO stands for "Chinese Hamster Ovary"; A 11 qualif; check ANIMAL & HAMSTERS but do not add FEMALE or OVARY

UI = D016466

 

Choanal Atresia

MS = Congenital bony or membranous occlusion of one or both choanae, due to failure of the embryonic bucconasal membrane to rupture.

AN = nose abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D002754

 

Choice Behavior

MS = The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

UI = D002755

 

Cholagogues and Choleretics

MS = Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).

AN = DF: CHOLAGOGUES

UI = D002756

 

Cholanes

AN = do not confuse with CHOLENES

UI = D002757

 

Cholangiocarcinoma

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium. It is composed of ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar cells that do not contain bile, with abundant stroma. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1455; Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM) + BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC (IM)

UI = D018281

 

Cholangiography

MS = Radiographic examination of the bile ducts.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CHOLANGIOGR

UI = D002758

 

Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde

MS = Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.

AN = /instrum is probably DUODENOSCOPES

UI = D002760

 

Cholangitis

MS = Inflammation of a bile duct.

AN = inflamm of a bile duct

UI = D002761

 

Cholangitis, Sclerosing

MS = Chronic, nonbacterial inflammatory narrowing of the bile ducts. About 50% of the cases are associated with ulcerative colitis. Treatment is to relieve the obstruction by balloon dilatation or surgery.

AN = inflamm narrowing of a bile duct

UI = D015209

 

Cholates

MS = Salts and esters of CHOLIC ACID.

AN = SODIUM CHOLATE is available

UI = D020355

 

Cholecalciferol

MS = An antirachitic oil-soluble vitamin.

AN = /defic permitted but coord IM with VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY (IM)

UI = D002762

 

Cholecystectomy

MS = Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002763

 

Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic

MS = Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.

UI = D017081

 

Cholecystitis

MS = Inflammation of the gallbladder.

AN = inflamm of gallbladder; X ref EMPYEMA, GALLBLADDER: restrict to gallbladder; "biliary empyema": unless of gallbladder, index under EMPYEMA (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES (IM) or specific biliary precoord

UI = D002764

 

Cholecystography

MS = Radiography of the gallbladder after ingestion of a contrast medium.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CHOLECYSTOGR

UI = D002765

 

Cholecystokinin

MS = A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

AN = a neurotransmitter gastrointestinal hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002766

 

Cholecystostomy

MS = Establishment of an opening into the gallbladder either for drainage or surgical communication with another part of the digestive tract, usually the duodenum or jejunum.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002767

 

Choledochal Cyst

MS = A congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct; this condition may be asymptomatic, or cause vomiting, fever, jaundice, or pain in the right upper quadrant.

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D015529

 

Choledochostomy

MS = Surgical formation of an opening (stoma) into the common bile duct for drainage or for direct communication with a site in the small intestine, primarily the duodenum or jejunum.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002768

 

Cholelithiasis

MS = Presence or formation of gallstones.

AN = calculi of gallbladder or bile ducts; assume to be of gallbladder & do not coord with GALLBLADDER DISEASES; calculi of bile ducts: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (NIM) but calculi of specific bile duct, coord IM with specific duct (IM); chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted; note COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULI is available

UI = D002769

 

Cholenes

MS = Unsaturated derivatives of cholane with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched five-carbon chain at C-17. They must have at least one double bond in the ring system.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLANES or CHOLINE; includes choladienes, cholatrienes

UI = D002770

 

Cholera

MS = An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.

AN = caused by Vibrio cholerae

UI = D002771

 

Cholera Morbus

MS = A once popular name for an acute severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, with diarrhea, cramps, and vomiting, occurring in summer or autumn. It should be differentiated from classical CHOLERA which is also characterized by severe gastrointestinal and metabolic manifestations but is caused by a powerful enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = an old name for a type of gastroenteritis: do not confuse with classical CHOLERA

UI = D017688

 

Cholera Toxin

MS = An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facillitate the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D002772

 

Cholera Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

UI = D022121

 

Cholestadienes

MS = Cholene derivatives with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. They must have two double bonds in the ring system.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTADIENOLS

UI = D002774

 

Cholestadienols

MS = Cholestadiene derivatives containing a hydroxy group anywhere in the molecule.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTADIENES

UI = D002775

 

Cholestanes

MS = Derivatives of the saturated steroid cholestane with methyl groups at C-18 and C-19 and an iso-octyl side chain at C-17.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTENES

UI = D002776

 

Cholestanol

MS = A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANOLS; do not confuse x-ref DIHYDROCHOLESTEROL with DEHYDROCHOLESTEROLS

UI = D004083

 

Cholestanols

MS = Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANOL; beta-cholestanol = BETA-CHOLESTANOL see CHOLESTANOL

UI = D002777

 

Cholestanones

MS = CHOLESTANES substituted with any number of keto groups.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTENONES; includes cholestanediones, cholestanetriones

UI = D002778

 

Cholestasis

MS = Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla.

UI = D002779

 

Cholestasis, Intrahepatic

MS = Intrahepatic impairment of bile flow. It is usually due to liver cell damage, but may be due to obstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. It is also called hepatocellular jaundice and medical jaundice.

UI = D002780

 

Cholesteatoma

MS = A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region.

AN = non-neoplastic: coord IM with organ/dis (IM) but CHOLESTEATOMA, MIDDLE EAR is available

UI = D002781

 

Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear

MS = Cholesteatoma of the middle ear, usually associated with chronic infection, and commonly affecting the tympanum, epitympanum, and antrum.

UI = D018424

 

Cholestenes

MS = Steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a branched 8-carbon chain at C-17. Members include compounds with any degree of unsaturation; however, CHOLESTADIENES is available for derivatives containing two double bonds.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANES; includes cholestatrienes

UI = D002782

 

Cholestenones

MS = CHOLESTENES with one or more double bonds and substituted by any number of keto groups.

AN = do not confuse with CHOLESTANONES; includes cholestenediones, cholestenetriones

UI = D002783

 

Cholesterol

MS = The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; /biosyn /physiol permitted; /blood: consider also HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA & specifics; cholesterol granuloma = CHOLESTEROL + GRANULOMA, FOREIGN-BODY

UI = D002784

 

Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase

MS = A membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 7-alpha-hydroxylation of CHOLESTEROL in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP7, converts cholesterol to 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol which is the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of BILE ACIDS.

UI = D002790

 

Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease

MS = A rare benign adult form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage disease that is due to deficiency of acid lipase. It results in an accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly cholesterol esters, within cells (particularly leukocytes, fibroblasts, and liver cells). It is an allelic variant of WOLMAN DISEASE.

AN = a lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D015217

 

Cholesterol Esterase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cholesterol and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion. EC 3.1.1.13.

UI = D002787

 

Cholesterol Esters

MS = Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

UI = D002788

 

Cholesterol Oxidase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidize other 3-hydroxysteroids. EC 1.1.3.6.

UI = D002789

 

Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme

MS = A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 CHOLESTEROL to C21 PREGNENOLONE in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

UI = D002786

 

Cholesterol, Dietary

MS = Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

AN = /adv eff: coord with disease /etiol, not /chem ind

UI = D002791

 

Cholestyramine

MS = A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction, and as an antipruritic.

UI = D002792

 

Cholic Acid

MS = A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

AN = CHOLIC ACIDS is available

UI = D019826

 

Cholic Acids

MS = The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics.

AN = cholic acid glycine conjugate = GLYCOCHOLIC ACID; cholic acid taurine conjugate = TAUROCHOLIC ACID; CHOLIC ACID is also available

UI = D002793

 

Choline

MS = A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D002794

 

Choline Deficiency

MS = A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

AN = a vitamin B defic in animals; DF: CHOLINE DEFIC

UI = D002796

 

Choline Kinase

MS = An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. EC 2.7.1.32.

UI = D002797

 

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

UI = D002795

 

Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of cytidylate (CMP) to choline phosphate to form CDPcholine. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in the choline pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Its activity is increased by glucocorticoids. EC 2.7.7.15.

AN = DF: CDP CHOLINE SYNTHETASE

UI = D019916

 

Cholinergic Agents

MS = Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; consider also PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM /drug eff

UI = D018678

 

Cholinergic Agonists

MS = Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CHOLINERGIC AGON or CHOLINERGIC AG

UI = D018679

 

Cholinergic Antagonists

MS = Drugs that bind to but do not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific groups or specific drugs; DF: CHOLINERGIC ANTAG

UI = D018680

 

Cholinergic Fibers

MS = Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

UI = D002799

 

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

MS = Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

AN = DF: CHOLINESTERASE INHIB

UI = D002800

 

Cholinesterase Reactivators

MS = Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates.

AN = note X refs

UI = D002801

 

Cholinesterases

AN = reactivation: index under CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS

UI = D002802

 

Chondro-4-Sulfatase

MS = An enzyme from the sulfuric ester hydrolase class that breaks down one of the products of the chondroitin lyase II reaction. EC 3.1.6.9.

UI = D002803

 

Chondroblastoma

MS = A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)

AN = benign or malignant; /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS or precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002804

 

Chondrocalcinosis

MS = Presence of calcium salts, especially calcium pyrophosphate, in the cartilaginous structures of one or more joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a form of arthritis; note X ref: do not index under CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE unless particularly discussed

UI = D002805

 

Chondrocytes

MS = Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

UI = D019902

 

Chondrodysplasia Punctata

MS = A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.

AN = a form of osteochondrodysplasia with stippled epiphyses; spell X ref name HUNERMANN with an umlaut in titles & translations: Hunermann; CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC is also available

UI = D002806

 

Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic

MS = An autosomal recessive form of CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis and impaired peroxisomes. Patients have shortened proximal limbs and severely disturbed endochondrial bone formation. The metabolic defects associated with the impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. (From Scriver et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed, p1497)

AN = a form of osteochondrodysplasia with stippled epiphyses; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D018902

 

Chondrogenesis

MS = The formation of cartilage. This process is directed by CHONDROCYTES which continually divide and lay down matrix during development. It is sometimes a precursor to OSTEOGENESIS.

UI = D020219

 

Chondroitin

MS = A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; CHONDROITIN SULFATE B see DERMATAN SULFATE is available

UI = D002807

 

Chondroitin ABC Lyase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.4.

AN = do not confuse with CHONDROITIN LYASES

UI = D019765

 

Chondroitin Lyases

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.

AN = do not confuse with CHONDROITIN ABC LYASE

UI = D002808

 

Chondroitin Sulfates

MS = Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.

UI = D002809

 

Chondroitinases and Chondroitin Lyases

MS = Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.

AN = CHONDROITIN LYASES is available; DF: CHONDROITINASES

UI = D002810

 

Chondroitinsulfatases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various sulfate bonds of chondroitin sulfate. EC 3.1.6.-.

UI = D002811

 

Chondroma

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = solitary; multiple = CHONDROMATOSIS; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM); do not confuse X ref ENCHONDROMA with ENCHONDROMATOSIS

UI = D002812

 

Chondromatosis

MS = Multiple formation of chondromas. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = multiple; solitary = CHONDROMA; do not use /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct

UI = D018210

 

Chondromatosis, Synovial

MS = Rare, benign, chronic, progressive metaplasia in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membranes of joints, tendon sheaths, or bursae. Some of the metaplastic foci can become detached producing loose bodies. When the loose bodies undergo secondary calcification, the condition is called synovial osteochondromatosis.

AN = non-neoplastic progressive joint metaplasia

UI = D015838

 

Chondrosarcoma

MS = A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D002813

 

Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal

MS = A rare aggressive variant of chondrosarcoma, characterized by a biphasic histologic pattern of small compact cells intermixed with islands of cartilaginous matrix. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas have a predilection for flat bones; long tubular bones are rarely affected. They tend to occur in the younger age group and are highly metastatic. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1456)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with BONE NEOPLASMS (IM) or specific precoord bone/neopl term (IM) or specific bone (IM) + BONE NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018211

 

Chorda Tympani Nerve

MS = A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.

AN = a branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve; dis: coord IM with FACIAL NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002814

 

Chordae Tendineae

MS = The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular valves to appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.

AN = for disease, coord IM with HEART DISEASES (IM); PAPILLARY MUSCLES is also available but read MeSH definition; false tendons: index PURKINJE FIBERS but see note there

UI = D002815

 

Chordata, Nonvertebrate

MS = A portion of the animal phylum Chordata comprised of the subphyla Cephalochordata, UROCHORDATA, and HYPEROTRETI, but not including the Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). It includes nonvertebrate animals having a notochord during some developmental stage.

UI = D002816

 

Chordoma

MS = A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D002817

 

Chordopoxvirinae

MS = A subfamily of the family POXVIRIDAE, containing eight genera comprising all the vertebrate poxviruses.

AN = a subfamily of the family Poxviridae comprising all vertebrate (Chordo-)poxviruses; infection: coord IM with POXVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018147

 

Chorea

MS = Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.

AN = choreoathetosis = CHOREA (IM) + ATHETOSIS (IM); MORVAN'S CHOREA see MYOKYMIA and CHOREATIC DISORDERS are also available

UI = D002819

 

Chorea Gravidarum

MS = A rare disorder characterized by the development of chorea, athetosis, and/or hemiballismus during pregnancy. RHEUMATIC FEVER and collagen vascular disorders are frequently associated with this disease. Chorea may vary from mild to severe and occurs in approximately 1 per 2,000 to 3,000 pregnancies. (From Md Med J 1997 Sep;46(8):436-9)

UI = D020150

 

Choreatic Disorders

MS = Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature CHOREA as a primary manifestation of the disease process.

AN = CHOREA is also available

UI = D020822

 

Chorioamnionitis

MS = An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus.

AN = inflamm of chorion & amnion; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D002821

 

Choriocarcinoma

MS = A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYADITIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).

AN = coord IM with UTERINE NEOPLASMS (IM) + FEMALE + PREGNANCY if in the female or TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS (IM) + MALE if in the male or other organ/neopl term applicable

UI = D002822

 

Choriocarcinoma, Non-gestational

MS = A highly malignant CHORIOCARCINOMA derived from the non-placental origin such as the totipotent cells in the TESTIS, the OVARY, and the PINEAL GLAND. It produces high levels of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN and can metastasize widely through the bloodstream to the lungs, brain, liver, bone, and other viscera by the time of diagnosis.

UI = D031954

 

Chorion

MS = The outermost extraembryonic membrane.

UI = D002823

 

Chorionic Gonadotropin

MS = A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT).

AN = for alpha subunit, coord with GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES, ALPHA SUBUNIT; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT is also available

UI = D006063

 

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human

MS = The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.

UI = D018997

 

Chorionic Villi

MS = The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion which enter into the formation of the placenta.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

UI = D002824

 

Chorionic Villi Sampling

MS = A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015193

 

Chorioretinitis

MS = Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.

AN = inflamm of choroid & retina

UI = D002825

 

Chorismate Mutase

MS = An isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid. EC 5.4.99.5.

UI = D002826

 

Chorismic Acid

UI = D002827

 

Choristoma

MS = A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.

AN = coord aberrant or heterotopic tissue of an organ under the organ without qualif, e.g., heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the duodenum = CHORISTOMA (IM) + DUODENAL DISEASES (IM) + PANCREAS (no qualif) (IM)

UI = D002828

 

Choroid

MS = The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

AN = in the eye: do not confuse with CHOROID PLEXUS (in the brain); inflammation = CHOROIDITIS or CHORIORETINITIS; /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES

UI = D002829

 

Choroid Diseases

MS = Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus

UI = D015862

 

Choroid Hemorrhage

MS = Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus

UI = D002832

 

Choroid Neoplasms

MS = Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).

AN = of the eye: do not confuse with neopl of CHOROID PLEXUS ( = CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS); /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D002830

 

Choroid Plexus

MS = A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.

AN = in the brain: do not confuse with CHOROID (in the eye); diseases: coord IM with BRAIN DISEASES (IM); neopl = CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; choroid plexus papilloma = GLIOMA (IM) + CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS (IM); /radiogr: coord with CEREBRAL VENTRICULOGRAPHY

UI = D002831

 

Choroid Plexus Neoplasms

MS = Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)

AN = in the brain: do not confuse with CHOROID NEOPLASMS (in the eye); coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D016545

 

Choroidal Neovascularization

MS = A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.

UI = D020256

 

Choroideremia

MS = An X chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness.

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus: progressive degen in male, nonprogressive in female

UI = D015794

 

Choroiditis

MS = Inflammation of the choroid.

AN = of the eye, not of the choroid plexus; consider also CHORIORETINITIS

UI = D002833

 

Christian Science

MS = A religion discovered by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 that was organized under the official name of the Church of Christ, Scientist, that derives its teachings from the Scriptures as understood by its adherents, and that includes a practice of spiritual healing based upon the teaching that cause and effect are mental, and that sin, sickness, and death will be destroyed by a full understanding of the divine principle of Jesus' teaching and healing. (Webster, 3d ed)

AN = IM; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D002834

 

Christianity

MS = The religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus Christ: the religion that believes in God as the Father Almighty who works redemptively through the Holy Spirit for men's salvation and that affirms Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior who proclaimed to man the gospel of salvation. (From Webster, 3d ed)

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D002835

 

Chromaffin Cells

MS = Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.

AN = located in adrenal medulla & sympath paraganglia; store epinephrine

UI = D019439

 

Chromaffin Granules

MS = Granules in the adrenal glands and various other organs, which are concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D002837

 

Chromaffin System

MS = The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.

AN = /cytol: consider also specific CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM cell indentions

UI = D002838

 

Chromans

MS = Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions.

AN = do not confuse with CHROMONES

UI = D002839

 

Chromates

MS = Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.

UI = D002840

 

Chromatiaceae

MS = Organisms found in the anaerobic and sulfide-containing parts of aquatic environments.

UI = D002841

 

Chromatids

MS = Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D002842

 

Chromatin

MS = The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA, HISTONES, and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

UI = D002843

 

Chromatium

MS = A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.

AN = in water

UI = D002844

 

Chromatography

MS = Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; NIM; on Sephadex G = GEL FILTRATION see CHROMATOGRAPHY, GEL; on DEAE Sephadex = CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE; DF: CHROMATOGR

UI = D002845

 

Chromatography, Affinity

MS = A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR AFFINITY

UI = D002846

 

Chromatography, Agarose

MS = A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million.

AN = a type of gel chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR AGAROSE

UI = D002847

 

Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose

MS = A type of ion exchange chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-CELLULOSE) as a positively charged resin. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a type of ion exchange chromatogr: do not confuse with chromatogr on DEAE Sephadex ( = CHROMATOGRAPHY, ION EXCHANGE); NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR DEAE CELLULOSE

UI = D002848

 

Chromatography, Gas

MS = Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR GAS

UI = D002849

 

Chromatography, Gel

MS = Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

AN = DF: CHROMATOGR GEL

UI = D002850

 

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

MS = Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: note short X ref

UI = D002851

 

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

MS = Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR ION EXCHANGE

UI = D002852

 

Chromatography, Liquid

MS = Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR LIQUID

UI = D002853

 

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary

MS = A hybrid separation technique combining both chromatographic and electrophoretic separation principles. While the method was invented to separate neutral species, it can also be applied to charged molecules such as small peptides.

AN = do not confuse with capillary gas chromatography (= CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS)

UI = D020374

 

Chromatography, Paper

MS = An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

AN = DF: CHROMATOGR PAPER

UI = D002854

 

Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid

MS = A CHROMATOGRAPHY method using supercritical fluid, usually carbon dioxide under very high pressure (around 73 atmospheres or 1070 psi at room temperature) as the mobile phase. Other solvents are sometimes added as modifiers. This is used both for analytical (SFC) and extraction (SFE) puposes.

AN = DF: SFC Chromatogr

UI = D025924

 

Chromatography, Thin Layer

MS = Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a type of liquid chromatogr; NIM; DF: CHROMATOGR THIN LAYER

UI = D002855

 

Chromatophores

MS = The large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates which actively disperse and aggregate their pigment granules. These cells include MELANOPHORES, erythrophores, xanthophores, leucophores and iridiophores. (In algae, chromatophores refer to CHLOROPLASTS. In phototrophic bacteria chromatophores refer to membranous organelles (BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES.)

AN = do not confuse with chromophores (chemical groups imparting color to a cpd); BACTERIAL CHROMATOPHORES is available

UI = D002856

 

Chromium

MS = A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

AN = a trace element; Cr-52

UI = D002857

 

Chromium Alloys

MS = Specific alloys not less than 85% chromium and nickel or cobalt, with traces of either nickel or cobalt, molybdenum, and other substances. They are used in partial dentures, orthopedic implants, etc.

AN = used in dent technol & orthopedics; D25-26 qualif

UI = D002858

 

Chromium Compounds

MS = Inorganic compounds that contain chromium as an integral part of the molecule.

AN = inorganic; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; DF: CHROMIUM CPDS

UI = D017608

 

Chromium Isotopes

MS = Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

AN = Cr-50, 53, 54; NIM

UI = D002859

 

Chromium Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

AN = Cr-46-49,51,55,56; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D002860

 

Chromobacterium

MS = A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring in soil and water. Its organisms are generally nonpathogenic, but some species do cause infections of mammals, including humans.

AN = in soil & water

UI = D002861

 

Chromoblastomycosis

MS = Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)

AN = fungus dis of skin; coord IM with causative agent (IM)

UI = D002862

 

Chromogenic Compounds

MS = Colorless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into colored compounds; used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, especially in the form of enzyme substrates. Synonym: chromogens (not to be confused with pigment-synthesizing bacteria also called chromogens).

AN = "colorless ... precursors that may be transformed ... into colored cpds; used in biochem assays & ... as indicators"; D25-26 qualif; DF: CHROMOGENIC CPDS

UI = D002863

 

Chromogranins

AN = nerve tissue proteins

UI = D002864

 

Chromolaena

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of thoroughwort is also used for other plants including EUPATORIUM; CHROMOLAENA, Hebeclinium and Koanophyllon. Eupolin is the aqueous extract of the leaves.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D036604

 

Chromomycin A3

MS = Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.

UI = D014128

 

Chromomycins

MS = A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.

AN = antineoplastic antibiotics

UI = D002865

 

Chromonar

MS = A coronary vasodilator agent.

UI = D002866

 

Chromones

AN = do not confuse with CHROMANS

UI = D002867

 

Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone

MS = Nucleoproteins which in contrast to histones are acid insoluble. They are involved in chromosomal functions; e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D002868

 

Chromosome Aberrations

MS = Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Many chromosome aberrations, but not all, are the cause of CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

AN = coord IM with specific numbered chromosome or sex chromosome (IM) but not with CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN

UI = D002869

 

Chromosome Banding

MS = Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.

UI = D002871

 

Chromosome Breakage

MS = A type of chromosomal aberration which may result from spontaneous or induced breakage. ALKYLATING AGENTS and other chemical MUTAGENS, various types of RADIATION have been found to cause chromosomal breakage. Breakage can result in TRANSLOCATION (GENETICS); INVERSION (GENETICS); or SEQUENCE DELETION.

UI = D019457

 

Chromosome Deletion

MS = Actual loss of a portion of the chromosome.

AN = for coord see note on CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS

UI = D002872

 

Chromosome Disorders

MS = Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; coord IM with specific numbered chromosome (IM)

UI = D025063

 

Chromosome Fragility

MS = Susceptibility of chromosomes to breakage and translocation or other aberrations. Chromosome fragile sites are regions that show up in karyotypes as a gap (uncondensed stretch) on the chromatid arm. They are associated with chromosome break sites and other aberrations. A fragile site on the X chromosome is associated with FRAGILE X SYNDROME. Fragile sites are designated by the letters "FRA" followed by the designation for the specific chromosome and a letter which refers to the different fragile sites on a chromosome (e.g. FRAXA).

UI = D002873

 

Chromosome Mapping

MS = Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

UI = D002874

 

Chromosome Painting

MS = A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species.

UI = D020223

 

Chromosome Pairing

MS = The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.

AN = do not confuse X ref SYNAPSIS with SYNAPSES (neuron cell junctions)

UI = D023902

 

Chromosome Segregation

MS = The orderly segregation of chromosomes during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.

UI = D020090

 

Chromosome Structures

MS = Structures which are contained in or part of CHROMOSOMES.

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics

UI = D022004

 

Chromosome Walking

MS = A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.

AN = technique for exploring an unknown region of a CHROMOSOME

UI = D016386

 

Chromosomes

MS = In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D002875

 

Chromosomes, Archaeal

MS = Structures within the nucleus of archaeal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet /permitted; coord IM with specific archaeon /genet (IM)

UI = D019847

 

Chromosomes, Artificial

MS = DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

AN = coord with specific organism /genet only if particularly discussed; for insertion of the artificial chromosome, coord with GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES

UI = D022201

 

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial

MS = DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

AN = coord with specific bacterium /genet only if particularly discussed

UI = D022202

 

Chromosomes, Artificial, Human

MS = DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

AN = coord with specific human chromosome /genet only if particularly discussed

UI = D022222

 

Chromosomes, Artificial, Mammalian

MS = DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny mammalian cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.

AN = coord with specific animal /genet only if particularly discussed

UI = D022221

 

Chromosomes, Artificial, P1 Bacteriophage

MS = DNA constructs that are derived from the DNA of P1 BACTERIOPHAGE. They can carry large amounts (about 100-300 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.

UI = D027042

 

Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast

MS = Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms.

AN = coord with specific yeast /genet only if particularly discussed; DF: note short X ref

UI = D018244

 

Chromosomes, Bacterial

MS = Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific bact /genet (IM); DF: CHROMOSOMES BACT

UI = D002876

 

Chromosomes, Fungal

MS = Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; coord IM with specific fungus /genet (IM)

UI = D015825

 

Chromosomes, Human

MS = Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.

AN = GEN only: prefer specifics; do not coord with pre-coord chromosome terms, such as CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE, etc.: check tag HUMAN will serve for these

UI = D002877

 

Chromosomes, Human, 1-3

MS = The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.

UI = D002900

 

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

MS = The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

UI = D002901

 

Chromosomes, Human, 16-18

MS = The short, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group E in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 16, 17, and 18.

UI = D002902

 

Chromosomes, Human, 19-20

MS = The short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group F in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20.

UI = D002903

 

Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y

MS = The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.

UI = D002904

 

Chromosomes, Human, 4-5

MS = The large, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group B in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 4 and 5.

UI = D002905

 

Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X

MS = The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.

UI = D002906

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002878

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002879

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002880

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002881

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group D (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 13-15) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002882

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group D (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 13-15) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002883

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group D (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 13-15) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002884

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group E (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 16-18) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002885

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group E (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 16-18) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002886

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group E (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 16-18) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002887

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group F (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 19-20) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002888

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002889

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group F (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 19-20) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002890

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group G (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 21-22 AND Y) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002891

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group G (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 21-22 AND Y) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002892

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002893

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group B (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002894

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5

MS = One of the two pairs of human chromosomes in the group B class (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 4-5).

UI = D002895

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002896

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002897

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002898

 

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9

MS = A specific pair of human chromosomes in group C (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 6-12 AND X) of the human chromosome classification.

UI = D002899

 

Chromosomes, Human, X

MS = The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.

UI = D041321

 

Chromosomes, Human, Y

MS = The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

UI = D041322

 

Chromosomes, Mammalian

MS = Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.

UI = D033481

 

Chromosomes, Plant

MS = Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.

UI = D032461

 

Chronaxy

MS = The shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus to nerve or muscle tissue, having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation. (Stedman's, 25th ed)

UI = D002907

 

Chronic Disease

MS = Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

AN = IM GEN only; usually NIM with specific dis IM; no qualif when NIM; Manual 23.16+

UI = D002908

 

Chronobiology

MS = The study of biological systems as affected by time. Aging, biological rhythms, and cyclic phenomena are included. Statistical, computer-aided mathematical procedures are used to describe, in mathematical terminology, various biological functions over time.

AN = "biol systems as affected by time"; DF: CHRONOBIOL

UI = D002909

 

Chronobiology Disorders

MS = Disruptions of the rhythmic cycle of bodily functions or activities.

UI = D021081

 

Chronology

AN = no qualif; used more by Catalogers than Indexers; do not confuse with TIME; TIME FACTORS or TIME PERCEPTION: CHRONOLOGY is usually for data or events arranged in order of time or occurrence; DF: CHRONOL

UI = D002910

 

Chronology [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of lists of events arranged in chronological order.

UI = D020469

 

Chronotherapy

MS = The adaptation of the administration of drugs to circadian rhythms. The concept is based on the response of biological functions to time-related events, such as the low point in epinephrine levels between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. or the elevated histamine levels between midnight and 4 a.m. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms or modifying therapy based on known variations in body rhythms. While chronotherapy is commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, it is not restricted to cancer therapy or to chemotherapy.

AN = ther based on circadian rhythm; not restricted to drug ther nor to cancer chemother; IM; coord with type of ther (IM) or specific drug with probably /admin (IM) but do not coord with DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE or CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DF: CHRONOTHER

UI = D019454

 

Chrysanthemum

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. Some species in this genus have been reclassified to TANACETUM.

AN = CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM see TANACETUM PARTHENIUM is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031202

 

Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium

MS = A plant species of the genus CHRYSANTHEMUM, family ASTERACEAE. The flowers contain PYRETHRINS, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. Most in the old Pyrethrum genus are reclassified to TANACETUM; some to other ASTERACEA genera.

AN = for insecticides from this plant use PYRETHRINS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D011723

 

Chrysenes

MS = 1,2-Benzphenanthrenes. Polycyclic hydrocarbons obtained from coal tar.

AN = hydrocarbons from coal tar

UI = D002911

 

Chrysosporium

MS = A mitosporic Onygenaceae fungal genus which causes adiaspiromycosis, a pulmonary mycosis of man and rodents. One of its teleomorphs is Ajellomyces.

AN = infection: coord IM with MYCOSES (IM) or specific mycosis (IM)

UI = D002912

 

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

MS = A group of religious bodies tracing their origin to Joseph Smith in 1830 and accepting the Book of Mormon as divine revelation. (from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

UI = D034682

 

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

MS = Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

UI = D015267

 

Chyle

MS = An opaque, milky-white fluid consisting mainly of emulsified fats that passes through the lacteals of the small intestines into the lymphatic system.

AN = chyluria: index CHYLE (IM) + URINE (NIM)

UI = D002913

 

Chylomicrons

MS = A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues.

UI = D002914

 

Chyloperitoneum

MS = The presence of effused chyle in the peritoneal cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = chyle in the peritoneal cavity

UI = D002915

 

Chylothorax

MS = The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = chyle in thoracic cavity

UI = D002916

 

Chymopapain

MS = A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.

UI = D002917

 

Chymosin

MS = The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.

AN = do not confuse X ref RENNIN with RENIN; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D012085

 

Chymotrypsin

MS = A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

AN = /antag: consider also ALPHA 1-ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN

UI = D002918

 

Chymotrypsinogen

AN = an enzyme precursor

UI = D002919

 

Chytridiomycota

MS = A phylum of fungi that was formerly considered a subdivision of Phycomycetes. They are the only fungi that produce motile cells at some stage in their life cycle. Most are saprobes but they also contain examples of plant, animal and fungal pathogens.

UI = D008411

 

Cialit

MS = Tissue preservative.

UI = D002920

 

Cicatrix

MS = The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing.

AN = only Cat C qualif; CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC is also available

UI = D002921

 

Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

MS = An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.

AN = does not spread to surrounding tissue: do not confuse with KELOID which does; follow text of author

UI = D017439

 

Cicer

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE known for the edible beans.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029863

 

Cichlids

MS = Common name for perch-like fish of the family Cichlidae, belonging to the suborder Labroidei, order PERCIFORMES.

AN = note X refs TILAPIA NILOTICA and NILE TILAPIA; TILAPIA is also available

UI = D023681

 

Cicuta

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. It is a source of cicutoxin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029981

 

Ciguatera Poisoning

MS = Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.

UI = D036841

 

Ciguatoxins

MS = Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of ciguatoxin (IM or NIM)

UI = D002922

 

Cilastatin

MS = A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, IMIPENEM, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4.

UI = D015377

 

Cilazapril

MS = One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.

UI = D017315

 

Cilia

MS = Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

AN = IM GEN only; NIM when specific organ is IM; A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; do not confuse with the protozoa CILIATA see CILIOPHORA or with the Latin plural of EYELASHES

UI = D002923

 

Ciliary Arteries

MS = Three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris.

UI = D019842

 

Ciliary Body

MS = A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

AN = inflammation: consider CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEITIS (IM) or UVEITIS, ANTERIOR (IM); dis = CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEAL DISEASES (IM); neopl = CILIARY BODY (IM) + UVEAL NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES; pigmented ciliary epithelium: coord CILIARY BODY with PIGMENT EPITHELIUM OF EYE

UI = D002924

 

Ciliary Motility Disorders

MS = Disorders characterized by abnormal ciliary movement in the nose, paranasal sinuses, respiratory tract, and spermatozoa. Electron microscopy of the CILIA shows that dynein arms are missing. The disorders manifest as KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic sinusitis, and/or chronic otitis.

UI = D002925

 

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor

MS = A neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of various neuronal cell types and may play an important role in the injury response in the nervous system.

UI = D020934

 

Ciliophora

MS = A phylum of protozoa characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. It comprises three classes: KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA; OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA; and POLYMENOPHOREA.

AN = infection = CILIOPHORA INFECTIONS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016798

 

Ciliophora Infections

MS = Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.

AN = protozoan infect; GEN or unspecified; most common infect is BALANTIDIASIS

UI = D016770

 

Cimetidine

MS = A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P-450.

UI = D002927

 

Cimicidae

MS = A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D020063

 

Cimicifuga

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE that contains triterpenoid saponins. Remifemin from C. racemosa is used to suppress LUTEINIZING HORMONE. It is reclassified by some to ACTAEA. The common name of black snakeroot is also used with ASARUM and SANICULA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031885

 

Cinanserin

MS = A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.

UI = D002928

 

Cinchona

MS = A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic CINCHONA ALKALOIDS from their bark; QUININE; QUINIDINE; chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias.

AN = plant only: alkaloids = CINCHONA ALKALOIDS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D002929

 

Cinchona Alkaloids

MS = Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specific indentions

UI = D002930

 

Cineangiography

MS = Motion pictures of the passage of contrast medium through blood vessels.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CINEANGIOGR

UI = D002932

 

Cineradiography

MS = Motion picture study of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CINERADIOGR

UI = D002933

 

Cinnamates

UI = D002934

 

Cinnamomum

MS = A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. The bark of the trees is used in FOLK MEDICINE and FLAVORING AGENTS.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027424

 

Cinnamomum aromaticum

MS = A plant species of the genus CINNAMOMUM that contains CINNAMATES and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).

AN = note X refs: do not confuse with CASSIA SENNA or CASSIA ANGUSTIFOLIA see SENNA PLANT; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032904

 

Cinnamomum camphora

MS = A tree, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, known as the source of CAMPHOR.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027423

 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

MS = The tree which is known for its bark which is sold as cinnamon. The oil contains about 65-80% cinnamaldehyde and 10% EUGENOL and many TERPENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D002935

 

Cinnarizine

MS = A piperazine derivative with histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity and considerable antiemetic properties.

UI = D002936

 

Cinoxacin

MS = Synthetic antimicrobial related to oxolinic and nalidixic acids and used in urinary tract infections.

UI = D002937

 

Ciona intestinalis

MS = The only species of a cosmopolitan ascidian. It is useful as a research animal.

AN = a tunicate used in research; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D002938

 

Ciprofloxacin

MS = A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

UI = D002939

 

Circadian Rhythm

MS = The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness.

AN = drug admin based on circadian rhythm = CHRONOTHERAPY: do not coord with CIRCADIAN RHYTHM or DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; jet lag: index JET LAG SYNDROME

UI = D002940

 

Circle of Willis

MS = A polygonal anastomosis at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL), proximal parts of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries (ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY, MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), the anterior communicating artery and the posterior communicating arteries.

UI = D002941

 

Circoviridae

MS = A family of very small viruses containing circular, single-stranded DNA and possessing no envelope. The modes of transmission are not known. There is one genus: CIRCOVIRUS.

AN = a family of DNA viruses; from CIRcular COnformation of the viral DNA; infection = CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D018136

 

Circoviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.

AN = GEN or unspecified

UI = D018173

 

Circovirus

MS = A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects fowl, swine, and psittacine birds. The three species are CHICKEN ANEMIA VIRUS causing transient anemia and immunosuppression in baby chicks; Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds; and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs.

AN = infection = CIRCOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D017925

 

Circular Dichroism

MS = A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

UI = D002942

 

Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology

MS = Functions and activities of cardiovascular circulation and of respiration and respiratory mechanics.

AN = not used for indexing; DF: CIRC RESPIRATORY PHYSIOL CATALOG: do not use

UI = D002943

 

Circumcision

MS = Excision of the prepuce or part of it.

AN = GEN or unspecified but usually male; when male, check tags HUMAN & MALE; when unspecified, check HUMAN but no sex tag; for female, CIRCUMCISION, FEMALE is available

UI = D002944

 

Circumcision, Female

MS = A general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia - Sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. It is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa.

UI = D019093

 

Cirsium

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain pectolinarin (a flavonoid glycoside).

AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031180

 

cis-trans-Isomerases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of geometry about double bonds. EC 5.2.

UI = D019745

 

Cisapride

MS = A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

UI = D020117

 

Cisplatin

MS = An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D002945

 

Cissampelos

MS = A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain eletefine (a stephaoxocane alkaloid) and tropoloisoquinoline and protoberberine ALKALOIDS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031606

 

Cissus

MS = A plant genus of the family VITACEAE. Cissus rufescence gum is considered comparable to TRAGACANTH.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032422

 

Cistaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The common name of rock rose is used with several plants of this family.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030601

 

Cistanche

MS = A plant genus of the family OROBANCHACEAE. Members contain phenylethanoid glycosides.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031671

 

Cisterna Magna

AN = /surg: VENTRICULOCISTERNOSTOMY see VENTRICULOSTOMY is also available

UI = D002946

 

Cistus

MS = A plant genus of the family CISTACEAE. The common name of rock rose is also sometimes used with the closely related Helianthemum genus (CISTACEAE).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029758

 

Citalopram

MS = A furancarbonitrile that is one of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition.

UI = D015283

 

Cities

MS = A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.

AN = IM for cities as sociol or population entities; specific indentions are available (NIM only) for epidemiol or ethnol studies; URBANIZATION is available for the develop from rural to urban society; URBAN POPULATION and URBAN HEALTH are also available

UI = D002947

 

Citraconic Anhydrides

MS = Methylmaleic anhydrides.

UI = D002949

 

Citrate (si)-Synthase

MS = Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and conenzyme A. EC 4.1.3.7.

UI = D002950

 

Citrates

AN = /metab: consider also CITRIC ACID CYCLE

UI = D002951

 

Citric Acid

MS = A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

AN = do not confuse X ref CITRATE with CITRATES

UI = D019343

 

Citric Acid Cycle

MS = A series of reactions involving oxidation of a two-carbon acetyl unit to carbon dioxide and water with the production of high-energy phosphate bonds by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediate.

UI = D002952

 

Citrinin

MS = Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.

UI = D002953

 

Citrobacter

MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon.

AN = in soil, water & sometimes intestine; infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D002954

 

Citrobacter freundii

MS = A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in man and other animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Its organisms have also been isolated from soil and water as well as from clinical specimens such as urine, throat, sputum, blood, and wound swabs as an opportunistic pathogen.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D016971

 

Citrobacter koseri

MS = A species of gram-negative enterobacteria found in WATER; SEWAGE; SOIL; and FOOD. It can be present in any clinical specimen as an opportunistic pathogen.

AN = infection: coord IM with ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D041041

 

Citrulline

AN = an amino acid

UI = D002956

 

Citrullinemia

MS = A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)

UI = D020159

 

Citrullus

MS = A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE known for the edible fruit.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029773

 

Citrus

MS = A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.

AN = prefer specifics; as plant & fruit; juices: coord IM with BEVERAGES (IM); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D002957

 

Citrus aurantiifolia

MS = A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar lime fruit. Its common name of lime is similar to the limetree (TILIA).

AN = as plant & fruit; juice: coord IM with BEVERAGES (IM); do not confuse with Limetree = TILIA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032082

 

Citrus paradisi

MS = A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar grapefruit. There is evidence that grapefruit juice inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 isoform 3A4, resulting in delayed metabolism and higher blood levels of a variety of drugs.

AN = as plant & fruit; juice: coord IM with BEVERAGES (IM); coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032083

 

Citrus sinensis

MS = A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil.

AN = not the color; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032084

 

City Planning

MS = Comprehensive planning for the physical development of the city.

AN = IM

UI = D002958

 

Civil Defense

MS = Preventive emergency measures and programs designed to protect the individual or community in times of hostile attack.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D002959

 

Civil Disorders

MS = Deliberate and planned acts of unlawful behavior engaged in by aggrieved segments of the population in seeking social change.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D002960

 

Civil Rights

MS = Legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, age, or gender.

AN = Specify geog; consider also HUMAN RIGHTS & SOCIAL JUSTICE; PRIVACY ACT see PRIVACY is also available

UI = D002961

 

Civilization

MS = The distinctly human attributes and attainments of a particular society.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D002962

 

Cladocera

MS = A suborder of CRUSTACEA, order Diplostraca, comprising the water fleas. They are benthic filter feeders that consume PHYTOPLANKTON. The body is laterally compressed and enclosed in a bivalved carapace, from which the head extends.

UI = D033361

 

Cladosporium

MS = A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. Teleomorphs include Mycosphaerella and Venturia.

AN = infection: coord IM with probably MYCOSES or TINEA (IM)

UI = D002963

 

Cladribine

MS = An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia.

UI = D017338

 

Clams

MS = Equivalved edible marine mollusks that live wholly or partially in sand or mud. Some genera are Mya, Venus, and Mactra.

AN = as animal & food; IM; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM); /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D002964

 

Clarithromycin

MS = A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.

UI = D017291

 

Clarkia

MS = A plant genus, of the family ONAGRACEAE, which is the subject of genetic studies. The floral aroma is attributed to benzenoid esters and benzylacetate.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031663

 

Classic Migraine

MS = A condition characterized by throbbing headaches which are preceded or accompanied by reversible symptoms that reflect cortical or brain stem dysfunction. The most common type of aura consists of a positive visual phenomenon, usually in the form of a scintillating scotoma. An aura may also take the form of other focal neurologic symptoms or signs, including loss of sensation or weakness in an extremity. In general, the aura precedes the headache by less than 60 minutes, develops over 4 minutes or longer, and has a duration of less than one hour. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p172; Cephalalgia 1988;8:Suppl 7:1-96)

UI = D020325

 

Classical Article [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of a current presentation of a previously printed seminal article marking a milestone in the history of medicine or science. It is usually accompanied by introductory remarks heralding its reprinting, often on the anniversary of its original publication or on an anniversary of the author's birth or death. It is usually reprinted in full, with complete bibliographical reference to the original appearance.

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; consider also publication type HISTORICAL ARTICLE; Manual 14.5.1.10, 32.9+, 32.16.14

UI = D016419

 

Classical Swine Fever

MS = An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.

AN = do not confuse X ref SWINE FEVER with AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; don't forget also SWINE (NIM)

UI = D006691

 

Classical swine fever virus

MS = A species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine.

AN = do not confuse X ref SWINE FEVER VIRUS with AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS; infection = CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER: see note there

UI = D006692

 

Classification

MS = The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.

AN = GEN only; prefer /class: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.6; DF; CLASS

UI = D002965

 

Clathrin

MS = The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

AN = CLATHRIN ASSEMBLY PROTEINS see ADAPTOR PROTEINS is available

UI = D002966

 

Clathrin Heavy Chains

MS = The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.

UI = D033922

 

Clathrin Light Chains

MS = The light chain subunits of clathrin.

UI = D033941

 

Clathrin-Coated Vesicles

MS = Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES.

UI = D022163

 

Claviceps

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses (POACEAE). The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism.

UI = D002967

 

Clavicle

UI = D002968

 

Clavulanic Acid

MS = Clavulanic acid and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.

UI = D019818

 

Clavulanic Acids

MS = Acids, salts, and derivatives of clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N). They consist of those beta-lactam compounds that differ from penicillin in having the sulfur of the thiazolidine ring replaced by an oxygen. They have limited antibacterial action, but block bacterial beta-lactamase irreversibly, so that similar antibiotics are not broken down by the bacterial enzymes and therefore can exert their antibacterial effects.

AN = enzyme inhib & lactam antibiotics; /biosyn permitted if by living matter

UI = D002969

 

Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor

MS = An RNA-binding protein that recognizes the AAUAAA RNA SEQUENCE at the 3' end of MRNA. It contains four subunits of 30, 73, 100 and 160 kD molecular size and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex with mRNA that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction.

UI = D039223

 

Cleavage Stage, Ovum

MS = The embryo in its earliest stage, lasting from the first mitotic division of the fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) into two BLASTOMERES to the formation of the MORULA, a compact mass of blastomeres.

AN = note category; "the embryo in its earliest stage"

UI = D002970

 

Cleavage Stimulation Factor

MS = A RNA-binding protein that stimulates the cleavage of the 3' end of MRNA near the POLYADENYLATION SITE. It is a heterotrimer of 55, 64 and 77 kD subunits and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex with mRNA that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction.

UI = D039241

 

Cleft Lip

MS = Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; when with CLEFT PALATE, do not also use ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE

UI = D002971

 

Cleft Palate

MS = Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; when with CLEFT LIP, do not also use ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE

UI = D002972

 

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

MS = A rare autosomal dominant condition in which there is defective ossification of the cranial bones with large fontanels and delayed closing of the sutures, complete or partial absence of the clavicles, wide pubic symphysis, short middle phalanges of the fifth fingers, and dental and vertebral anomalies. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D002973

 

Clemastine

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.

UI = D002974

 

Clematis

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain SCOPOLETIN and SAPONINS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D039324

 

Clenbuterol

MS = A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

UI = D002976

 

Cleome

MS = A plant genus of the family CAPPARACEAE that contains cleogynol and 15alpha-acetoxycleomblynol (dammaranes) and 1-epibrachyacarpone (a triterpene), and ISOTHIOCYANATES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031485

 

Clergy

UI = D002977

 

Clerodendrum

MS = A plant genus of the family VERBENACEAE. Inerminosides (iridoid glycosides), colebroside A, STEROIDS, STEROLS, terpenoid glucosides, and abietane DITERPENES have been found in this genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032409

 

Clethraceae

MS = A plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031250

 

Climacteric

MS = Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male.

AN = female & male; qualif permitted as for PREGNANCY; "premenopausal" goes under PREMENOPAUSE, "postmenopausal" goes under POSTMENOPAUSE

UI = D002979

 

Climate

AN = GEN; no qualif

UI = D002980

 

Clindamycin

MS = An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.

UI = D002981

 

Clinical Chemistry Tests

MS = Laboratory tests demonstrating the presence of physiologically significant substances in the blood, urine, tissue, and body fluids with application to the diagnosis or therapy of disease.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; NIM; DF: CLIN CHEM TESTS

UI = D019963

 

Clinical Clerkship

MS = Undergraduate medical education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers.

AN = an undergrad med educ program; DF: CLIN CLERKSHIP

UI = D002982

 

Clinical Competence

MS = The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.

AN = competence in professional activities directly related to patient care: differentiate from PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE which refers to competence not necessarily related to patient care; DF: CLIN COMPETENCE

UI = D002983

 

Clinical Conference [Publication Type]

MS = Work that consists of a conference of physicians on their observations of a patient at the bedside, regarding the physical state, laboratory and other diagnostic findings, clinical manifestations, results of current therapy, etc. A clinical conference usually ends with a confirmation or correction of clinical findings by a pathological diagnosis performed by a pathologist. "Clinical conference" is often referred to as a "clinico-pathological conference."

AN = publication type only; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual 14.5.1.7, 18.11.8-18.11.15

UI = D016429

 

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative and clinical activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical laboratory services.

AN = DF: CLIN LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

UI = D002984

 

Clinical Laboratory Techniques

MS = Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.

UI = D019411

 

Clinical Medicine

MS = The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CLIN MED

UI = D015510

 

Clinical Nursing Research

MS = Research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. Other professional staff may also participate in the research.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CLIN NURS RESEARCH

UI = D015400

 

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems

MS = Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of clinical pharmacy services.

AN = DF: CLIN PHARM INFORMATION SYSTEMS

UI = D016303

 

Clinical Protocols

MS = Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.

AN = "precise & detailed plans for the study of a med or biomed problem" or "plans for a regimen of ther"; IM GEN only; do not use for cancer polychemother protocols ( = ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS); DF: CLIN PROTOCOLS

UI = D002985

 

Clinical Trial [Publication Type]

MS = Work that is the report of a pre-planned clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in humans selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. While most clinical trials concern humans, this publication type may be used for clinical veterinary articles meeting the requisites for humans. Specific headings for specific types and phases of clinical trials are also available.

AN = publication type only; GEN only: prefer specific clin trial publication type; for clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS; coord also with any other epidemiol or statist method of design present; Manual 26.26+; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL & RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL are also available

UI = D016430

 

Clinical Trial, Phase I [Publication Type]

MS = Work that is the report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on a small number of healthy persons and conducted over the period of about a year in either the United States or a foreign country.

AN = publication type only; for trials on a small control group studied for about a year; for phase I clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I; Manual 26.26.2+

UI = D017426

 

Clinical Trial, Phase II [Publication Type]

MS = Work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients, and conducted over a period of about two years in either the United States or a foreign country.

AN = publication type only; for trials on several hundred volunteers studied for about 2 years; for phase II clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; Manual 26.26.2+

UI = D017427

 

Clinical Trial, Phase III [Publication Type]

MS = Work that is a report of a pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques after phase II trials. A large enough group of patients is studied and closely monitored by physicians for adverse response to long-term exposure, over a period of about three years in either the United States or a foreign country.

AN = publication type only; for trials on large groups of patients closely monitored by physicians for adv eff for about 3 years; for phase III clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; Manual 26.26.2+

UI = D017428

 

Clinical Trial, Phase IV [Publication Type]

MS = Work that is a report of a planned post-marketing study of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale after clinical trials, phases I, II, and III. These studies, conducted in the United States or a foreign country, often garner additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product.

AN = publication type only; for post-marketing studies; for phase IV clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE IV; Manual 26.26.2+

UI = D017429

 

Clinical Trials

MS = Pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

AN = human & vet animals only; GEN or unspecified as to phase: index under specific phase (as CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I) instead if pertinent; IM for articles & books about clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL; do not index also under PLACEBOS unless placebos are particularly discussed; Manual 26.26+; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS & RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS are also available; DF: CLIN TRIALS

UI = D002986

 

Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees

MS = Committees established to review interim data and efficacy outcomes in CLINICAL TRIALS. The findings of these committees are used in deciding whether a trial should be continued as designed, changed, or terminated. Government regulations regarding federally-funded research involving human subjects (the "Common Rule") require (45 CFR 46.111) that research ethics committees reviewing large-scale clinical trials monitor the data collected using a mechanism such as a data monitoring committee. FDA regulations (21 CFR 50.24) require that such committees be established to monitor studies conducted in emergency settings.

UI = D026661

 

Clinical Trials, Phase I

MS = Studies performed to evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in healthy subjects and to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). These tests also are used to determine pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties (toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, and preferred route of administration). They involve a small number of persons and usually last about 1 year. This concept includes phase I studies conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

AN = trial lasts about a year; for U.S. & foreign studies; for I/II clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; IM for articles & books about phase I clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE I; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE I

UI = D017321

 

Clinical Trials, Phase II

MS = Studies that are usually controlled to assess the effectiveness and dosage (if appropriate) of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques. These studies are performed on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients with the target disease or disorder, and last about two years. This concept includes phase II studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

AN = trial lasts about 2 years; for U.S. & foreign studies; for I/II clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II, for II/III clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; IM for articles & books about phase II clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE II; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE II

UI = D017322

 

Clinical Trials, Phase III

MS = Comparative studies to verify the effectiveness of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques determined in phase II studies. During these trials, patients are monitored closely by physicians to identify any adverse reactions from long-term use. These studies are performed on groups of patients large enough to identify clinically significant responses and usually last about three years. This concept includes phase III studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

AN = trial lasts about 3 years; for U.S. & foreign studies; for II/III clin trials, index under CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II + CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III; IM for articles & books about phase III clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE III; DF: CLIN TRIALS PAHSE III

UI = D017326

 

Clinical Trials, Phase IV

MS = Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale. These studies are often conducted to obtain additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product. This concept includes phase IV studies conducted in both the U.S. and in other countries.

AN = trial approves for sale; for U.S. & foreign studies; IM for articles & books about phase IV clin trials as a method in med research; do not confuse with Publication Type CLINICAL TRIAL, PHASE IV; DF: CLIN TRIALS PHASE IV

UI = D017327

 

Clioquinol

MS = A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.

UI = D007464

 

Clitoria

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains ternatins (anthocyanins) and preternatins, antifungal proteins, stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione, and clitoriacetal (ROTENONE).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031292

 

Clitoris

UI = D002987

 

Cloaca

MS = The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals.

AN = human & animal

UI = D002988

 

Cloacin

MS = A bacteriocin produced by a plasmid that can occur in several bacterial strains. It is a basic protein of molecular weight 56,000 and exists in a complex with its immunity protein which protects the host bacterium from its effects.

UI = D002989

 

Clobetasol

MS = Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than FLUOCINONIDE. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.

AN = a steroidal anti-inflamm agent

UI = D002990

 

Clodronic Acid

MS = A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.

UI = D004002

 

Clofazimine

MS = A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythrema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)

UI = D002991

 

Clofenapate

MS = An oral hypolipemic agent in dogs and rats.

UI = D002992

 

Clofibrate

MS = A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III and severe HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)

UI = D002994

 

Clofibric Acid

MS = An antilipemic agent and the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.

UI = D002995

 

Clomiphene

MS = A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue.

UI = D002996

 

Clomipramine

MS = A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.

UI = D002997

 

Clonal Anergy

MS = Functional inactivation of T- or B-lymphocytes rendering them incapable of eliciting an immune response to antigen. This occurs through different mechanisms in the two kinds of lymphocytes and can contribute to SELF TOLERANCE.

AN = a form of immune tolerance

UI = D017635

 

Clonal Deletion

MS = Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.

AN = a form of immune tolerance

UI = D017637

 

Clonazepam

MS = An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.

UI = D002998

 

Clone Cells

MS = A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

AN = NIM; A 11 qualif; cells derived by natural asexual reprod or by nuclear cloning; differentiate from CLONING, MOLECULAR and CLONING, ORGANISM; "clonal analysis" goes here

UI = D002999

 

Clonidine

MS = An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Clonidine acts centrally by reducing sympathetic tone, resulting in a fall in diastolic and systolic blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate. It also acts peripherally, and this peripheral activity may be responsible for the transient increase in blood pressure seen during rapid intravenous administration. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p350)

UI = D003000

 

Cloning, Molecular

MS = The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

AN = differentiate from CLONE CELLS and CLONING, ORGANISM; "clonal analysis": index under CLONE CELLS; DF: CLONING MOL or MOL CLONING

UI = D003001

 

Cloning, Organism

MS = The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

AN = check tags HUMAN or ANIMAL; differentiate from CLONING, MOLECULAR and CLONE CELLS; DF: CLONING

UI = D019976

 

Clonixin

MS = Anti-inflammatory analgesic.

UI = D003002

 

Clonorchiasis

MS = Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = trematode infect caused by CLONORCHIS SINENSIS; OPISTHORCHIS SINENSIS infection = CLONORCHIASIS, not OPISTHORCHIASIS which is Opisthorchis infect by Opisthorchis species other than O. sinensis

UI = D003003

 

Clonorchis sinensis

MS = A species of trematode flukes of the family Opisthorchidae. Many authorities consider this genus belonging to Opisthorchis. It is common in China and other Asiatic countries. Snails and fish are the intermediate hosts.

AN = infection = CLONORCHIASIS; note X ref: OPISTHORCHIS SINENSIS infection = CLONORCHIASIS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH

UI = D003004

 

Clopamide

MS = A diuretic with properties similar to those of the THIAZIDE DIURETICS even though it does not contain a thiazide ring system. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p813)

UI = D003005

 

Clopenthixol

MS = A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

UI = D003006

 

Clopidol

MS = A very effective anticoccidial agent used in poultry.

AN = a coccidiostat

UI = D003007

 

Cloprostenol

MS = A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.

UI = D003008

 

Clorazepate Dipotassium

MS = A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.

UI = D003009

 

Clorgyline

MS = An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.

UI = D003010

 

Closing Volume

MS = The lung volume at which the dependent lung zones cease to ventilate presumably as a result of airway closure.

AN = NIM

UI = D003011

 

Closteroviridae

MS = A family of plant viruses containing the largest single-stranded RNA genomes. Infections typically involve yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D029381

 

Closterovirus

MS = A genus of plant viruses in the family CLOSTEROVIRIDAE containing highly flexuous filaments. Some members are important pathogens of crop plants. Natural vectors include APHIDS, whiteflies, and mealybugs. The type species is Beet yellows virus.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D017790

 

Clostridium

MS = A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; infection = CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS or its specifics

UI = D003013

 

Clostridium botulinum

MS = The etiologic agent of BOTULISM in man, wild ducks, and other waterfowl. It is also responsible for certain forms of forage poisoning in horses and cattle. The bacterium produces a powerful exotoxin that is resistant to proteolytic digestion.

AN = infection = BOTULISM

UI = D003014

 

Clostridium difficile

MS = A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

AN = infection = probably ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS

UI = D016360

 

Clostridium Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.

AN = gram-pos bact infect; GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D003015

 

Clostridium perfringens

MS = The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

AN = infection = GAS GANGRENE if in text; otherwise coord IM with CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D003016

 

Clostridium tetani

MS = The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.

AN = infection = TETANUS

UI = D003017

 

Clot Retraction

MS = Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003018

 

Clothing

UI = D003020

 

Clotrimazole

MS = An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane.

UI = D003022

 

Clove

MS = A plant genus in the family MYRTACEAE, order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known for cloves, the source of an oil rich in EUGENOL from the flower bud. The botanical name has varied: Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry = Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. = Caryophyllus aromaticus L. The Eugenia-Syzygium name is discussed in Amer. J. Bot 59:423 1972.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027842

 

Cloxacillin

MS = A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.

UI = D003023

 

Clozapine

MS = A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.

UI = D003024

 

Clubfoot

MS = A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted.

AN = X ref EQUINOVARUS: do not confuse with EQUINUS DEFORMITY; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003025

 

Clupeine

UI = D003026

 

Clusia

MS = A plant genus of the family CLUSIACEAE. Members contain benzophenones.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031251

 

Clusiaceae

MS = The mangosteen plant family (sometimes classified as Guttiferae; also known as Hypericaceae) of the order THEALES, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes trees and shrubs with resinous, sticky sap, usually with broad-ended, oblong, leathery leaves with a strong, central vein, flowers with many stamens.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028084

 

Cluster Analysis

MS = A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

UI = D016000

 

Cluster Headache

MS = A syndrome characterized by daily episodes of intense periorbital pain that recur over a period of 6-12 weeks that may be followed by a period of remission of months to years. The pain is non-throbbing, has a duration of 30-60 minutes and tends to occur at night or at regular intervals during the day. Unilateral rhinorrhea, conjunctival injection, lacrimation, facial flushing, and miosis frequently accompany the headaches, which primarily affect young adult males. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p181)

UI = D003027

 

CME-Carbodiimide

UI = D003028

 

Cnicus

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain cnicin.

AN = other 'thistle' plants are also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031181

 

Cnidaria

MS = A phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates characterized by possession of stinging cells called nematocysts. It includes the classes ANTHOZOA; CUBOZOA; HYDROZOA, and SCYPHOZOA. Members carry CNIDARIAN VENOMS.

AN = poisoning: coord with CNIDARIAN VENOMS if pertinent

UI = D003063

 

Cnidarian Venoms

MS = Venoms from jellyfish, corals, SEA ANEMONES, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; coord with specific Cnidaria source

UI = D003064

 

Cnidium

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. Members contain osthol.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031048

 

Coagulants

MS = Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs.

AN = consider also BLOOD COAGULATION /drug eff

UI = D003029

 

Coagulase

MS = Any bacterial component or product which causes coagulation in plasma containing an anticoagulant such as citrate, heparin or oxalate. Coagulases are produced by certain staphylococci and by Yersinia pestis. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

UI = D003030

 

Coagulation Protein Disorders

MS = Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders resulting from abnormalities or deficiencies of coagulation proteins.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics; coord IM with coag factor (IM)

UI = D020147

 

Coal

MS = A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions.

AN = /adv eff permitted but do not use for COAL MINING + PNEUMOCONIOSIS or ANTHRACOSILICOSIS unless particularly discussed as coal

UI = D003031

 

Coal Mining

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; consider also PNEUMOCONIOSIS but particularly SILICOSIS & ANTHRACOSILICOSIS

UI = D003032

 

Coal Tar

MS = A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed).

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D003033

 

Coat Protein Complex I

MS = A protein complex comprised of COATOMER PROTEIN and ADP RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1. It is involved in transport of vesicles between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS.

AN = for alpha, beta, delta, and epsilon-COP see COATOMER PROTEIN

UI = D020755

 

Coated Materials, Biocompatible

MS = Biocompatible materials usually used in dental and bone implants that enhance biologic fixation, thereby increasing the bond strength between the coated material and bone, and minimize possible biological effects that may result from the implant itself.

AN = coord with specific coating material

UI = D020099

 

Coated Pits, Cell-Membrane

MS = Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted; DF: COATED PITS

UI = D003034

 

Coated Vesicles

MS = Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D018699

 

Coatomer Protein

MS = A 700 kD cytosolic protein complex consisting of seven equimolar subunits (alpha, beta, beta', gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta). COATOMER PROTEIN and ADP-RIBOSYLATION FACTOR 1 are principle components of COAT PROTEIN COMPLEX I and are involved in vesicle transport between the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the GOLGI APPARATUS.

UI = D020756

 

Cobalt

MS = A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.

AN = a trace element; Co-59; /defic /physiol permitted

UI = D003035

 

Cobalt Isotopes

MS = Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.

AN = Co-59; NIM

UI = D003036

 

Cobalt Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes.

AN = Co-54-64 except Co-59; NIM; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use); often discussed with RADIOISOTOPE TELETHERAPY (IM)

UI = D003037

 

Cobamides

AN = coenzymes & B12 vitamins

UI = D003038

 

Cobra

MS = A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. There are six recognized species, all inhabiting Africa except the Asiatic (Indian) cobra, Naja naja. Some species "spit" their venom into the eyes of their "enemies". So-called spitting cobras show a high degree of accuracy in aiming for the eyes. The ringhals, the most highly specialized of the spitting cobras, is limited to southern Africa. Its spray destroys eye tissue and can cause blindness; its bite can cause death. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p80)

AN = a genus of poisonous snakes

UI = D017842

 

Cobra Neurotoxins

MS = Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D003039

 

Cobra Venoms

MS = Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymol permitted

UI = D003040

 

Coca

MS = Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield COCAINE; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation.

AN = do not confuse with cocoa see CACAO

UI = D003041

 

Cocaine

MS = An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.

AN = cocaine derivatives = COCAINE /analogs;CRACK COCAINE is available; cocaine addiction = COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS

UI = D003042

 

Cocaine-Related Disorders

MS = Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.

UI = D019970

 

Cocarcinogenesis

MS = The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.

AN = do not confuse with NEOPLASMS, MULTIPLE, PRIMARY; Manual 24.4.1.14

UI = D003043

 

Coccidia

MS = A subclass of protozoans commonly parasitic in the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract but also found in the liver and other organs. Its organisms are found in both vertebrates and higher invertebrates and comprise two orders: EIMERIIDA and EUCOCCIDIIDA.

AN = infection = COCCIDIOSIS; /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; "coccidial" refers to COCCIDIA: do not confuse with "coccidioidal" (refers to COCCIDIOIDES, a fungus); for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D003044

 

Coccidioides

MS = A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.

AN = do not confuse with the sporozoon COCCIDIA; "coccidioidal" refers to COCCIDIOIDES: do not confuse with "coccidial" (refers to COCCIDIA); infection = COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

UI = D003045

 

Coccidioidin

MS = A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of Coccidioides immitis, injected intracutaneously as a test for coccidioidomycosis.

UI = D003046

 

Coccidioidomycosis

MS = Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, species C. immitis. The primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection due to inhalation of spores and varying in severity. The secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = fungus dis caused by COCCIDIOIDES, not COCCIDIA

UI = D003047

 

Coccidiosis

MS = Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.

AN = protozoan infect caused by COCCIDIA, not COCCIDIOIDES; /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS

UI = D003048

 

Coccidiostats

MS = Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of COCCIDIOSIS in man or animals.

AN = consider also COCCIDIA /drug eff & COCCIDIOSIS /drug ther (& not COCCIDIOIDES & COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS)

UI = D003049

 

Cocculus

MS = A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain sinococuline, coccuvine and other ALKALOIDS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031605

 

Coccyx

AN = a bone of the spine; do not confuse with COCCYGEAL REGION, merely locational; coord IM with specific disease (IM)

UI = D003050

 

Cochlea

MS = The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule.

AN = dis = COCHLEAR DISEASES

UI = D003051

 

Cochlear Aqueduct

MS = A channel containing perilymph passing through the temporal bone, connecting the scala tympani of the cochlea to the subarachnoid space.

AN = do not confuse with COCHLEAR DUCT

UI = D003052

 

Cochlear Diseases

MS = Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing.

UI = D015834

 

Cochlear Duct

MS = Spiral tube in the bony canal of the cochlea, lying on its outer wall between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.

AN = do not confuse with COCHLEAR AQUEDUCT

UI = D003053

 

Cochlear Implantation

MS = Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.

UI = D019929

 

Cochlear Implants

MS = Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.

AN = subcutaneous electronic implants: do not confuse with French "prothese auditive" translated as "hearing aid" & indexed under HEARING AIDS

UI = D003054

 

Cochlear Microphonic Potentials

MS = The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.

UI = D003055

 

Cochlear Nerve

MS = The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.

AN = dis: coord IM with VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES (IM) + CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D003056

 

Cochlear Nucleus

MS = The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.

UI = D017626

 

Cockayne Syndrome

MS = An inherited syndrome phenotypically characterized by unusual facies (large ears and sunken eyes), growth failure, intellectual deterioration, loss of subcutaneous fat, pigmentary retinal degeneration, neural deafness, dwarfism, photosensitivity, optic atrophy, peripheral neuropathy, and cataracts. Pathologic examination reveals a patchy loss of central myelin and white matter atrophy. Cockayne syndrome may be divided into two or more distinct genetic subtypes. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p197)

AN = a form of dwarfism & premature senility

UI = D003057

 

Cockroaches

MS = Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

AN = do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111

UI = D003058

 

Cocos

MS = A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. It is a tropical palm tree that yields a large, edible hard-shelled fruit from which oil and fiber are also obtained.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D003059

 

Coculture

MS = The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues.

AN = culture of normal cells or tissue with infected cells or tissue of same kind; includes culture with other normal cells or tissue; NIM; specify cell or tissue & infecting organism if relevant, probably NIM

UI = D018920

 

Cod Liver Oil

MS = Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D.

UI = D003060

 

Codeine

MS = An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.

AN = codeine derivatives = CODEINE /analogs

UI = D003061

 

Codependency (Psychology)

MS = A relational pattern in which a person attempts to derive a sense of purpose through relationships with others.

AN = "dependency" is not restricted to substance dependence: can apply to family or workplace; DF: CODEPENDENCY

UI = D017004

 

Codes of Ethics

MS = Systematic statements of principles or rules of appropriate professional conduct, usually established by professional societies.

AN = if text of code and issuing organization are present, index also GUIDELINE (PT)

UI = D032781

 

Codon

MS = A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D003062

 

Codon, Initiator

MS = A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.

UI = D018387

 

Codon, Nonsense

MS = A codon that has been converted to the same sequence as a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by a nonsense mutation. It is different from a stop codon in that it occurs abnormally and causes premature termination of protein translation resulting in the production of truncated proteins which may be non-functional.

UI = D018389

 

Codon, Terminator

MS = Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.

UI = D018388

 

Codonopsis

MS = A plant genus of the family CAMPANULACEAE. The common name of bellflower may sometimes be confused with other plants in the family that have similar appearance.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029745

 

Coenzyme A

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003065

 

Coenzyme A Ligases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

UI = D003066

 

Coenzyme A-Transferases

MS = Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

UI = D015256

 

Coenzymes

MS = Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes.

UI = D003067

 

Coercion

MS = The use of force or intimidation to obtain compliance.

UI = D003068

 

Coffea

MS = A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. It is best known for the COFFEE beverage prepared from the beans (SEEDS).

AN = for the beverage, use COFFEE; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D040503

 

Coffee

MS = A beverage made from ground COFFEA beans (SEEDS) infused in hot water. It generally contains CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE unless it is decafeinated.

AN = for the plant use COFFEA

UI = D003069

 

Coffin-Lowry Syndrome

MS = A rare, X-linked mental retardation syndrome that results from mutations in the RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASE gene. Typical manifestations of the disease include an intelligence quotient of less than 50, facial anomalies, and other malformations.

UI = D038921

 

Coformycin

MS = A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant.

AN = an enzyme inhib & antineoplastic antibiotic

UI = D003070

 

Cognition

MS = Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge.

UI = D003071

 

Cognition Disorders

MS = Disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

UI = D003072

 

Cognitive Dissonance

MS = Motivational state produced by inconsistencies between simultaneously held cognitions or between a cognition and behavior; e.g., smoking enjoyment and believing smoking is harmful are dissonant.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003073

 

Cognitive Science

MS = The study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

AN = a branch of psychol; SPEC; SPEC qualif

UI = D019336

 

Cognitive Therapy

MS = A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.

AN = a psychother technique; DF: COGNITIVE THER

UI = D015928

 

Cohort Effect

MS = Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015988

 

Cohort Studies

MS = Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015331

 

Coiled Bodies

MS = A distinct subnuclear domain enriched in splicesomal snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR) and p80-coilin.

UI = D020541

 

Coin Lesion, Pulmonary

MS = Solitary, round, circumscribed shadows found in the lungs in x-ray examinations. Common causes are tuberculosis, neoplasms, cysts, or vascular anomalies. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = if neopl, coord IM with LUNG NEOPLASMS (NIM); if non-neopl, do not coord with LUNG DISEASES; DF: COIN LESION PULM

UI = D003074

 

Coitus

MS = Sexual intercourse.

AN = human only: animal = COPULATION; restrict to dictionary definition: for anal or oral sex index under SEX BEHAVIOR

UI = D003075

 

Coitus Interruptus

MS = A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent ejaculation of semen into the vagina.

UI = D003076

 

Coix

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The seed is used in folk medicine (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031742

 

Coke

MS = A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel.

AN = a coal residue used as fuel

UI = D003077

 

Cola

MS = A plant genus of the family STERCULIACEAE. This is the source of the kola nut which contains CAFFEINE and is used in popular beverages.

AN = don't confuse with the cola beverage; for Gotu Kola use CENTELLA, for Bitter Kola check if GARCINIA KOLA or COLA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030221

 

Colchicine

MS = A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

UI = D003078

 

Colchicum

MS = A genus of poisonous, liliaceous plants. The roots (corms) of Colchicum autumnale, the fall crocus or meadow saffron, yield COLCHICINE, which is used as a biochemical tool and to treat gout. Other members of this genus yield saffron dye, flavoring agents, and aromatics.

AN = COLCHICINE is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D003079

 

Cold

MS = An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

AN = cooling of organs during surg goes under HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED

UI = D003080

 

Cold Climate

AN = specify for Polar Region cold climate ARCTIC REGIONS or ANTARCTIC REGIONS if pertinent; specify other geog for cold climate if pertinent

UI = D003081

 

Colectomy

MS = Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003082

 

Coleoptera

MS = The largest order of insects, comprising the beetles and weevils.

AN = comprising BEETLES & weevils; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D003083

 

Colestipol

MS = Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.

UI = D003084

 

Coleus

MS = A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE which is the natural source of FORSKOLIN.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031330

 

Colic

MS = Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well.

AN = paroxysms of pain, usually abdom; coord IM with organ/diseases (IM), as renal colic = COLIC (IM) + KIDNEY DISEASES (IM), biliary colic = COLIC (IM) + BILIARY TRACT DISEASES or specific (IM)

UI = D003085

 

Colicin Factors

MS = Plasmids determining the potentiality of a bacterium to produce colicins. They are cytoplasmic elements whose integration into the bacterial chromosome has not been demonstrated except for the Col B and Col V factors.

UI = D003086

 

Colicins

MS = Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

UI = D003087

 

Colinus

MS = A genus of birds (family Phasianidae) consisting of the bobwhites.

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)

UI = D003088

 

Colipases

MS = Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.

AN = a protein: not an enzyme despite -ase; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003089

 

Coliphages

MS = Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D003090

 

Colistin

MS = Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.

UI = D003091

 

Colitis

MS = Inflammation of the colon. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of the colon; ENTEROCOLITIS (small & large intestinal inflamm) is also available

UI = D003092

 

Colitis, Ischemic

MS = Inflammation of the colon resulting from acute ischemic changes.

UI = D017091

 

Colitis, Ulcerative

MS = Inflammatory disease of unknown cause which involves the mucosa of the colon. Onset may be acute and fulminant, and its course often continues chronically in an intermittent or continuous form. Diarrhea is a common symptom and bleeding an almost constant concomitant symptom.

AN = usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE; note X refs below: these terms are common in European literature: do not confuse with RECTOCOLITIS see PROCTOCOLITIS

UI = D003093

 

Collagen

MS = A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; precusor = PROCOLLAGEN; do not confuse X ref MICROFIBRIL COLLAGEN HEMOSTAT with FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS or FIBRILLAR-ASSOCIATED COLLAGENS

UI = D003094

 

Collagen Diseases

MS = Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that "collagen" was equivalent to "connective tissue", but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term "collagen diseases" now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D003095

 

Collagen Type I

MS = The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024042

 

Collagen Type II

MS = A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024043

 

Collagen Type III

MS = A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024061

 

Collagen Type IV

MS = A non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of BASEMENT MEMBRANE. Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024141

 

Collagen Type IX

MS = A fibril-associated collagen usually found crosslinked to the surface of COLLAGEN TYPE II fibrils. It is a heterotrimer containing alpha1(IX), alpha2(IX) and alpha3(IX) subunits.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024081

 

Collagen Type V

MS = A fibrillar collagen found widely distributed as a minor component in tissues that contain COLLAGEN TYPE I and COLLAGEN TYPE III. It is a heterotrimeric molecule composed of alpha1(V), alpha2(V) and alpha3(V) subunits. Several forms of collagen type V exist depending upon the composition of the subunits that form the trimer.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024062

 

Collagen Type VI

MS = A non-fibrillar collagen that forms a network of MICROFIBRILS within the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The alpha subunits of collagen type VI assemble into antiparallel, overlapping dimers which then align to form tetramers.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024142

 

Collagen Type VII

MS = A non-fibrillar collagen involved in anchoring the epidermal BASEMENT MEMBRANE to underlying tissue. It is a homotrimer comprised of C-terminal and N-terminal globular domains connected by a central triple-helical region.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024143

 

Collagen Type VIII

MS = A non-fibrillar collagen originally found in DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE. It is expressed in endothelial cell layers and in tissues undergoing active remodeling. It is heterotrimer comprised of alpha1(VIII) and alpha2(VIII) chains.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024102

 

Collagen Type X

MS = A non-fibrillar collagen found primarily in terminally differentiated hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES. It is a homotrimer of three identical alpha1(X) subunits.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024121

 

Collagen Type XI

MS = A fibrillar collagen found primarily in interstitial CARTILAGE. Collagen type XI is heterotrimer containing alpha1(XI), alpha2(XI) and alpha3(XI) subunits.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024161

 

Collagen Type XII

MS = A fibril-associated collagen found in many tissues bearing high tensile stress, such as TENDONS and LIGAMENTS. It is comprised of a trimer of three identical alpha1(XII) chains.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024082

 

Collagen Type XIII

MS = A non-fibrillar collagen found as a ubiquitously expressed membrane- associated protein. Type XIII collagen contains both collagenous and non-collagenous domains along with a transmembrane domain within its N-terminal region.

AN = precursors: coord IM with PROCOLLAGEN (IM)

UI = D024181

 

Collagenases

MS = Enzymes that catalyze the degradation of collagen by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-.

AN = 72 KD TYPE IV COLLAGENASE see GELATINASE A and 92 KD TYPE IV COLLAGENASE see GELATINASE B are available

UI = D017364

 

Collapse Therapy

MS = Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis whereby the lung is totally or partially, temporarily or permanently, immobilized. The procedure was based on the popular concept that collapsing the affected portion of a tuberculous lung allowed the infected area to rest and thereby recover. At the beginning of the 20th century artificially induced pneumothorax (PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL) was popular. Later a variety of other techniques was used to encourage collapse of the infected portion of the lung: unilateral phrenic nerve division, PNEUMONOLYSIS, pneumoperitoneum (PNEUMOPERITONEUM, ARTIFICIAL), and THORACOPLASTY. Collapse therapy has declined since the advent of antitubercular chemotherapy. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Sabiston Jr, Textbook of Surgery, 14th ed, p1733-4)

AN = a method of surg ther of tuberc; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003096

 

Collateral Circulation

MS = Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.

AN = a naturally occurring physiol phenomenon: not for restoration of funct by surg; not restricted to coronary vessels; do not confuse with NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC: see MeSH scope notes; DF: COLLATERAL CIRC

UI = D003097

 

Collateral Ligaments

MS = A number of ligaments on either side of, and serving as a radius of movement of, a joint having a hingelike movement. They occur at the elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = artic ligaments of extremities; coord IM with specific joint or bone (IM)

UI = D017885

 

Collected Correspondence [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of collected letters by or about a person or on a subject.

UI = D020505

 

Collected Works [Publication Type]

MS = Works consisting of collections of previously published works.

UI = D020470

 

Collectins

MS = A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohyrdrate-binding region.

UI = D037222

 

Collections [Publication Type]

MS = Works that consist of collections of objects.

UI = D020471

 

Collective Bargaining

MS = The process of negotiation between representatives of an employee organization, association or union, and representatives of the employer.

UI = D003098

 

College Admission Test

MS = Test designed to identify students suitable for admission into a graduate or undergraduate curriculum.

UI = D003099

 

Colles' Fracture

MS = Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.

AN = a distal radius fracture

UI = D003100

 

Colletotrichum

MS = A genus of mitosporic Phyllachoraceae fungi which contains at least 40 species of plant parasites. They have teleomorphs in the genus Glomerella (see PHYLLACHORALES).

UI = D020231

 

Collodion

MS = A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses in industry including applications in the manufacuture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant.

AN = a pharmaceutic aid; D25-26 qualif

UI = D003101

 

Colloids

MS = Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

AN = IM for general only; NIM with specific drug IM, no qualif

UI = D003102

 

Colobinae

MS = A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa and Asia. The genera COLOBUS (Procolobus; colobus), Nasalis (proboscis monkey), Presbytis (Semnopithecus; leaf monkey), Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus; snub-nosed monkey), and Simias (pig-tailed langur) all belong to this subfamily.

AN = a subfamily of Old World monkeys; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D016673

 

Coloboma

MS = Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.

AN = eye abnorm; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; coord IM with specific site in eye /abnorm (IM)

UI = D003103

 

Colobus

MS = A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.

AN = Old World monkey; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with MONKEY DISEASES (IM)

UI = D003104

 

Colocasia

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain acrid calcium oxalate and LECTINS. Polynesians prepare the root into poi. Common names of Taro and Coco Yam (Cocoyam) may be confused with other ARACEAE; XANTHOSOMA; or with common yam (DIOSCOREA).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031060

 

Colombia

UI = D003105

 

Colon

AN = X ref TAENIA COLI: do not confuse with Taenia, a genus of tapeworm; inflammation = COLITIS; /surg: do not confuse with specialty COLORECTAL SURGERY & consider also COLECTOMY or COLOSTOMY

UI = D003106

 

Colonialism

MS = The aggregate of various economic, political, and social policies by which an imperial power maintains or extends its control over other areas or peoples. It includes the practice of or belief in acquiring and retaining colonies. The emphasis is less on its identity as an ideological political system than on its designation in a period of history. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. J. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

AN = IM; specify geog & hist period

UI = D018595

 

Colonic Diseases

AN = inflamm dis = COLITIS

UI = D003108

 

Colonic Diseases, Functional

UI = D003109

 

Colonic Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

AN = coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); note SIGMOID NEOPLASMS is available; familial: consider also ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI & COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS, HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS

UI = D003110

 

Colonic Polyps

MS = Pedunculated or sessile growths arising from the mucous membrane of the COLON.

AN = neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D003111

 

Colonic Pouches

MS = Sacs or reservoirs created to function in place of the COLON and/or RECTUM in patients who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).

UI = D039021

 

Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction

MS = Functional obstruction of the colon.

AN = functional obstruct of colon

UI = D003112

 

Colonography, Computed Tomographic

MS = A non-invasive imaging method that uses computed tomographic data combined with specialized imaging software to examine the colon.

AN = DF: CT Colonography

UI = D023881

 

Colonoscopes

MS = Specially designed endoscopes for visualizing the interior surface of the colon.

UI = D020685

 

Colonoscopy

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.

UI = D003113

 

Colony Count, Microbial

MS = Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal cells or spores capable of growth on solid culture media. Each colony (i.e., microbial colony-forming unit) represents the progeny of a single cell in the original inoculum. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in air, food, and water; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimocrobial drug testing.

AN = coord NIM with organism /growth or /isol (IM) as appropriate

UI = D015169

 

Colony-Forming Units Assay

MS = A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.

AN = restricted to stem cells; do not use for microbial colony-forming units ( = COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL); DF: CFU ASSAY

UI = D003114

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors

MS = Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF).

AN = /drug eff permitted; coord IM with colonized cell (IM or NIM) if pertinent

UI = D003115

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors, Recombinant

MS = COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

AN = colony-stimulating factors "prepared by recombinant DNA technol"; /drug eff permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019374

 

Color

AN = NIM; when IM, /stand permitted; differentiate from PIGMENTATION in that PIGMENTATION is related to biological PIGMENTS

UI = D003116

 

Color Perception

MS = The visual awareness of any particular hue or achromatic color.

UI = D003118

 

Color Perception Tests

UI = D003119

 

Color Therapy

MS = A form of phototherapy using color to influence health and to treat various physical or mental disorders. The color rays may be in the visible or invisible spectrum and can be administered through colored lights or applied mentally through suggestion.

AN = treatment of dis with color; coord IM with disease /ther (IM)

UI = D016500

 

Color Vision Defects

MS = Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the OPSIN genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3, HUMAN) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.

UI = D003117

 

Colorado

UI = D003120

 

Colorado Tick Fever

MS = A febrile illness characterized by chills, aches, vomiting, leukopenia, and sometimes encephalitis. It is caused by the COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS, a reovirus transmitted by the tick Dermacentor andersoni.

AN = caused by a tick-transm reovirus

UI = D003121

 

Colorado tick fever virus

MS = A species of REOVIRUS transmitted by the tick DERMACENTOR andersonii and causing fever, chills, aching head and limbs, and often vomiting. It occurs in the northwestern United States, except the Pacific Coast.

AN = infection = COLORADO TICK FEVER

UI = D003122

 

Colorectal Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the either the COLON or RECTUM or both. The most frequent malignant tumor in the United States. Etiological factors which increase the risk of colorectal cancer include chronic ulcerative colitis, familial polyposis of the colon, exposure to asbestos, irradiation of the cervix.

AN = a clinical entity: not a synonym for COLONIC NEOPLASMS + RECTAL NEOPLASMS; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM); GENES, DCC (for "Deleted in Colorectal Cancer") & GENES, MCC (for "Mutated in Colorectal Cancer") are available: see MeSH scope notes and annotations there

UI = D015179

 

Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis

MS = A syndrome characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, a low mean age (41 years) for occurrence of colon cancer, and a marked increase in the proportion of tumors in the proximal colon.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; DF: HNPCC

UI = D003123

 

Colorectal Surgery

MS = A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal.

AN = GEN only: do not confuse with COLON /surg & RECTUM /surg; SPEC: SPEC qualif DF: COLORECTAL SURG

UI = D003107

 

Colorimetry

MS = Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = an anal chem technique; NIM

UI = D003124

 

Colostomy

MS = The surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003125

 

Colostrum

MS = The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

AN = check the tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY

UI = D003126

 

Colposcopes

MS = Instruments inserted into the vagina for examination of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by means of a magnifying lens.

UI = D020681

 

Colposcopy

MS = The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally.

UI = D003127

 

Colpotomy

MS = An incision in the vagina.

UI = D020884

 

Coltivirus

MS = A genus of REOVIRIDAE infecting Ixodidae ticks and transmitted by them to humans, deer, and small animals. The type species is COLORADO TICK FEVER VIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with REOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D018162

 

Colubridae

MS = The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)

AN = the largest family of snakes; its venom: coord IM with SNAKE VENOMS (IM)

UI = D017812

 

Colubrina

MS = A plant genus of the family RHAMNACEAE. Members contain antifungal jujubogenin saponins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031953

 

Columbia SK virus

MS = A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, that infects rodents.

AN = infection: coord IM with CARDIOVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017944

 

Coma

MS = A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.

AN = check MeSH for specific coma terms

UI = D003128

 

Coma, Post-Head Injury

MS = Prolonged unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused, associated with traumatic injuries to the BRAIN. This may be defined as unconsciousness persisting for 6 hours or longer. Coma results from injury to both cerebral hemispheres or the RETICULAR FORMATION of the BRAIN STEM. Contributing mechanisms include DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY and BRAIN EDEMA. (From J Neurotrauma 1997 Oct;14(10):699-713)

UI = D020207

 

Comamonas

MS = A genus of gram-negative, straight or slightly curved rods which are motile by polar flagella and which accumulate poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate within the cells.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020585

 

Comamonas acidovorans

MS = A gram-negative rod found ubiquitously and formerly called Pseudomonas acidivorans. It is differentiated from other Comamonas species by its ability to utilize benzoate as a carbon source.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020605

 

Comamonas testosteroni

MS = A species of gram-negative, aerobic rods formerly called Pseudomonas testosteroni. It is differentiated from other Comamonas species by its ability to assimilate testosterone and to utilize phenylacetate or maleate as carbon sources.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D020604

 

Comb and Wattles

AN = DF: COMB

UI = D003129

 

Combat Disorders

MS = Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.

AN = note category: do not confuse with war wounds ( = WOUNDS AND INJURIES or specific inj (IM) + WAR (IM or NIM) ); STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC is also available

UI = D003130

 

Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques

MS = A chemistry-based technology in which sets of reactions, for solution or solid-phase synthesis, are used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.

AN = do not confuse with DRUG COMBINATIONS; DF: COMB CHEM

UI = D020650

 

Combined Modality Therapy

MS = The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

AN = almost never IM; coordinate disease term with specific ther qualif (IM) + specific ther (IM or NIM): TN 6; for combined ther of drugs DRUG COMBINATIONS or DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION is available, for combined anticancer ther ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS is available; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT is also available; Manual 24.4.2.2+

UI = D003131

 

Combretaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029764

 

Combretum

MS = A plant genus of the family COMBRETACEAE. Triterpenes and combretastatin have been identified in members of this genus.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029765

 

Comet Assay

MS = A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage.

UI = D020552

 

Comfrey

MS = Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains ALLANTOIN, carotene, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE); GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, resin, SAPONINS; TANNINS; triterpenoids, VITAMIN B12, and ZINC. Comfrey also contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS and is hepatotoxic if ingested.

UI = D020844

 

Commelina

MS = A plant genus of the family COMMELINACEAE of perennial herbs with blue flowers.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034822

 

Commelinaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Commelinales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) that are often somewhat succulent. The leaves are alternate, simple, parallel-veined, and usually with a closed sheathing base. The flowers are often in cymes and have 3 petals and 3 sepals.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034821

 

Comment [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a critical or explanatory note written to discuss, support, or dispute an article or other presentation previously published. It may take the form of an article, letter, editorial, etc. It appears in publications under a variety of names: comment, commentary, editorial comment, viewpoint, etc.

AN = publication type only; for critical or explanatory remarks on previously published articles; appears in titles within brackets & in translations within parentheses; Manual section 39; COMMENT may be designated as an additional publication type even when another is present, such as LETTER or EDITORIAL

UI = D016420

 

Commerce

MS = The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)

AN = includes business & trade; SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D003132

 

Commiphora

MS = A plant genus of the family BURSERACEAE which is a source of gugulipid and guggulu extract. Balm of Gilead is a common name more often referring to POPULUS and sometimes to ABIES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029744

 

Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities

MS = The non-profit, non-governmental organization which collects, processes, and distributes data on hospital use. Two programs of the Commission are the Professional Activity Study and the Medical Audit Program.

AN = add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: CPHA CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D003133

 

Commitment of Mentally Ill

MS = Legal process required for the institutionalization of a patient with severe mental problems.

AN = do not coord with HOSPITALIZATION since this is inherent in the definition

UI = D003134

 

Committee Membership

MS = The composition of a committee; the state or status of being a member of a committee.

AN = coord with specific committee if pertinent

UI = D032802

 

Commodification

MS = The social process by which something or someone comes to be regarded and treated as an article of trade or commerce.

UI = D032821

 

Common Bile Duct

MS = The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct.

AN = inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM)

UI = D003135

 

Common Bile Duct Calculi

MS = Gallstones that are present in the common bile duct, but are usually formed in the gallbladder.

AN = chem composition of calculi: use /chem; /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D003136

 

Common Bile Duct Diseases

MS = Diseases of the common bile duct, Vater's ampulla, or Oddi's sphincter.

AN = inflamm dis: index as COMMON BILE DUCT (IM) + CHOLANGITIS (IM)

UI = D003137

 

Common Bile Duct Neoplasms

MS = Neoplasms of the common bile duct including Vater's ampulla and Oddi's sphincter.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D003138

 

Common Cold

MS = A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral, a mixed infection, or an allergic reaction. It is marked by acute coryza, slight rise in temperature, chilly sensations, and general indisposition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = often caused by a picornavirus

UI = D003139

 

Common Migraine

MS = Recurrent vascular headaches not preceded or accompanied by an aura. In general, episodes have the following characteristics: duration of 4-72 hours, moderate to severe intensity, throbbing quality, unilateral cranial distribution, and aggravation by physical activity. Nausea, emesis, photophobia, or phonophobia accompanies the pain. (From Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988;8:Suppl 7:1-96)

UI = D020326

 

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

MS = Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.

AN = an immunodefic syndrome with hypogammaglobulinemia

UI = D017074

 

Commonwealth of Independent States

AN = each independent state is available; consider also RUSSIA (PRE-1917) & USSR for historical material; DF: note short X ref CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D017517

 

Communicable Disease Control

MS = Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.

AN = GEN only: prefer Cat C term with /prev; INFECTION CONTROL is available: see note there

UI = D003140

 

Communicable Diseases

AN = /prev = COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL for GEN only; do not confuse X ref INFECTIOUS DISEASES with INFECTION: see note there

UI = D003141

 

Communicable Diseases, Emerging

MS = Reporting of new and reemerging infectious diseases and studies that seek to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination.

UI = D021821

 

Communication

MS = The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

AN = includes personal & technological communication; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION is also available

UI = D003142

 

Communication Aids for Disabled

MS = Equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons, who cannot speak effectively, with a means of communication. The aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesizers. The output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, Morse code, and pictures.

UI = D003143

 

Communication Barriers

MS = Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

AN = language, cultural, sociol, etc., communication barriers; no qualif; coord IM with specific "barrier" if pertinent (IM) but if language is the barrier, note that MULTILINGUALISM is also available

UI = D003144

 

Communication Disorders

MS = Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics HEARING DISORDERS; LANGUAGE DISORDERS or SPEECH DISORDERS

UI = D003147

 

Communication Methods, Total

MS = Utilization of all available receptive and expressive modes for the purpose of achieving communication with the hearing impaired, such as gestures, postures, facial expression, types of voice, formal speech and non-speech systems, and simultaneous communication.

AN = no qualif; restrict to commun with hearing-impaired; coord with specific hearing disord /rehabil

UI = D003145

 

Communications Media

MS = The means of interchanging or transmitting and receiving information. Historically the media were written: books, journals, newspapers, and other publications; in the modern age the media include, in addition, radio, television, computers, and information networks.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D003146

 

Communism

MS = A totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a classless society.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D003148

 

Community Dentistry

MS = The practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: COMMUNITY DENT

UI = D003149

 

Community Health Aides

MS = Persons trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community concerning needs and availability of health services.

AN = IM

UI = D003150

 

Community Health Centers

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of health care services to people living in a community or neighborhood.

AN = IM

UI = D003151

 

Community Health Nursing

MS = General and comprehensive nursing practice directed to individuals, families, or groups as it relates to and contributes to the health of a population. This is not an official program of a Public Health Department.

AN = SPEC qualif; do not confuse with PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (a government function)

UI = D003152

 

Community Health Planning

MS = Planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988, p299)

AN = specify geog

UI = D018672

 

Community Health Services

MS = Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community.

AN = IM; DF: COMMUNITY HEALTH SERV

UI = D003153

 

Community Medicine

MS = A branch of medicine concerned with the total health of the individual within the home environment and in the community, and with the application of comprehensive care to the prevention and treatment of illness in the entire community.

AN = SPEC only: SPEC qualif; DF: COMMUNITY MED

UI = D003154

 

Community Mental Health Centers

MS = Facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D003155

 

Community Mental Health Services

MS = Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community.

AN = Public Laws 88-164 & 89-105; DF: COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERV

UI = D003156

 

Community Networks

MS = Organizations and individuals cooperating together toward a common goal at the local or grassroots level.

AN = IM

UI = D019058

 

Community Pharmacy Services

MS = Total pharmaceutical services provided to the public through community pharmacies.

AN = DF: COMMUNITY PHARM SERV

UI = D003157

 

Community Psychiatry

MS = Branch of psychiatry concerned with the provision and delivery of a coordinated program of mental health care to a specified population. The foci included in this concept are: all social, psychological and physical factors related to etiology, prevention, and maintaining positive mental health in the community.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D003158

 

Community-Acquired Infections

MS = Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

AN = contrasted with hospital- or other health facil-acquired ( = CROSS INFECTION); IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific community-acquired infect (IM), if discussed

UI = D017714

 

Community-Institutional Relations

MS = The interactions between members of a community and representatives of the institutions within that community.

AN = specify institution (IM) + geog if pertinent; DF: COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONAL RELAT

UI = D003159

 

Comorbidity

MS = The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

AN = "presence of co-existing or additional diseases" in epidemiol studies: do not confuse with /compl; IM GEN only; coord NIM with both diseases /epidemiol (IM), not /compl; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D015897

 

Comoros

MS = A group of Indian Ocean Islands, the islands of Great Comoro, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli, lying between northeast Mozambique and northwest Madagascar. The capital is Moroni. In 1914 they became a colony attached to Madagascar administratively and were made a French overseas territory in 1947. Except for Mayotte which remained French, Comoros became an independent republic in 1975. Comoros represents the Arabic qamar, moon, said by some scholars to be linked with the mystical Mountains of the Moon said to be somewhere in equatorial Africa. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p283 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p122)

AN = a group of Indian Ocean Islands between Mozambique & Madagascar

UI = D017507

 

Comoviridae

MS = A family of non-enveloped RNA plant viruses, transmitted by biological vectors and experimentally by mechanical inoculation. There are three genera: COMOVIRUS; FABAVIRUS; and NEPOVIRUS.

AN = a family of plant viruses

UI = D019180

 

Comovirus

MS = A genus of plant viruses of the family COMOVIRIDAE in which the bipartite genome is encapsidated in separate icosahedral particles. Mosaic and mottle symptoms are characteristic, and transmission is exclusively by leaf-feeding beetles. Cowpea mosaic virus is the type species.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D017798

 

Compact Disks

MS = Computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. The compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016250

 

Comparative Study

AN = check tag only; Manual 18.13+; do not use for comparison of subject & normal controls; relation to ANATOMY, COMPARATIVE; HISTOLOGY, COMPARATIVE; etc.: Manual 18.13.4 CATALOG: do not use: for indexers only

UI = D003160

 

Compartment Syndromes

MS = Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the circulation and function of tissue within that space. Compartmentation involves mainly the leg but also involved are the forearm, arm, thigh, shoulder, and buttock. Some of the causes of increased pressure are trauma, tight dressings, hemorrhage, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression, paralysis, and contracture.

AN = increased pressure within a space causing various disord of circ & funct

UI = D003161

 

Compensation and Redress

MS = Payment, or other means of making amends, for a wrong or injury.

UI = D035881

 

Competency-Based Education

MS = Educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. Emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives.

UI = D003162

 

Competitive Behavior

MS = The direct struggle between individuals for environmental necessities or for a common goal.

AN = human & animal

UI = D003163

 

Competitive Bidding

MS = Pricing statements presented by more than one party for the purpose of securing a contract.

UI = D003164

 

Competitive Medical Plans

MS = Alternative health care delivery mechanisms, such as PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATIONS or other health insurance services or prepaid plans (other than HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS), that meet Medicare qualifications for a risk-sharing contract. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)

AN = DF: COMPETITIVE MED PLANS

UI = D016536

 

Complement

MS = A heat-sensitive complex system in fresh human and other sera which, in combination with antibodies, is important in the host defense mechanism against invading organisms. At least 20 distinct serum proteins operate within the complement system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a complex system of blood proteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D003165

 

Complement 1

MS = The first complement component to act in the cytolysis reaction. It is a trimolecular complex held together with Ca ions and when activated, has esterase activity which initiates the next step in the sequence.

AN = DF: C 1

UI = D003172

 

Complement 1 Inactivators

MS = Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate complement 1. A well-known inhibitor is a serum glycoprotein believed to be alpha-2-neuroaminoglycoprotein. It inhibits the activated (esterase) form of complement 1 as well as kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Deficiency of this inactivator has been found in patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. These compounds are members of the serpin superfamily.

AN = serpins; DF: C 1 INACT

UI = D003174

 

Complement 1q

MS = Subcomponent of complement 1 (C1) which recognizes and binds to the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M initiating the classical complement pathway. The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates C1r and C1s. The activated C1r and C1s molecules are cleaved off the complex by C1-inhibitor, allowing the collagen-like region of C1q to become accessible for interaction with cell membrane C1q receptors.

AN = DF: C 1q

UI = D015922

 

Complement 1r

MS = Subcomponent of complement 1 which, when activated by C1q, activates subcomponent C1s by proteolytic cleavage.

AN = DF: C 1r

UI = D015923

 

Complement 1s

MS = The activated form of complement 1 which has hydrolase activity. In the classical pathway, it splits first C4 and then C2 into active components, thereby generating a new enzyme referred to as EAC142 or C42 or C3 convertase.

AN = DF: C 1s

UI = D003173

 

Complement 2

MS = The third component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a molecular weight of 117,000, a serum concentration of 30 micrograms/ml and a sedimentation coefficient of 4. It activates C3.

AN = DF: C 2

UI = D003175

 

Complement 3

MS = The fourth component to attach in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5, a molecular weight of 185,000 and a serum concentration of 1.3 micrograms/ml. Its fragments have anaphylatoxic, chemotactic, and histaminic action and affect smooth muscle.

AN = DF: C 3

UI = D003176

 

Complement 3 Convertase

MS = The enzyme which in both the classical and alternate complement pathways cleaves complement 3 into anaphylatoxin (C3a) and C3b.

UI = D003177

 

Complement 3 Nephritic Factor

MS = A magnesium-dependent IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibody found in serum of patients with chronic mesangioproliferative hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis. It causes inactivation of C3 in the alternate pathway by cleaving C3 into two inactive fragments, C3c and C3d, instead of the normal C3b.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D003178

 

Complement 3a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b. C3a is a 77-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine which is crucial for its biological activities. C3a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) including smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, and local inflammation. It is considered an anaphylatoxin along with C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine.

AN = DF: C 3a

UI = D015926

 

Complement 3b

MS = The larger fragment formed when C3 convertase splits C3 into C3a and C3b. In both the classical and alternate pathway, C3b participates in immune adherence and enhances phagocytosis. It also forms a cellular intermediate which continues the complement process. In the alternate pathways, C3b initiates a positive feedback activation of C3Pase.

AN = /antag = COMPLEMENT 3B INACTIVATORS; DF: C 3B

UI = D003179

 

Complement 3b Inactivators

MS = Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate Complement 3b. A well-known inhibitor is a beta-globulin which cleaves C3b into inactive fragments C3c and C3d. C3bINA plays a key role in the regulation of the complement system by blocking the cytolytic sequence and preventing recruitment of the properdin amplification loop.

AN = DF: C 3B INACT

UI = D003180

 

Complement 3c

MS = An inactivated form of COMPLEMENT 3B; (C3b). Complement 3b is inactivated with the help of two regulatory factors, COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; (C3b inactivator accelerator) makes C3b susceptible to the serine protease, COMPLEMENT FACTOR I; (formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator), to form iC3b. Then COMPLEMENT FACTOR I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave iC3b into C3c and C3dg.

AN = DF: C 3C

UI = D015932

 

Complement 3d

MS = An inactivated fragment of complement 3b (C3b). Factor H makes C3b susceptible to factor I (formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator) to form iC3b. Then factor I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave iC3b into C3c and C3dg. Serum proteases degrade C3dg into complement 3d (C3d) and C3g.

AN = DF: C 3d

UI = D015933

 

Complement 4

MS = The second component to react in the complement sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 18.7, a molecular weight of 240,000 and a serum concentration of 430 micrograms/ml. It is activated by COMPLEMENT 1 and serves as a receptor for C2.

AN = DF: C 4

UI = D003181

 

Complement 4a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C1s splits C4 into C4a and C4b. As an anaphylatoxin, C4a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity but it has weaker activity than C3a or C5a.

AN = DF: C 4a

UI = D015934

 

Complement 4b

MS = Larger fragment formed when C1s splits C4 into C4a and C4b. C4b combines with C2b to form the activated C4b2b complex which is often called the classical pathway C3 convertase.

AN = DF: C 4b

UI = D015935

 

Complement 5

MS = The fifth component in the complement reaction sequence, probably exists in a complex with C6 and C7. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 10, serum concentration of 75 micrograms/ml and molecular weight of 180,000. It is activated by C423 and releases fragments with anaphylatoxic, chemotactic, and histamine-releasing actions and affecting smooth muscle.

AN = DF: C 5

UI = D003182

 

Complement 5a

MS = Smaller fragment formed when C5 convertase splits C5 into C5a and C5b. C5a is a 74-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine crucial for its spasmogenic activity and a carbohydrate moiety. C5a is the most potent anaphylatoxin mediating immediate hypersensitivity.

AN = DF: C 5a

UI = D015936

 

Complement 5a, des-Arginine

MS = Complement 5a with the carboxy-terminal arginine removed. The arginine is rapidly cleaved from the C5a fragment during complement activation by carboxypeptidase B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability.

AN = DF: C 5a DES ARG

UI = D015937

 

Complement 6

MS = The sixth component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 8.7 and a molecular weight of 120,000 at 60 micrograms/ml in serum. It may exist in a complex with C5 and C7 and is activated by the binding of C5.

AN = DF: C 6

UI = D003183

 

Complement 7

MS = The seventh component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin probably in a complex with C5 and C6 and is activated by C5. The attachment of C7 renders the cell susceptible to lysis.

AN = DF: C 7

UI = D003184

 

Complement 8

MS = The next to the last essential component for cell lysis in the complement reaction sequence. It is a gamma-globulin with a molecular weight of 150,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 8. It is present in trace amounts in serum and can be inhibited, like COMPLEMENT 1, by cation chelators.

AN = DF: C 8

UI = D003185

 

Complement 9

MS = The last component in the complement reaction sequence. It is an alpha-globulin present in serum as a trace, with a molecular weight of 80,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.5. For cell lysis, it can be replaced by a metal chelator.

AN = DF: C 9

UI = D003186

 

Complement Activating Enzymes

MS = Enzymes present in the complement system which activate one or more components in the system.

UI = D003166

 

Complement Activation

MS = The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response.

UI = D003167

 

Complement Factor B

MS = A glycine-rich, heat-labile beta-glycoprotein found in blood. It is a proactivator of complement 3 in the alternate pathway of complement activation. Factor B is converted by Factor D to COMPLEMENT 3 CONVERTASE. EC 3.4.21.47.

UI = D011415

 

Complement Factor D

MS = A serum protein which during the alternate pathway of complement activation converts the inactive factor B to COMPLEMENT 3 CONVERTASE. EC 3.4.21.46.

UI = D011416

 

Complement Factor H

MS = A beta-globulin that binds to complement 3b and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also acts as an alternative pathway complement inhibitor by interfering with the binding of properdin factor B to C3b.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D017242

 

Complement Factor I

MS = Serine proteinase that acts on iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) to cleave it into C3c and C3dg with the help of a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme. Complement factor I was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator. EC 3.4.21.45.

AN = do not confuse with FACTOR I see FIBRINOGEN

UI = D017244

 

Complement Fixation Tests

MS = Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

UI = D003168

 

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

MS = Usual screening assay for complement. Dilutions of the serum to be tested are added to antibody-coated erythrocytes and the percentage of lysis is measured. The values are expressed by CH50, hemolytic complement units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

AN = an immunol cytotox test; DF: note short X ref

UI = D015941

 

Complement Inactivators

MS = Serum proteins which act at key sites in the complement sequence to modulate or prevent the progression of the reaction. Absence of these factors leads to uncontrolled activation of the complement system with accompanying disease.

AN = DF: COMPLEMENT INACT

UI = D003169

 

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

MS = The assembly of complement plasma glycoproteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and polymeric C9 as a group on biological membranes. The complex forms transmembrane channels which displace lipid molecules and other constituents, thus disrupting the phospholipid bilayer of target cells leading to cell lysis by osmotic leakage. The formation of the membrane attack complex is the terminal step in the complement cascade.

AN = DF: COMPLEMENT MAC

UI = D015938

 

Complement Pathway, Alternative

MS = The complement activation sequence initiated by the activation of complement factor C3, which is triggered by the interaction of microbial polysaccharides and properdin without participation of an antigen-antibody reaction.

AN = DF: note short X ref

UI = D003170

 

Complement Pathway, Classical

MS = The sequential activation of complement, initiated by antigen-antibody complex and the binding of complement factor C1q to the Fc region of the antibody.

UI = D003171

 

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

MS = The complement activation sequence of events triggered by the interaction of microbial polysaccharides with MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN and the action of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES.

UI = D037582

 

Complementarity Determining Regions

MS = Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).

UI = D022801

 

Complementary Therapies

MS = Therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice. They may lack biomedical explanations but as they become better researched some (PHYSICAL THERAPY; DIET; ACUPUNCTURE) become widely accepted whereas others (humors, radium therapy) quietly fade away, yet are important historical footnotes. Therapies are termed as Complementary when used in addition to conventional treatments and as Alternative when used instead of conventional treatment.

AN = General or unspecified; prefer specifics; not for "alternative health care delivery system" (= DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE) or specific health service.

UI = D000529

 

Complex Regional Pain Syndromes

MS = Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)

UI = D020918

 

Compliance

MS = Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure.

AN = NIM; note category; LUNG COMPLIANCE is available; do not confuse with PATIENT COMPLIANCE

UI = D003187

 

Complicity

MS = Association with or participation in an act that is, or is perceived to be, criminal or immoral. One is complicitous when one promotes or unduly benefits from practices or institutions that are morally or legally suspect.

UI = D028661

 

Compomers

MS = Composite materials composed of an ion-leachable glass embedded in a polymeric matrix. They differ from GLASS-IONOMER CEMENTS in that partially silanized glass particles are used to provide a direct bond to the resin matrix and the matrix is primarily formed by a light-activated, radical polymerization reaction.

UI = D020770

 

Composite Resins

MS = Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.

UI = D003188

 

Comprehension

MS = The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.

UI = D032882

 

Comprehensive Dental Care

MS = Providing for the full range of dental health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and rehabilitation of patients.

AN = DF: COMPREHENSIVE DENT CARE

UI = D003190

 

Comprehensive Health Care

MS = Providing for the full range of personal health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and rehabilitation of patients.

AN = IM

UI = D003191

 

Compressive Strength

MS = The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)

AN = NIM; do not confuse with TENSILE STRENGTH

UI = D019245

 

Compulsive Behavior

MS = The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc.

AN = use Cat F3 qualif

UI = D003192

 

Compulsive Personality Disorder

MS = A personality disorder characterized by an emotionally constricted manner that is unduly conventional, serious, formal, and stingy, by preoccupation with trivial details, rules, order, organization, schedules, and lists, by stubborn insistence on having things one's own way without regard for the effects on others, by excessive devotion to work and productivity to the detriment of interpersonal relationships, and by indecisiveness due to fear of making mistakes. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003193

 

Computational Biology

MS = A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

AN = SPEC; SPEC qualif; coord IM with specific biol spec (IM); DF: COMPUTATIONAL BIOL

UI = D019295

 

Computer Communication Networks

MS = A system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers, audio or visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by telecommunications equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive information. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

UI = D003195

 

Computer Graphics

MS = The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.

UI = D003196

 

Computer Literacy

MS = General learning, knowledge, and fluency with computer terms; also, becoming familiar with how computers operate and how they are programmed.

AN = IM; no qualif

UI = D003197

 

Computer Peripherals

MS = Various units or machines that operate in combination or in conjunction with a computer but are not physically part of it. Peripheral devices typically display computer data, store data from the computer and return the data to the computer on demand, prepare data for human use, or acquire data from a source and convert it to a form usable by a computer. (Computer Dictionary, 4th ed.)

AN = modem: index under TELECOMMUNICATIONS

UI = D016287

 

Computer Security

MS = Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.

AN = against unauthorized access to computers & databases: read MeSH definition & note X refs; do not use for confidentiality of records ( = CONFIDENTIALITY + RECORDS or specific records term)

UI = D016494

 

Computer Simulation

MS = Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

AN = coord with specific models heading

UI = D003198

 

Computer Storage Devices

MS = Devices capable of receiving data, retaining data for an indefinite or finite period of time, and supplying data upon demand.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016248

 

Computer Systems

MS = Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities.

AN = IM

UI = D003199

 

Computer Terminals

MS = Input/output devices designed to receive data in an environment associated with the job to be performed, and capable of transmitting entries to, and obtaining output from, the system of which it is a part. (Computer Dictionary, 4th ed.)

UI = D016288

 

Computer User Training

MS = Process of teaching a person to interact and communicate with a computer.

UI = D003200

 

Computer-Aided Design

MS = The use of computers for designing and/or manufacturing of anything, including drugs, surgical procedures, orthotics, and prosthetics.

AN = in design of equipment or drugs

UI = D017076

 

Computer-Assisted Instruction

MS = A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.

AN = DIAGNOSIS, COMPUTER-ASSISTED is also available

UI = D003194

 

Computers

AN = GEN; use of computers in medicine: do not coord with MEDICINE; for processing of data by computer, COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING see AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING is available

UI = D003201

 

Computers, Analog

MS = Computers in which quantities are represented by physical variables; problem parameters are translated into equivalent mechanical or electrical circuits as an analog for the physical phenomenon being investigated. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003202

 

Computers, Handheld

MS = MICROCOMPUTERS, sometimes called PDA, that are very small and portable, fitting in a hand, and that have much more function than a calculator. They are convenient to use in clinical and other field situations for quick data management. They usually require docking with MICROCOMPUTERS for updates.

UI = D034201

 

Computers, Hybrid

MS = Computers that combine the functions of analog and digital computers. (Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003203

 

Computers, Mainframe

MS = Large computers in both size and capacity.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003204

 

Computers, Molecular

MS = Computers whose input, output and state transitions are carried out by biochemical interactions and reactions.

AN = do not confuse DNA Computers with DNA MICROCHIPS see OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

UI = D039301

 

Computing Methodologies

MS = Computer-assisted analysis and processing of problems in a particular area.

AN = DF: COMPUTING METHODOL

UI = D003205

 

Conalbumin

MS = A glycoprotein albumin from hen's egg white with strong iron-binding affinity.

AN = an egg protein

UI = D003207

 

Concanavalin A

MS = A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.

AN = DF: CON A

UI = D003208

 

Concentration Camps

MS = Facilities in which war or political prisoners are confined.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D003209

 

Concept Formation

MS = A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

UI = D003210

 

Concurrent Review

MS = Review of the medical necessity of hospital or other health facility admissions, upon or within a short time following an admission, and periodic review of services provided during the course of treatment.

AN = a type of hosp & health facility utilization review; DF: CONCURRENT REV

UI = D003211

 

Condiments

MS = Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.

AN = SPICES & other condiments are also available

UI = D003212

 

Conditioning (Psychology)

MS = A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.

AN = human & animal; DF: CONDITIONING

UI = D003213

 

Conditioning, Classical

MS = Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

UI = D003214

 

Conditioning, Eyelid

MS = Reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning.

UI = D003215

 

Conditioning, Operant

MS = Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.

AN = human & animal

UI = D003216

 

Condoms

MS = A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

AN = GEN or unspecified but probably for males; CONDOMS, FEMALE is also available

UI = D017280

 

Condoms, Female

MS = A soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath, closed at one end, with flexible rings at both ends. The device is inserted into the vagina by compressing the inner ring and pushing it in. Properly positioned, the ring at the closed end covers the cervix, and the sheath lines the walls of the vagina. The outer ring remains outside the vagina, covering the labia. (Med Lett Drugs Ther 1993 Dec 24;35(12):123)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D019111

 

Conduct Disorder

MS = A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonagressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

AN = onset before age 18

UI = D019955

 

Conductometry

MS = Determination of the quantity of a material present in a mixture by measurement of its effect on the electrical conductivity of the mixture. (Webster, 3d ed)

AN = a titrimetric & electrochem technique; NIM

UI = D003217

 

Condylomata Acuminata

MS = Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.

AN = a non-neoplastic tumor virus infect; coord IM with precoord organ/dis term (IM)

UI = D003218

 

Cones (Retina)

MS = One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.

AN = photoreceptors in vertebrate retina; DF: CONES

UI = D017949

 

Confidence Intervals

MS = A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease or other concept (IM); no qualif

UI = D016001

 

Confidentiality

MS = The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.

AN = secrecy goes here

UI = D003219

 

Confined Spaces

MS = A space which has limited openings for entry and exit combined with unfavorable natural ventilation such as caves, refrigerators, deep tunnels, pipelines, sewers, silos, tanks, vats, mines, deep trenches or pits, vaults, manholes, chimneys, etc.

AN = do not use with claustrophobia

UI = D020378

 

Conflict (Psychology)

MS = The internal individual struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, or external and internal demands. In group interactions, competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interests, or persons). (from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

AN = human & animal; individual & group; no qualif; DF: CONFLICT

UI = D003220

 

Conflict of Interest

MS = A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person's private interests and official responsibilities in a position of trust. The term is not restricted to government officials. The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict.

UI = D016265

 

Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)

MS = Factors that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, are not intermediate variables, and are not associated with the factor(s) under investigation. They give rise to situations in which the effects of two processes are not separated, or the contribution of causal factors cannot be separated, or the measure of the effect of exposure or risk is distorted because of its association with other factors influencing the outcome of the study.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with disease /epidemiol (IM), not /etiol; no qualif; specify geog if pertinent; DF: CONFOUNDING FACTORS

UI = D015986

 

Confucianism

MS = A school of thought and set of moral, ethical, and political teachings usually considered to be founded by Confucius in 6th-5th century B.C. China. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995)

UI = D032903

 

Confusion

MS = A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.

UI = D003221

 

Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities

MS = Diseases existing at birth and often before birth, or that develop during the first month of life (INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES), regardless of causation. Of these diseases, those characterized by structural deformities are termed ABNORMALITIES.

AN = not used for indexing CATALOG: do not use

UI = D009358

 

Congo

MS = A republic in central Africa lying between GABON and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Its capital is Brazzaville. It became a territory of French Equatorial Africa in 1910, a French overseas territory in 1946, an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958, and achieved independence in 1960. The country takes its name from the Congo River running through it: the Bantu name for the river means mountain, with reference to the local topography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p285 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p123)

AN = Republic of Congo (capital at Brazzaville); do not confuse with DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (capital at Kinshasa, formerly Leopoldville)

UI = D003223

 

Congo Red

MS = An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.

UI = D003224

 

Congresses

MS = Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.

AN = Manual 35.8+; for congresses as a means of scientific communication; TN 112: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION not for international congresses

UI = D003226

 

Congresses [Publication Type]

MS = Published records of the papers delivered at or issued on the occasion of individual congresses, symposia, and meetings; abstracts of papers delivered at such congresses; reports of the officers and delegates of such congresses; combinations of the foregoing; or proceedings of the conference of a society if they are not limited to matters of internal organization.

AN = publication type only

UI = D016423

 

Conidiobolus

MS = A genus of fungi in the family Ancylistaceae, order ENTOMOPHTHORALES, characterized by the presence of small nuclei with a prominent central nucleolus in interphase. They are commonly found in the soil but also infect termites, aphids, and sometimes, though rarely, mammals including humans. (Alexopoulos et al, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp159-60)

AN = infection: coord IM with ZYGOMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D020092

 

Coniferophyta

MS = A plant division of GYMNOSPERMS consisting of cone-bearing trees and shrubs.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032482

 

Conium

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE that is a source of coniine.

AN = note X ref POISON HEMLOCK: use only for this plant and not for poisoning by other HEMLOCK plants; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029982

 

Conization

MS = The excision of a cone of tissue, especially of the CERVIX UTERI.

AN = not restricted to cervical biopsy; coord IM with organ /pathol (IM) or organ /surg (IM)

UI = D019092

 

Conjugation, Genetic

MS = A parasexual mechanism in bacteria for achieving unidirectional transfer of all or part of the chromosome from an F+ or Hfr donor ("male") to an F- ("female") recipient.

UI = D003227

 

Conjunctiva

MS = The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera.

AN = inflammation = CONJUNCTIVITIS (consider also KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS); do not confuse with "conjunctive tissue" in poorly translated texts (as for French "tissu conjonctif"): this is CONNECTIVE TISSUE, not CONJUNCTIVA; /blood supply consider also CILIARY ARTERIES

UI = D003228

 

Conjunctival Diseases

UI = D003229

 

Conjunctival Neoplasms

MS = Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D003230

 

Conjunctivitis

UI = D003231

 

Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic

MS = A highly contagious disease characterized by subconjunctival hemorrhage, sudden swelling of the eyelids and congestion, redness, and pain in the eye. Epidemic conjunctivitis caused by Enterovirus 70 (EV-70) was first described in Africa in 1969. It is caused also by Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v). Epidemics by this organism have appeared most frequently in Asia.

AN = coord IM with precoord virus infect (IM) + specific virus (IM)

UI = D003232

 

Conjunctivitis, Allergic

MS = Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.

AN = coord IM with etiol of the allergy (IM) if specified

UI = D003233

 

Conjunctivitis, Bacterial

MS = Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.

AN = coord IM with specific bact/infect heading (IM); DF: CONJUNCTIVITIS BACT

UI = D003234

 

Conjunctivitis, Inclusion

MS = An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.

AN = caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

UI = D003235

 

Conjunctivitis, Viral

MS = Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.

AN = coord IM with specific virus/infect heading (IM)

UI = D003236

 

Connaraceae

MS = A plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that are tropical plants. The flowers are usually bisexual and have 5 sepals and petals; 5 or 10 stamens; and 1, 4, or usually 5 separate, one-chambered, female ovule-bearing structures (carpels).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031961

 

Connecticut

UI = D003237

 

Connective Tissue

MS = Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

AN = inflammation: consider CELLULITIS

UI = D003238

 

Connective Tissue Cells

MS = A group of cells that includes FIBROBLASTS, cartilage cells, ADIPOCYTES, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells.

UI = D003239

 

Connective Tissue Diseases

MS = A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.

AN = GEN or unspecified: prefer specifics; note & do not confuse with MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE, a specific connective tissue dis entity

UI = D003240

 

Connexin 43

MS = A 43 kD peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

UI = D018031

 

Connexins

MS = A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

AN = membrane proteins forming intermembrane channels of gap junctions

UI = D017630

 

Conotoxins

MS = Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus Conus. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

AN = OMEGA-CONOTOXINS and OMEGA-CONOTOXIN GVIA are available

UI = D020916

 

Consanguinity

MS = The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.

AN = human only: for animals use INBREEDING

UI = D003241

 

Conscience

MS = The cognitive and affective processes which constitute an internalized moral governor over an individual's moral conduct.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003242

 

Conscious Sedation

MS = An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist.

AN = an alternative to gen anesth: read MeSH definition; coord IM with specific procedure (IM) or specific sedative, analgesic or anesthetic (IM with no qualif)

UI = D016292

 

Consciousness

MS = Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

UI = D003243

 

Consciousness Disorders

MS = Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.

AN = prefer specifics

UI = D003244

 

Consensus

MS = General agreement or collective opinion; the judgment arrived at by most of those concerned.

UI = D032921

 

Consensus Development Conference [Publication Type]

MS = A work that consists of summary statements representing the majority and current agreement of physicians, scientists, and other professionals meeting to reach a consensus on a selected subject.

AN = publication type only; Manual section 12, also 35.8.2 & TN L; for consensus confs as a subject or means of scientific communication, index under main heading CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES; include name of conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; considered as a type of review: add number of bibliog refs or 0 in Field 17; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE, NIH [Publication Type] is also available

UI = D016446

 

Consensus Development Conference, NIH [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of summary statements, from a conference sponsored by NIH, representing the majority of current opinion of physicians, scientists, and other professionals on a selected subject.

AN = publication type only; Manual section 12, also 17.25+, 35.8.2 & TN L; for NIH consensus confs as a subject or means of scientific communication, index under main heading CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES, NIH; include name of conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; add UNITED STATES (MH); considered as a type of review: add number of bibliog refs or 0 in Field 17

UI = D016447

 

Consensus Development Conferences

MS = Presentations of summary statements representing the majority agreement of physicians, scientists, and other professionals convening for the purpose of reaching a consensus--often with findings and recommendations--on a subject of interest. The Conference, consisting of participants representing the scientific and lay viewpoints, is a significant means of evaluating current medical thought and reflects the latest advances in research for the respective field being addressed.

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE; IM for consensus confs as a means of scientific interchange; Manual section 12 & TN L; include name of conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCES, NIH is also available; specify geog only if pertinent; DF: CONSENS DEV CONF

UI = D003245

 

Consensus Development Conferences, NIH

MS = Articles on conferences sponsored by NIH presenting summary statements representing the majority agreement of physicians, scientists, and other professionals convening for the purpose of reaching a consensus on a subject of interest. This heading is used for NIH consensus conferences as a means of scientific communication. In indexing it is viewed as a type of review article and as a tag for any article appearing in any publication of the NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR).

AN = no qualif; do not confuse with Publication Type CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE, NIH; IM for NIH conf as a means of scientific communication; for any article in any publication of the NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR); Manual section 12 & TN L; include name of NIH conf as part of title when it appears in author position, in footnote or at end of article; add UNITED STATES (NIM); DF: CONSENS DEV CONF NIH

UI = D015975

 

Consensus Sequence

MS = A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

AN = DF: CONSENSUS SEQ

UI = D016384

 

Consent Forms

MS = Documents describing a medical treatment or research project, including proposed procedures, risks, and alternatives, that are to be signed by an individual, or the individual's proxy, to indicate his/her understanding of the document and a willingness to undergo the treatment or to participate in the research.

UI = D032962

 

Conservation of Energy Resources

MS = Planned management, use, and preservation of energy resources.

UI = D003246

 

Conservation of Natural Resources

MS = The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.

UI = D003247

 

Conserved Sequence

MS = A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

AN = coord with AMINO ACID SEQUENCE (NIM) or BASE SEQUENCE (NIM)

UI = D017124

 

Constipation

MS = Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.

UI = D003248

 

Constitution and Bylaws

MS = The fundamental principles and laws adopted by an organization for the regulation and governing of its affairs.

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with specific organiz or society (IM) + geog; DF: CONSTITUTION

UI = D003249

 

Constriction

MS = The act of constricting.

AN = never IM; no qualif

UI = D003250

 

Constriction, Pathologic

MS = The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.

AN = never IM; when NIM use any Cat C qualif pertinent; includes "stenosis"; DF: CONSTRICTION PATHOL

UI = D003251

 

Construction Materials

UI = D003252

 

Consultants

MS = Individuals referred to for expert or professional advice or services.

AN = few qualif apply

UI = D003253

 

Consumer Advocacy

MS = The promotion and support of consumers' rights and interests.

UI = D003254

 

Consumer Organizations

MS = Organized groups of users of goods and services.

AN = IM; specify services, area of interest or geog if pertinent

UI = D003255

 

Consumer Participation

MS = Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.

UI = D003256

 

Consumer Product Safety

UI = D003257

 

Consumer Satisfaction

MS = Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a benefit or service received.

UI = D003258

 

Consummatory Behavior

MS = An act which constitutes the termination of a given instinctive behavior pattern or sequence.

AN = mainly animal; conclusion of a series of responses: nothing to do with "consumption" of food or other substances ( = EATING BEHAVIOR see FEEDING BEHAVIOR)

UI = D003259

 

Contact Inhibition

MS = Arrest of cell locomotion or cell division when two cells come into contact.

UI = D003260

 

Contact Lens Solutions

MS = Sterile solutions used to clean and disinfect contact lenses.

AN = D25-26 qualif; DF: CONTACT LENS SOL

UI = D018639

 

Contact Lenses

MS = Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)

UI = D003261

 

Contact Lenses, Extended-Wear

MS = Hydrophilic contact lenses worn for an extended period or permanently.

UI = D003262

 

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic

MS = Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.

UI = D003263

 

Contact Tracing

MS = Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.

AN = IM; coord with disease /epidemiol or /transm (IM)

UI = D016358

 

Containment of Biohazards

MS = Provision of physical and biological barriers to the dissemination of potentially hazardous biologically active agents (bacteria, viruses, recombinant DNA, etc.). Physical containment involves the use of special equipment, facilities, and procedures to prevent the escape of the agent. Biological containment includes use of immune personnel and the selection of agents and hosts that will minimize the risk should the agent escape the containment facility.

AN = for procedures, facilities, programs & equipment for containing hazardous biologic agents; do not use for radiation ( = RADIATION PROTECTION); for recombinant DNA research: use only by MeSH definition: not for ethical, moral or religious aspects

UI = D003264

 

Contig Mapping

MS = Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.

UI = D020451

 

Contingent Negative Variation

MS = An increasing negative shift of the cortical electrical potentials associated with an anticipated response to an expected stimulus. It is an electrical event indicative of a state of readiness or expectancy.

AN = refers to cortical electrical potentials

UI = D003265

 

Continuity of Patient Care

MS = Health care provided on a continuing basis from the initial contact, following the patient through all phases of medical care.

UI = D003266

 

Contraception

MS = Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception.

UI = D003267

 

Contraception Behavior

MS = Behavior patterns of those practicing contraception.

UI = D003268

 

Contraception, Immunologic

MS = Contraceptive methods utilizing immunologic processes.

AN = DF: CONTRACEPTION IMMUNOL

UI = D003269

 

Contraceptive Agents

MS = Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of conception.

AN = chemical, not mechanical ( = CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES); pregn despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not with /adv eff

UI = D003270

 

Contraceptive Agents, Female

MS = Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003271

 

Contraceptive Agents, Male

MS = Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003272

 

Contraceptive Devices

MS = Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = mechanical devices, not chemicals ( = CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS); pregnancy despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not /adv eff

UI = D003273

 

Contraceptive Devices, Female

MS = Contraceptive devices used by females.

AN = mechanical devices, not chemicals; pregnancy despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not /adv eff

UI = D003274

 

Contraceptive Devices, Male

MS = Contraceptive devices used by males.

AN = mechanical devices, not chemicals; pregnancy despite use = contraceptive term with no qualif, not /adv eff

UI = D003275

 

Contraceptives, Oral

MS = Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003276

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

MS = Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003277

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

MS = Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003278

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

MS = Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003279

 

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

MS = Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; DF: CONTRACEPTIVES ORAL SYN

UI = D003280

 

Contraceptives, Postcoital

MS = Contraceptive substances to be used after coitus. Usually high doses of estrogen are administered within 24-36 hours after coitus as an emergency measure, not as a replacement for the usual methods of contraception because of the side effects of high concentration of estrogen. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988, p55)

AN = Pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003281

 

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

MS = Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS

UI = D003282

 

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

MS = Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

AN = pregn despite use: see note on CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; DF: CONTRACEPTIVES POSTCOITAL SYN

UI = D003283

 

Contract Services

MS = Outside services provided to an institution under a formal financial agreement.

AN = DF: CONTRACT SERV; CONTRACTS is also available

UI = D003284

 

Contractile Proteins

MS = Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

AN = proteins involved in contractile processes; if in muscle use MUSCLE PROTEINS or specifics but not also here; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted

UI = D003285

 

Contracts

MS = Agreements between two or more parties, especially those that are written and enforceable by law (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed). It is sometimes used to characterize the nature of the professional-patient relationship.

AN = CONTRACT SERVICES is also available

UI = D032982

 

Contracture

AN = IM; coord with specific muscle or other tissue or site (IM) but not with MUSCLES; also available are DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE; HIP CONTRACTURE & VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE see COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES

UI = D003286

 

Contrast Media

MS = Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues.

AN = /adv eff: consider also EXTRAVASATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MATERIALS

UI = D003287

 

Contrast Sensitivity

MS = The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

UI = D015350

 

Control Groups

MS = Groups that serve as a standard for comparison in experimental studies. They are similar in relevant characteristics to the experimental group but do not receive the experimental intervention.

AN = do not use routinely for the presence of control groups in a study design; reserve for discussions about control groups.

UI = D035061

 

Controlled Clinical Trial [Publication Type]

MS = Work consisting of a clinical trial involving one or more test treatments, at least one control treatment, specified outcome measures for evaluating the studied intervention, and a bias-free method for assigning patients to the test treatment. The treatment may be drugs, devices, or procedures studied for diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic effectiveness. Control measures include placebos, active medicine, no-treatment, dosage forms and regimens, historical comparisons, etc. When randomization using mathematical techniques, such as the use of a random numbers table, is employed to assign patients to test or control treatments, the trial is characterized as a RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL [PUBLICATION TYPE]. However, trials employing treatment allocation methods such as coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes are simply designated as controlled clinical trials.

AN = publication type only; to designate a type of clin trial of drugs, devices, procedures for diag, ther or prev eff under a tightly designed protocol; for controlled clin trials as a subject, index under main heading CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS; do not confuse with Publication Type RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions

UI = D018848

 

Controlled Clinical Trials

MS = Clinical trials involving one or more test treatments, at least one control treatment, specified outcome measures for evaluating the studied intervention, and a bias-free method for assigning patients to the test treatment. The treatment may be drugs, devices, or procedures studied for diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic effectiveness. Control measures include placebos, active medicines, no-treatment, dosage forms and regimens, historical comparisons, etc. When randomization using mathematical techniques, such as the use of a random numbers table, is employed to assign patients to test or control treatments, the trials are characterized as RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. However, trials employing treatment allocation methods such as coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are simply designated as controlled clinical trials.

AN = human & vet animals only; IM for articles & books about controlled clin trials as a method in med research: do not confuse with Publication Type CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; do not interpret trial design: use term of author; if in doubt, read MeSH definitions; available also are CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS, RANDOMIZED & CLINICAL TRIALS, RANDOMIZED see RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; DF: CONTROLLED CLIN TRIALS

UI = D018849

 

Contusions

MS = Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.

AN = differentiate from ECCHYMOSIS: use term in the text; brain contusion: index under BRAIN INJURIES

UI = D003288

 

Convalescence

MS = The period of recovery following an illness.

AN = coord IM with specific dis (IM)

UI = D003289

 

Convallaria

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE that contains CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031405

 

Convection

MS = Transmission of energy or mass by a medium involving movement of the medium itself. The circulatory movement that occurs in a fluid at a nonuniform temperature owing to the variation of its density and the action of gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed; Webster, 10th ed)

AN = a principle of thermodynamics; no qualif

UI = D018481

 

Convergence, Ocular

MS = The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.

AN = convergent squint = ESOTROPIA; convergence insufficiency = EXOTROPIA or STRABISMUS

UI = D003290

 

Conversion Disorder

MS = A disorder whose predominant feature is a loss or alteration in physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need.

AN = use Cat F3 qualif; X ref GLOBUS HYSTERICUS: of psychogenic origin but globus sensation of non-psychogenic origin is indexed under DEGLUTITION DISORDERS or specific organ/dis or other disease heading

UI = D003291

 

Convolvulaceae

MS = The morning glory family of flowering plants, of the order Solanales, which includes about 50 genera and at least 1,400 species. Leaves are alternate and flowers are funnel-shaped. Most are twining and erect herbs, with a few woody vines, trees, and shrubs.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027722

 

Convolvulus

MS = A plant genus of the family CONVOLVULACEAE. The common name of morning glory also refers to IPOMOEA. The common name of bindweed also refers to IPOMOEA; CALYSTEGIA; or POLYGONUM.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031254

 

Convulsants

MS = Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; consider also CONVULSIONS /chem ind

UI = D003292

 

Convulsions

MS = A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension).

AN = /chem ind: consider also CONVULSANTS; /drug ther: consider also ANTICONVULSANTS; electroconvulsive shock = ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK see ELECTROSHOCK: do not coord with CONVULSIONS; audiogenic seizures = REFLEX EPILEPSY, AUDIOGENIC

UI = D003293

 

Convulsive Therapy

MS = The use of convulsive agents to influence favorably the course of a mental disorder. It is used primarily in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia.

AN = a psychother technique: do not confuse with CONVULSIONS /ther; do not confuse X ref SHOCK THERAPY with SHOCK /ther nor X ref INSULIN COMA THERAPY with INSULIN COMA /ther; /adv eff /mortal permitted; DF: CONVULSIVE THER

UI = D003295

 

Conyza

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain alkenynes, daucosterol, friedelinol, conyzasaponins and other TRITERPENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D035401

 

Cookery

MS = The art or practice of cooking. It includes the preparation of special foods for diets in various diseases.

AN = for articles on cooking, determine whether the point is COOKERY or HEAT

UI = D003296

 

Cooking and Eating Utensils

AN = DF: COOKING UTENSILS

UI = D003297

 

Coombs' Test

MS = Hemagglutination test in which Coombs' reagent (antiglobulin, or anti-human globulin rabbit immune serum) is added to detect incomplete (non-agglutinating, univalent, blocking) antibodies coating erythrocytes. The direct test is applied to red cells which have been coated with antibody in vivo (e.g., in hemolytic disease of newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and transfusion reactions). The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibody (e.g., in detection of incompatibility in cross-matching tests, detection and identification of irregular antibodies, and in detection of antibodies not identifiable by other means).

AN = for erythrocytes only: for lymphocytes consider HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TESTING or CYTOTOXICITY TESTS, IMMUNOLOGIC

UI = D003298

 

Cooperative Behavior

MS = The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)

AN = no qualif

UI = D003299

 

COP-Coated Vesicles

MS = TRANSPORT VESICLES formed when cell-membrane coated pits (COATED PITS, CELL-MEMBRANE) invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of COP (coat protein complex) proteins, either COPI or COPII. COPI coated vesicles transport backwards from the cisternae of the GOLGI APPARATUS to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH), while COPII coated vesicles transport forward from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

UI = D022181

 

Copepoda

MS = A huge subclass of mostly marine CRUSTACEA, containing over 14,000 species. The 10 orders comprise both planktonic and benthic organisms, and include both free-living and parasitic forms. Planktonic copepods form the principle link between PHYTOPLANKTON and the higher trophic levels of the marine food chains.

UI = D033342

 

Copper

MS = A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.

AN = Cu-63; Cu-65 = COPPER (IM) + ISOTOPES (NIM); Cu-58-62, 64, 66-68 = COPPER RADIOISOTOPES (IM)

UI = D003300

 

Copper Radioisotopes

MS = Unstable isotopes of copper that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cu atoms with atomic weights 58-62, 64, and 66-68 are radioactive copper isotopes.

AN = Cu-58-62, 64, 66-68; /blood-csf-urine /metab permitted but not for tracer studies ( = /diag use)

UI = D003301

 

Copper Sulfate

MS = A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.

UI = D019327

 

Coprinus

MS = A genus of black-spored basidiomycetous fungi of the family Coprinaceae, order Agaricales; some species are edible.

AN = a basidiomycete

UI = D003302

 

Coprophagia

MS = Eating of excrement.

AN = human & animal

UI = D003303

 

Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase

MS = One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen III by the conversion of two propionic acid groups to two vinyl groups. It can act under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. EC 1.3.3.3.

UI = D003304

 

Coproporphyrinogens

MS = Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in the heme biosynthesis. They have four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Coproporphyrinogens I and III are formed in the presence of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from the corresponding uroporphyrinogen. They can yield coproporphyrins by autooxidation or protoporphyrin by oxidative decarboxylation.

AN = intermediates in heme biosyn

UI = D003305

 

Coproporphyrins

MS = Porphyrins with four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Coproporphyrin III is excreted in the feces of persons with hereditary coproporphyria.

AN = in feces in coproprophyria

UI = D003306

 

Coptis

MS = A plant genus of the family RANUNCULACEAE. Members contain BERBERINE and other isoquinoline ALKALOIDS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D039323

 

Copulation

MS = Sexual contact of a male with a receptive female usually followed by emission of sperm. Limited to non-human species. For humans use coitus.

AN = animal only: for human, use COITUS

UI = D003307

 

Copying Processes

MS = Reproduction of data in a new location or other destination, leaving the source data unchanged, although the physical form of the result may differ from that of the source.

UI = D003308

 

Copyright

MS = The exclusive right, granted by law for a certain number of years, to make and dispose of copies of a literary, musical or artistic work. In the United States the copyright is granted for the life of the author plus 50 years. In the case of a joint work, it is for the life of the last joint author to die, plus 50 years. In either case the copyright runs until the end of the calendar year 50 years after the author's death. (Random House College Dictionary, rev ed; Strong, W.S.: The Copyright Book: a Practical Guide, 1981)

AN = specify geog

UI = D003309

 

Cor Triatriatum

MS = A congenital anomaly characterized by the presence in the atrium of a perforated muscular membrane which separates the atrium into upper and lower chambers.

AN = a heart with 3 atrial chambers; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003310

 

Corchorus

MS = A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Members contain cycloartane saponins and CARDENOLIDES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032381

 

Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

MS = Transplantation of STEM CELLS collected from the fetal blood remaining in the UMBILICAL CORD and the PLACENTA after delivery. Included are the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.

UI = D036101

 

Cord Factors

MS = Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.

UI = D003311

 

Cordia

MS = A plant genus of the family BORAGINACEAE. Members contain TRITERPENES and naphthoxirene.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031213

 

Cordocentesis

MS = The collecting of fetal blood samples via ultrasound-guided needle aspiration of the blood in the umbilical vein.

AN = collection of fetal blood samples from umbilical vein

UI = D017218

 

Cordotomy

MS = Any operation on the spinal cord. (Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D002818

 

Cordyceps

MS = A genus of ascomycetous fungi (ASCOMYCOTA), family Clavicipitaceae, order HYPOCREALES, that grows by infecting insect larvae or mature insects with spores that germinate often before the cocoon is formed.

UI = D032661

 

Cordyline

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE that contains spirostanol & furostanol SAPONINS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031406

 

Coreopsis

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that contains phenyl propanoids.

AN = X ref DAHLIA, SEA: DAHLIA also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031945

 

Coriandrum

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. The leaves are the source of cilantro and the seeds are the source of coriander, both of which are used in SPICES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028526

 

Coriolis Force

MS = The apparent deflection (Coriolis acceleration) of a body in motion with respect to the earth, as seen by an observer on the earth, attributed to a fictitious force (Coriolis force) but actually caused by the rotation of the earth. In a medical context it refers to the physiological effects (nausea, vertigo, dizziness, etc.) felt by a person moving radially in a rotating system, as a rotating space station. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = a principle of motion; named for Gaspard Coriolis (d. 1843), a French civil engineer; no qualif

UI = D003312

 

Corn Oil

MS = Oil from ZEA MAYS or corn plant.

UI = D003314

 

Cornaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Cornales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that is a loose grouping of woody ornamentals: 11 of its 14 genera have been placed in single families by some authorities. Some botanists combine members of NYASSACEAE into this family.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029767

 

Cornea

MS = The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE, and mesenchymal endothelium. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the sclera, is avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

AN = inflammation = KERATITIS; neopl = CORNEAL DISEASES (IM) + EYE NEOPLASMS (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM); /anat: consider CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY; /transpl = CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION: do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed; KERATOPLASTY, PENETRATING is also available

UI = D003315

 

Corneal Diseases

MS = Diseases of the cornea.

AN = inflamm dis = KERATITIS & specific

UI = D003316

 

Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary

MS = Bilateral hereditary disorders of the cornea, usually autosomal dominant, which may be present at birth but more frequently develop during adolescence and progress slowly throughout life. Central macular dystrophy is transmitted as an autosomal recessive defect.

UI = D003317

 

Corneal Edema

MS = An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.

UI = D015715

 

Corneal Neovascularization

MS = New blood vessels originating from the corneal veins and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. These vessels may lie in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma. Neovascularization is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, including trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation.

AN = DF: CORNEAL NEOVASC

UI = D016510

 

Corneal Opacity

MS = Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.

UI = D003318

 

Corneal Stroma

MS = The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.

UI = D003319

 

Corneal Topography

MS = Measurement of the anterior surface of the cornea, its curvature and shape. It is used often to diagnose keratoconus and other corneal diseases, and corneal changes after keratotomy and keratoplasty. A significant application is in the fitting of contact lenses. In performing corneal topography, many different techniques can be employed: keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing, videokeratography, etc.

AN = DF: CORNEAL TOPOGR

UI = D019781

 

Corneal Transplantation

MS = Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition; do not coord with TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS unless particularly discussed

UI = D016039

 

Corneal Ulcer

MS = Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.

AN = a form of keratitis

UI = D003320

 

Cornell Medical Index

MS = Self-administered health questionnaire developed to obtain details of the medical history as an adjunct to the medical interview. It consists of 195 questions divided into eighteen sections; the first twelve deal with somatic complaints and the last six with mood and feeling patterns. The Index is used also as a personality inventory or in epidemiologic studies.

AN = no qualif; DF: CORNELL MED INDEX

UI = D003321

 

Cornus

MS = A plant genus of the family CORNACEAE. It is widely cultivated for the attractive flowers.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029768

 

Coronary Aneurysm

MS = Aneurysm of a coronary vessel. A coronary artery aneurysm is rarely congenital; it is usually due to atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, or a coronary fistula. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

UI = D003323

 

Coronary Angiography

MS = Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; DF: CORONARY ANGIOGR

UI = D017023

 

Coronary Arteriosclerosis

MS = Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries, leading to progressive insufficiency of the arteries (CORONARY DISEASE).

UI = D003324

 

Coronary Artery Bypass

MS = Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D001026

 

Coronary Care Units

MS = The hospital unit in which patients with acute cardiac disorders receive intensive care.

UI = D003325

 

Coronary Circulation

MS = The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart.

AN = DF: CORONARY CIRC

UI = D003326

 

Coronary Disease

MS = An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific; /surg: coord with specific surgical procedure if pertinent

UI = D003327

 

Coronary Restenosis

MS = Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.

UI = D023903

 

Coronary Stenosis

MS = Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.

UI = D023921

 

Coronary Thrombosis

MS = Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction.

AN = do not confuse "mural thrombus" with "coronary thrombosis": index under HEART DISEASES + THROMBOSIS

UI = D003328

 

Coronary Vasospasm

MS = Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.

UI = D003329

 

Coronary Vessel Anomalies

MS = Defects of coronary arteries or veins including anomalous origin, arteriovenous fistula or aneurysm, myocardial bridging, or other abnormalities of structure or development.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003330

 

Coronary Vessels

MS = The veins and arteries of the heart.

AN = consider also CORONARY CIRCULATION; /radiogr = CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY & do not confuse with ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; /surg: consider also CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS

UI = D003331

 

Coronaviridae

MS = Spherical RNA viruses, in the order NIDOVIRALES, infecting a wide range of animals including humans. Transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Mechanical transmission is also common. There are two genera: CORONAVIRUS and TOROVIRUS.

AN = infection = CORONAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS

UI = D003332

 

Coronaviridae Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.

AN = caused by members of the Coronaviridae family: do not confuse with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS caused by members of the Coronavirus genus; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D003333

 

Coronavirus

MS = A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.

AN = infection = CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS

UI = D017934

 

Coronavirus 229E, Human

MS = A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It lacks hemagglutinin-esterase.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + COMMON COLD (IM) if appropriate

UI = D028941

 

Coronavirus Infections

MS = Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).

AN = caused by members of the Coronavirus genus: do not confuse with CORONAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS caused by members of the Coronaviridae family; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics

UI = D018352

 

Coronavirus OC43, Human

MS = A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It contains hemagglutinin-esterase.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM) + COMMON COLD (IM) if appropriate

UI = D028962

 

Coronavirus, Bovine

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017938

 

Coronavirus, Canine

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting dogs. Onset of symptoms is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017939

 

Coronavirus, Feline

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting cats of all ages and commonly found in catteries and zoos. Cats are often found carrying the virus but only a small proportion develop disease. Feline coronavirus and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are virtually the same virus in genetic and antigenetic terms, and are morphologically indistinguishable. Since they only differ in their disease potential (with FIPV causing a more serious illness), they are considered biotypes of each other. (From Hoskins, JD. Update on Feline Coronavirus Disease. http://maxshouse.com.FIP%20Update.htm (April 3, 2001))

AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM); infection by FIPV = FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS

UI = D016765

 

Coronavirus, Rat

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS causing pneumonia in newborn rats but a clinically inapparent infection in adults. It is separate but antigenically related to MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D017941

 

Coronavirus, Turkey

MS = A species of CORONAVIRUS causing enteritis in turkeys and pullets.

AN = infection = ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS

UI = D004752

 

Coroners and Medical Examiners

MS = Physicians appointed to investigate all cases of sudden or violent death.

AN = IM; DF: CORONERS

UI = D003334

 

Corpora Allata

MS = Paired or fused ganglion-like bodies in the head of insects. The bodies secrete hormones important in the regulation of metamorphosis and the development of some adult tissues.

AN = hormone-secreting bodies in head of insects

UI = D003335

 

Corpora Quadrigemina

UI = D003336

 

Corpus Callosum

MS = Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.

UI = D003337

 

Corpus Luteum

MS = The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

AN = /cytol: consider also LUTEAL CELLS

UI = D003338

 

Corpus Luteum Hormones

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003339

 

Corpus Luteum Maintenance

MS = Physiologic and biochemical factors that maintain an actively functioning corpus luteum.

UI = D003340

 

Corpus Striatum

MS = Striped gray and white matter consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The white matter is the internal capsule.

AN = do not confuse with STRIATE CORTEX see VISUAL CORTEX or VENTRAL STRIATUM see BASAL GANGLIA

UI = D003342

 

Corrected and Republished Article [Publication Type]

MS = Work that is the republication of an article to correct, amplify, or restore text and data of the originally published article.

AN = publication type only for a correction & republication of an original article deleted; appears in titles & translations as "corrected and republished article originally printed in"; see also Publication Type PUBLISHED ERRATUM; Manual 38.6.4

UI = D016439

 

Correspondence

MS = Communication between persons or between institutions or organizations by an exchange of letters. Its use in indexing and cataloging will generally figure in historical and biographical material.

AN = IM; /hist permitted for correspondence between hist figures; coord with required biographical and historical headings & check tags; do not confuse LETTERS see CORRESPONDENCE with Publication Type LETTER or publication type collected correspondence

UI = D015709

 

Corrosion

AN = almost never IM; no qualif

UI = D003343

 

Corrosion Casting

MS = A tissue preparation technique that involves the injecting of plastic (acrylates) into blood vessels or other hollow viscera and treating the tissue with a caustic substance. This results in a negative copy or a solid replica of the enclosed space of the tissue that is ready for viewing under a scanning electron microscope.

UI = D016319

 

Cortical Synchronization

AN = /drug eff /rad eff permitted

UI = D003344

 

Corticosterone

MS = An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

AN = steroidal anti-inflamm agent; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003345

 

Corticotropin

MS = Pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of adrenal cortical steroids and induces growth of the adrenal cortex. It is also present in human female urine and in the serum of pregnant mares. The substance is a single-chain polypeptide containing 39 amino acids, the first 24 of which are identical in all species. This 24-amino acid segment is said to be responsible for the biological activity of the peptide while the remaining 15-amino acid segment is said to be necessary for any immunological specificity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = a neurotransmitter pituitary hormone; /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: note short X ref

UI = D000324

 

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

MS = A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

AN = a neurotransmitter hypothalamic hormone; /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; DF: CRH

UI = D003346

 

Corticoviridae

MS = A family of icosahedral, lipid-containing, non-enveloped bacteriophages containing one genus (Corticovirus).

AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol

UI = D019240

 

Cortisone

MS = A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)

AN = /biosyn/physiol permitted

UI = D003348

 

Cortisone Reductase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of a ketone and hydroxy group at C-20 of cortisone and other 17,20,21-trihydroxy steroids. EC 1.1.1.53.

UI = D003349

 

Cortodoxone

MS = 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.

AN = an anti-inflamm agent

UI = D003350

 

Corydalis

MS = A plant genus of the family FUMARIACEAE (classified by some in PAPAVERACEAE) that contains isoquinoline alkaloids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031311

 

Corylus

MS = A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE known for the edible nuts.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031211

 

Corynebacterium

MS = A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

AN = GEN; prefer specific; infection = CORYNEBACTERIUM INFECTIONS unless DIPHTHERIA (if C. diphtheriae in man); DF: CORYNEBACT

UI = D003352

 

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

MS = A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. These types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. This species is the causative agent of DIPHTHERIA.

AN = infection in man = DIPHTHERIA; DF: CORYNEBACT DIPHTHERIAE

UI = D003353

 

Corynebacterium Infections

MS = Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.

AN = gram-pos bact infect; note C. diphtheriae infection in man = DIPHTHERIA; Corynebacterium equi infection = RHODOCOCCUS EQUI (IM) + ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CORYNEBACT INFECT

UI = D003354

 

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

MS = A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria that was originally isolated from necrotic areas in the kidney of a sheep. It may cause ulcerative lymphangitis, abscesses, and other chronic purulent infections in sheep, horses, and other warm-blooded animals. Human disease may form from contact with infected animals.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORYNEBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CORYNEBACT PSEUDOTUBERC

UI = D016925

 

Corynebacterium pyogenes

MS = A species of CORYNEBACTERIUM isolated from abscesses of warm-blooded animals.

AN = infection: coord IM with CORYNEBACTERIUM INFECTIONS (IM); DF: CORYNEBACT PYOGENES

UI = D003355

 

COS Cells

MS = A cell line derived from the African green monkey and used for transfection and cloning.

AN = cell line from African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used in transfection & cloning exper; A 11 qualif; check ANIMAL

UI = D019556

 

Cosmetic Techniques

MS = Procedures for the improvement or enhancement of the appearance of the visible parts of the body.

AN = GEN or unspecified; usually surg improvement of external parts of the body; coord IM with organ /surg (IM) or surg procedure (IM)

UI = D003357

 

Cosmetics

MS = Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D003358

 

Cosmic Dust

MS = Finely divided solid matter with particle sizes smaller than a micrometeorite, thus with diameters much smaller than a millimeter, moving in interplanetary space. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994)

UI = D019443

 

Cosmic Radiation

MS = High-energy radiation or particles from extraterrestrial space that strike the earth, its atmosphere, or spacecraft and may create secondary radiation as a result of collisions with the atmosphere or spacecraft.

AN = ionizing; radiation policy: see Manual index under RADIATION & entries following; X ref HZE PARTICLES stands for High atomic number (Z) Energy particles

UI = D003359

 

Cosmids

MS = Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of phage lambda. They are used as cloning vehicles for the study of aberrant eukaryotic structural genes and also as genetic vectors for introducing the nucleic acid of transforming viruses into cultured cells.

AN = a type of plasmid

UI = D003360

 

Cost Allocation

MS = The assignment, to each of several particular cost-centers, of an equitable proportion of the costs of activities that serve all of them. Cost-center usually refers to institutional departments or services.

AN = NIM

UI = D003361

 

Cost Control

MS = The containment, regulation, or restraint of costs. Costs are said to be contained when the value of resources committed to an activity is not considered excessive. This determination is frequently subjective and dependent upon the specific geographic area of the activity being measured. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

AN = NIM

UI = D003363

 

Cost of Illness

MS = The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, QUALITY OF LIFE, etc. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.

AN = no qualif; IM; coord IM with specific disease with pertinent qualif; if monetary cost in disease, coord IM with specific disease /econ; COST OF ILLNESS is personal cost to the patient including economic and psychosocial costs; it is not HEALTH CARE COSTS, the cost of providing serv in delivery of health care

UI = D017281

 

Cost Savings

MS = Reductions in all or any portion of the costs of providing goods or services. Savings may be incurred by the provider or the consumer.

AN = a saving for the provider of goods or services or for the recipient or consumer

UI = D017046

 

Cost Sharing

MS = Provisions of an insurance policy that require the insured to pay some portion of covered expenses. Several forms of sharing are in use, e.g., deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments. Cost sharing does not refer to or include amounts paid in premiums for the coverage. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

AN = restrict to insurance: sharing of costs by both insured & insurer

UI = D017047

 

Cost-Benefit Analysis

MS = A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.

AN = NIM

UI = D003362

 

Costa Rica

UI = D003364

 

Costs and Cost Analysis

MS = Absolute, comparative, or differential costs pertaining to services, institutions, resources, etc., or the analysis and study of these costs.

AN = NIM; "cost shifting": index under COST ALLOCATION; DF: COSTS

UI = D003365

 

Costus

MS = A plant genus of the family Costaceae (sometimes classified in Zingiberaceae), order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). It is a source of SAPONINS and furostanol glycosides.

AN = do not confuse with SAUSSUREA COSTUS see SAUSSUREA; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029770

 

Cosyntropin

MS = A synthetic polypeptide with adrenocorticotropic (CORTICOTROPIN) activity.

UI = D003366

 

Cote d'Ivoire

MS = A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO. Its capital is Abidjan. It was formerly called Ivory Coast. From 1842 the French had a treaty with the native rulers. By 1889 a French protectorate was established and in 1893 it was made a colony. Cote d'Ivoire achieved self-government in 1958 and became an independent republic in 1960. It is named for the ivory first traded by the Portuguese there in the 16th century. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p295, 560 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p264)

AN = a republic in western Africa; X ref IVORY COAST was its former name; in translations use the French name Côte d'Ivoire with circumflex

UI = D007560

 

Cotinine

MS = The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.

UI = D003367

 

Cotton Fiber

MS = A TEXTILE fiber obtained from the pappus (outside the SEEDS) of cotton plant (GOSSYPIUM). Inhalation of cotton fiber dust over a prolonged period can result in BYSSINOSIS.

AN = lung dis from cotton dust = BYSSINOSIS; COTTON PLANT see GOSSYPIUM is also available

UI = D032561

 

Cottonseed Oil

MS = Oil obtained from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum L., the cotton plant. It is used in dietary products such as oleomargarine and many cooking oils. Cottonseed oil is commonly used in soaps and cosmetics.

UI = D003369

 

Coturnix

MS = A genus of birds (family Phasianidae) containing the common European and other Old World quails.

AN = IM; qualif permitted; diseases: coord IM with BIRD DISEASES (IM)

UI = D003370

 

Cotyledon

MS = A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

AN = IM GEN or unspecified; coord probably IM in genetics & space physiol, NIM in pharmacognosy, with specific plant (IM or NIM)

UI = D018548

 

Cough

MS = A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.

AN = /drug ther: consider also ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS

UI = D003371

 

Coumaphos

MS = A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.

AN = TN 111 for eff on insects

UI = D003372

 

Coumaric Acids

MS = Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.

UI = D003373

 

Coumarins

MS = Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the Tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents.

AN = anticoagulants

UI = D003374

 

Coumestrol

MS = A coumarin derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has estrogenic activity.

UI = D003375

 

Counseling

MS = The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics

UI = D003376

 

Countercurrent Distribution

MS = A method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. It is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = NIM

UI = D003377

 

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

MS = Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.

AN = NIM: do not confuse X ref IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, CROSSOVER with IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, CROSSED see IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS, TWO-DIMENSIONAL

UI = D003378

 

Counterpulsation

MS = A technique for assisting the circulation by decreasing the afterload of the left ventricle and augmenting the diastolic pressure. It may be achieved by intra-aortic balloon, or by implanting a special pumping device in the chest, or externally by applying a negative pressure to the lower extremities during cardiac systole.

AN = a type of assisted circulation; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015908

 

Countertransference (Psychology)

MS = Conscious or unconscious emotional reaction of the therapist to the patient which may interfere with treatment. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)

AN = no qualif; DF: COUNTERTRANSFERENCE

UI = D003379

 

Couples Therapy

MS = Psychotherapy used specifically for unmarried couples, of mixed or same sex. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

AN = a psychother technique for unmarried couples: for married couples index under MARITAL THERAPY; DF: COUPLES THER

UI = D019546

 

Courtship

MS = The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex.

AN = human & animal; no qualif

UI = D003380

 

Cowpox

MS = A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by COWPOX VIRUS, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal.

AN = caused by a poxvirus; in man or animal; in animal use /vet and check tag ANIMAL

UI = D015605

 

Cowpox virus

MS = A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of COWPOX. It is closely related to but antigenically different from VACCINA VIRUS.

AN = infection = COWPOX: see note there

UI = D015608

 

Coxiella

MS = A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in TICKS and various mammals throughout the world. Infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in CATTLE, SHEEP, and GOATS.

AN = infection: coord IM with GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS (IM)

UI = D003381

 

Coxiella burnetii

MS = A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q FEVER.

AN = infection = Q FEVER

UI = D016997

 

Coxsackievirus Infections

MS = A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including HERPANGINA, aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (PLEURODYNIA, EPIDEMIC) and a serious MYOCARDITIS.

UI = D003384

 

CpG Islands

MS = Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes.

UI = D018899

 

Crack Cocaine

MS = The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

AN = addiction to crack cocaine = CRACK COCAINE (IM) + COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS (IM)

UI = D016578

 

Cracked Tooth Syndrome

MS = Incomplete fracture of any part of a tooth, characterized by pain during mastication and sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet or sour tastes, and alcohol; it is often undiagnosed because the tooth is usually X-ray negative and normal to pulp vitality tests.

AN = incomplete tooth fracture causing sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet, sour, alcohol

UI = D003387

 

Crambe

MS = A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. Members contain crambin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031218

 

Crangonidae

MS = A family of shrimp in the class CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, containing a single genus, Crangon, with multiple species.

UI = D033501

 

Cranial Fossa, Anterior

MS = The compartment containing the inferior part and anterior extremities of the frontal lobes (FRONTAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. It is formed mainly by orbital parts of the FRONTAL BONE and the lesser wings of the SPHENOID BONE.

AN = NIM when merely locational; neopl: coord IM with SKULL BASE NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D035262

 

Cranial Fossa, Middle

MS = The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones.

AN = NIM when merely locational; neopl: coord IM with SKULL BASE NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D035301

 

Cranial Fossa, Posterior

MS = The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.

AN = NIM when merely locational; X ref CLIVUS: restrict to posterior cranial fossa; other clivus sites are indexed under specific cranial bone, as clivus ossis occipitalis goes under OCCIPITAL BONE; neopl: coord IM with SKULL BASE NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D003388

 

Cranial Irradiation

MS = The exposure of the head to roentgen rays or other forms of radioactivity for therapeutic or preventive purposes.

UI = D016371

 

Cranial Nerve Diseases

MS = Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.

AN = GEN: prefer specifics

UI = D003389

 

Cranial Nerve Injuries

MS = Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.

AN = coordinate with specific cranial nerve; gen prefer specifics

UI = D020209

 

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms

MS = Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.

AN = coord IM with specific cranial nerve dis (IM) + histol type of neopl (IM)

UI = D003390

 

Cranial Nerves

MS = Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.

AN = 1st cranial nerve = OLFACTORY NERVE, 2d = OPTIC NERVE, 3d = OCULOMOTOR NERVE, 4th = TROCHLEAR NERVE, 5th = TRIGEMINAL NERVE, 6th = ABDUCENS NERVE, 7th = FACIAL NERVE, 8th = VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, 9th = GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE, 10th = VAGUS NERVE, 11th = ACCESSORY NERVE, 12th = HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

UI = D003391

 

Cranial Sinuses

MS = Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of the dura mater; they are devoid of valves.

AN = do not confuse with CEREBRAL VEINS

UI = D003392

 

Cranial Sutures

MS = A type of fibrous joint between bones of the head.

AN = note category: a fibrous joint in bones of head; do not confuse with SUTURES (E7) or SUTURE TECHNIQUES (E4)

UI = D003393

 

Craniocerebral Trauma

MS = Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.

AN = general or unspecified; do not consider a substitute for /inj with various bones or other portions of the head; do not confuse with BRAIN INJURIES; DF: HEAD INJ

UI = D006259

 

Craniofacial Abnormalities

MS = Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CRANIOFACIAL ABNORM

UI = D019465

 

Craniofacial Dysostosis

MS = An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by acrocephaly, exophthalmos, hypertelorism, strabismus, parrot-beaked nose, and hypoplastic maxilla with relative mandibular prognathism. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; "craniofacial dysmorphism" does not go here: index under FACIAL BONES /abnorm + SKULL /abnorm but not also under ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE

UI = D003394

 

Craniology

MS = The scientific study of variations in size, shape, and proportion of the cranium.

AN = SPEC: do not confuse with CRANIOMETRY; DF: CRANIOL

UI = D003395

 

Craniomandibular Disorders

MS = Diseases or disorders of the muscles of the head and neck, with special reference to the masticatory muscles. The most notable examples are TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS and TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; usually called this or CMD by authors; DF: CMD

UI = D017271

 

Craniometry

MS = The scientific measurement of the dimensions of the bones of the skull and face. It applies to measurement of the dead skull as opposed to CEPHALOMETRY, measurements performed on the living skull.

AN = dead skull only; for living skull use CEPHALOMETRY; NIM

UI = D003396

 

Craniopharyngioma

MS = A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)

AN = coord IM with PITUITARY NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D003397

 

Craniosynostoses

MS = Premature closure of one or more sutures of the skull.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003398

 

Craniotomy

MS = Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003399

 

Crassulaceae

MS = The stonecrop plant family of the order ROSALES, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida that grow in warm, dry regions. The leaves are thick. The flower clusters are red, yellow, or white.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029627

 

Crataegus

MS = A genus in the family ROSACEAE of shrubs and small trees native to the North Temperate Zone. It is best known for a traditional medication for the heart.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027825

 

Craterostigma

MS = A plant genus of the family SCROPHULARIACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032181

 

Creatine

MS = An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

AN = do not confuse with CREATININE; CREATINE PHOSPHATE see PHOSPHOCREATINE

UI = D003401

 

Creatine Kinase

MS = A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2.

AN = isoenzymes MM, MB, and BB are available in supplementary concept file; for macro-creatine kinase, index isoenzyme and coord with MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS (NIM)

UI = D003402

 

Creatinine

AN = do not confuse with CREATINE

UI = D003404

 

Creativeness

MS = The ability to construct new ideas or images.

AN = human & animal (espec primates); no qualif

UI = D003405

 

Credentialing

MS = The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc.

AN = "recognition of professional or technical competence" through various measures: see MeSH definition

UI = D003406

 

Crenarchaeota

MS = A kingdom in the domain ARCHAEA comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfur-dependent organisms. The two orders are SULFOLOBALES and THERMOPROTEALES.

AN = a kingdom of the domain Archaea

UI = D019615

 

Creosote

UI = D003407

 

Crepis

MS = A plant genus in the ASTERACEAE family.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027468

 

Cresols

UI = D003408

 

CREST Syndrome

MS = A form of systemic scleroderma usually less severe than other forms, consisting of calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis. That in which esophageal function is not prominent is known as CRST syndrome. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasis

UI = D017675

 

Cretinism

MS = A condition due to congenital lack of thyroid hormone, marked by arrested physical and mental development, dystrophy of the bones and soft parts, and lowered basal metabolism. It is the congenital form of thyroid deficiency, while MYXEDEMA is the acquired form. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003409

 

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome

MS = A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))

UI = D007562

 

Cri-du-Chat Syndrome

MS = An infantile syndrome characterized by a cat-like cry, failure to thrive, microcephaly, MENTAL RETARDATION, spastic quadriparesis, micro- and retrognathia, glossoptosis, bilateral epicanthus, hypertelorism, and tiny external genitalia. It is caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p-).

UI = D003410

 

Cricetulus

MS = A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

AN = do not confuse with CRICETUS see HAMSTERS; CRICETINAE see HAMSTERS or CRICETIDAE see MICROTINAE; NIM when exper animal: no qualif; when IM, qualif permitted; do not forget also to check tag HAMSTERS

UI = D003412

 

Cricoid Cartilage

MS = The small thick cartilage that forms the lower and posterior parts of the laryngeal wall.

UI = D003413

 

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome

MS = A familial form of congenital hyperbilirubinemia transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by icterus and brain damage caused by a glucuronyl transferase deficiency in the liver and faulty bilirubin conjugation.

UI = D003414

 

Crime

MS = A violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. The concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished.

AN = specify geog if pertinent

UI = D003415

 

Crime Victims

MS = Individuals subjected to and adversely affected by criminal activity. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

AN = coord IM with specific crime if pertinent (IM)

UI = D019548

 

Criminal Law

MS = A branch of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging and trial of suspected persons, and fixes the penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; specify state or country

UI = D003416

 

Criminal Psychology

MS = The branch of psychology which investigates the psychology of crime with particular reference to the personality factors of the criminal.

AN = as SPEC, SPEC qualif; as psychol of the criminal mind, no qualif; consider also PRISONERS /psychol; DF: CRIMINAL PSYCHOL

UI = D003417

 

Criminology

MS = The study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions leading toward, or away from crime.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif; DF: CRIMINOL

UI = D003418

 

Crinivirus

MS = A genus of plant viruses in the family CLOSTEROVIRIDAE. Transmission is by whiteflies. Lettuce infectious yellows virus is the type species.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D029383

 

Crinum

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE that contains ALKALOIDS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031407

 

Crisis Intervention

MS = Brief therapeutic approach which is ameliorative rather than curative of acute psychiatric emergencies. Used in contexts such as emergency rooms of psychiatric or general hospitals, or in the home or place of crisis occurence, this treatment approach focuses on interpersonal and intrapsychic factors and environmental modification. (APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)

AN = a psychother technique

UI = D003419

 

Crisscross Heart

MS = Cardiac malformation characterized by an atrioventricular spatial relation that places or appears to place each ventricle in a contralateral position relative to its associated atrium.

AN = a congen atrioventric defect; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003420

 

Crithidia

MS = A genus of parasitic protozoans found in the digestive tract of invertebrates, especially insects. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and choanomastigote stage in their life cycle.

AN = mastigophoran used as source organism in immunol & other exper; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D003421

 

Crithidia fasciculata

MS = A species of monogenetic, parasitic protozoa usually found in insects.

AN = mastigophoran usually found in insects; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016831

 

Critical Care

MS = Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis.

UI = D003422

 

Critical Illness

MS = A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.

AN = IM GEN only; do not index with specific dis of critically ill patient unless particularly discussed & then NIM with no qualif; /ther: consider also CRITICAL CARE

UI = D016638

 

Critical Pathways

MS = Schedules of medical and nursing procedures, including diagnostic tests, medications, and consultations designed to effect an efficient, coordinated program of treatment. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)

AN = schedules in patient care for coordinated treatment

UI = D019091

 

Critical Period (Psychology)

MS = A specific stage in animal and human development during which certain types of behavior normally are shaped and molded for life.

AN = human & animal; no qualif; DF: CRITICAL PERIOD

UI = D003423

 

Croatia

MS = Created 7 April 1992 as a result of the division of Yugoslavia.

UI = D017523

 

Crocus

MS = A plant genus, in the IRIDACEAE family, known as a source of Saffron.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D027622

 

Crohn Disease

MS = Gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammatory infiltrates, fibrosis affecting all layers of the serosa, and development of noncaseating granulomas. The most common site of involvement is the terminal ileum with the colon as the second most common.

AN = inflamm bowel dis; affects ileum & colon most frequently; coord IM with ILEITIS (NIM) or COLITIS (NIM) only if site is particularly discussed; usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE

UI = D003424

 

Cromakalim

MS = A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)

UI = D019806

 

Cromolyn Sodium

MS = A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.

UI = D004205

 

Crop, Avian

UI = D003426

 

Crops, Agricultural

MS = Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

AN = cultivated edible plants; selected qualif from Cat B6 & Cat J2

UI = D018556

 

Cross Circulation

MS = The circulation in a portion of the body of one individual of blood supplied from another individual.

AN = a type of parabiosis; DF: CROSS CIRC

UI = D003427

 

Cross Infection

MS = Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

AN = restricted to any infect from one patient to another or from health care worker to patient "in a health-care institution"; also available for dis from patient to health care worker is DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PATIENT-TO-PROFESSIONAL and for health care worker to patient is DISEASE TRANSMISSION, PROFESSIONAL-TO-PATIENT

UI = D003428

 

Cross Reactions

MS = Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

AN = IM GEN only; NIM with specific antigen or antibody (IM)

UI = D003429

 

Cross-Cultural Comparison

MS = Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003431

 

Cross-Linking Reagents

MS = Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D003432

 

Cross-Over Studies

MS = Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

AN = usually drug or other ther study; IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific ther (IM); coord NIM also with any other study design such as RANDOM ALLOCATION; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; etc. (NIM); when pertinent add CLINICAL TRIAL (PT) or RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (PT); no qualif

UI = D018592

 

Cross-Sectional Studies

MS = Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

AN = IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific disease (IM); no qualif; specify geog if pertinent

UI = D003430

 

Crosses, Genetic

AN = no qualif; the result of breeding of 2 varieties of same species; do not confuse with CROSSING OVER, interchange of genes between homologous chromosomes

UI = D003433

 

Crossing Over (Genetics)

MS = The reciprocal exchange of segments at corresponding positions along pairs of homologous chromosomes by symmetrical breakage and crosswise rejoining.

AN = = interchange of genes or segments between homologous chromosomes; do not confuse with CROSSES, GENETIC, the result of breeding 2 varieties of the same species; DF: CROSSING OVER

UI = D003434

 

Crotalaria

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains crotalarin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029864

 

Crotalid Venoms

MS = Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

AN = from pit vipers (rattlesnake, cottonmouth, etc.); /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS; /enzymology permitted; TN 241: common & scientific names of various crotalids

UI = D003435

 

Crotalus

MS = A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)

AN = a genus of pit vipers; note X ref; its venom: coord IM with CROTALID VENOMS (IM)

UI = D017839

 

Croton

MS = A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE. The common name of dragon's blood is also used for DRACAENA and Daemonorops (PALMAE). Croton tiglium is the source of CROTON OIL.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029802

 

Croton Oil

MS = Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality.

AN = a dermatol agent & carcinogen

UI = D003436

 

Crotonates

MS = Salts and esters of crotonic acid.

UI = D003437

 

Crotonic Acids

MS = 4-Carbon monounsaturated monocarboxylic acids with the unsaturation in the 2 position.

UI = D003438

 

Crotoxin

MS = A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.

AN = from a So. Amer. rattlesnake; /antag permitted but consider also ANTIVENINS

UI = D003439

 

Croup

MS = A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children.

AN = a form of laryngitis in inf & child

UI = D003440

 

Crowding

MS = Behavior with respect to an excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space.

AN = human & animal

UI = D003441

 

Crown Lengthening

MS = Technique combining controlled eruptive tooth movement and incision of the supracrestal gingival attachment to allow for proper restoration of a destroyed or damaged crown of a tooth. Controlled eruption of the tooth is obtained using orthodontic appliances. During this eruptive phase, repeated incisions are made at the junctional epithelium of the sulcus and the supracrestal connective tissue to prevent coronal displacement of the gingiva and of the attachment apparatus.

AN = crown here is natural or anatomical crown of the tooth

UI = D016556

 

Crown-Rump Length

MS = In utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. Length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. The average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (From Williams Obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)

AN = measurement in utero; no qualif

UI = D018568

 

Crowns

MS = A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin.

AN = note category: anatomical crown of tooth = TOOTH CROWN; do not confuse X ref DENTAL CROWNS with TOOTH CROWN

UI = D003442

 

Crush Syndrome

MS = Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.

UI = D003444

 

Crustacea

MS = A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).

AN = as animal & food; IM; GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; as food, coord IM with SHELLFISH (IM)

UI = D003445

 

Crutches

MS = Wooden or metal staffs designed to aid a person in walking. (UMDNS,1999)

UI = D003446

 

Crying

MS = To utter an inarticulate, characteristic sound in order to communicate or express a feeling, or desire for attention.

UI = D003448

 

Cryoelectron Microscopy

MS = Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains.

UI = D020285

 

Cryoglobulinemia

MS = A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal or abnormal quantities of cryoglobulins in the blood. They are precipitated into the microvasculature on exposure to cold and cause restricted blood flow in exposed areas.

AN = a blood protein disord

UI = D003449

 

Cryoglobulins

AN = paraproteins

UI = D003450

 

Cryopreservation

MS = Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

AN = "preservation of cells, tissue, organs or embryos by freezing"; cryopreserv of organs or tissue: coord IM with specific organ or tissue heading (IM with no qualif)

UI = D015925

 

Cryoprotective Agents

MS = Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.

UI = D003451

 

Cryosurgery

MS = The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue.

AN = destruction or excision of tissue by very low temp; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; coord IM with disease /surg (IM); differentiate from HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED for cooling of organs during surgery

UI = D003452

 

Cryotherapy

MS = A form of therapy consisting in the local or general use of cold. The selective destruction of tissue by extreme cold or freezing is CRYOSURGERY. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D017679

 

Cryoultramicrotomy

MS = The technique of using a cryostat or freezing microtome, in which the temperature is regulated to -20 degrees Celsius, to cut ultrathin frozen sections for microscopic (usually, electron microscopic) examination.

UI = D016616

 

Cryptocarya

MS = A plant genus of the family LAURACEAE. Members contain cryptofolione, caryachine, grandisin and other compounds. Some PEUMUS species have been reclassified as CRYPTOCARYA.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031369

 

Cryptococcosis

MS = Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.

AN = fungus dis

UI = D003453

 

Cryptococcus

MS = A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.

AN = infection = CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

UI = D003454

 

Cryptococcus neoformans

MS = A species of the fungus Cryptococcus, which causes CRYPTOCOCCOSIS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.

AN = infection = CRYPTOCOCCOSIS & do not coord with C. NEOFORMANS unless particularly discussed

UI = D003455

 

Cryptolepis

MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Members contain the alkaloids quindoline, CSA-3, cryptolepine, and neocryptolepine.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031106

 

Cryptomeria

MS = A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE. Its POLLEN is one of the major ALLERGENS.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032485

 

Cryptorchidism

MS = A developmental defect characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003456

 

Cryptosporidiidae

MS = A family of parasitic PROTOZOA in the order EIMERIIDA. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM is the most important genus.

AN = infection: coord IM with COCCIDIOSIS (IM); drug eff: consider COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021742

 

Cryptosporidiosis

MS = Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans.

AN = /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS

UI = D003457

 

Cryptosporidium

MS = A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.

AN = infection = CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D003458

 

Cryptosporidium parvum

MS = A species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. Its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. These organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction.

AN = infection: coord IM with CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS (IM); /drug eff: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS; for antigens, coord with ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, for antibodies, coord with ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN

UI = D016785

 

Crystallins

MS = A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.

AN = not for crystalline lens ( = LENS, CRYSTALLINE)

UI = D003459

 

Crystallization

MS = The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = NIM; no qualif; coord with substance being crystallized (IM or NIM)

UI = D003460

 

Crystallography

MS = The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = NIM; coord with crystalline substance (IM or NIM); DF: CRYSTALLOGR

UI = D003461

 

Crystallography, X-Ray

MS = The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

AN = study of crystal struct using x-ray diffraction; NIM; DF: CRYSTALLOGR XRAY

UI = D018360

 

Ctenophora

MS = Phylum of marine colenterates characterized by eight comb rows of fused cilia on the body surface. In contrast to CNIDARIA they lack stinging cells, but they are voracious predators and possess sticky cells (colloblasts) for capturing prey. Most species are transparent and many exhibit BIOLUMINESCENCE.

UI = D037302

 

Cuba

MS = An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies, south of Florida. With the adjacent islands it forms the Republic of Cuba. Its capital is Havana. It was discovered by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492 and conquered by Spain in 1511. It has a varied history under Spain, Great Britain, and the United States but has been independent since 1902. The name Cuba is said to be an Indian name of unknown origin but the language that gave the name is extinct, so the etymology is a conjecture. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p302 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p132)

AN = an island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies

UI = D003462

 

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

MS = Compression of the ULNAR NERVE in the cubital tunnel, which is formed by the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, humeral-ulnar aponeurosis, and medial ligaments of the elbow. This condition may follow trauma or occur in association with processes which produce nerve enlargement or narrowing of the canal. Manifestations include elbow pain and PARESTHESIA radiating distally, weakness of ulnar innervated intrinsic hand muscles, and loss of sensation over the hypothenar region, fifth finger, and ulnar aspect of the ring finger. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p43)

UI = D020430

 

Cubozoa

MS = The class of box jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA, characterized by their cube shape, and considered the most venomous jellyfish.

UI = D037462

 

Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite

MS = A satellite RNA (not a satellite virus) which has several types. Different cucumoviruses can act as helper viruses for different types.

AN = satellite RNA, not a satellite virus

UI = D019401

 

Cucumis

MS = A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae best known for cucumber (CUCUMIS SATIVA) and cantaloupe (CUCUMIS MELO). Watermelon is a different genus, CITRULLUS.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028462

 

Cucumis melo

MS = A plant species of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae known for the melon fruits with reticulated (net) surface including cantaloupes, honeydew, casaba, and Persian melons.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028463

 

Cucumis sativus

MS = A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D018553

 

Cucumovirus

MS = A genus of plant viruses of the family BROMOVIRIDAE, which infect cucurbits and solanaceous plants. Transmission occurs via aphids in a non-persistent manner, and also via seeds. The type species Cucumber mosaic virus, a CUCUMOVIRUS, should not be confused with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, a TOBAMOVIRUS.

AN = coord IM with specific plant /virol

UI = D017799

 

Cucurbita

MS = A plant genus of the family CUCURBITACEAE, order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, which includes pumpkin, gourd and squash.

AN = do not confuse with Squash (Sport) = RACQUET SPORTS; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028464

 

Cucurbitaceae

MS = The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D019662

 

Cues

MS = Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003463

 

Culdoscopes

MS = Endoscopic instruments used for viewing the rectovaginal pouch and pelvic viscera.

UI = D020683

 

Culdoscopy

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix.

UI = D003464

 

Culex

MS = A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for St. Louis encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, ST. LOUIS) as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.

AN = mosquito: do not confuse with CULICOIDES, gnat; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted

UI = D003465

 

Culicidae

MS = A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic wing venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.

AN = mosquitoes, a family of Diptera; do not confuse with CULICOIDES (see CERATOPOGONIDAE), a gnat; GEN: prefer specifics; /microbiol /parasitol /virol permitted; do not use /drug eff for insecticides: TN 111; mosquito bites = CULICIDAE or specific genus (IM) + INSECT BITES AND STINGS (IM)

UI = D009033

 

Cultural Characteristics

MS = Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.

AN = not for microbial or tissue cultures; no qualif

UI = D003466

 

Cultural Deprivation

MS = The absence of certain expected and acceptable cultural phenomena in the environment which results in the failure of the individual to communicate and respond in the most appropriate manner within the context of society. Language acquisition and language use are commonly used in assessing this concept.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003467

 

Cultural Diversity

MS = Coexistence of numerous distinct ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural groups within one social unit, organization, or population. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed., 1982, p955)

AN = IM; coord with specific ethnic, racial, religious or other cultural aspect (IM); specify geog if pertinent

UI = D018864

 

Cultural Evolution

MS = The continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities.

AN = no qualif

UI = D003468

 

Culture

MS = A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.

AN = not for microbial or tissue cultures; no qualif; subhead with coord is probably /ethnol

UI = D003469

 

Culture Media

MS = Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

AN = NIM; D25-26 qualif with caution; TN 183: relation to TISSUE CULTURE & CELLS, CULTURED

UI = D003470

 

Culture Media, Conditioned

MS = Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

AN = culture media containing biol active components from previously cultured matter; NIM; D25-26 qualif

UI = D017077

 

Culture Media, Serum-Free

MS = CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells.

AN = "culture media free of serum proteins"; NIM; D25-26 qualif with caution

UI = D016895

 

Cuminum

MS = A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. The seed is used in SPICES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D028527

 

Cumulative Trauma Disorders

MS = Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.

AN = painful conditions from overuse or overexertion of any activity; DF: CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DIS

UI = D012090

 

Cunninghamella

MS = A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Cunninghamellaceae, order MUCORALES. Some species cause systemic infections in humans.

AN = infection: coord IM with MUCORMYCOSIS (IM)

UI = D020093

 

Cunninghamia

MS = A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE. Members contain DITERPENES.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032486

 

Cuphea

MS = A plant genus of the family LYTHRACEAE. Members contain lauric acid and cuphiin.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031562

 

Cupressaceae

MS = A plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta (conifers). They are mainly resinous, aromatic evergreen trees.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029779

 

Cupressus

MS = A plant genus of the family CUPRESSACEAE. Cypress ordinarily refers to this but also forms part of the name of plants in other genera.

AN = X ref CYPRESS: check text; restrict to genus CUPRESSUS; do not use for other genera referred to as cyprus in the literature; check MeSH for other cypress terms; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029781

 

Cuprizone

MS = Copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage.

AN = D25-26 qualif

UI = D003471

 

Curare

MS = Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration.

AN = /analogs: consider also CURARE-LIKE AGENTS see NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS

UI = D003472

 

Curculigo

MS = A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE that contains curculin and cycloartane saponins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031408

 

Curcuma

MS = A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE that contains CURCUMIN and curcuminoids.

AN = X ref TUMERIC: TURMERIC YELLOW see CURCUMIN is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D030024

 

Curcumin

MS = A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.

AN = X ref TURMERIC YELLOW: TUMERIC see CURCUMA is also available

UI = D003474

 

Curettage

MS = A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for removal of new growth or other abnormal tissue, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis. It is performed with a curet (curette), a spoon-shaped instrument designed for that purpose. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = of any cavity but note DILATATION AND CURETTAGE for cervix & endometrium; do not use /util except by MeSH definition; gingival curettage = SUBGINGIVAL CURETTAGE

UI = D003475

 

Curium

MS = A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, atomic number 96, and atomic weight 247. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.

AN = naturally radioactive; IM

UI = D003476

 

Current Procedural Terminology

MS = Descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services and procedures performed by PHYSICIANS. It is produced by the AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION and used in insurance claim reporting for MEDICARE, MEDICAID, and private health insurance programs (From CPT 2002).

AN = CATALOG: use NAF entry

UI = D039702

 

Curriculum

MS = A course of study offered by an educational institution.

UI = D003479

 

Cuscuta

MS = A plant genus of the family Cuscutaceae. It is a threadlike climbing parasitic plant that is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D034182

 

Cushing Syndrome

MS = A condition, more commonly seen in females, due to hyperadrenocorticism resulting from neoplasms of the adrenal cortex or the anterior lobe of the pituitary, or to prolonged excessive intake of glucocorticoids for therapeutic purposes. The symptoms and signs may include rapidly developing adiposity of the face, neck, and trunk, kyphosis caused by osteoporosis of the spine, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, amenorrhea, hypertrichosis in females, impotence in males, dusky complexion with purple markings, polycythemia, pain in the abdomen and back, and muscular wasting and weakness. When secondary to excessive pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropin, it is known as Cushing's disease. (Dorland, 27th ed)

UI = D003480

 

Cuspid

MS = The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)

AN = between the 2d incisor & premolars; NIM when merely locational

UI = D003481

 

Custodial Care

MS = Board, room, and other personal assistance services generally provided on a long term basis. It excludes regular medical care.

AN = "board, room & other personal assist serv"

UI = D003482

 

Cutaneous Fistula

MS = An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.

AN = fistula policy: Manual 23.19+; anal fistula (one opening on the cutaneous surface near the anus) is indexed as ANAL FISTULA see RECTAL FISTULA

UI = D017577

 

Cutis Laxa

MS = A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = loose pendulous skin

UI = D003483

 

Cyamopsis

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is the source of guar gum.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031293

 

Cyanamide

MS = A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.

UI = D003484

 

Cyanates

MS = Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.

UI = D003485

 

Cyanides

MS = Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

AN = inorganic salts having -CN radical: differentiate from NITRILES which are organic with -CN

UI = D003486

 

Cyanoacrylates

MS = A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties.

AN = tissue adhesives; D25-26 qualif

UI = D003487

 

Cyanobacteria

MS = A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE. By the late 20th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional NUCLEUS and CHLOROPLASTS of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.

AN = from Greek cyano-, blue; common genera: ANABAENA, Tolypothrix, Plectonema; do not confuse X ref CYANOPHYCEAE with CYANOPHORA see ALGAE

UI = D000458

 

Cyanogen Bromide

MS = Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.

AN = useful reagent in molec biol

UI = D003488

 

Cyanoketone

MS = 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.

UI = D003489

 

Cyanosis

MS = A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.

AN = do not use for cyanotic heart disease unless particularly discussed (=probably HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL)

UI = D003490

 

Cybernetics

MS = That branch of learning which brings together theories and studies on communication and control in living organisms and machines.

AN = SPEC: SPEC qualif

UI = D003491

 

Cycadophyta

MS = A plant division of GYMNOSPERMS consisting of palm-like plants.

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D032462

 

Cycas

MS = A plant genus of the family Cycadaceae, order Cycadales, class Cycadopsida, division CYCADOPHYTA of palm-like trees. It is a source of CYCASIN, the beta-D-glucoside of methylazoxymethanol.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029784

 

Cycasin

MS = Carcinogenic and neurotoxic glycoside occurring in a number of plant species, including Cycas revoluta.

UI = D003492

 

Cyclacillin

MS = A cyclohexylamido analog of penicillanic acid.

UI = D003493

 

Cyclamates

MS = Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.

UI = D003494

 

Cyclamen

MS = A plant genus of the family PRIMULACEAE that contains triterpenoid saponins.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031824

 

Cyclandelate

MS = A direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels. It may cause gastrointestinal distress and tachycardia.

UI = D003495

 

Cyclazocine

MS = An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.

UI = D003496

 

Cyclea

MS = A plant genus of the family MENISPERMACEAE. Members contain bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031604

 

Cyclic ADP-Ribose

MS = A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP-RIBOSE CYCLASE.

UI = D036563

 

Cyclic AMP

MS = An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; cAMP receptor protein, cyclic AMP receptor protein: index under RECEPTORS, CYCLIC AMP; DF: CYCL AMP

UI = D000242

 

Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

MS = A transcriptional regulator in prokaryotes which, when activated by binding cyclic AMP, acts at several promoters. Cyclic AMP receptor protein was originally identified as a catabolite gene activator protein. It was subsequently shown to regulate several functions unrelated to catabolism, and to be both a negative and a positive regulator of transcription. Cell surface cyclic AMP receptors are not included (CYCLIC AMP RECEPTORS), nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins, which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.

UI = D002373

 

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

MS = A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues on proteins.

AN = DF: CAMP PROTEIN KINASES

UI = D017868

 

Cyclic CMP

MS = A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.

AN = DF: CYCL CMP

UI = D003563

 

Cyclic GMP

MS = Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CYCL GMP

UI = D006152

 

Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

MS = A group of enzymes that are dependent on cyclic GMP and catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins.

UI = D017869

 

Cyclic IMP

MS = Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; DF: CYCL IMP

UI = D007289

 

Cyclic N-Oxides

UI = D003497

 

Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Protein Kinases

MS = A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues of proteins and is dependent on cyclic nucleotides.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; used for mapping supplementary chemicals; DF: CYCL NUC REG KINASES

UI = D017867

 

Cyclic P-Oxides

UI = D003498

 

Cyclic S-Oxides

UI = D003499

 

Cyclin A

MS = A 33-kD protein identical to adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60. Cyclin A regulates p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and is necessary for progression through the S phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D019925

 

Cyclin B

MS = A 58-kD protein that is regulated post-transcriptionally and post-translationally in the cell cycle.

UI = D019926

 

Cyclin D1

MS = Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

UI = D019938

 

Cyclin E

MS = A 50-kD protein that complexes with cdk2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.

UI = D019927

 

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

MS = Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

UI = D018844

 

Cyclins

MS = Regulatory proteins that function in the cell cycle to activate maturation promoting factor. They complex with p34cdc2 (PROTEIN P34CDC2), the catalytic subunit of MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR, and modulate its protein kinase activity. Cyclins themselves have no enzymatic activity.

AN = regulatory proteins; growth substances; do not confuse with the nuclear protein cyclin (PCNA or Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen); note specifics

UI = D016213

 

Cyclization

MS = Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

AN = almost never IM; enzymatic cyclization: coord NIM with specific enzyme (IM) + substrate (NIM)

UI = D003500

 

Cyclizine

MS = A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935)

UI = D003501

 

Cyclobutanes

AN = includes cyclobutenes

UI = D003503

 

Cyclodextrins

MS = A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

UI = D003505

 

Cyclofenil

MS = A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.

UI = D003506

 

Cycloheptanes

AN = includes cycloheptenes, cycloheptadienes, cycloheptatrienes

UI = D003508

 

Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids

UI = D003509

 

Cyclohexanes

MS = A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C6H11.

AN = includes cyclohexenes, cyclohexadienes

UI = D003510

 

Cyclohexanols

MS = Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.

AN = do not confuse with CYCLOHEXANONES

UI = D003511

 

Cyclohexanones

MS = Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.

AN = do not confuse with CYCLOHEXANOLS

UI = D003512

 

Cycloheximide

MS = Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

UI = D003513

 

Cyclohexylamines

MS = A family of alicyclic hydrocarbons containing an amine group with the general formula R-C6H10NH2.

UI = D003514

 

Cycloleucine

MS = An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.

UI = D003515

 

Cyclooctanes

MS = A group of compounds with an 8-carbon ring. They may be saturated or unsaturated.

UI = D034242

 

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

MS = Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASE) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

AN = DF: CYCLOOXYGENASE INHIB

UI = D016861

 

Cycloparaffins

MS = Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

UI = D003516

 

Cyclopentanes

MS = A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.

UI = D003517

 

Cyclopenthiazide

MS = Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.

UI = D003518

 

Cyclopentolate

MS = A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.

UI = D003519

 

Cyclophilin A

MS = A 17 KD cytoplasmic PEPTIDYLPROLYL ISOMERASE involved in immunoregulation. It is a member of the cyclophilin family of proteins that binds to CYCLOSPORINE. EC 5.2.1.-

UI = D021984

 

Cyclophilins

MS = A family of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases that bind to CYCLOSPORINS and regulate the IMMUNE SYSTEM. EC 5.2.1.-

UI = D021983

 

Cyclophosphamide

MS = Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active ALDOPHOSPHAMIDE. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

UI = D003520

 

Cyclopropanes

AN = includes cyclopropenes

UI = D003521

 

Cycloserine

MS = Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

UI = D003523

 

Cyclospora

MS = A genus of coccidian parasites in the family EIMERIIDAE. Cyclospora cayetanensis is pathogenic in humans, probably transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and causes nausea and diarrhea.

AN = infection = CYCLOSPORIASIS (IM); drug eff: consider COCCIDIOSTATS; coord with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent

UI = D021744

 

Cyclosporiasis

MS = Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus CYCLOSPORA. It is distributed globally and causes a diarrheal illness. Transmission is waterborne.

AN = /drug ther: consider also COCCIDIOSTATS

UI = D021866

 

Cyclosporine

MS = A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).

AN = a specific drug: do not confuse this or X ref with CYCLOSPORINS

UI = D016572

 

Cyclosporins

MS = A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection.

AN = immunosuppressants; do not confuse with CYCLOSPORINE, a specific drug, or its X ref CYCLOSPORIN

UI = D003524

 

Cyclosteroids

MS = Steroid derivatives in which one or more bridges is formed between carbon atoms at any locant in any of the rings.

UI = D003525

 

Cyclothymic Disorder

MS = An affective disorder characterized by periods of depression and hypomania. These may be separated by periods of normal mood.

UI = D003527

 

Cyclotrons

MS = Devices for accelerating charged particles in a spiral path by a constant-frequency alternating electric field. This electric field is synchronized with the movement of the particles in a constant magnetic field.

AN = particle accelerators; do not confuse X ref SYNCHROCYCLOTRONS with SYNCHROTRONS

UI = D017357

 

Cymarine

MS = A cardiotonic cardiac glycoside isolated from Strophanthus kombe Oliv.

UI = D003529

 

Cymbopogon

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE which is a source of citronella oil and lemongrass oil.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031743

 

Cynanchum

MS = A plant genus of the family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Members contain steroidal glycosides and cytotoxic phenanthroindolizidine N-oxide alkaloids.

AN = CYNANCHUM INDICUM see TYLOPHORA is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031105

 

Cynara

MS = A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031942

 

Cynara scolymus

MS = A plant species of the genus CYNARA, family ASTERACEAE. The flower bud is the familiar artichoke eaten as a vegetable.

AN = SCOLYMUS genus is also available; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031943

 

Cynodon

MS = A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is considered a lawngrass by some and a weed by others. It contains allergen Cyn d 7.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031744

 

Cynomorium

MS = A plant genus of the family BALANOPHORACEAE. Members contain stigmastanes and ursanes (TRITERPENES) and lignan glucopyranosides (LIGNANS).

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031482

 

Cyperaceae

MS = The sedge plant family of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons)

AN = prefer specific plant; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029785

 

Cyperus

MS = A plant genus of the family CYPERACEAE. SESQUITERPENES are found in some of the species.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029786

 

Cyprinidae

MS = A family of freshwater fish comprising the minnows or CARPS.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specifics; note X ref; MUDMINNOWS see UMBRIDAE is also available

UI = D003530

 

Cypriniformes

MS = An order of fish with 26 families and over 3,000 species. This order includes the families CYPRINIDAE (minnows and CARPS), Cobitidae (loaches), and Catostomidae (suckers).

AN = do not confuse with CYPRINODONTIFORMES

UI = D003531

 

Cyprinodontiformes

MS = An order of fish with eight families and numerous species of both egg-laying and livebearing fish. Families include Cyprinodontidae (egg-laying KILLIFISHES), FUNDULIDAE (topminnows), Goodeidae (Mexican livebearers), Jenynsiidae (jenynsiids), Poeciliidae (livebearers), Profundulidae (Middle American killifishes), Aplocheilidae, and Rivulidae (rivulines). In the family Poeciliidae, the guppy and molly belong to the genus POECILIA.

AN = GEN; prefer specifics; do not confuse with CYPRINIDAE or CYPRINIFORMES or CYPRINODON see KILLIFISHES

UI = D003532

 

Cyproheptadine

MS = A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.

AN = a histamine H1 antag & serotonin antag

UI = D003533

 

Cyproterone

MS = An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.

UI = D003534

 

Cyproterone Acetate

MS = An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

UI = D017373

 

Cyprus

MS = An island republic in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Nicosia. It was colonized by the Phoenicians and ancient Greeks and ruled successively by the Assyrian, Persian, Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine Empires. It was under various countries from the 12th to the 20th century but became independent in 1960. The name comes from the Greek Kupros, probably representing the Sumerian kabar or gabar, copper, famous in historic times for its copper mines. The cypress tree is also named after the island. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p308 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p134)

AN = an island republic in the eastern Mediterranean

UI = D003535

 

Cyrtosperma

MS = A plant genus of the family ARACEAE that may be confused with other ARACEAE having similar common names.

AN = coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D031061

 

Cyst Fluid

MS = Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs.

AN = breast cyst fluid: coord NIM with FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF BREAST (IM)

UI = D020420

 

Cystadenocarcinoma

MS = A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D003536

 

Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous

MS = A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018282

 

Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary

MS = An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018283

 

Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous

MS = A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)

AN = /blood supply /chem /second /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D018284

 

Cystadenoma

MS = A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with precoord organ/neopl term (IM)

UI = D003537

 

Cystadenoma, Mucinous

MS = A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.

AN = coord IM with OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM) or other organ/neoplasm term (IM) if applicable

UI = D018291

 

Cystadenoma, Papillary

MS = A benign neoplasm of the ovary.

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018292

 

Cystadenoma, Serous

MS = A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)

AN = /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord IM with probably OVARIAN NEOPLASMS (IM)

UI = D018293

 

Cystamine

MS = A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage.

AN = do not confuse with CYSTEAMINE nor Cystamin (a urinary antiseptic)

UI = D003538

 

Cystaphos

MS = Proposed as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy; may have radiation protective properties.

UI = D003539

 

Cystathionine

AN = an amino acid

UI = D003540

 

Cystathionine beta-Synthase

MS = A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA and HOMOCYSTINURIA. EC 4.2.1.22.

AN = /defic: consider also HOMOCYSTINURIA or HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA

UI = D003541

 

Cystathionine gamma-Lyase

MS = A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.

AN = /defic: consider also CYSTATHIONINE /urine (IM) + AMINO ACID METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS (IM)

UI = D003542

 

Cystatins

MS = A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins inhibit most Cysteine Endopeptidases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site.

AN = a group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhib

UI = D015891

 

Cysteamine

MS = A radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form CYSTAMINE. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. The bitartrate has been used for the oral treatment of nephropathic cystinosis.

AN = do not confuse with CYSTAMINE

UI = D003543

 

Cystectomy

MS = Used for excision of the urinary bladder.

AN = "cyst-" refers to the bladder, not to "cyst"; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D015653

 

Cysteic Acid

MS = Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.

AN = an amino acid

UI = D003544

 

Cysteine

MS = A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

AN = do not confuse with CYSTINE

UI = D003545

 

Cysteine Endopeptidases

MS = ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents. EC 3.4.22.

UI = D003546

 

Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors

MS = Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted only with endogenous proteinase inhib; DF: CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIB

UI = D015853

 

Cysteine Synthase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. EC 4.2.99.8.

UI = D003547

 

Cysteinyldopa

MS = Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003548

 

Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital

MS = A developmental anomaly that usually becomes apparent in the neonatal period with progressive respiratory distress. This malformation is a focal pulmonary dysplasia characterized by a multicystic mass of terminal bronchiolar structures. CCAM is classified into 3 separate types (I, II, III) depending on cyst size.

AN = do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; DF: CCAM

UI = D015615

 

Cystic Duct

AN = diseases: coord IM with BILE DUCT DISEASES (IM); neopl: coord IM with BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS (IM); inflammation: coord IM with CHOLANGITIS (IM); obstruct: coord IM with BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION, EXTRAHEPATIC (IM); calculi: coord IM with CHOLELITHIASIS (IM)

UI = D003549

 

Cystic Fibrosis

MS = An inherited disease of exocrine glands, affecting most characteristically the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands, usually beginning in infancy and typified by chronic respiratory infections, pancreatic insufficiency, and susceptibility to heat prostration. Cirrhosis of liver occurring in childhood is common and may produce portal hypertension, splenomegaly, and hypersplenism.

AN = a specific disease entity: do not use for fibrocystic states of various organs

UI = D003550

 

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

MS = A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)

AN = a chloride channel; DF: note short X ref

UI = D019005

 

Cysticercosis

MS = Infection with CYSTICERCUS, a larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

AN = NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS is available

UI = D003551

 

Cysticercus

MS = The larval form of various tapeworms of the genus Taenia.

AN = larval form of tapeworm; infection = CYSTICERCOSIS or NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; coord with specific precoord helminth terms (ANTIGENS, HELMINTH, etc) if pertinent

UI = D003552

 

Cystine

MS = A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.

AN = do not confuse with CYSTEINE

UI = D003553

 

Cystinosis

MS = Lysosomal storage disorders of unknown molecular defect, characterized by widespread deposition of cystine crystals in reticuloendothelial cells. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = a lysosomal storage dis; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES inf

UI = D003554

 

Cystinuria

MS = An inherited abnormality of renal tubular transport of dibasic amino acids leading to massive urinary excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine.

AN = a form of aminoaciduria; do not use /congen & do not coord with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES

UI = D003555

 

Cystinyl Aminopeptidase

MS = A zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. EC 3.4.11.3.

UI = D010122

 

Cystitis

MS = Inflammation of the urinary bladder. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = inflamm of bladder

UI = D003556

 

Cystitis, Interstitial

MS = A condition of the bladder occurring predominantly in women, with an inflammatory lesion, usually in the vertex, and involving the entire thickness of the wall, appearing as a small patch of brownish red mucosa, surrounded by a network of radiating vessels. The lesions, known as Fenwick-Hunner or Hunner ulcers, may heal superficially, and are notoriously difficult to detect. Typically, there is urinary frequency and pain on bladder filling and at the end of micturition. It is also called chronic interstitial cystitis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = note X ref: usually chronic so do not coord with CHRONIC DISEASE

UI = D018856

 

Cystoscopes

MS = Endoscopes for visual examination of the urinary bladder.

UI = D020684

 

Cystoscopy

MS = Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.

UI = D003558

 

Cystostomy

MS = Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) for drainage of the urinary bladder.

AN = refers to urinary bladder only; do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D003559

 

Cystoviridae

MS = A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6).

AN = coord with specific bacterium /virol

UI = D017910

 

Cysts

MS = Any closed cavity or sac, normal or abnormal, lined by epithelium, and especially one that contains a liquid or semisolid material. (Dorland, 27th ed)

AN = non-neoplastic; /blood supply /chem /secret /ultrastruct permitted; coord with organ/diseases term; specific terms indented under CYSTS are either neoplastic or non-neopl: check under each; intestinal gas cysts = PNEUMATOSIS CYSTOIDES INTESTINALIS; CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF LUNG, CONGENITAL is also available

UI = D003560

 

Cytapheresis

MS = Separation of one or more kinds of cells from whole blood with the return of other blood cell constituents to the patient or donor. This is accomplished with an instrument that uses centrifugation to separate the cells into different layers based on the differences in cell density (displacement) or drag coefficients in a current (elutriation). The procedure is commonly used in adoptive transfer to isolate NK cells, lymphocytes, or monocytes.

AN = do not use /util except by MeSH definition

UI = D016238

 

Cytarabine

MS = A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)

UI = D003561

 

Cytidine

MS = A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003562

 

Cytidine Deaminase

MS = An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

UI = D003564

 

Cytidine Diphosphate

MS = Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003565

 

Cytidine Diphosphate Choline

MS = Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.

UI = D003566

 

Cytidine Diphosphate Diglycerides

MS = The ester of diacylglycerol with the terminal phosphate of cytidine diphosphate. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in bacteria.

UI = D003567

 

Cytidine Monophosphate

MS = Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003568

 

Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

MS = A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.

UI = D003569

 

Cytidine Triphosphate

MS = Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003570

 

Cytisus

MS = A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is sometimes called broom because of the shape of the plant. Members produce SPARTEINE.

AN = X ref BROOM, DESERT: several other Broom terms are also available; check text and MeSH; coord with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coord IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATION or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29

UI = D029865

 

Cytochalasin B

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS

UI = D003571

 

Cytochalasin D

MS = A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.

UI = D015638

 

Cytochalasins

MS = A group of fungal metabolites that affect the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS;/biosyn permitted if by fungus

UI = D003572

 

Cytochrome a

MS = Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) in which the heme prosthetic group is heme a, i.e., the iron chelate of cytoporphyrin IX. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase a: cytochrome a

UI = D017936

 

Cytochrome b

MS = Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase b: cytochrome b

UI = D003573

 

Cytochrome b5

MS = A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase b: cytochrome b5

UI = D015786

 

Cytochrome c

MS = A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome c

UI = D003574

 

Cytochrome c1

MS = The 30-kD membrane-bound c-type protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C in the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chain. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome c1

UI = D003575

 

Cytochrome d

MS = Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted; spell in titles & translations with lowercase d: cytochrome d

UI = D017937

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1

MS = A liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase capable of biotransforming xenobiotics such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds. They have been found in mammals and fish. This enzyme, encoded by CYP1A1 gene, can be measured by using ethoxyresorufin as a substrate for the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity.

AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's

UI = D019363

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2

MS = A cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that can be induced by polycyclic aromatic xenobiotics in the liver of human and several animal species. This enzyme is of significant clinical interest due to the large number of drug interactions associated with its induction and its metabolism of THEOPHYLLINE. Caffeine is considered to be a model substrate for this enzyme. CYP1A2 activity can also be increased by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, charbroiled meat, cruciferous vegetables, and a number of drugs including phenytoin, phenobarbital, and omeprazole.

AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's

UI = D019388

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B1

MS = A major cytochrome P-450 enzyme which is inducible by PHENOBARBITAL in both the LIVER and SMALL INTESTINE. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, TESTOSTERONE, and ANDROSTENEDIONE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2B1 gene, also mediates the activation of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE and IFOSFAMIDE to MUTAGENS.

AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's

UI = D019362

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6

MS = A cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of many drugs and environmental chemicals, such as DEBRISOQUINE, ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS, and TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS. This enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the Caucasian population.

AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's

UI = D019389

 

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1

MS = An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include alcohol; NITROSAMINES; BENZENE; URETHANE; and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.

AN = do not confuse with other cytochrome P-450 CYP's

UI = D019392

 

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

MS = A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

AN = GEN or unspecified; prefer specific cytochrome P-450's; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003577

 

Cytochrome Reductases

UI = D003579

 

Cytochrome-c Oxidase

MS = The terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain. It collects electrons that are transferred from reduced CYTOCHROME C and donates them to molecular oxygen, which is then reduced to water. It is composed of CYTOCHROME A and CYTOCHROME B, two copper atoms, and 13 different protein subunits, three of which are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA. It is also called complex IV of the respiratory chain. (from Scriver et al., The Metabolic & Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed, p2261 and p2368)

AN = spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome-c oxidase

UI = D003576

 

Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency

MS = A disease that results from a congenital defect in CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE. Defects in cytochrome-c oxidase can be caused by mutations in the SURF1, SCO2, COX10, or SCO1 genes. Cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency caused by mutation in SURF1 manifests itself as LEIGH DISEASE; that caused by mutation in SCO2 as fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy; that caused by mutation in COX10 as tubulopathy and leukodystrophy; and that caused by mutation in SCO1 as early-onset hepatic failure and neurologic disorder. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#220110, May 17, 2001)

UI = D030401

 

Cytochrome-c Peroxidase

MS = A hemeprotein which catalyzes the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. EC 1.11.1.5.

AN = spell in titles & translations with lowercase c: cytochrome-c peroxidase

UI = D003578

 

Cytochromes

MS = Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

AN = hemeproteins; GEN or unspecified; prefer specific cytochrome; /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003580

 

Cytodiagnosis

MS = Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (Stedman, 26th ed)

AN = GEN; NIM; DF: CYTODIAG

UI = D003581

 

Cytogenetic Analysis

MS = Examination of chromosomes to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

UI = D020732

 

Cytogenetics

MS = A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

AN = SPEC; avoid as coord: Manual 28.22.5; /methods: consider CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS: Manual 28.22.5.2; CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS see CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS is also available

UI = D003582

 

Cytokines

MS = Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol /ultrastruct permitted

UI = D016207

 

Cytokinins

MS = Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.

AN = plant growth regulators

UI = D003583

 

Cytological Techniques

AN = avoid: too general; usually NIM

UI = D003584

 

Cytology

AN = SPEC only: prefer /cytol: Manual 19.7+, 19.8.20; SPEC qualif; DF: CYTOL

UI = D003585

 

Cytomegalovirus

MS = A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

AN = infection = CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; DF: HHV 5

UI = D003587

 

Cytomegalovirus Infections

MS = Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.

AN = caused by a herpesvirus; GEN or unspecified; DF: note short X ref

UI = D003586

 

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

MS = Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.

AN = often an opportunistic infect in AIDS

UI = D017726

 

Cytomegalovirus Vaccines

MS = Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS.

UI = D022482

 

Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral

MS = Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

AN = NIM; do not confuse with CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL: see note there; DF: CPE or CPE VIRAL

UI = D003588

 

Cytophaga

MS = A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in soil, decomposing organic matter, and freshwater and marine habitats.

AN = a genus of bacteria found in soil & seawater

UI = D003589

 

Cytophagaceae

MS = A family of gram-negative, gliding bacteria found in soil and sea water.

AN = in soil & seawater

UI = D003590

 

Cytophagales

MS = An order of gram-negative, gliding bacteria showing gliding motility on solid surfaces.

UI = D003591

 

Cytophotometry

MS = A method for the study of certain organic compounds within cells, in situ, by measuring the light intensities of the selectively stained areas of cytoplasm. The compounds studied and their locations in the cells are made to fluoresce and are observed under a microscope.

UI = D003592

 

Cytoplasm

MS = The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D003593

 

Cytoplasmic Granules

MS = Condensed areas of cellular material that may be bounded by a membrane.

AN = ZYMOGEN GRANULES see SECRETORY VESICLES is also available

UI = D003594

 

Cytoplasmic Streaming

MS = The movement of protoplasm within a cell. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essential substances throughout the cell, and in single-celled organisms, such as the amoeba, it is responsible for the movement of the entire cell.

AN = "movement of protoplasm within a cell"; permitted for micro-organisms also

UI = D003595

 

Cytoplasmic Structures

MS = Components of the cytoplasm excluding the CYTOSOL.

AN = GEN: avoid; prefer specifics

UI = D022083

 

Cytoplasmic Vesicles

MS = Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism.

UI = D022162

 

Cytoprotection

MS = The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

AN = coordinate with specific agent and specific cell

UI = D019610

 

Cytosine

MS = A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003596

 

Cytosine Nucleotides

AN = /biosyn /physiol permitted

UI = D003597

 

Cytoskeletal Proteins

MS = Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

AN = /biosyn /drug eff /physiol permitted; do not use /analogs

UI = D003598

 

Cytoskeleton

MS = The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol; /genet permitted

UI = D003599

 

Cytosol

AN = A 11 qualif except /cytol

UI = D003600

 

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic

MS = The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

AN = note category: do not confuse with CYTOTOXICITY, IMMUNOLOGIC (Cat G); DF: CYTOTOX TESTS IMMUNOL

UI = D003601

 

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

MS = The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

AN = note category: reserve for process: do not confuse with CYTOTOXICITY TESTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; DF: CYTOTOX IMMUNOL

UI = D003602

 

Cytotoxins

MS = Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms.

AN = /antag permitted but consider also ANTITOXINS; coord IM with source of cytotoxin (IM or NIM); cytotoxins are biol matter: do not confuse with antineoplastic agents called "cytotoxic drugs"

UI = D003603

 

Czech Republic

MS = Created 1 January 1993 as a result of the division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

UI = D018153

 

Czechoslovakia

MS = Created as a republic in 1918 by Czechs and Slovaks from territories formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993.

AN = in translations of historical articles use spelling People's Republic, not Peoples' nor Peoples

UI = D003604